13

Electricity in Our Homes

Today, electricity has become so essential part of our life that we can not think of life
without it. Our households are full of electrical appliances such as electric bulb, electric
bell, electric fan, electric iron, electric heater, refrigerator, washing machine, dish washer,
radio, television, air conditioner and so on. In a way, we can say that man has gained a
partial control over forces of nature with the help of electrical energy. Electricity runs our
industries and pumps out water for irrigation of our fields. Use of electricity in the transport
system is also increasing.
In the previous lesson you studied about the story of the wonderful genie of electrical
energy. In this lesson also, we will continue with the same story and highlight its uses in
our daily life. We will try to understand how electrical energy is generated, distributed and
used. The principle, construction and working of electric motor, generator and some of the
domestic electric gadgets will be explained. The important features of distribution systems
and domestic wiring systems will also be highlighted in this lesson.
OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
• explain the principle and working of an electric motor;
• demonstrate the flow of electric current in a closed loop of conducting wire when
magnetic field associated with it is changed;
• explain the principle and working of an a.c. generator;
• draw circuit diagram to indicate how wiring is done to supply electric power to various
devices in our houses or in industry;
• state the hazards involved in using electric energy and describe safety measures to
minimize them;
• highlight the importance of fuse and earthing in electrical circuits; and
• identify different household electrical appliances and explain their construction and working.

13.1 ELECTROMAGNETISM
In the previous lesson we have seen that a magnetic field is developed around a current
carrying conductor due to which a magnetic needle placed alongside shows deflection
from its N-S orientation. Fig. 13.1 shows magnetic field due to a circular loop of wire
carrying current. It is evident here that the magnetic field due to the loop at its centre is
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quite strong, because, every part of the current loop is

providing field in the same sense. The current-carrying
loop, in fact, behaves as a magnet, one face of it being
North Pole and the other South Pole.
If we make a cylindrical coil of insulated wire having
many turns (called solenoid) and pass current through it,
the coil will behave as a temporary magnet – one end
serving as a north pole and the other as a south pole.
Hold your right hand above the coil with the curling Fig. 13.1 Magnetic field due to a
fingers pointing in the direction of the current, then the current-carrying loop
stretched thumb indicates that end of the coil, which
functions as the north pole. The stretched thumb also indicates the direction of the magnetic
field inside the coil. This rule is called the right hand thumb rule. If you wind the coil on
a cylindrical tube of cardboard and study the magnetic field by placing a magnetic needle
inside it we can see that the magnetic field inside the coil increases when,
i) the current flowing through the coil is increased,
ii) number of turns in the coil is increased,
iii) length of the coil is decreased, and
iv) a soft iron bar is introduced in the card board
tube.
13.1.1 Electromagnets
A current-carrying solenoid with soft iron core is called
an electromagnet (Fig. 13.2).
A comparison of an electromagnet and a permanent
magnet is given in the table below. Fig. 13.2 A solenoid carrying
current behaves like a magnet

Table 13.1 : Distinction between a bar magnet and an electromagnet

Bar magnet Electromagnet
Bar magnet is a permanent magnet. An electromagnet is a temporary magnet. It
remains magnet only for the duration the
current flows through it.
The strength of a bar magnet cannot The strength of an electromagnet can be
be changed. changed by changing the amount of current
flowing through it.
Bar magnet is a weak magnet. Electromagnet produces comparatively
stronger field.
The poles of a permanent magnet Just by reversing the direction of current
flow,
cannot be easily reversed. we can reverse the polarity of electromagnet.
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13.1.2 Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field

Oersted’s experiment showed that a current carrying conductor deflects a magnetic needle.
Newton’s third law of motion suggests that a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic
field should experience a force.

ACTIVITY 13.1
Aim : To study the forece experienced by a current carrying conductor in a magnetic
field.
What do you need ?
A U-shaped magnet, two batteries, two rheostats, one tapping key, one plug key, two
ammeters, mercury in a shallow dish, a flexible joint J and connecting wires.
What to do ?
(i) Place the dish containing mercury between the pole pieces of the electromagnet.
(ii) From a rigid support T, suspend flexible joint J.
Let the thick copper wire AB hang on J so that its T
S
lower end B just touches mercury. A

(iii) Connect the positive terminal of the battery with J

and the negative terminal to a rheostat which is + – K1 +
–
connected to an ammeter and a tapping key. Wire A

from the other end of the tapping key is dipped in

mercury.
(iv) Connect a battery, a rheostat, an ammeter and a
S
plug key across the electromagnet as shown in B

N
figure 13.3.
(v) Insert plug in key K2 and press K1. K2

(vi) Repeat the experiment by increasing current in the Fig. 13.3 Experimental set-up to
electromagnet and the wire AB, one by one. demonstrate force on a current
What do you observe ? carrying conductor

