Employability Skills

UNIT 1 : Communication Skills

Link from CBSE Website (Curriculum) :

[Link]

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Session 1 : Methods of Communication
Session 2 : Verbal Communication
Session 3 : Non-verbal Communication
Session 4 : Communication Cycle and Importance of Feedback
Session 5 : Barriers to Effective Communication
Session 6 : Writing Skills — Parts of Speech
Session 7 : Writing Skills — Sentences

Communication is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information -- in other

words, talking or writing, and listening or reading. Good communicators listen
carefully, speak or write clearly, and respect different opinions.

Communication is defined as the imparting or exchanging of information by

speaking, writing, or using some other medium

Communication skills allow you to understand and be understood by others.

These can include but are not limited to effectively communicating ideas to
others, actively listening in conversations, giving, and receiving critical feedback
and public speaking.

Communication skills involve listening, speaking, observing, and empathizing. It

is also helpful to understand the differences in how to communicate through face-
to-face interactions, phone conversations, and digital communications like email
and social media.

Communication helps people to know each other better. It helps in removing

misunderstanding and certain meaning clarity of thought. Communication in any
form written, oral, formal informal, visual, interpersonal, intrapersonal help in
educating people and connecting them better.

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Session 1 – Methods of Communication:
The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word: commūnicāre, meaning
‘to share’.

Communication Skills
Communication has three important parts:
1. Transmitting — The sender transmits the message through one medium
or another.
2. Listening — The receiver listens or understands the message.
3. Feedback — The receiver conveys their understanding of the message to
the sender in the form of feedback to complete the
communication cycle.

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Session 2 – Verbal Communication:

Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking

is one of the most effective and commonly used way of communicating. It helps
in expressing our emotions in words. By improving your verbal communication
skills, you will build rapport, and have a better connect.

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Advantages of Verbal Communication:
 It is an easy mode of communication in which you can exchange ideas by
saying what you want and get a quick response.

 It enables you to keep changing your interaction as per the other person’s
response.
Disadvantages of Verbal Communication:
 Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken words,
sometimes the meanings can be confusing and difficult to understand if the
right words are not used.

Session 3 – Non-Verbal Communication:

Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or

messages without using any spoken or written word. In other words, we send
signals and messages to others, through expressions, gestures, postures, touch,
space, eye contact and para language

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Session 4 – Communication Cycle and Feedback:

Communication is one of the most vital elements of society. People need people,
and to interact, it's essential they be able to convey messages and understand each
other. The communication cycle expresses how the system of conveying and
understanding messages operates.

 Sender: the person or entity originating the

communication.
 Message: the information that the sender
wishes to convey.
 Encoding: how the sender chooses to bring
the message into a form appropriate for
sending.

 Channel: the means by which the message is

sent.
 Receiver: the person or entity to whom the message is sent.
 Decoding: how the receiver interprets and understands the message.
 Feedback: the receiver's response to the message.

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In the communication process, one person is a sender who convey message to
another person or a group of persons) nose as the receiver. When the receiver gets
the message, he acknowledges it and sends back a response. This leads to a cycle
process known as the communication cycle. The cycle describe how can ideas,
impression, or feeling is made no to others full stopper communication cycle
includes resource such as e-mail threads social media outlets, VoIP message
outlets. In the communication process, one person is a sender who convey
message to another person (or a group of persons) nose as the receiver. When the
receiver gets the message, he acknowledges it and sends back a response. This
leads to a cycle process known as the communication cycle.

Feedback in Communication:

The term 'feedback' is taken from cybernetics, a branch of engineering concerned

with self-regulating systems. The observation of the receiver's response is called
feedback. In other words, the part of the receiver's response communicated back
to the sender is called feedback. Actually, it is the amount of response of the
receiver that reaches to the sender. It enables the sender to evaluate the
effectiveness of the message. In the communication process, feedback refers to a
response from the receiver which gives the communicator an idea of how the
message is being received and whether it needs to be modified. Feedback ensures
that the message has been successfully conveyed and the communication is
effectively successful. Feedback is important in communication because it
enables the sender to evaluate the effectiveness of its message. Without feedback,
the communication process would be incomplete.

Importance of feedback in communication:

1. It completes the whole process of communication and makes it continuous.
2. It sustains communication process.
3. It makes one know if one is really communication or making sense.

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4. It is a basis for measuring the effectiveness of communication.
5. It is a good basis for planning on what next to be done especially statistical
report.
6. Communication will be useless without feedback.
7. Feedback paves way for new idea generation.
8. It is a process of effective listening.
9. It serves as basis of problem-solving.
10. It can motivate.
11. It can improve performance.

Types of Feedback:
Feedback can be various form and of various types. Let us discuss different
types of feedback used in communication.
1. Formal and informal feedback
2. Descriptive and non-descriptive feedback
3. Specific and nonspecific feedback

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1. Formal and informal feedback

 Formal Feedback
A formal feedback follows a present format or structure using which the receiver
frames feedback and sends it. Formal feedback covers many predefined points
and has a specific blueprint. The receiver frames the feedback as per this blueprint
and sends it. Formal feedback takes time to construct and hence, is not instant.
Examples:
“Congratulations on scoring with A Grade in your final test performance. You
are promoted to your next class.”
“Please accept my apologies.”

 Informal Feedback
Informal feedback, on the other hand, is spontaneously friendly and does not stick
to a specific structure such as instant comments by the listener or audience. It
does not take time to construct as it is immediately conveyed.

Examples: "Good job! “, “Congratulations!” “Sorry”

2. Descriptive and non-descriptive feedback

 Descriptive feedback:
A descriptive feedback on the contrary, provides meaningful information in a
detailed, expressive manner that also contains some analysis or suggestion etc.

Examples
“All paragraphs should cover basically on Idea. Only one paragraph was as per
this specification, other paragraphs convey multiple ideas and the information
was also cohesively linked.”

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“In your article, the conclusion did not reiterate your observation and did not
support the evidence your article talks about. You need to rewrite the conclusion
by keeping this thing in mind.”

 Non-descriptive feedback:
A non-descriptive feedback provides some specific information but does not give
details descriptions. The feedback conveys meaningful specific response but does
not come with descriptive analysis or suggestions.

Examples
“I only like your second paragraph. Others needs improvement.”
“In your article, conclusion needs rework”

3. Specific and Non-specific Feedback:

 Specific Feedback
The specific feedback talks about a thing, particularly without talking about a
General overview.
Example-:
“I like the way you described your grandfather's character. It makes me feel like
I too know him”.
“I like your portrayal of sibling rivalry, especially the part where you and your
sister were fighting. I fight with my brother too, so it made it sound real to me.
your story seemed related at all points.”

 Non-specific Feedback
The Non-specific feedback, on the other hand, talks about the entire think while
giving a General overview. it does not particularly pinpoint is specific think/
feature.

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Examples:
“I like your story. It is good.”
“I like it your topic of sibling rivalry.”

Session 5: Barriers to Effective Communication

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Introduction: Effective communication is a two way communication process
where both parties have right and convenience to express their messages
opinions, facts and other information

Principles of Effective Communication:

Clarity - Message conveyed should be in easily understandable language.
Attention - The receiver should be fully attentive in a communication process.
Consistency - This principle implies that communication should always be
consistent with the planned objective of message being conveyed
Adequacy - The information conveyed should be complete in all respects.
Timelines - The message conveyed should be at the proper time.
Feedback - The communication must have feedback confirmation from the
recipient whether the messages have been understood by the
recipient
Economy - The communication should take place in a way that costs
optimally.

7Cs of Effective Communication

 Clear: While communicating one should be clear about what he / she say.
 Concise: Use simple words and say only what is needed.
 Concrete: Your arguments should be based on solid facts and opinions
from credible sources and you should share reliable data to support your
stand.

