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Network Models

The document outlines the OSI and TCP/IP communication models, highlighting their layered structures for data transmission across networks. OSI consists of 7 layers, from Physical to Application, while TCP/IP has 4 layers and is the basis for the Internet. Each layer has specific functionalities, such as data transmission, addressing, session management, and application services.

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YaSsine Faidi
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5 views2 pages

Network Models

The document outlines the OSI and TCP/IP communication models, highlighting their layered structures for data transmission across networks. OSI consists of 7 layers, from Physical to Application, while TCP/IP has 4 layers and is the basis for the Internet. Each layer has specific functionalities, such as data transmission, addressing, session management, and application services.

Uploaded by

YaSsine Faidi
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Communication Models

OSI and TCP/IP are both logical models that describe how data is transmitted
between devices across a network by dividing communication into layers.

●​ OSI (7 layers) was developed by ISO in the 1980s as a theoretical reference


model for standardization; it defines layers from Physical (bits) up to
Application (user services), including separate Session and Presentation
layers.
●​ TCP/IP (4 layers) was developed by DARPA in the 1970s for ARPANET as a
practical, robust model; it merges the upper layers and is still the foundation
of today’s Internet.

The 7 OSI Layers & Their Functionalities:


1.​ Physical Layer
○​ Deals with the physical transmission of bits over the medium
(cables, fiber, Wi-Fi, radio signals).
○​ Defines voltages, timing, pin layout, connectors, modulation, and
transmission rates.
○​ Examples: Ethernet cables, Wi-Fi signals, hubs, repeaters.
2.​ Data Link Layer
○​ Provides node-to-node delivery within the same local network.
○​ Handles MAC addressing, framing, error detection (CRC), and flow
control.
○​ Divided into LLC (Logical Link Control) and MAC (Media Access
Control) sublayers.
○​ Examples: Ethernet, ARP, PPP, switches, bridges.
3.​ Network Layer
○​ Responsible for logical addressing and routing of packets across
networks.
○​ Chooses the best path using routing protocols.
○​ Handles fragmentation and reassembly of packets.
○​ Examples: IP (IPv4/IPv6), ICMP, OSPF, BGP, routers.
4.​ Transport Layer
○​ Ensures end-to-end communication between applications.
○​ Provides segmentation, error recovery, flow control, and
multiplexing.
○​ Can be connection-oriented (TCP) or connectionless (UDP).
○​ Examples: TCP, UDP.
5.​ Session Layer
○​ Manages sessions (dialogues) between applications.
○​ Establishes, maintains, and terminates communication sessions.
○​ Provides synchronization points for data recovery in case of crashes.
○​ Examples: NetBIOS, RPC, PPTP.
6.​ Presentation Layer
○​ Acts as a translator between the application and network.
○​ Handles data formatting, character encoding, compression, and
encryption/decryption.
○​ Ensures data is in a format understood by both systems.
○​ Examples: TLS/SSL, JPEG, MPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC.
7.​ Application Layer
○​ Closest to the user; provides network services to applications.
○​ Defines protocols for specific user services like web, email, file
transfer, remote login.
○​ Examples: HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, DNS, DHCP, SNMP.

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