You will observe that (i) on pressing key, the wire AB

swings out of the pole pieces of the electromagnet, (ii) the amplitude of swing increases
when the strength of the electromagnet is increased by increasing the current in it or
when the current in the wire is increased.
What do you infer ?
(i) A current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force due to
which the conductor moves out of the mercury cup, as a result of which the circuit
breaks and wire falls back and swings in and out of the mercury cup.
(ii) The force increases with an increase in the current flowing through the conductor.
(iii) The magnitude of the force also increases with the increase in the strength of the
magnetic field.
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The direction of the force experienced by a Force

conductor placed in a magnetic field is perpendicular
to the direction of current as well as magnetic field
and is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule. According
Magnetic field
to this rule, if you hold the forefinger, the central finger
and the thumb of your left hand at right angles to
each other in such a way that the forefinger points in
the direction of magnetic field and the central finger
is in the direction of current, then, the thumb will Current
indicate the direction of the force experienced by the
conductor (Fig. 13.4).
Fig. 13.4 Diagram to illustrate
For example, if we consider a horizontal magnetic Flemings Left Hand Rule
field running west to east in which a conductor hangs
vertically and the current in it flows in a vertically
downward direction, then the wire will experience
a force in southward direction as shown in East
B
Fig. 13.5. Force

13.1.3 Electric motor South

Faraday’s discovery of force experienced by a Fig. 13.5 Diagram showing application of
current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic Flemings Left Hand Rule
field was a great discovery, because it helped in the development of electric motor. An
electric motor is a device that can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Electric
motor, as you already know, is the main component of electric fans, mixer-juicer-grinders,
electric churners, centrifuges, etc.
a) Construction of electric motor
An electric motor (Fig. 13.6) consists of the following parts:
i) Field magnet (N-S), which is a U-shaped permanent magnet with cylindrically
curved pole pieces.
ii) Rectangular coil (ABCD) with large number of turns of insulated copper wire
mounted on a rotor shaft R and having a
soft iron core (core not shown in figure).
R
iii) Split ring commutator (XY), which is C
B
a copper ring split in two part X and Y
and mounted on the rotor shaft. One free N
end of the coil is welded with X and the D
other with Y. PX A S

iv) Contact brushes (PQ) kept in contact YQ

with the half-rings of the commutator to + –

Battery
provide for the convenience of supplying
current to the coil through them. Fig. 13.6 Construction of an electric
motor
 Electricity in Our Homes : 239:

b) Principle and working of electric motor

When the contact brushes P and Q are connected to a battery, as shown, current flows through
the coil. It can be seen by applying Fleming’s Left Hand Rule that on the strand DC the force
due to magnetic field acts in vertically downward direction where as on BA it acts in vertically
upward direction. These two, unlike equal parallel forces acting on the coil, tend to rotate it.
The coil makes a half rotation. Then the strands AB and CD interchange their positions and
so do half-rings Q and P. Now the current in AB and CD again provides for a pair of equal,
unlike parallel forces giving rotation to the coil in the same sense (anti-clockwise). Thus the
coil and the shaft attached with it rotate continuously till the current is passed.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.1

1. State Fleming’s Left Hand Rule. What is the rule used for?
2. Name the rule you will use to find the direction of magnetic field due to a current loop.
State the rule.
3. Give two points of difference between an electromagnet and a permanent magnet.
4. Give two factors on which the strength of an electromagnet depends.
5. State the principle of working of an electric motor.

13.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

It again occurred to Faraday that if electric current can give rise to magnetic field, a changing
magnetic field should also give rise to electric current. This phenomenon of producing electric
current in a coil, by changing magnetic field associated with it, is called electromagnetic
induction. One of the experiments that Faraday performed to demonstrate the phenomenon
of electromagnetic induction you can also try in the form of the following activity.

ACTIVITY 13.2
Aim : To induce current in a coil by changing
the magnetic field associated with it
N S
What do you need?
A strong magnet, a tightly wound cylindrical G
coil of insulated copper wire mounted on an
insulating pipe, a galvanometer Fig. 13.7 Electric current induced in
a coil due to a moving magnet
What to do?
Hold the coil horizontally. Connect free ends to a galvanometer. Hold the magnet at a distance
from the coil. Move the magnet towards the coil. Move it away from the coil. Move the
magnet towards and away from the coil at a faster rate.
What do you observe?
i) The galvanometer shows a deflection whenever the magnet is moved relative to the
coil.
ii) The galvanometer pointer swings in one direction when the magnet moves towards
the coil and in the opposite direction when the magnet moves away from the coil.
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iii) The galvanometer shows deflection only when the magnet is moving, the pointer of
the galvanometer returns to zero position when the magnet is stopped at any position.
iv) The deflection in the galvanometer is more when the magnet moves faster.
What do you infer?
An electric current is induced in a coil whenever the magnetic field associated with the
coil is changed. When magnetic field threading the coil increases, the current flows in
one direction but when the field associated with the coil decreases, it flows in opposite
direction. More rapidly the field is changed greater is the magnitude of the induced
current. This phenomenon of a changing magnetism into electricity is called
electromagnetic induction and is the principle behind an electric generator.