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  Correct: It’s essential that along with the factual information, the language
and grammar you use are correct.
 Coherent: Your words should make sense .Along with that it should related
with the main topic
 Complete: Your message should be complete .It should have all the needed
information
 Courteous: Be respectful , honest and friendly throughout your
communication

Barriers in communication
 Linguistic Barrier: Language at times can be a barrier to effective
communication
 Physical Barrier: If the surroundings do not support proper
communication, it can also act as a barrier to appropriate interaction.
 Cultural Barrier: Cultural differences hinder us from communicating
properly.
 Interpersonal Barriers: It refers to the situations when the intended message
is received incorrectly due to many personal reasons.
 Organizational Barriers: In an organization if there is no clarity about the
roles,
 structures, responsibilities, it will hinder effective communication among
the members of the organization.

Measures to Overcome Barriers of communication

 Overcoming Lingual Factors: To overcome this one need to prepare
appropriately. One should carefully think about the language needs of the
recipient.

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  Overcoming Environmental Factors: Communicators should ensure that
the message is delivered in a distraction free environment.
 Overcoming Barrier of Cultural Influence: Preparation to be made keeping
the culture of the people you are addressing.
 Overcoming Interpersonal Barriers of Communication.
 Overcoming Organizational Barriers of Communication.

UNIT 2: Self-Management Skills

Stress
Management

Time Self
Management Awareness

Goal Self
Setting Motivation

Self-Management:
Self-management is the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts and behaviour effectively
in different situations.

Essential Skills for Success:

Discipline Punctuality Goal-setting Teamwork Problem Solving

Responsibility Adaptability Professionalism

Dedication

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Importance of Self-Management:
 Self-sufficient and independent
 Ownership and accountability lead to self-confident
 Goal-oriented and strategy maker
 Self-monitoring and discipline reinforce good habits and behaviours
 Organise life and remove stress

Self-monitor

Self-evaluation Self-reinforcement

Fig: Self-Management Sycle

Methods of Self-Management

Stress: Stress can be defined as emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any
perceived demands or threats.

Symptoms of Stress:
Sign of Physical stress Sign of Mental stress
Breathlessness Irritation
Indigestion Boredom
Fatigue Mood swings
Cold hands and feet Loneliness
Dry mouth or choking feeling Anxiety
Nausea
Sweaty palms

Causes of Stress:
 Lack of confidence  Conflict or rivalry,
 Work pressure  Meeting deadlines or expectations
 Physical discomfort  Change of routine

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Effects of Stress:
 Deteriorates mental and physical health
 Lack of concentration and productivity in work
 Damage in personal and professional relationships

Stress Management:
Managing stress is about planning to cope effectively with daily pressures.

Advantages of Stress Management:

 Focus and Goal-setting
 Better planning
 Execute the work smoothly within deadline
 Better work-life balance

Methods of Stress Management:

A B C
Adversity Beliefs Consequences

 Step 1: Awareness about stress

 Step 2: Identify the cause of stress
 Step 3: Apply Stress management techniques

Stress Management Techniques:

1) Proper time management
2) Physical exercise, balanced diet, and healthy lifestyle
3) Maintain positive attitude and outlook
4) Organise schedule, complete all the works on time
5) Adequate sleep and relaxation
6) Spending quality time with friends and family.

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Self-Awareness

1. Know Yourself: Belief, Background, Opinion, Choice, Values

2. Realising Strength and Weakness:

 Identify skills, abilities, interests, what you are good at and successful
 Identify shortcomings, apathies, where you face difficulty and defeat
 Consider honest feedback from others
 Continue practising skills
 Overcome weakness and improvise

SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is an important framework for identifying and analysing
the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

Self-Motivation

Self-motivation is the internal force that drives one to act towards achievement of goals.

Types of Motivation:

Internal Motivation Self-interest and love for the work or hobby

• Doing task of own interest makes one happy, healthy and feel good.

External Motivation Reward

• Doing the task brings respect, recognition and appreciation

Qualities of Self-Motivated People:

 Aware of expectations from life

 Focussed towards goal
 Aware of importance of things
 Dedicated to fulfil dreams

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Steps to Build Self-Motivation:

Stay loyal to
Goals despite
Develop Plan to adversity
achieve Goals
Set Goals and
Focus on them

Find own
Strength

A. Goal Setting

 Goals: Goals are a set of dreams with a deadline to achieve them.

 Goal Setting: Goal setting is all about finding and listing one’s goals in life and
planning on achieving them.
 Importance of Goal Setting:
o Helps to think and decide about future plans
o Helps to prioritize things in life
o Helps to focus on important tasks
 Nature of Goals: SMART

Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time bound

Who is involved
How
in the goal?
much?

What do I want to
do?
How
many? Breaking Can be Definite time
Where do I start? planned and frame to
down big
goals into work achieve the
When do I start towards it
and finish? smaller parts goals
How to for success
Which means do I know about
use? achieved
Why am I doing results?
this?

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 B. Time Management
Time management is the ability to plan and control on spending time in order to complete all
the intended work.

 Benefit of Time Management:

 Timely completion of tasks
 Prepare and follow a daily timetable
 Correct estimation about duration of a work
 Correct utilisation of time
 Sense of accomplishment resulting satisfaction and happiness
 Healthy habits for Time Management:
 Avoid unnecessary delay or postpone of planned activity
 Organise the workplace to develop good working environment
 Utilise leisure and waiting time productively
 Prepare To-Do list and prioritise works
 Develop healthy habits and productive hobby

Steps for Effective Time Management:

• Plain daily Activities

Organise • Prepare timetable and follow it
• Organise working area

• Prepare To-Do list of activities

Prioritise
• Rank the activities as per priority

• Gain control over activities and time utilisation

Control
• Avoid wasting time on useless things

• Identify all the works done throughout the day

and the amount of time spent on them
Track
• Analysis of time helps in better planning and
execution of tasks and minimize time waste

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Emotional Intelligence:

Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage own and others’ emotions.

Steps to Manage Emotions:

1. Understand emotions: Observe behaviour

2. Rationalise: Think judiciously, then decide and act
3. Control: Practice Yoga and meditation to keep calm

Self Confidence:

Self-confidence is to trust own capabilities and skills to achieve one’s goal.

 Factors influencing Self Confidence:

 Social: Healthy interaction and relationship with others strengthen self-confidence.
 Cultural: Family values, moral values and belief system helps developing
confidence.
 Physical: Physical fitness and regular physical activities enhance self-confidence.
 Different ways to develop Self Confidence:
 Positive approach towards problem solving
 Set targets, make strategy and work towards achieving success
 Physical exercise, Yoga, meditation etc regularly
 Maintain healthy relationship with others
 Dress up appropriately
 Quality of a good Team Member:
 Work towards a common Goal set by the team
 Selflessness - Help and Adjust with the group
 Good interpersonal skills
 Team spirit and group management skills
 Quality of Independent workers:
 Self-awareness, self-monitoring and self-correcting
 Awareness of Goal
 Taking initiative
 Recognising mistakes and self-performance analysis
 Continuous learning

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Personality Management:

Personality includes proper sense of dressing, personal hygiene, and good communication
skills to have positive impression on others.

____________

Check Your Progress

Q. 1 to 10 – 1 mark Question 10x1=10

1. _____________ is the ability to identify and manage emotion of self and others.
a. Natural Intelligence b. Emotional Intelligence
c. Interpersonal Intelligence d. Spatial Intelligence

2. Riya is feeling sweaty palm, irritation, and hyperactivity. She is feeling:

a. Confident b. Excited c. Happy d. Stressed

3. Vijay decided to study for 4 hours daily. His goal is:

a. Unrealistic b. Not specific c. Time bound d. All of these

4. Which of the following quality is not essential to work in group?

a. Listening to all b. Guiding all
c. Decision making ability d. Sharing confidential information with all

5. Which of the following does not get along with Goal?

a. Small b. Practical c. Deadline d. Achieve

6. ____________ part of time management analyses the time spend on each job and
helps to reduce wastage of time.
a. Organise b. Track c. Control d. Prioritise

Q. No. 7 – 8: State whether the following statements are True or False.

7. Joseph has been awarded for 100% attendance in school for entire the academic
year last time. He feels honoured and this year also he is reporting to school
regularly. This is an instance External Motivation.

