Random Sampling
(M11/12SP-IIIc-2)
G. Llona
INTRODUCTION
DATA
Information collected to
produce/validate research
results
NUMBERS (Quantitative Research)
Where do data 1265, 645, 128, 928
come from? WORDS (Qualitative Research)
Experiences, testimonies
G. LLONA
Data come from …
Is the totality of all
the subjects (human
or otherwise) that
are being studied.
Is a subset or
portion of the
population
Why do we use samples? Can we trust data coming from samples ?
Are data from samples sufficient and accurate enough to
generate valid results? G. LLONA
Why do we need samples?
Most of the time, due to the
expenses, time constraint, size of
population, medical concerns, etc.,
it is not possible to use the entire
population for a study.
That is when researchers use
SAMPLES.
G. LLONA
Can we trust data coming from
samples ?
• If the subjects of a sample are properly selected (NOT BIASED),
they will possess the same characteristics as the
population.
• Thus, this smaller number of people who represents the entire
population can still produce VALID RESULTS WHILE
REDUCING TIME AND RESOURCES.
The process of selecting a representative
portion of a population (sample) is called
SAMPLING
G. LLONA
To understand further what a sampling is and why it is
used as a valid source of data, observe the picture below.
If you are
Before youthe one selling
scoop a samplethese juices/
of your “PALAMIG”,
palamig, what shouldwhat
youwilldoyou do to
to make
make
sure
Whatsure
that thethat your term
portion
is the Bikol products
you’ll taste
bethat
for actright
tasting before
contains
of taste theyou sellsweetness,
right
testing your itfood?
to your
customers?
content and flavor of the juice?
SAMPLE
POPULATION
The scenario given perfectly depicts
what proper SAMPLING is all about.
The act of taste testing itself is called
SAMPLING.
The act of mixing the juice in the
container to distribute the taste evenly
and then the act of randomly getting
a spoonful of the product represents
RANDOM SAMPLING.
SAMPLING BIAS
What would happen when taste-testing
is done without mixing the juice first?
JUICE NOT MIXED BEFORE REACTION
SCOOPING
G.9 LLONA
Learning GOALS
Define random Develop
sampling and Illustrate simple appreciation about
identify the random the application/
different random sampling. uses of random
sampling methods. sampling in real-life.
10
G. LLONA
RANDOM SAMPLING NON- RANDOM
SAMPLING
RANDOM SAMPLING
A type of sampling
method where all
elements in the population
are given equal chances
of being included in the
sample.
Four types of Random
Sampling Techniques
•Simple Random Sampling
•Systematic Sampling
•Stratified Sampling
•Cluster Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
• Every element in the population is given equal
chance of entering the sample.
• Random samples are selected through using
chance methods or random number
generators.
• It starts with numbering all of the elements of
the population then selecting among them
randomly using a randomizer such as a
computer or calculator or manually through
drawing numbers from a bowl.
2. Systematic Sampling
• Systematic samples are obtained by numbering each
subject of the population then selecting every 𝒌𝒕𝒉
subject.
• Example: Suppose there are 2000 subjects in the
population and a sample of 50 subjects were needed.
Since 2000÷50=40, then k=40, and every 40th subject
would be selected.
• However, the 1st subject would be selected at random.
Example: k=3 (every 3rd term)
1st term randomly selected is 3
3. Stratified Sampling
• Sample is obtained by dividing the population into
groups/strata according to some characteristic that is
important to the study
• Random sampling from each group will be made to
identify the final subjects in the sample.
• Examples of strata: gender, religion, educational
attainment, nationality, age range, grade level
STEP 1: Population is divided into religious affiliation,
STEP 2: Random sampling was done within each stratum to find the
final respondents in the sample.
Stratified Sampling may be done
through Proportional Allocation
• In proportional allocation, we determine the size of each stratum and the
sample in each stratum is determined in terms of their percentage to the
total sample size.
• Example:
Suppose that in a company there are the following staff:
(A) male, full time= 90 (B) male, part-time= 18
(C) female, full time= 9 (D) female, part-time = 63
If you want a sample size of 80, here is the proportional allocation per
stratum:
(A) = (90/180) (80) = 40 (B) = (18/180) (80) = 8
(C) = (9/180) (80) = 4 (D) = (63/180) (80) = 28
4. Cluster Sampling
• In here, the population is divided into groups called
clusters by some means such as geographic area or
schools in a large school district, etc.
• Random selection of clusters will be done to identify final
samples.
• Uses all the members of the selected clusters as the
subjects of the sample.
STEP 1: A large barangay is divided into 6 clusters (sitios)
STEP 2: Random sampling was done to identify the 2 sitios needed.
STEP 3. All of the residents in the 2 sitios will be the final sample.
