NETWORKING

TECHNOLOGIES
Session 2

Presented by: Ismail El Yamani

Ibn Tofail University
2025/2026
 Last Session
● Understand the fundamental concepts of computer networks

● Identify different types and topologies of networks

● Discover the main transmission media used in networks

● Understand the technologies and standards of Ethernet,

including Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet.
 LAB 1: Connecting Devices
Connect the network devices together according to the labels.

Use the appropriate type of cable .

For practice, assume that Auto MDI-X is disabled, or not supported on the devices.
NOTE: Packet Tracer doesn't differentiate between single-mode
and multimode fiber, but think about which one is appropriate when you
use a fiber connection.
LAB 1: Connecting Devices
 This Session

● Introduce the OSI 7-layer reference model

● Explain the functioning of switches and Routers and their role in network
communication.
● Four Packet Tracer Practical Labs
● Describe the concept of VLANs and their importance in network segmentation.
 OSI Model

● The Purpose of Networking

○ Allow two hosts to share data with one another

● Hosts must follow a set of rules

○ Example: Arabic, English, French languages all have rules

● The rules for networking are divided into seven layers:

○ Open Systems Interconnect model (OSI Model)
 OSI Model

● The Purpose of Networking

○ Allow two hosts to share data with one another

● Human Body is made up various systems:

○ Skeletal, Respiratory, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Muscular, etc.
○ If all these systems are functioning, the human lives

● OSI model divides rules of networking into 7 layers

○ Each layer serves a specific function
○ If all layers are functioning, hosts can share data
 OSI Model

Layer 1 – Physical – Transporting Bits

● Computer data exists in the form of Bits (1's and 0's)

● Something has to transport those bits between hosts

● L1 Technologies: Cables, Wifi, Repeaters , Hubs

 OSI Model

● Terminology:
 OSI Model

Layer 2 – Data Link – Hop to Hop

● Interacts with the Wire (i.e., Physical layer)

○ NIC – Network Interface Cards / Wi-Fi Access Cards

● Addressing Scheme – MAC addresses

○ 48 bits, represented as 12 hex digits
○ Example MAC Address: 00-1A-C1-B4-E5-F6 / [Link] / 001A.C1B4.E5F6
○ Every NIC has its own MAC Address
 OSI Model

Layer 2 – Data Link – Hop to Hop

● Interacts with the Wire (i.e., Physical layer)

● Addressing Scheme – MAC addresses

● L2 Technologies: NICs, Switches

 OSI Model

Layer 2 – Data Link – Hop to Hop

● Interacts with the Wire (i.e., Physical layer)

● Addressing Scheme – MAC addresses

● Communication between Hosts require multiple hops

 IP Addresses

● An IP Address is the identity of each host connected to the internet

● IP addresses are 32 bits

● Represented in 4 octets
 IP Addresses

● An IP Address is assigned in the form of Hierarchy

 IP Addresses

● An IP Address is assigned in the form of Hierarchy

 IP Addresses

● An IP Address is assigned in the form of Hierarchy (subnetting)

 IP Addresses

● IP Addresses can either be Private or Public

 IP Addresses

● IP Addresses can also be Static or Dynamic

 OSI Model

● Layer 3 – Network – End to End

○ Addressing Scheme – Internet Protocol (IP) addresses
■ 32 bits, represented as 4 octets, each 0-255
■ It is a Logical address as it is not a permanent identification of a computer.

● L3 Technologies: Routers, Hosts, (anything with an IP)

 OSI Model

● Layer 2 vs Layer 3 / MAC Address vs IP Address

○ Layer 2 uses MAC addresses and is responsible for packet delivery from hop to hop.

○ Layer 3 uses IP addresses and is responsible for packet delivery from end to end.
 OSI Model

● ARP - Address Resolution Protocol

○ Links Layer 3 address to Layer 2 address
○ Mapping of a KNOWN IP Address to an UNKNOWN MAC Address
○ The Address Resolution itself is a two step process – a request and a response.
 Switches

● Switching is the process of moving data within networks

○ Switches are devices whose primary purpose is Switching
○ Devices communicating through a switch belong to the same IP network
○ Switches are L2 Devices that use L2 Headers to make decisions.
 Switches

● Switches use and maintain a MAC Address Table

○ Mapping of Switch Ports MAC addresses
○ Devices communicating through a switch belong to the same IP network
○ Switches are L2 Devices that use L2 Headers to make decisions.
 Switches

● Switches perform 3 actions:

○ Learn: Update MAC Address Table with mapping of Switch Port to Source MAC

○ Flood: Duplicate and send frame out of all switch ports (except receiving port)