8. Talking more is one of the ways to build self-confidence.

Q. No. 9 – 10: ASSERTION ( A ) and REASONING ( R ) based questions.

Mark the correct choice as:
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation for A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

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9. Assertion (A): Stress management helps one to lead happy and healthy life.
Reasoning (R): Timely completion of job reduces stress.

10. Assertion (A): Self-confidence once lost cannot be gained back.

Reasoning (R): Physical fitness increases self-confidence.

Q. No. 11 to 15 – 2 marks Question 5x2=10

11. Why self-management is essential for the students?

12. Mention two ways to develop confidence.

13. Describe the steps of gaining self-motivation.

14. Disha is going to start a new business with own investment. What qualities she
should possess to work independently?

15. Anish wants to set a list of goals to achieve in life before he is 25 year old.
Explain the nature of a Goal.

Q. No. 16 and 17 – 4 marks questions 2x4=8

16. Rahul says that he is feeling stressful. Before you understand and analyse Rahul’s
situation, answer the following questions:

i. What do you mean by stress?

ii. Mention any two symptoms of stress.
iii. Write down some stress management techniques.

17. Nisha is a hardworking girl. However, she always struggles to complete her
assignments on time. Hence, she feels nervous.

i. State the importance of effective time management.

ii. Explain the techniques of managing time.

_____

Solution
1. b 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. a
6. b 7. True 8. False 9. a 10. d
11. i. Self-sufficient and independent in doing assignments and project work
ii. Ownership and accountability of completion of work lead to self-confident
iii. Set target for preparation and make strategy to achieve success
iv. Self-monitoring and discipline reinforce good habits and behaviours

12. i. Positive approach towards problem solving

ii. Set targets, make strategy and work towards achieving success

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 iii. Physical exercise, Yoga, meditation etc regularly
iv. Maintain healthy relationship with others

13. Step 1: Find own Strength

Step 2: Set goal and focus
Step 3: Plan and work
Step 4: Stick to the goal

14.  Self-awareness – Know strength, weakness, risk, opportunity

 Define Goals, take initiative to plan and work
 Self-performance analysis, recognising mistake
 Continuous learning from surroundings

15. A Goal should be SMART

 Specific
 Measurable
 Achievable
 Realistic
 Time bound
16. i. Stress is emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any unforeseen
situation, adversity or challenges.

ii. Sweating, chocking feeling

iii.
 Proper time management - Organise schedule, complete all the works on time
 Physical exercise, balanced diet, and healthy lifestyle

17. i. Importance of time management:

 Timely completion of tasks
 Sense of accomplishment resulting satisfaction and happiness

ii. Time management techniques:

 Organise – Prepare Time table
 Prioritise – Prepare To-Do list of activities
 Control – Minimise time waste
 Track – Analysis of the time spend over each activities and its effectiveness

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 UNIT 3: ICT SKILLS

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management,
memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Some popular operating systems are:

• DOS (Disk Operating System)

• Windows It is an operating system developed by Microsoft.
• Linux It is an operating system designed for personal computers. It is a free and Open
Source Software
• Mobile operating Systems
✓ Android
✓ Symbian

✓ Windows Phone
✓ iOS

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Following are some of important functions of an operating System.
• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Job accounting
• Error detecting aids
• Coordination between other software and users

The different types of operating systems are as follows:

Interactive (GUI-based) A graphical user interface is a user-friendly operating system in

which commands can be entered by clicking/double-clicking/right-clicking a mouse. Windows
operating system is an example of an interactive operating system.

Single-user, single-task operating system: This type of operating system allows only one
user to do a task on the computer and one thing at a time.

Single-user, multi-task operating system: This type of operating system is used on Desktop
computers, laptops, where a single user can operate on several programs at the same time. For
example, Windows, Apple MacOS are examples of single-user multi task operating system.

Multi-user: A multi-user operating system enables multiple users to work on the same
computer at different times or simultaneously.

Real Time: A real time operating system is used to control machinery, scientific instruments,
like robots, in complex animations and computer controlled automated machines. A real-time
operating system is a computing environment that reacts to input within a specific period of
time. It manages the resources of the computer so that any particular operation is executed in
the same amount of time every time it is executed.
Windows CE and Lynx OS are examples of real-time operating systems.

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Distributed: A distributed operating system runs on a set of computers that are interconnected
by a network. It combines the different computers in the network into a single integrated
computer and storage location. Windows, UNIX, and LINUX are examples of distributed
operating systems.

Windows 7 operating system:

Windows 7 is an operating system developed by Microsoft and is used on personal computers.
After loading Windows 7, the first screen that appears on the monitor is called desktop. From
the desktop, you can access different components of Windows 7.
By default, Windows 7 has a picture for the desktop background. This is called wallpaper.

Small pictures on the desktop are called icons. These icons represent files, folders, 31
applications, etc. At the bottom of the desktop is a long bar called the Taskbar. To the left of
the taskbar is the Start button.

File Concept, File Operations, File Organization, Directory Structures And File System
Structures

Everything you store on your computer is stored in the form of a file. There are specific naming
conventions for naming files or folders, like characters that can be used, maximum number of
characters, etc. Files can be separately placed into groups, called folders/directories. Each
directory/folder can contain related files and/or sub-folders.

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The steps to create a new folder are:
1. Double-click the Computer icon.
2. Select the drive in which you want to create a new folder. Say, Local Disk D:.
3. Window will open up showing files and folders in Local Disc D: Click New Folder on the
toolbar.
4. A new folder is created with name New Folder highlighted
5. Type a name for the folder

To create a new file:

1. Right-click anywhere in the blank area of the right-column.
2. In the Shortcut menu, click New and select the type of the file you want to create.

To rename a file or a folder:

1. Right-click the file or the folder.
2. From the shortcut menu, select Rename option
3. Type the new name or edit the existing name and press the Enter key.
Or Just select the file/folder and press Function key F2.

To copy a folder or directory

You can copy a file or a folder in any one of the following ways:
1. Shortcut menu:
a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy.
b. Select Copy option from the Shortcut menu.
c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to make a copy of the selected file or folder.
d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu.

2. Drag and Drop method:

To copy a file or a folder, hold down the Ctrl key while dragging it to the new location.

3. Using Keyboard:
a. Select the file or the folder.
b. Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder.
c. Open the destination folder.
d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.

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To Move Files and folders
You can move a file or a folder in any one of the following ways:
1. Shortcut menu:
a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy
b. Select Cut option from the Shortcut menu.
c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to move the selected file or folder.
d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu.

2. Drag and Drop method:

To copy a file or a folder, select the file and drag it to a new location.
3. Using Keyboard:
a. Select the file or the folder.
b. Press Ctrl + X to cut the file or the folder.
c. Open the destination folder.
d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.

To permanently delete Files

You can permanently delete the contents of the Recycle Bin in any one of the following
ways:
Right-click the Recycle Bin icon and then click Empty Recycle Bin
OR
1. Double-click the Recycle Bin icon.
2. The Recycle Bin window appears.
3. Click Empty the Recycle Bin.

To restore the files and folders

To recover a file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file, and then click Restore.
Or
Select the file and click Restore this item

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 CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER
Regular maintenance of the computer system is very important.