13.2.1 Electric generator

Electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
a) Principle of an electric generator
If we rotate a rectangular coil of wire in a uniform magnetic field about an axis perpendicular
to the field lines, the magnetic field associated with the coil will change continuously. This
will induce a continuously changing current in the coil.
Depending on the way the energy is Pivot
tapped out and the type of current we get
in the output, generators are of two types:
• Direct current (d.c.) generators: b c

These provide steady and

unidirectional current output.
N S
• Alternating current (a.c.)
generators: These provide an output
current, which varies continuously in
a d
magnitude and periodically in
direction.
B1
Most of the generators in use these S1
Rl
days are a.c. generators. Let us study the B2
S2
construction and working of this generator.
R
b) Construction of an alternating Rotating
system
current generator
The construction and working of an a.c. Fig. 13.8 An alternating current (a.c.) generator
generator is shown in Fig. 13.8.
An a.c. generator consists of the following parts:
i) Rectangular coil ABCD made of very large number of turns of insulated copper wire,
wound over an insulated frame and mounted on a rotor shaft.
ii) Rotor shaft R attached to a rotating system (viz. a turbine, not shown in the figure)
with the help of which it can be rotated rapidly between the pole pieces of the field
magnet.
 Electricity in Our Homes : 241:

iii) Field magnet N-S is a strong horse shoe type permanent magnet.
iv) A pair of slip rings S1 and S2, which are metallic rings, mounted on the rotor shaft
insulted from each other and insulated from the shaft. One free end of the coil wire
(say, a) is connected to S1 and the other (say, d) is connected to S2.
v) Contact brushes B1 and B2 are metallic (or carbon) brushes, kept in contact with S1
and S2, through which current is taken out and passed in external circuits or appliances
connected across them. The appliance connected across the generator is shown by RL
in Fig. 13.8 and is called load.
c) Working of an alternating current generator
To understand the working of an a.c. generator let us consider that the coil, to begin with,
is parallel to the magnetic field lines and starts rotating in anti-clockwise direction. The
magnetic field entering into the face ABCD of the coil increases from zero to some finite
value and continues to increase till the coil becomes normal to the field. The rate, at which
the magnetic field linked with the coil changes, is the maximum in the beginning and then
it decreases continuously. Thus the induced current in the coil is maximum at time, t = 0,
and decreases with passing time. When the coil becomes normal to the field the rate at
which flux changes becomes zero and hence current in the coil is zero.
When the coil further rotates the face of the coil through which magnetic field enters
starts changing and hence the direction of field-change and hence direction of current is
reversed. The field entering into the face DCBA now continues increasing till the coil
again becomes parallel to the field at which position we find that the field linked with the
coil is zero but change in magnetic flux is maximum resulting in maximum current.
As the coil rotates further the flux linked with DCBA increases with a lesser rate of
change in field. Thus the current in the coil decreases and attains a zero value when the coil
is normal to the field. Then again the face of the coil turning towards the north pole is
reversed. The current starts flowing in the initial direction and attains a maximum value
when the coil comes in the position we started with.
Fig. 13.9 shows the positions of the coil at crucial stages of rotation and the current in
the coil at these instants.
Io

O
Io
b c b c b b b c

c c

a
a d a d a a d
d d
B1 B1 B1 B1 B1
S1 S1 S1 S1 S1
S2 S2 S2 S2 S2
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2

t=o t=T/4 T=T/2 T=3T/4 t=T

B=o B=max B=max B=max B=o
I=Io I=o I= – Io I=o I=o

Fig. 13.9 Current in the coil of generator as it rotates

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Thus, a continuously varying current which changes its directions after every T/2
seconds is obtained. Such a current is called alternating current.
d) Direction of induced current: Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
The direction of induced current that is indicated in Fig. 13.9 is the actual direction we
obtain for the given situation. The direction of current induced in a conductor moving in a
magnetic field is given by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule. According to the rule, stretch the
thumb, the forefinger and the central finger of your right hand at right angles to each
other and hold them in such a way that the North
forefinger points in the direction of magnetic
Induced
field and thumb in the direction to motion current
West B
of the conductor then the central finger will Magnetic field

point in the direction of the induced current

(Fig. 13.10). Motion

Using this law now you can easily check

that the direction of induced current in Vertically
downward
Fig. 13.10 is towards north as shown. Fig. 13.10 Diagram to illustrate
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.2
1. What is meant by electromagnetic induction?
2. State the principle of working of an electric generator.
3. State Fleming’s Right Hand Rule and its use.
4. An LED is connected across a long solenoid (see the adjoining figure). When a strong
permanent magnet is moved towards the solenoid, the bulb glows. Explain.
5. Who discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction?

