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The official HKDSE Mathematics curriculum consists of a Compulsory Part and an Extended Part
with two optional modules (M1 Calculus & Statistics, M2 Algebra & Calculus); the formula list
below is organised to match these components.

Scope and syllabus overview

The senior secondary Mathematics curriculum (S4–6) is built on the S1–3 curriculum and is
divided into a Compulsory Part plus an Extended Part with Module 1 (Calculus and Statistics)
and Module 2 (Algebra and Calculus).
All students must take the Compulsory Part, while at most one of M1 or M2 may be taken as an
add-on for students needing deeper or more advanced mathematics for further study or
careers.
The Compulsory Part is organised into three strands (Number and Algebra; Measures, Shape
and Space; Data Handling) plus a Further Learning Unit that integrates applications of these
strands.

Number and Algebra (Compulsory Part)

The Compulsory Number and Algebra strand covers quadratic equations, functions and graphs,
exponential and logarithmic functions, polynomials, equations in two unknowns, variations,
sequences and series, inequalities, linear programming, and graphs of functions.
These topics extend and formalise S1–3 algebra and are regarded as essential foundation
knowledge for both the public examination and any study of the Extended Part modules.

Basic arithmetic and number properties

Laws of indices (integer indices):

for
 for ,
Surds (basic):
for

Rationalising simple denominators: e.g.

Linear expressions and equations

General linear equation in one unknown: gives for .
Simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns (elimination/substitution):

Given solve for (no special formula is required, but solving is

essential).

Quadratic equations and expressions

The curriculum explicitly includes “Quadratic equations in one unknown” and related
applications.
Key results:
Standard form: , .
Discriminant: .
Nature of roots:
: two distinct real roots
: one repeated real root
: two non-real complex roots
Quadratic formula:

Sum and product of roots :

Factorisation and polynomials
Common factor: .
Difference of squares: .
Perfect square: .
Factor theorem:
If , then is a factor of .
Remainder theorem:
Remainder when is divided by is .

Functions and graphs (basic)

The curriculum has learning units on “Functions and graphs” and “More about graphs of
functions”.
Function notation: .
Domain, range and graph of a function:
Vertical line test for functions.
Transformations (for common ):
Vertical shift: shifts graph up .
Horizontal shift: shifts right .
Vertical stretch: stretches by factor in -direction.
Reflection: (in -axis), (in -axis).

Exponential and logarithmic functions (Compulsory, non-foundation)

The guide includes “Exponential and logarithmic functions” as an extension under Number and
Algebra.
Exponential function: , .
Definition: , .
Laws of logarithms (for ):

Change of base:
Sequences and series
The curriculum includes “Sequences and series” and summation of finite series in the Number
and Algebra strand.
Arithmetic progression (AP):
-th term:
Sum of first terms:

where is the last term.

Geometric progression (GP):
-th term:
Sum of first terms ( ):

Infinite GP with :

Inequalities and linear programming

The Compulsory Part contains “Inequalities and linear programming” as a learning unit.
Linear inequality: , , etc., solved similarly to linear equations but
inequality sign reverses when multiplying/dividing by a negative.
System of linear inequalities in two variables represents a feasible region (often a convex
polygon) in the plane.
Optimisation: objective function maximised/minimised at a vertex of feasible
region in linear programming problems.

Measures, Shape and Space (Compulsory Part)

This strand includes straight lines, properties of circles, loci, equations of circles, and
trigonometry, focusing on 2D and 3D geometry and the use of trigonometric functions to
describe and solve geometric problems.
There is emphasis on inductive and deductive reasoning, including geometric proofs involving
2D figures and the algebraic description of geometric objects such as straight lines and circles.

Coordinate geometry of lines

Gradient (slope) between and :

Equation of a line:
 Point–slope:
Slope–intercept:
General form:
Parallel and perpendicular:
Parallel lines: same slope .
Perpendicular: slopes satisfy (for non-vertical lines).
Distance between two points:

Midpoint of segment:

Properties and equations of circles

The Compulsory Part explicitly contains “Properties of circles” and “Equation of circles”.
Standard form:
Circle with centre and radius :

Expanded form: with centre and radius

(if positive).
Radius is perpendicular to tangent at point of tangency.
Basic circle theorems (used in proofs and problems):
Angle at centre is twice angle at circumference standing on same arc.
Angles in same segment are equal.
Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
The tangent–chord theorem: angle between tangent and chord equals angle in opposite
arc.

Loci
Perpendicular bisector: set of points equidistant from two fixed points .
Circle locus: set of points at fixed distance from a point.
Angle bisector: set of points equidistant from two lines.
Using perpendicular distance, equal distance, etc., to derive algebraic locus equations.
Trigonometry (Compulsory)
Trigonometric functions are used extensively in “Measures, Shape and Space”, including solving
triangles and applications in 2D/3D.
Right-angled triangle definitions:

Primary identity: .
Relationship: , , .
Sine rule (for any triangle ):

Cosine rule:

and similarly for .

Area of triangle:

3D applications: distances and angles in 3D using Pythagoras and trigonometry, e.g. space
diagonals.

Data Handling (Compulsory Part)

The Data Handling strand in the Compulsory Part covers permutations and combinations,
probability, measures of dispersion, and uses and abuses of statistics.
These topics build basic combinatorics and probability skills and develop awareness of
statistical reasoning and misinterpretation in social and scientific contexts.