Some of the maintenance activities are:

• Keep the components of the computer, like keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc. clean.
• Replace hardware that is not functioning properly
• Keep food items away from the computer
• Cables and chords should not be messed up
• Removing unauthorized software from the computer
• Take regular backup of the data
• Ensure backups are working properly by periodically restoring or checking of data. You
should use external hard drive for backup of data on your computer.
• Run anti-virus periodically
• Keep anti-virus software up to date
• Do not overcharge the batteries
• Do not block the vents
• Always shut down the computer properly

Measures to protect Computer

 Regular scans should be done to check for viruses, malware, etc.

 An effective antivirus software should be installed in your computer.
 Always keep your anti-virus software updated so that it can detect new viruses. Full system
scan should be done to periodically, preferably weekly to scan for viruses.
 A regular disk defragmentation should be done to remove all unnecessary information that
slows down the computer.
 Disk defragmentation done at regular intervals helps the disc space to be used at an optimal
level.
 Take regular backup of the data on your computer. In case the data is lost due to any reason.
 system failure, virus attack, etc., you can easily retrieve your data using backup files till
your last update.

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 System should be upgraded with new updates that were not there at the time of purchase,
like, increasing RAM, to improve the performance. Also storage space should also be
increased for storage of more information.
 If you are getting some disc errors, then make sure that temporary internet files are deleted
from time to time.
 Software’s should be updated regularly so that it works with maximum efficiency

ICT SKILLS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

[Link] recover a file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file, and then click ________.
(a) Recover
(b) Restore
(c) Move
(d) Undelete
Answer: (b) Restore 60.

2. To restore a file from the Recycle Bin, select the file, and click ________.
(a) Recover this item
(b) Restore this item
(c) Move this item
(d) Undelete this item
Answer: (b) Restore this item

[Link] paste a file/folder, right-click and select __________ option from the Shortcut menu.
(a) Stick
(b) Glue
(c) Paste
(d) Cream
Answer: (c) Paste

4. To copy a file/folder using Drag and Drop method, hold down the _____ key while dragging
it to
the new location.
(a) Alt
(b) Shift
(c) Ctrl
(d) Alt + Ctrl
Answer: (c) Ctrl

5. What is the shortcut keys to copy something?

(a) Ctrl + X
(b) Ctrl + C
(c) Ctrl + Z

29
(d) Ctrl + V
Answer: (b) Ctrl + C

6. What is the shortcut keys to paste something?

(a) Ctrl + X (c) Ctrl + Z
(b) Ctrl + C (d) Ctrl + V
Answer: (d) Ctrl + V

7. When you ______ a file or a folder, a duplicate of the original file or folder is created at the
new
location, and the original remains as it is.
(a) Copy
(b) Cut
(c) Rename
(d) Delete
Answer: (a) Copy

8. An _______ is a software that serves as an interface between the user and the computer.
a. operating system
b. application software
c. anti-virus software
d. microsoft word
Answer: a. operating system

9. Which software manages all the devices of a computer and keeps track of the status of the
device,
whether it is busy or not?
a. operating system
b. application software
c. anti-virus software
d. microsoft word
Answer: a. operating system

10. Which software checks whether the device is functioning properly or not?
a. operating system
b. application software
c. anti-virus software
d. microsoft word
Answer: a. operating system

11. Which software controls software resources of the computer?

a. operating system
b. application software
c. anti-virus software
d. microsoft word
Answer: a. operating system

30
12. An ________ manages the computer memory and keeps track of which memory space is
in use by which program and which space is free.
a. operating system
b. application software
c. anti-virus software
d. microsoft word
Answer: a. operating system

13. An ________ manages the computer memory and keeps track of which memory space is
in use by which program and which space is free.
a. operating system
b. application software
c. anti-virus software
d. disk defragmentor
Answer: a. operating system

14. An ________ keeps track of the amount of disk space used by a specific file.
a. operating system
b. application software
c. anti-virus software
d. disk defragmentor
Answer: a. operating system

15. Which software allows you to create, copy, move and delete files?
a. operating system
b. application software
c. anti-virus software
d. disk defragmentor
Answer: a. operating system

16. Which of the following is not an operating system?

a. DOS
b. Windows
c. Linux
d. Disk Defragmentor
Answer: d. Disk Defragmentor

17. Which of the following is a free and open-source operating system?

a. DOS
b. Windows
c. Linux
d. None of these
Answer: c. Linux

18. Which of the following is not a mobile operating system?

31
a. Android
b. iOS
c. Windows Phone
d. Linux
Answer: d. Linux

19. Which of the following is not a mobile operating system?

a. iOS
b. Windows Phone
c. Android
d. None of these
Answer: d. None of these

20. Which of the following is not an interactive/GUI-based operating system?

a. Android c. Windows
b. DOS d. Linux
Answer: b. DOS

21. DOS stands for ________

(a) Disk Operating System
(b) Dot Operating System
(c) Disk Open System
(d) Disk Operating Secure
Answer: (a) Disk Operating System

22. Which of the following is Microsoft Product?

(a) DOS
(b) Windows
(c) Android
(d) Linux
Answer: (b) Windows

23. ________________ operating system is an example of an interactive operating system.

(a) Windows
(b) DOS
(c) Linux
(d) None of the above
Answer: (a) Windows

24. GUI stands for __________

(a) Graphical User Interface
(b) Graphical User Interaction
(c) Graphical User Interactive
(d) None of the above
Answer: (a) Graphical User Interface

32
25. Which operating system allows only one user to do a task on the computer and one thing
at a
time?
(a) Single-user, multi-task operating system
(b) Single-user , single-task operating system
(c) Multi-user
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b) Single-user, single-task operating system

26. Which Operating System is used to control machineries like robots in complex animations
and
computer-controlled automated machines
(a) Real Time
(b) Multi-user
(c) Single-user, multi-task operating system
(d) Distributed
Answer: (a) Real Time

27. Examples of real-time operating systems is :

(a) Windows CE
(b) Lynx OS
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Both of the above

28. Examples of distributed operating systems is

(a) Windows
(b) Unix
(c) Linux
(d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above

29. ___________ operating system enables multiple users to work on the same computer
simultaneously.
(a) Single-user , single-task operating system
(b) Single-user, multi-task operating system
(c) Multi-user
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Multi-user
30. Which Operating System enables single user to operate on several programs at the same
time.
(a) Single-user, multi-task operating system
(b) Multi-user
(c) Single-user , single-task operating system
(d) Real Time
Answer: (a) Single-user, multi-task operating system

33
31. Example of a Multi-Tasking Operating System is
(a) Windows
(b) Apple MacOS
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Both of the above

32. An operating system in which commands can be entered by clicking/double-

clicking/rightclicking a mouse is :
(a) GUI-based
(b) CUI-based
(c) TUI-based
(d) None of the above
Answer: (a) GUI-based

33. Examples of Mobile operating Systems is :

(a) Android (c) iOS
(b) Symbian (d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above

34. The first screen that appears on monitor after loading OS is called ________________
(a) Icons
(b) Desktop
(c) Wall paper
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b) Desktop

35. Small pictures on the desktop are called _______

(a) Desktop (c) Icons
(b) Symbols (d) Pictures
Answer: (c) Icons

36. Picture used for the desktop background is called __________

(a) Wallpaper
(b) Background image
(c) Wall image
(d) Desktop image
Answer: (a) Wallpaper

37. Start button is present on _________ side of the Taskbar.

(a) right
(b) left
(c) top
(d) bottom
Answer: (b) left

34
38. Bar present at the bottom of the desktop is called ____________
(a) Status bar (c) Taskbar
(b) Scroll bar (d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Taskbar

39. Components of Windows 7 Desktop is/are :

(a) Desktop
(b) Wallpaper
(c) Taskbar
(d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above