13.3 DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER

Generators are to be constructed near the source of energy. You cannot construct a dam for
every house or a thermal power plant for every industry. Power is generated on large scale
at one place and then it is distributed to consumers situated at far off places from the
generating stations. How is it done?
The conductor system through which electric power is conveyed from a generating
station to consumer’s premises may be divided in two parts:
• Transmission System
• Distribution System

13.3.1 Transmission system

Long distance transmission of DC power is technically impractical and financially non-
viable. Because, we have to transmit power at the same voltage at which it is generated.
But we have developed devices, which can increase or decrease the magnitude of alternating
voltage. These devices are called transformers.
A transformer, which increases the level of voltage, is called step-up transformer
and the one, which decreases the level of voltage, is called step-down transformer.
 Electricity in Our Homes : 243:

In a transformer, if voltage is increased current decreases in the same proportion, and vice-
versa. Thus, using a step-up transformer we can transmit power at high voltage and low
current. Due to low current, the power losses and voltage drops on lead wires reduce to
very low values. Also the cost of the distribution system decreases substantially. A typical
transmission system is shown in Fig. 13.11.

Distribution line
G

220 v
Electric Electric Town Distribution step
Power Step-up pole pole substation down
station Transformer Step down Transformer
(11 kv) (139 KV) Transformer
Fig. 13.11 A typical transmission system

In India, at the generating station the power is normally generated at 11000V, 50Hz.
Using a step-up transformer this voltage is stepped up to 13.2 kV. Transmission is done at
this high voltage. At the town substation, this voltage is first reduced to 33 kV with the
help of a step-down transformer and then 33 kV is stepped down to user level 220V, 50 Hz
using a step-down distribution transformer.
S

13.3.2 Distribution system

S S
The distribution system is the arrangement, which
provides power from town substation to the consumer.
It involves feeders, distributors, sub-distributors and F1 Substation F2
Feeder Feeder
service mains. Normally there are two types of
distribution systems:
• Tree system S S
Distributor
• Ring system S

These days, mostly, it is the ring system that we

Service Mains
use. The arrangement of various components of ring
mode distribution is shown in Fig. 13.12. Fig. 13.12 A ring mode distribution
system
13.3.3 Domestic wiring circuit
Through the distribution system the electricity reaches to an electric pole in our street from
the pole two insulated copper wires come to our house. One of these wires is at a high
potential of 220V. It is called live wire and is denoted by L. Normally, we use for live wire,
a wire having red-coloured insulation. The other wire is ground potential of zero volt. It is
called neutral wire and is denoted by N. For neutral wire we can use any colour except red
or green. All the appliances in our house are connected in parallel to these two wires. A
typical household circuit is shown in Fig. 13.13.
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Meter
Main Main
fuse switch
Main
L fuse
From electric pole
To other rooms

N B

Fan
Sub S1
circuit S2
fuse

Room -1
E

Fig. 13.13 A typical domestic electric wiring circuit from electric pole to a room
consisting of bulb, a fan and a plug prompt.

Three specific features of the circuit are to be specially noted. These are as follows:
(i) All the appliances are connected in parallel.
(ii) All fuses and switches are to be placed on live wire.
(iii) A third wire of green colour called earth wire also runs along with live and neutral
wires. Bodies of all electrical appliances are earthed through this wire.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.3

1. In domestic electrical wiring, on which wire do we normally place switch to operate
light?
2. Which effect of electric current is used in the working of an electric fuse?
3. Why are domestic appliances connected in parallel? Give one reason.
4. Name the electrical device used to increase or decrease the magnitude of voltage. Can
it be used with direct current?
5. What are the advantages in transmission of electric power at high voltage?
6. Switching off a bulb in one room has no effect on other lamps in the same building.
Why?