Advantages & Disadvantages of the Four
Sampling Methods
SAMPLING METHOD ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
1. Simple Random Sampling ✓ Sample is representative ❑ Difficult to achieve
of the population ❑ Costly
✓ Eliminates sampling bias ❑ Time consuming
2. Systematic Sampling ✓ Provides a good ❑ Time consuming
representation of the ❑ Difficult to do
population.
3. Stratified Sampling ✓ Sample is highly ❑ Time consuming
representative of the ❑ Difficult to do
population
✓ Result is generalizable
4. Cluster Sampling ✓ More convenient and ❑ Prone to biases
Less costly
✓ Requires fewer resources
✓ More feasible
Real-life Application of Sampling
Science experiments Medicine
Checking of “palay”
condition (“gangu or ilaw”)
while solar drying, before
deciding to store or mill it)
GENERALIZATION
G. 25
LLONA
GENERALIZATION
1. How do you define random sampling?
2. What are the different random sampling
techniques?
3. How do you know which random sampling
method is best for a particular situation?
G. 26
LLONA
EVALUATION
G. 27
LLONA
1. Random Sampling is defined as ___________.
a. A process used in statistical analysis in which a
predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger
population.
b. A sampling process where each of the element of the
population has an equal chance of being selected.
c. It is a group where members have something in common.
d. A smaller group or subset of the population that you want to
examine.
PART 2 (IDENTIFICATION)
DIRECTION: For numbers 2-5, identify which random
sampling technique is described in each of the
statements.
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
2. Subjects are selected by dividing the population into groups
(strata) and subjects are randomly selected within groups.
3. It usually starts by assigning numbers to each of the
subjects/elements in the population then uses a randomizer
(laptop app or calculator) to identify members of the sample.
4. It is used when the population is large and subjects are
residing in a large geographic area.
5. Samples are selected by using every nth number after the
first subject is randomly selected from 1 through n.
For numbers 6-10 write the correct sampling
technique to be used in each of the following
situations.
6. Among all the tribal communities of the Agta
in the whole Bicol region, all elders from four
different tribal locations are interviewed to
determine whether they agree with the
governments new land ownership policy or not.
7. Every seventh customer entering LKC mall is
asked to select his/her favorite food stall.
8. Students are selected using random numbers
to know which among the learning modalities is
most preferred.
9. Every 5th “abaniko” hand-woven by the
Dumagat women were checked by their project
leader for quality control.
10. Mail carriers of a large city are divided into
four groups according to gender (male and
female) and according to whether the walk or ride
on their routes. Then 10 are randomly selected
from each group to determine whether they have
been bitten by a dog in the last year.
Title: Random Sample or NOT?
1. To determine the most liked subject in the school, Sarah
interviewed the president of each class.
2. To determine the performance of the SHS students in
Statistics, the teacher draws 5 students from each class to
take the Statistics test.
3. To know the most preferred milk tea flavor, the owner of
the cafe asks the first 10 customers about their favorite
flavor.
Title: Which Sampling Method am I?
1. A researcher selected the participants in his study by
selecting every 5th member of the population.
2. A researcher surveyed all teachers in each of the 12
randomly selected schools in Albay.
3. A barangay chairman wants to select 200 constituents
from the youth, adults and senior citizens to know whether
they are in favor of putting a satellite market in their
barangay or not.
4. A researcher used his computer in randomly selecting
240 respondents from a population of 900.
Title: Random Sample or NOT?
1. To determine the most liked subject in the school, Sarah
interviewed the president of each class. NOT RANDOM
2. To determine the performance of the SHS students in
Statistics, the teacher draws 5 students from each class to
take the Statistics test. RANDOM
3. To know the most preferred milk tea flavor, the owner of
the cafe asks the first 10 customers about their favorite
flavor. NOT RANDOM
Title: Which Sampling Method am I?
1. A researcher selected the participants in his study by
selecting every 5th member of the population. SYSTEMATIC
2. A researcher surveyed all teachers in each of the 12
randomly selected schools in Albay. CLUSTER
3. A barangay chairman wants to select 200 constituents
from the youth, adults and senior citizens to know whether
they are in favor of putting a satellite market in their
barangay or not. STRATIFIED
4. A researcher used his computer in randomly selecting
240 respondents from a population of 900. SIMPLE
ART-IT-UP
(TITLE: St-ART-istics and Prob-ART-bility!)
Using INDIGENOUS materials,
make your own representation of the
random sampling technique assigned
to your group. It could be a game, a
3D art etc. that would accurately
reflect how the sampling technique is
done.
39
G. LLONA
ART MATERIALS
DOUBLE-SIDED TAPE
MARKER
SMALL GRASS LEAVES (subjects)
G. 40
LLONA
SAMPLE OUTPUTS
G. 41
LLONA
EXERCISES
G. 42
LLONA