40. Which icons allows user to access all drives, files, and folders on the computer.
(a) Recycle Bin (c) Application
(b) Computer (d) Start button
Answer: (b) Computer

41. The main components of Taskbar is/are

(a) Start button
(b) Active Applications
(c) Date/Time icon
(d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above

42. Deleted files and folders are stored in ___________

(a) Recycle bin
(b) My Computer
(c) Control Panel
(d) None of the above
Answer: (a) Recycle bin

43. Everything we store in computer is stored in the form of a __________.

(a) Folder
(b) Sub folder
(c) File
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) File

44. _______ is a way in which you give name to a file, store it and retrieve it.
(a) Operating System
(b) Formatting System
(c) File System
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) File

35
45. Files can be separately placed into groups, called _____.
(a) Folders
(b) Directories
(c) Both a and b
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Both a and b

46. A _______ may contain one or more files and sub-folders within. This allows easy
accessibility
of files.
(a) Folder
(b) Directory
(c) Sub-folder
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Sub-folder

47. A new folder is created with the default name _____.

(a) New Folder
(b) New Directory
(c) New
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) New Folder

48. A ________ menu is appearing, when you right-click in a blank area of the desktop.
(a) Shortcut Menu
(b) Context Menu
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)

49. What is the shortcut key to rename a file or folder in windows?

(a) Ctrl + R
(b) F2
(c) Alt + R
(d) Ctrl + F2
Answer: (b) F2

50. To restore a file from the Recycle Bin, select the file, and click ________.
(a) Recover this item
(b) Restore this item
(c) Move this item
(d) Undelete this item
Answer: (b) Restore this item

36
 Descriptive Questions (2 Marks)

1. What is ICT?
Answer – Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an acronym for information
and communication technology. ICT helps in the proper sharing, receiving, and processing of
information, and an ICT device is a device that is used for processing, storing, and delivering
information to others.
Examples of ICT devices are – Laptop, Desktop, Tablets and Smartphones.

2. Difference between Hardware and Software?

Answer – A computer system consists of two main parts – Hardware and Software
a. Hardware – Hardware is a physical part of a computer system. We can feel and touch the
hardware devices. example – CPU, Mother Board, Hard Disk, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer etc.

b. Software – Software related to the programs which perform different types of tasks on the
computer system. Program is a collection of Instructions. It also helps the computer to
perform the specific task. Example – Open Office Base, Spreadsheet, Presentation etc.

3. How to increase Computer performance?

Answer – We frequently install a large number of applications, which slows down the
computer.
Always attempt to uninstall unnecessary applications, temporary files, and antivirus software
updates.

4. What is a Security Break?

Answer – Security break is leakage of information stored in a computer.
Your personal information can be lost or leaked in two ways –
We are not cautious when it comes to disclosing personal information via the internet. We
share our account information and passwords on unsafe websites.
A person gets unauthorized access to our computer. This can happen at work if we don’t log
out before leaving the computer.

5. Differentiate between Hardware and Software ?

Ans.
Hardware: The physical components that we can see and touch.
Monitor, Keyboard are examples of Hardware
Software: It is a set of programs/instructions that perform a specific task
MS Paint, MS Word are examples of Software.

6. What do you mean by Operating System?

Ans. Operating System : It is a software that act as an interface between the user and the
computer.

7. Give two examples of mobile operating system.

Ans. Two examples of mobile operating system :
a. Apple iOS b. Google Android

37
8. Name two operating systems for laptops or desktop.
Ans. Two operating systems for laptops or desktop are:
a. Ubuntu
b. Microsoft Windows

9. Identify me
a. I am a physical part of computer.
b. I am a collection of instruction doing specific task.
c. I am the software that starts working as soon as we switch on a computer.
d. I am an input device used to type text, numbers etc
e. I am a small device that you can use to move, select and open items on your computer
screen.
Ans. a. Hardware b. Software c. Operating System d. Keyboard e. Mouse

10. Expand BIOS?

Ans. BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System

11. What do you mean by Input device? Give two examples.

Ans. Those devices which are used to feed data/command into the computer are called Input
device.
for example Keyboard and Mouse.

12. List the various types of keys available on Keyboard.

Ans. The various types of keys available on Keyboard are :
a. Control keys
b. Function Keys
c. Alphabet Keys
d. Numeric Keys
e. Navigation Keys

13. When the ____________ key is turned ON, it helps to overwrite characters to the right of
the
cursor.
Ans. INSERT

14. Name two keys available on keyboard which are used to remove typed text or characters.
Ans. Delete and Backspace

15. _________ key helps to move the cursor to the beginning of a new line.
Ans. RETURN or ENTER

16. Pressing ______________ key opens the Start menu.

Ans. Windows

38
17. Name any two file extensions.
Ans. Two file extensions are : a) .txt b) .doc c) .jpg d) .xls

18. List the various threats to a computer and its data.

Ans. The various threats to a computer and its data are:
1 Virus
2. Phishing
3. Online theft
4. Cyber crime
5. Hacking

Descriptive Questions (4 Marks)

1. Objectives of Information and communication technology? Advantages and disadvantages

of ICT.
Answer – Full form of ICT is Information and communication technology. The goal of ICT is
to bridge the gap between parents, educators, and students by encouraging sustainable,
cooperative, and transparent communication methods.

Advantages of ICT
a. Enhanced the modes of communication
b. Independent learning platforms Cost – efficient
c. Enhanced data and information security
d. Paperless – Eliminate the usage of paper
e. Better teaching and learning methods
f. Web – based LMS tools

Disadvantages of ICT
a. Traditional books and handwritten methods are at risk.
b. Managing courses online is difficult
c. Teachers require experience to handle ICT
d. Risk of cyber attacks and hacks
e. Misuse of technology

2 What are the threats?

Answer – Threats are ways in which personal information from a computer can be released
without our knowledge.
a. Theft – Theft means stealing of information or hardware. These maybe of three types:
i. Physical – Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.

ii. Identity – A hacker gets your personal information and uses it to impersonate you. The
hacker can use this fake identity to get access to your account information or engage in illegal
activity.

b. Software Piracy – This is stealing of software and includes using or distributing unlicensed
and unauthorized copies of a computer program or software.

39
 i. Virus – Viruses are computer programmes that can corrupt data and software applications,
as well as steal data from computers. Worms and Trojan Horses are two major forms of viruses.
ii. Worms – Worms are viruses that replicate and spread to all files on a computer once they
attack a computer. This makes it very difficult to remove them.

A Trojan Horse appears to be a useful software programme, but once it reaches a computer, it
begins to behave like a virus and destroys the data.

iii. Online Predator – Online predators are persons who use the internet to trap you into
unhealthy relationships. They could be older people appearing as your age who harass you into
doing unlawful things online.
iv. Internet Scams – You may occasionally receive highly appealing offers claiming that you
have won a large sum of money in a lottery and that you can claim your win by depositing a
specific amount of money. When you deposit money with a credit card or through online
banking, you not only lose the deposit money but your card / account information may be
misused later.

What are the different types of keys in Keyboard?

Answer –
a. Function keys – F1 to F12 are function keys in the keyboard, function keys are used for
specific purposes.

b. Control keys – SHIFT, CONTROL (CTRL),ALT, SPACEBAR, TAB AND CAPS LOCK
are
known as a control key, these keys are used as per the demand.

c. Enter key – ENTER or RETURN keys are known as Enter key, depending on the brand of
computer that you are using.

d. Punctuation keys – It includes keys for punctuation marks, such as colon (:), semicolon (;),
question mark (?), single quotation marks (‘ ’), and double quotation marks (“ ”).

e. Navigation keys – END, HOME, PAGE DOWN, PAGE UP and Arrow keys are known as
navigation keys, these keys are used to move up, down, left or right in the document.

f. Command keys – BACKSPACE, INSERT (INS) and DELETE(DEL) are known as

command keys. INSERT key allows you to overwrite characters to the right side.