13.4 HAZARDS IN USING ELECTRICAL ENERGY

When used with care, electricity is the most convenient form of energy. But carelessness in
the use of electrical energy may prove to be fatal for the operator as well as for the installation.
For example,
• If a person touches a live wire he or she may get a severe shock which may lead even
to death.
• Short-circuiting due to damaged wiring or overloading of the circuit can cause electrical
fire, which may damage the building.
Defects in household wiring like loose connections, defective switches, sockets, plugs,
etc. may also cause sparking which may lead to an electrical fire. Some precautions and
safety measures are, therefore, suggested in the next subsection below.
 Electricity in Our Homes : 245:

13.4.1 Precautions in the use of electrical energy

a) For household wiring always use good quality wires having proper thickness and
insulation. Plugs, sockets, switches and electrical appliances used should be ISI marked.
All the wire connections should be tight and all the wire joints should be covered with
an insulating tape. Defective switches, sockets, plugs, etc. should be immediately
replaced.
b) All the switches in your household electrical wiring circuit should be placed on the
live wire of the circuit so that when the switch is off, the appliance is disconnected
from the live wire and on touching the device you do not get shock.
c) Switch off the mains before you start working on a repair job on the electrical circuit.
In case it is necessary to work on live circuit put on rubber gloves, rubber shoes and
use tools with insulted handles.
d) In case of an electrical accident switch off the main switch of electrical supply. Try to
insulate the person who has received a shock. In any case do not touch him directly.
Never use water to extinguish fire arisen due to electrical sparking.
e) Ensure that the safety measures of earthing and fuse are properly done in your household
electrical circuit. Ensure that the fuses are placed on live wires and are of proper current
rating.
13.4.2 Causes of electrical hazards
There are basically three causes behind most electrical hazards:
• Current leakage
• Short-circuiting
• Overloading
a) Current leakage
Some times, due to wear and tear or due to excessive heating, the insulation covering of
connecting wires is removed and the wire becomes naked. This naked live wire may touch
the metal case of an electrical appliance raising its voltage to the level of the main voltage.
The metal body of the appliance if connected to ground, current will flow through it to the
ground resulting in current leakage. Body of a person also acts like a conductor and a
person who touches the metal case of a current leaking appliance may get a shock.
b) Short circuiting and over loading
These are two faults in electrical circuits due to which heavy current may flow through the
circuit resulting in the overheating of conducting live wires and consequent fire in the
installation.
• Short-circuiting takes place when a naked live wire touches a naked neutral wire.
Normally sub-standard wires wear out soon and may cause short-circuiting.
• Overloading of electrical circuit results, when the number of appliances operated on
the circuit at the same time exceeds the limits the circuit wiring can withstand. We
know that in household circuits all the appliances are connected in parallel. In parallel
circuits as we add more and more resistors (appliances) in parallel more current is
drawn from the supply.
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A slight omission causing short circuiting or overloading may, therefore, cause fire
and damage the whole installation. A safety device against this is a fuse.
13.4.3 Safety devices used in electrical circuits
a) Electric fuse
Electric fuse is a weak link in the electrical circuit. It is a short piece of a thin wire made of
a lead-tin alloy. The material that a fuse wire is made of has a low melting point and high
resistance as compared to the material of live wire. Consequently, when current in the
circuit starts increasing the specified limit the fuse wire gets heated up and blows off. The
fuse wire thus saves the installation from getting damaged.
An electric fuse wire is always placed in series with the main supply on the live wire.
Depending on the circuit specification we use fuse wires of different current rating normally 5A
for domestic lights and 15A for domestic power. 15A fuse wire is thicker then a 5A fuse wire.
b) Earthing the electrical appliance
To avoid shock due to current leakage in electrical appliances the metal body of the appliance
is earthed, i.e. connected to earth. For this purpose a separate wire, called earth wire, runs all
through the circuits along with live and neutral wires. Metal bodies of all the appliances are
kept connected with the earth wire. The free end of the earth wire is attached to a copper plate
buried deep in the ground. This leaves the body of electrical appliances at the same potential
(zero) as the earth and hence when we touch the metal body we do not get shock. Earthing is
thus a safety device incorporated in an electric circuit to protect the operator.
The above discussion shows how important the provisions of earthing and fuse are in
our electrical circuits.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.4

1. Why do electricians wear, rubber shoes or rubber hand gloves while working on electric
circuits?
2. State two hazards associated with the use of electricity.
3. Why is a fuse wire is made of a tin-lead alloy?
4. What is the usual rating of an electric fuse used in the following:
(i) lighting circuits
(ii) power circuits
5. What will you do if you see a person in contact with a live wire?
6. Along with live wire and neutral wire, a third wire is also used in domestic electrical
wiring. What is the name of this third wire? What is the purpose of this wire?