○ Forward:
 Switches

● Switches perform 3 actions:

○ Learn: Update MAC Address Table with mapping of Switch Port to Source MAC

○ Flood: Duplicate and send frame out of all switch ports (except receiving port)

○ Forward: Use MAC Address Table to deliver Frame to appropriate switch port
 Switches

● Unicast Frame - Destination MAC is another host

○ Switch will flood only if the MAC Address is not in the Address Table.
● Broadcast Frame - Destination MAC address of [Link]
○ Broadcast frames are always Flooded
 Switches

● Multiple Switches:
○ Switches maintain independen MAC address Tables
○ Switches perform switch actions independently
 Switches

● Multiple Switches:
○ Switches maintain independent MAC address Tables
○ Switches perform switch actions independently
● Exercise:
○ Map out Host B – > Host A
○ Map out Host C-> Host B
○ Map out Host C-> Host D
 Switches

● Multiple Switches:
○ Switches maintain independen MAC address Tables
○ Switches perform switch actions independently
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ Divides Switch Ports into isolated groups
○ Divides Switches into multiple “mini-switches”
○ Switches do all three actions within each VLAN (Learn , Flood, & Forward)
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ They allow us to break up one Physical Switch into multiple Virtual Switches
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ They allow us to extend Virtual Switches to other Physical Switches

 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ One link is carrying two VLANS
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ One link is carrying two VLANS
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ Trunk Port or Tagged ports
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ Trunk Port or Tagged ports
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ Trunk Port or Tagged ports
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ Trunk Port or Tagged ports
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ Native VLANs
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ Native VLANs
 Switches

● VLANS - Virtual Local Area Networks

○ When a Trunk port receives a frame …

■ WITH a tag – frame is associated with VLAN # in the tag
■ WITHOUT a tag – frame is associated with the Native VLAN

○ When a Trunk port is sending a frame, if the frame …

■ does NOT belong to the Native VLAN – frame is sent with a tag
■ DOES belong to the Native VLAN – frame is sent without a tag
 Broadcast Domains

● Broadcast domain is a group of devices which will receive a broadcast frame sent by one of
the members.
 Routers

● Network - logical grouping of hosts

 Routers

● Routers are connected to a network (just like hosts)

○ Routers have an IP address and a MAC address
● Routers forward packets not destined to themselves (unlike hosts)
 Routers

● Routers are connected to a network (just like hosts)

○ Routers have an IP address and a MAC address on each Interface
● Routers forward packets not destined to themselves (unlike hosts)
● Routers maintain a map of all the Networks they know about
○ Routing Table
 Routers

● Routers Table can be populated via 3 methods:

○ Directly Connected - Routes for the Networks which are attached
 Routers

● Routers Table can be populated via 3 methods:

○ Directly Connected - Routes for the Networks which are attached
 Routers

● Routers Table can be populated via 3 methods:

○ Directly Connected - Routes for the Networks which are attached

When Routers receive packets with an unknown Destination IP, packet is dropped
 Routers

● Routers Table can be populated via 3 methods:

○ Directly Connected - Routes for the Networks which are attached
○ Static Routes - Routes manually provided by an Administrator
 Routers

● Routers Table can be populated via 3 methods:

○ Directly Connected - Routes for the Networks which are attached
○ Static Routes - Routes manually provided by an Administrator
 Routers

● Routers Table can be populated via 3 methods:

○ Directly Connected - Routes for the Networks which are attached
○ Static Routes - Routes manually provided by an Administrator
○ Dynamic Routes - Routes learned automatically from other Routers

Dynamic Routing Protocols : RIP, OSPF, BGP, EIGRP, IS-IS

 Routers

● Routers keep their own ARP Tables and they are very important for getting the packets to
where they need to be.
○ Let’s take an example of Host A trying to communicate with Host C on a foreign network
 Routers

● No ARP entry for Gateway’s IP Address (R1)

 Routers

● No ARP entry for Gateway’s IP Address (R1)

 Routers

● R1 populates its ARP Table with entry for [Link]

 Routers

● R1 receives the packet.

 Routers

● R1 has no ARP entry for [Link] (aka the next hop)

 Routers

● R1 can now send the packet to R2

 Routers

● R2 is going to perform arp and send the packet to Host C

 Routers

● Host C receives the packet, discards the L2 header, discards the L3 header
 Routers

● Events between R2 and R1 would repeat for any amount of Routers in the Path
● Each Router:
○ Looks up Destination IP in Routing Table to determine Next-Hop IP
○ Adds a L2 header with destination MAC next Router’s MAX
■ Performs ARP