The DELETE command key and BACKSPACE key are used to remove typed text, character,
or any other objects from the right and left side of the cursor.

g. Windows key – Windows key is used to open the Start menu.

40
 UNIT 4: Entrepreneurial Skills
MIND MAP:
Topic 1- Entrepreneurship and Society
Entrepreneurs’ Contribution to Society

 Improve Standard of Living

 Wealth Creation
 Accelerate Economic Growth
 Create Jobs
 Bring efficiency in society
 Bring more choices to customers

Topic 2- Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

Qualities Functions
Confidence Decision Making
Innovation Business Management
Calculated Risk Taking Financial Management
Creativity Risk Analysis
Patience Setting Vision for Organisation
Perseverance Efficiency in Operations
Leadership Sustenance of Business

Topic 3- Myths about Entrepreneurship

1. Every business idea needs to be unique or special.
2. A person needs a lot of money to start a business.
3. Only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur.
4. Entrepreneurs are born, not made.

Topic 4- Entrepreneurship as a career option

Advantages Disadvantages
Independence Risk
Ambition Fulfilment Excessive Workload
Wealth Creation Uncertainty
Work-Life Autonomy Challenges

41
Topic 1- Entrepreneurship and Society
Contribution of Entrepreneurs towards Society
 Fulfil Customer Needs: Entrepreneurs find out what people want. Then, they use their
creativity & innovation to come up with a business idea that will meet that demand and
satisfy customer needs
 Use Local Materials: Entrepreneurs use locally sourced material and workforce
available around them, to make products at least cost. This ensures business efficiency.
 Create Jobs: With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more people to help
them. They buy more material. They also hire more people to work for them, thereby
providing livelihood opportunities to others.
 Bring down cost of goods and services: As more entrepreneurs sell the same product,
the price of the product goes down due to innovation and market competition.
 Improve Standard of Living: With newer and better products, standard of living of
common man rises and everyone experiences better life.
 Increase Economic Pie: As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people working for
them and they themselves too become wealthy. This helps increase nation’s economic
growth.

Topic 2- Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

Qualities of an Entrepreneur
 They are confident: Entrepreneurs are confident beings. They decide to take up a
venture and it is their confidence that ensures survival and success of their idea.
 They try new and innovative ideas: Entrepreneurs introduce new and innovative ideas
in the market. Sometimes, such ideas may even displace the inefficient players from
the market.
 They are creative: Entrepreneurs are creative people. They always try to find
opportunities for a better product/service through their creativity.
 They show patience: Entrepreneurs are resilient people. They wait till the venture
succeeds. This quality also helps them deal effectively with their employees.
 Perseverance: Entrepreneurs show perseverance as any small hurdle doesn’t stop them
from achieving their ambitions. They keep on working towards fulfilment of their
ambition.

42
  Takes responsibility: Entrepreneurs take responsibility to successfully execute the
business idea into a full-fledged profit-making enterprise.
 Have leadership Skills: Entrepreneurs are leaders as well. They have the responsibility
to lead the venture towards its Organisational Vision. Further, they also lead the team
of employees and guide them to work effectively towards Organisational Goals.
 Hard working: Entrepreneurs work hard, especially in the initial phase of venture.
This quality ensures that they keep on working with passion and dedication.
 Take calculated risk: Entrepreneurs take calculated risk, which pays them off well as
they always keep in mend the Risk-Reward ratio.
 Never Give Up spirit: Entrepreneurs don’t give up easily. This persist with their efforts
and always try to turn things around.

Functions of an Entrepreneur
 Making Decisions: Decision making is part of everyday routine of an entrepreneur.
Decision make include a Technical Decision, Managerial Decision, Administrative
Decision or even a Strategic Decision. Decision making by entrepreneurs is often based
on risk-reward ratio, feedback from market, customer demand and offerings by the
competition.

43
  Managing the Business: Entrepreneurs often plan a vision for the venture and in order
to achieve it, they try to manage the business well as only a well managed business can
sustain in the long run.
 Keep track of Finances: Entrepreneur keeps track of whom to pay how much and what
for. They pay the employees’ salaries, service providers, suppliers’ payments, etc.
 Taking Risk: Entrepreneurs take risk, though a calculated one. They factor-in all
variables & risks before reaching to a decision. A calculated risk pays off well as its
risk-reward ratio is not too skewed.
 Create a New Method, Idea OR Product: Entrepreneurs introduce new and
innovative ideas in the market. Sometimes, such ideas may even displace the inefficient
players from the market.

Topic 3- Myths about Entrepreneurship

What is a misconception?
A myth, or a misconception, is a false belief or opinion about something.

Misconception 1: Every business idea needs to be unique or special

 A person can take an idea that is already there in the market and do something different
with it.
 For example: Cab Service named ‘inDrive’ simply introduced an option wherein a user
can quote his/her fare and negotiate with cab driver. This is unlike stand Cab Service
providers like ‘Ola’ and ‘Uber’

Misconception 2: A person needs a lot of money to start a business

 Capital is important for starting. However, every business does not need a lot of capital
to start. Moreover, today there is no dearth of credit and even venture capitalists are
willing to provide funding.
 Depending on how much money you have or can borrow, you can start a business with
that much money. Once you make more money, you can reinvest profits back into your
business to make it bigger.
 For example: ‘BTW’ or “Bittoo Tikki Wala” initially started as a street seller and later
on expanded based on reploughing of profits back into business.

44
Misconception 3: Only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur
 No business is big or small. If a person is running a business to fulfil a customer need,
they are an entrepreneur from Day 1. Most businesses start small. It becomes big with
hard work and creativity, over time.

Misconception 4: Entrepreneurs are born, not made.

 It is only a myth that some people have the talent for doing business. An entrepreneur
is a person who does whatever it takes to make the business successful. Being an
entrepreneur starts with a way of thinking. Moreover, entrepreneurial skills cam be
developed too through training.

Topic 4- Entrepreneurship as a career option

A person who chooses to become an entrepreneur goes through a career process. This process
is as follows:
 Entry: When an entrepreneur is starting, they are just entering the market to do
business
 Survival: There are many entrepreneurs in the market. The entrepreneur has to
survive in a competitive market. This is the most crucial phase for an entrepreneur.
 Growth: Once the business is stable, an entrepreneur thinks about expanding his or
her business.

Advantages of choosing entrepreneurship as a career option are:

A) Independence
 An entrepreneur is not dependent on anyone for his/her livelihood. He/she is
self-reliant
B) Ambition Fulfilment
 Entrepreneurship helps fulfil one’s ambition and passion simultaneously.
Hence, the entrepreneur feels self-satisfaction
C) Wealth Creation
 Entrepreneurs are the wealth creators in the economy. They help expand the
economy of the nation through their innovative ideas.
D) Work-Life Autonomy
 An entrepreneur enjoys work-life autonomy as he/she is one’s own boss and
has full freedom to decide one’s working hours.

45
Disadvantages of choosing entrepreneurship as a career option are:

A) Risk:
 Contrary to wage employment, one has to risk one’s own savings, time and
efforts
B) Workload:
 It takes serious hustle to get a new business up and running from scratch. While
it can be an exciting time, full of possibility, it can also be exhausting for an
entrepreneur.
C) Challenges:
 Being an entrepreneur is not without its challenges. One may face lonely
weekends and late-night works. Further low funding in initial stages may also
lower chances of success of the venture.
D) Uncertainty:
 Entrepreneurs often face headwinds from various quarters. Change in market
dynamics, government policies or even consumer preferences, all can affect
survival chances of a venture.