13.5 HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

There is a long list of electrical appliances that we use in our houses for convenience in our
work and comfort. Some of these appliances are based on thermal effect an electric current
and the other are based on magnetic effect. We have already studied these effects in the
previous lesson. In this section we will study the construction and working of some of the
important electrical appliances we use in our houses.
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13.5.1 Electrical appliances based on thermal effect of electric current

When potential difference is applied across a conductor, the free electrons in it move up
the potential to minimize their potential energy. In doing so they collide with other particles
of the material of the conductor on their way. As a result the conductor gets heated up. The
heat so produced can be utilized in a number of electrical appliances, such as electric bulb,
electric iron, electric oven, electric water heater, electric room heater, soldering iron, electric
kettle, etc. A brief description of some of these devices is given below.
a) Electric lamps
Generally two types of electric lamps are used in our houses for producing light
• incandescent lamps
• fluorescent lamps.
i) Incandescent lamp: An incandescent lamp, which is also called an electric bulb, is
based upon the principle that when a conductor having a high melting point is heated
electrically to a high temperature it becomes incandescent and starts emitting light.
If we closely examine an electric bulb we find that a small coil of tungsten wire (melting
point 3300 K) called filament is mounted on insulating supports inside the bulb. The
two ends of the filament are taken to the base of the bulb by two thick metal leads. This
entire assembly is enclosed in a sealed glass bulb filled with noble gases at low pressure
(Fig. 13.14).
When the bulb is put in its holder and switched on, current 220 v 60 w
flows through the filament heating it to incandescence. Glass Bulb
The inert gas in the glass bulb prevents the filament from
Filament
getting oxidised at that high temperature.
ii) Fluorescent lamp: A fluorescent lamp has a filament
sealed in one end of a glass tube and another electrode
at the other end. The tube contains little amount of
mercury that vaporizes when the filament gets hot. An
electric current is then set up through the mercury
Brass cap
vapours from one end of the tube to the other. The
mercury vapours give off both visible and ultra violet Holder pins

light. The ultra violet light strikes the fluorescent coating

Base Contacts
on the inside surface of the glass tube and causes it to
glow brilliantly. The colour of the light given off by the Fig. 13.14 Incandescent lamp
lamp depends upon the material used for the fluorescent
coating. Fluorescent lamps produce a great deal of light with little heat. This is the
reason why their efficiency is comparatively high.
b) Electric iron or electric press Tube filled with Argon gas,
and mercury vapour
An electric iron basically has four parts: Base
• base plate,
• heating element,
• pressure plate, and Mountain
Lamp

panel
• upper cover with handle of insulating material To on/off
switch
such as bakalite. Fig. 13.15 Fluorescent lamp
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The heating element consists of fine nichrome strip wound on

a mica sheet, which is further enclosed, between thin strips of mica.
In electric irons, mica is used for electrical insulation. Mica has a
special property that it acts as an insulator for electricity but as a (i) Base Plate
conductor for heat.
The heating element is placed between the base plate and the
pressure plate. The pressure plate protects the heating element and (ii) Cast iron
does not allow it to move from its position. When an electric current pressure plate

passes through the heating element, heat is generated in it that is

transferred to the base plate by conduction. The heated base plate
can now be used to iron clothes.

c) Electric heater and electric heat radiators (iii) Heating element

These devices have heating elements made

H.E.
of nichrome wire in the form of spiral
arranged in the grooves of ceramic plate
or rod. The electric stove and room heaters
(a) Electric stove are two such devices (Fig. 13.17). Fig. 13.16 Electric
iron
In heat radiators, the heating element
is mounted in a frame having a highly polished concave reflector
at its back. When electric current is passed through the heating
(b) Room Heater element, it gets heated and starts radiating heat. The heat radiation
Fig. 13.17 (a) Electric falling on the concave polished Lid
Container
stove (b) Room heater reflector are also reflected in the Handle

forward direction.

d) Electric kettle
It is an electrical device in which heating effect of electric
current is used (Fig. 13.18). You might have seen electric Coil Rubber sealing
kettles of different shapes and sizes being used in houses,
Fig. 13.18 Electric kettle
offices and restaurants. In an electric kettle, the heating
element is fitted at the bottom of the vessel in such a way that
maximum heat from the heating element is conducted to the vessel.
Terminal

e) Electric immersion heater Code

An immersion heater consists of a heating element made of nichrome

Element
wire housed in a metallic tube. The nichrome wire is separated from
the metallic tube by filling the intervening space with magnesium
oxide powder that is an electrical insulator and a reasonably good
3-Pin plug top
conductor of heat. The metallic tube is coiled in a few turns so that
its long length may be accommodated in a smaller space and as
such may remain in contact with the liquid to be heated. The design
of an electrical immersion heater is shown in Fig. 13.19. Fig. 13.19 Electric
immersion heater
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13.5.2 Electrical appliances based on magnetic effect of AC Mains

electric current
B Spring
All the devices based on magnetic effect of electric current
such as electric bell, electric fan, mixer-grinder and ammeter, Coil

voltmeter etc. make use of an electromagnet and/or the motor Armature

described in section of this lesson. Below is given a brief Soft-iron Contact

core
description of two of these devices, viz. electric bell and Screw
electric fan.
Hammer
(a) Electric bell Gong
If you closely examine an electric bell you will see that it has
a U-shaped electromagnet as shown in Fig. 13.20. The two
Fig. 13.20 Electric bell
ends of the windings of the electromagnet are connected to
the power supply (battery or the mains) through a make and break arrangement and a push
button called the bell push (a kind of switch).
When the bell push (B) is pressed the electric current flows through the coils of the
electromagnet and the soft iron core of the electromagnet becomes magnetized. This
magnetized iron core attracts the armature, consequently the hammer attached to the armature
hits the gong and a loud sound is produced.
But as soon as the armature is attracted by the electromagnet the circuit is broken at the
contact screw. The electromagnet no more remains magnet. The armature due to spring
action returns back to original Bubin
position. The process is repeated Bolt
Shakle
again and again. The hammer Top Canopy
periodically keeps on hitting the gong Hanging rod

till the push button is not released. Split

Condenser
pin
Bolt to hold
Canopy
Upper cover Condenser housing
(b) Electric fan Bottom canopy Terminal connector
Electric fans are used to circulate air Heat bolt

in a room. Mostly a fan uses a

Blade
permanent capacitor type motor. Back Cover
Three blades are symmetrically Motor Back Cover
Decorating cup
attached to the rotor shaft of the
motor. As soon as the switch is made Fig. 13.21 Parts of a ceiling fan
an electric current flowing through
the motor rotates the blades which circulate air of the room. Fig. 13.21 shows the various
parts of a ceiling fan.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.5
1. Which material is the filament of an incandescent lamp made of?
2. Name a substance that is good conductor of heat but a bad conductor of electricity.
3. What is the role of a polished concave surface behind the element of a room heater?
4. Is fluorescent tube based on heating effect of electric current?
5. Name the energy transformation that takes place in an electric fan.
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LET US REVISE
• A current-carrying coil behaves as a magnet, one end of which behaves as the north
pole and the other as the south pole. The polarity of the coil is determined by using the
Right Hand Thumb Rule.
• The strength of an electromagnet depends on (i) strength of current flowing through
the coil, (ii) number of turns per unit length of the coil, and (iii) the nature of the core
material.
• A current-carrying conductor placed in magnetic field experiences a force. The
magnitude of the force depends on (i) strength of the magnetic field, (ii) current flowing
through the conductor, (iii) length of the conductor, and (iv) orientation of the coil
with respect to the field.
• The direction of the force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
• An electric motor is a device, which converts electrical energy into magnetic field.
• When magnetic field associated with a closed coil is changed a current is induced in
the coil, which lasts, so long as the change in magnetic field is continued. This
observation first made by Faraday is called electromagnetic induction.
• Electric generator is a device, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The device is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
• Long distance transmission of a.c. power has become possible by the use of devices
called transformers. There are two types of transformer (i) step-up transformers, which
increase the level of voltage (ii) step-down transformers, which decrease the level of
voltage.
• In domestic wiring circuits, fuse and earthing are very important safety provisions.
Careless use of electric power may be dangerous. Therefore, we must take proper
precaution in the use of electricity.
• Electric bulb, electric heater, electric iron, electric kettle, etc. are examples of appliances
based on thermal effect of electric current.
• Electric bell, electric crane, electric fan, electric mixer-juicer-grinder are appliances
based on magnetic effect of electric current.

TERMINAL EXERCISES
A. Objective type questions.
1. Name the device which converts
i) electrical energy into mechanical energy
ii) mechanical energy into electrical energy
iii) high voltage into low voltage
 Electricity in Our Homes : 251:

iv) low voltage into high voltage

v) electrical energy into light energy
2. Fill in the blanks.
i) The electricity in our home has voltage __________________ volts, frequency
____________Hz and it provides ____________ current.
ii) The power plant in which ____________ or ____________ is used as basic
fuel is called thermal power plant, whereas Uranium–235 is used in
____________ power plant.
iii) In a hydroelectric power plant ____________ of water stored in a dam is
converted into ____________ of rotation of a turbine, which in turn changes
into ____________ energy.
iv) In the statement for Fleming’s Left Hand Rule central finger points in the direction
of ____________, forefinger points in the direction of ____________, and thumb
points in the direction of____________
v) _______________, ____________ and/or ____________are at the root of all
electrical hazards.