Questions
1 Marks MCQs
Q1. Which among these is NOT a step to start a business?
(a) Business idea conception (b) Getting finances and material
(c) Understanding market needs (d) Sharing profit with shareholders
Q2. Which of the following is an advantage of entrepreneurship as a career?
(a) Work-Life Autonomy (b) Independence
(c) Ambition fulfilment (d) All of these
Q3. Money required to initiate a business is known as____________?
(a) Business Money (b) Hedge Fund
(c) Capital (d) Commercial Money
Q4. What all do entrepreneurs achieve when they run business?
(a) Fulfil Customer Needs (b) Source Local Raw Material
(c) Provide Jobs (d) All of these

46
Q5. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an entrepreneur?
(a) Takes calculated risk (b) Self-employed
(c) Is afraid of disruptive ideas (d) All of these
Q6. A Unicorn is a startup with valuation over
(a) US $100 million (b) US $1 billion
(c) US $10 billion (d) US $1 million
Q7. Which of the following is NOT a myth about entrepreneurship?
(a) Every business idea needs to be unique or special
(b) A person requires huge wealth to start a business
(c) Entrepreneurs are born and entrepreneurship skill can’t be developed
(d) Anyone can develop traits of entrepreneurship over time
Q8. Qualities of entrepreneurs include:
(a) Perseverance (b) Leadership (c) Confidence (d) All of these
Q9. Which of the following terms is NOT related to startups?
(a) Venture Capital (b) Seed Fund (c) Unicorn (d) Mutual Fund
Q10. Who among these develops a business plan, launches and runs a business using
innovation to meet customer needs and to make a profit?
(a) Teacher (b) Software Engineer (c) Entrepreneur (d) Politician

Answers to MCQs
Q1. Option (d): Sharing profit with shareholders
Q2. Option (d): All of these
Q3. Option (c): Capital
Q4. Option (d): All of these
Q5. Option (c): Is afraid of disruptive ideas
Q6. Option (b): US $1 billion
Q7. Option (d): Anyone can develop traits of entrepreneurship over time
Q8. Option (d): All of these
Q9. Option (d): Mutual Fund
Q10. Option (c): Entrepreneur

47
2 Marks Questions
Question 1) Mention 4 advantages of choosing entrepreneurship as career option.
Answer 1) 4 Advantages of choosing entrepreneurship as a career option are:
A) Independence
 An entrepreneur is not dependent on anyone for his/her livelihood. He/she is
self-reliant
B) Ambition Fulfilment
 Entrepreneurship helps fulfil one’s ambition and passion simultaneously.
Hence, the entrepreneur feels self-satisfaction
C) Wealth Creation
 Entrepreneurs are the wealth creators in the economy. They help expand the
economy of the nation through their innovative ideas.
D) Work-Life Autonomy
 An entrepreneur enjoys work-life autonomy as he/she is one’s own boss and
has full freedom to decide one’s working hours.
Question 2) Mention any 2 myths surrounding Entrepreneurship.
Answer 2) 2 Myths about Entrepreneurship are:
A) Entrepreneurs are born, not made
 A prevailing myth regarding entrepreneurship is that entrepreneurial skills
exist by birth and these can’t be developed through training.
B) Every business idea needs to be unique or special
 Many believe that only a unique or extraordinary idea can succeed. This myth
has been busted in many cases as numerous simple and even non-unique ideas
have done well in the market.
Question 3) Write about any 2 qualities of an entrepreneur.
Answer 3) 2 Qualities of an entrepreneur include:
A) Calculated risk-taking behavior
 Entrepreneurs take calculated risk, which is the reason behind their success.
They factor-in all variables & risks before reaching to a decision.
B) Leadership Skills
 Entrepreneurs are leaders too as they have to manage business, while also
guiding employees and ensuring profit generation. They also have a long term
vision for the venture.
Question 4) What is Entrepreneurship? Name any 2 famous entrepreneurs that you know.
Answer 4) The process of developing a business plan, launching and running a business
using innovation to meet customer needs and to make a profit is known as entrepreneurship.
2 famous entrepreneurs are Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal who initiated Flipkart e-
commerce website.

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Question 5) How do entrepreneurs help the nation?
Answer 5) Entrepreneurs help the nation by
 Economic development: Entrepreneurs help fuel the economic growth of the
nation by bringing in innovative goods and services at competitive prices.
They are indeed the wealth creators in the economy.
 Providing better livelihood opportunities: Entrepreneurs are job givers instead
of job seekers. They provide livelihood to their employees.

4 Marks Questions
Question 1) List 4 ways in which entrepreneurs affect society?
Answer 1) Ways in which entrepreneurs affect society are:
 Fulfil Customer Needs: Entrepreneurs find out what people want. Then, they
use their creativity & innovation to come up with a business idea that will
meet that demand and satisfy customer needs
 Use Local Materials: Entrepreneurs use locally sourced material and
workforce available around them, to make products at least cost. This ensures
business efficiency.
 Create Jobs: With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more
people to help them. They buy more material. They also hire more people to
work for them, thereby providing livelihood opportunities to others.
 Bring down cost of goods and services: As more entrepreneurs sell the same
product, the price of the product goes down due to innovation and market
competition.
 Improve Standard of Living: With newer and better products, standard of
living of common man rises and everyone experiences better life.
Question 2) Mention Pros and cons of choosing Entrepreneurship as career option.
Answer 2) Pros include:
 Freedom: One of the best parts of being an entrepreneur is the complete
freedom do the things as one wishes to. No boss to report to, or managers
peering over your shoulder, creating unnecessary work pressure.
 Work-Life Autonomy: Entrepreneurs enjoy Work-Life Autonomy and may
work or enjoy life whenever they wish to.
 Control: Entrepreneurs enjoy control over their venture. They can both
direction and vision to it.
Cons include:
 Risk: Contrary to wage employment, one has to risk one’s own savings, time
and efforts
 Workload: It takes serious hustle to get a new business up and running from
scratch. While it can be an exciting time, full of possibility, it can also be
exhausting for an entrepreneur.

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  Challenges: Being an entrepreneur is not without its challenges. One may face
lonely weekends and late-night works. Further low funding in initial stages
may also lower chances of success of the venture.

UNIT 5: GREEN SKILLS – II

LEARNING OUTCOMES THEORY PRACTICAL

1. Demonstrate the 1. Definition of sustainable 1. Identify the problem related to

knowledge of importance, development sustainable development in the
problems and solutions 2. Importance of sustainable community
related to sustainable development 2. Group discussion on the
development 3. Problems related to importance of respecting and
sustainable conserving indigenous
development knowledge and cultural heritage
3. Discussion on the
responsibilities and benefits of
environmental citizenship,
including the conservation and
protection of environmental
values
4. Preparing models on rain water
harvesting, drip / sprinkler
irrigation, vermin-compost, solar
energy, solar cooker, etc.

Mind Map

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 Society and Environment
Over the years, with economic development, there has been an increase in
environmental pollution. For example, with the introduction of high input agriculture,
we can grow more food by using fertilizers, pesticides and hybrid crops. But it has led
to soil and environmental degradation. We need to plan the use of resources in a
sustainable manner so that we and our future generations can enjoy a good
environment.
What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the present
without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance
between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.

Importance of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’
(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987

Problems Related to Sustainable Development

Three major problems related to sustainable development are:

(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as wheat, rice,
etc., is becoming less as we are using up more and more land for other purposes. Soil
nutrients are also getting depleted and lots of chemicals are spoiling the soil due to
use of chemical fertilizers.
(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for drinking and cleaning but
dump garbage into them. The rivers and ponds are getting polluted. This way after
several years, we will have no clean water for our use.
(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for construction of homes
and furniture. As more and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate of the
place. Extreme weather conditions, such as floods, extreme cold or heat, are seen in
many places, which affect the people living there.