B. Descriptive type questions.

1. A circuit has a fuse of 5A. What is the maximum number of 100 W (220V) bulbs that
can be safely used in the circuit?
2. Explain the principle and working of an a.c. generator.
3. Explain the construction and working of the following:
i) Electric motor
ii) Electric iron
iii) Electric bulb
iv) Electric fan
v) Electric bell
4. Distinguish between the following:
i) Permanent magnet and electromagnet
ii) Electric generator and electric motor
5. Explain the role of earthing and fuse in electric circuits.
6. With the help of suitable diagrams show how electrical energy is
i) Transmitted from generating station to town substation.
ii) Distributed from town substation to the consumer site.
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7. Draw a domestic electric wiring diagram from electric pole to one room of the house
having a bulb, a socket and a fan. Provide separate fuse for each room and separate
switch for each device.
8. Describe an experiment to demonstrate:
i) Force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
ii) Phenomenon of electromagnetic industries
9. Enlist the precautions one must observe in the use of electrical energy.
ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
13.1
1. Fleming’s Left Hand Rule is used to find the direction of force experienced by a
current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. According to this rule,
stretch the forefinger, the central finger and thumb of your left hand at right angles
to each other and hold them in such a way that the forefinger points in the direction
of the magnetic field, central finger points in the direction of electric current, then
thumb will point in the direction of motion of (or force) in the conductor.
2. The direction of magnetic field due to a current-carrying loop can be determined
using Right Hand Thumb Rule. According to the rule, hold the right hand above
the coil with the curling fingers pointing in the direction of current, then the
stretched thumb will indicate the direction of magnetic field.
3. i) An electromagnet is much stronger than permanent magnet.
ii) The strength and polarity of an electromagnet can be changed but that of a
permanent magnet is fixed.
4. The strength of electromagnet depends on (i) the current flowing through the
conductor, and (ii) number of turns in the coil.
5. When a current-carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field it experiences
a pair of equal, opposite and parallel forces due to which the coil rotates.

13.2
1. The phenomenon of setting up electric current in a coil by changing magnetic
field associated with it is called electromagnetic induction.
2. When a coil of wire is rotated in a uniform magnetic field, the magnetic field
associated with the coil is changed due to which current is set up in the coil.
3. We use Fleming’s Right Hand Rule to determine the direction of the current
induced in a conductor when the conductor moves in a magnetic field crossing
the field lines. The law states, stretch the forefinger, the central finger and the
thumb of your right hand at right angles to each other, and hold it in such a way
that forefinger points in the direction of field, thumb points in the direction of
motion of the conductor, then, the central finger will point in the direction of
induced current.
 Electricity in Our Homes : 253:

4. When the magnet moves towards the coil, the magnetic field threading the coil
increases inducing a current in it. Due to the induced current the LED glows.
5. Michael Faraday

13.3
1. Live wire
2. Thermal effect
3. So that different appliances may draw different currents needed by them.
4. Transformer; No it cannot be used with d.c.
5. Transmission at high voltage provides for low current due to which the power
losses and voltage drop in lead wires substantially decreases and transmission
can be done at low cost.
6. Because all the lamps are connected in parallel.
13.4
1. The insulating rubber shoes or gloves do not let the current flow through the
body of the electrician to earth and he is saved from getting any shock.
2. i) Electricity may give shock to the careless operator.
ii) Short circuiting or over loading may cause fire.
3. Tin-lead alloy has low melting point and high resistance, hence blows off much
before the rest of the circuit wiring is heated appreciably.
4. i) Light circuit 5 A
ii) Power circuit 15 A
5. We will switch off the main switch and try to insulate the body of the person (so
that he does not remain in contact with earth) without directly touching him/
her.
6. The third wire is earth wire. It is a safety device to protect the operator from
electric shock in case of current leakage from the body of the appliance.
13.5
1. Tungsten
2. Mica
3. It reflects the heat falling on it and sends it in forward direction.
4. No
5. Electrical energy into mechanical energy
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GLOSSARY
Earth wire: Green-coloured wire, which at one end is connected to the metallic body
of an appliance and the other end is connected to a copper plate, buried deep in the ground.
Electric fuse: A short piece of thin wire made of lead-tin alloy, placed in series with
the main supply on the live wire, that acts as a safety device.
Electric generator: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Electric motor: A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Electromagnet: A current-carrying solenoid with a soft core inside it.
Electromagnetic induction: Phenomenon of producing electric current in a coil by
changing the magnetic field associated with it.
Live wire: Red-coloured wire that carries electricity at high potential of 220V.
Neutral wire: A wire that is at ground potential of zero volts may be of any colour
except red or green.
Step-down transformer: A device, which decreases the magnitude of alternating
voltage.
Step-up transformer: A device, which increases the magnitude of alternating voltage.
Transformer: A device which can increase or decrease the magnitude of alternating
voltage.