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Sustainable development includes
• reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource conservation;
• recycling and reuse of waste materials;
• scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources;
• planting more trees; green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between
concrete buildings;
• using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material and
• use of technologies, which are environmentally friendly and based on efficient use of
resources.

Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call of action to end
poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched at the United Nations
Sustainable Development Summit in New York in September 2015, forming the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development. It has set targets that the countries have to
should work towards and achieve by 2030. The 17 SDGs have been made with the
aim to take care of important issues facing businesses, governments and society.
Some of these issues are poverty, gender equality, water use, energy, climate change
and biodiversity. Countries are now making policies and regulations that will promote
sustainable systems needed in all economic sectors to provide a secure, affordable
and sustainable economy.

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 Our Role in Sustainable
Sustainable development can actually happen only when each one of us works
towards it. We have to become responsible environment citizens who can protect the
environment through our own efforts. Here are some basic ways in which people can
help towards Sustainable Development Goals.

Quality Education
Education is the most important factors for sustainable development. Children who
have gone to school will be able to do jobs so that they can take care of themselves
and their families. Education helps us become aware of our role as a responsible
citizen. We should
1. use the facilities present in our areas.
2. take our friends to school.
3. help friends study.
4. stop friends from dropping out of school.

Clean Water and Sanitation

We must make efforts to make India free of open defecation by building toilets and
creating awareness
towards sanitation.
Affordable and Clean Energy
Using solar power i.e., power generated using the sun does not cause pollution as it
does not require burning of non-renewable fuels, such as coal. We are making efforts
to increase the solar power generation so that our electricity needs are met and at the
same time we do not pollute the environment
Decent Work and Economic Growth
We can
(a) study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and our families.
(b) work hard and contribute to society.
(c) learn and develop skills so that we get add value in our community.

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Reduced Inequalities
To reduce inequalities, we can
1. be helpful to one another.
2. be friendly with everyone.
3. include everyone while working or playing.
4. help others by including everyone whether they are small or big, girl or boy, belong
to any class or caste.
Sustainable Cities and Communities
Creating Sustainable Cities
1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy-efficient lights (LED bulbs) and appliances.
Responsible Consumers and Producers
We can become responsible about our own environment by
1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.
Protect Life Below Water
Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing marine life. Protecting marine life,
saving our oceans from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine life.
Protect Life on Land
Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making land dry and unusable for
cultivation. Planting more tree to replace the ones that we have cut is an important
step towards sustainable development.

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 Important Questions
MCQs
[Link] of the following is NOT a characteristic of green skills?
A) Environmentally friendly
B) Renewable
C) Focused on sustainable practices
D) Intensive use of fossil fuels
[Link] sector emphasizes the use of green skills the most?
A) Agriculture
B) Manufacturing
C) Information Technology
D) Transportation

[Link] is the primary goal of promoting green skills?

A) Increasing pollution
B) Maximizing resource depletion
C) Achieving sustainability
D) Enhancing energy consumption
[Link] of the following is an example of a green skill?
A) Traditional farming techniques
B) Use of chemical pesticides
C) Efficient waste management
D) Heavy reliance on non-renewable energy sources
[Link] do green skills contribute to combating climate change?
A) By promoting deforestation
B) By encouraging sustainable practices
C) By increasing carbon emissions
D) By depleting natural resources faster
6. What are green skills primarily focused on?
A) Maximizing pollution
B) Environmental conservation and sustainability

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 C) Exploitation of natural resources
D) Industrial growth at any cost
[Link] of the following is an example of a green skill?
A) Wasteful consumption habits
B) Proper waste segregation and recycling
C) Uncontrolled deforestation
D) Excessive use of chemical fertilizers
[Link] do green skills contribute to a healthier environment?
A) By encouraging unsustainable practices
B) By promoting the use of harmful chemicals
C) By reducing pollution and conserving resources
D) By accelerating climate change
[Link] sector is most likely to benefit from green skills training?
A) Mining
B) Agriculture
C) Heavy industry
D) None of the above
[Link] is the ultimate goal of integrating green skills into education?
A) To ignore environmental concerns
B) To maximize resource exploitation
C) To foster a sustainable and eco-friendly mindset
D) To accelerate environmental degradation

Answers:
1. D) Intensive use of fossil fuels
2. A) Agriculture
3. C) Achieving sustainability
4. C) Efficient waste management
5. B) By encouraging sustainable practices
6. B) Environmental conservation and sustainability
7 B) Proper waste segregation and recycling
8. C) By reducing pollution and conserving resources
9. B) Agriculture
10. C) To foster a sustainable and eco-friendly mindset

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 Subjective Questions
Q1. What is Sustainable Development?
Ans. Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the
present without compromising the capacity of future generations
Q2. What is SDGs
Ans. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call of action to
end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and
prosperity.
Q3. How many SDGs were given by United Nations to transform the world?
Ans. 17 SDGs were launched to transform the world.
Q4. Write any five SDGs.
Ans. Five SDGs are:
1. Poverty
2. Gender Equality
3. Water use
4. Energy
5. Climate Change
Q5. What is Organic Farming?
Ans. Organic farming is where farmers do not use chemical pesticides and fertilizers
to increase their production.
Q6. Name the organization which made the Sustainable Development Goals.
Ans. United Nations
Q7. What are the advantages of using 'Kulhads' in place of plastic cups?
Ans. Advantages of using 'Kulhads are:
1. reduce cutting of tree for making paper cups.
2. job creation for potters, which contributes to economy.
3. reduce plastic waste
Q8. Define the term Environment.
Ans. The surroundings or conditions in which a person lives is called environment.
Q9. Write two issues which arises due to exploitation of environment.
Ans. Global Warming, Climate Change
Q10. Write five man-made disruptions that cause ecological imbalance.
Ans. Five man-made disruptions that cause ecological imbalance are:
1. Deforestation

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2. Degradation of Land and Soil Erosion.
3. Overexploitation of Resources.
4. Industrial and Atmospheric Pollution.
5. Faulty Mining Practices
Q11. What is Deforestation?
Ans. Cutting of large number of trees for human activities is called deforestation.
Q12. Write two problems which arises due to deforestation.
Ans. Two problems which arises due to deforestation are:
1. Soil Erosion
2. Degrading quality of land.
Q13. Name two types of pollution which increases due to industrialization.
Ans. Two types of pollution which increases due to industrialization are:
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
Q14. Name any two natural resources.
Ans. Air and Water
Q15. How an individual can contribute in controlling air pollution?
Ans. Individual can contribute in controlling air pollution by:
a) Using public transport
b) Pollution check and maintenance of vehicles at regular interval.
Q16. What are 4R's in reference to management of waste?
Ans. 4R's are
REFUSE REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE
Q17. What is Upcycle?
Ans. Upcycle is a new concept wherein old, used material is modified and a new
product is created to share with needy/interested people.
Q18. Name two renewable sources of energy.
Ans. Wind energy and Water energy

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 Introduction to AI

Mind Map
1. Intelligence
 Components (Interacting with the real world, Reasoning and Planning,
Learning and Adaptation)
2. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Characteristics
 Types of AI Machines
3. Types of Intelligence
 Mathematical Logical Reasoning
 Linguistic Intelligence
 Spatial Visual Intelligence
 Kinesthetic Intelligence
 Musical Intelligence
 Intrapersonal Intelligence
 Existential Intelligence
 Naturalist Intelligence
 Interpersonal Intelligence
4. Decision Making
 Basis of decision making
 What is AI and what is not AI
5. Introduction to AI, ML, DL
 Artificial Intelligence
 Machine Learning
 Deep Learning
6. AI Domains
 Data Sciences
 Computer Vision
 Natural Language Processing
7. AI Applications
 Healthcare
 Content Creation
 Chatbots and Virtual Assistants

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