Permutations and combinations

Factorial: , with .
Number of permutations of distinct objects taken at a time:

Number of combinations of distinct objects taken at a time:

Relationship: .
Basic probability
For event : .

Complement: .
Addition law:

Conditional probability:

Independence: and independent if .

Descriptive statistics
Mean of data : .
Median, mode (definitions via ordered data/frequency).
Range: .
Interquartile range (IQR): .
Variance and standard deviation (population version):

For grouped data: use midpoints and frequency to approximate mean and variance.

Further Learning Unit (Compulsory Part)

The “Further applications” and “Inquiry and investigation” units integrate concepts from all three
strands to solve real-life and mathematical problems, rather than adding many new separate
formulas.
Typical tasks combine algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and data handling (for example,
optimisation problems, modelling, and critical assessment of statistical claims) using the formulas
already listed.

Extended Part Module 1 – Calculus & Statistics

Module 1 is oriented towards calculus and statistics applications, with units on binomial
expansion, exponential and logarithmic functions, limits and derivatives, integration, numerical
methods, conditional probability and Bayes’ theorem, discrete random variables, and common
probability distributions such as binomial, Poisson, and normal.
These extend the Compulsory Part by deepening understanding of functions and introducing
formal calculus and more advanced probability and statistical inference.
Foundation: binomial and exponential/logarithmic review
Binomial expansion (finite):

Common binomial coefficients: , , symmetry .

Useful identities:

(used in approximations).
Exponential and logarithmic properties (as earlier), extended to base :
and as inverse functions
, .

Limits and differentiation

Limit notation: .
Basic derivative rules (for differentiable functions):
Constant: .

Power: .

Constant multiple: .

Sum: .

Product: .

Quotient: .

Chain rule: .
Derivatives of elementary functions:

, .
Applications of differentiation
Tangent and normal lines to curves: at , slope , tangent
.
Stationary points: .
Second derivative test:
If , local minimum at .
If , local maximum at .
Increasing/decreasing intervals: sign of .
Rates of change (related rates problems) using chain rule.
Optimisation in applications (area, volume, cost, etc.).

Integration
Indefinite integral as inverse of differentiation:

Basic integrals:

Definite integral and Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

Area under curves and between curves (regions under graphs).

Trapezoidal rule for numerical integration: for subinterval width ,

where .

Advanced probability, random variables, and distributions (M1)

Conditional probability and Bayes’ theorem:

Bayes: .
 Discrete random variable with probability mass function :
Expectation:
Variance: .
Binomial distribution :

, .
Poisson distribution :

, .
Normal distribution :
Standardisation:

where .
Symmetry and area properties, use of normal tables.

Sampling and confidence intervals (M1)

Sample mean of size from population mean , variance :

, .
Approximate confidence interval for mean (known ):

where is critical value from standard normal distribution.

Extended Part Module 2 – Algebra & Calculus

Module 2 emphasises deeper algebra (induction, binomial theorem, complex numbers, matrices,
determinants, vectors) and more advanced calculus, with a focus on mathematical structure
rather than applications alone.
It builds on and extends the Compulsory Part, providing preparation for mathematically intensive
degrees such as mathematics, engineering, and physical sciences.

Proof by mathematical induction

Typical structure for statement for integers :
Base step: show is true.
Inductive step: assume true, prove true.
Common induction patterns: sums of series, divisibility, inequalities involving .
Extended binomial theorem (M2)
For integer : same as earlier.
General form for any rational exponent and :

(infinite series, used for approximations).

Complex numbers (often within algebra/calculus context)

Imaginary unit: .
Complex number: , real part , imaginary part .
Conjugate: .
Modulus: .
Multiplication and division using algebraic form and conjugates.

Matrices, determinants, and systems (M2)

Addition and scalar multiplication: elementwise and by constant.
Matrix multiplication (if sizes compatible).
Determinant of matrix:

Determinant of matrix via expansion.

Inverse of matrix (if ):

Solving linear systems using inverse matrices or Cramer’s rule.

Vectors in 2D and 3D (M2)

Vector representation: (and 3D with ).
Magnitude (length): .
Dot product:

Cross product magnitude (3D):

Equation of line in vector/parametric form:

Angle between vectors using dot product formula.

Advanced calculus (M2)
Beyond M1-style calculus, M2 may involve more algebraic manipulation, higher-order
derivatives, and additional applications; the core derivative and integral rules coincide with those
already listed under M1.
Volume of revolution and more complex curve analysis are typical applications:
Volume of revolution about -axis:

How to turn this into a PDF

Direct creation and delivery of a PDF file is not possible in this environment, but the content
above is structured so you can quickly convert it into your own formula book:
Copy the sections you need into a document editor (Word, Google Docs, or LaTeX).
Ensure the LaTeX-style expressions are either compiled via a LaTeX engine or converted
to an equation format your editor supports.
Organise into pages by topic (Compulsory vs M1 vs M2) and add your own examples under
each formula.
Print or export as PDF for use as a complete HKDSE Mathematics formula handbook.
If you tell what you plan to sit (Compulsory only, or with M1 or M2), a follow-up can refine this
into a shorter, exam-focused “must-memorise” formula sheet tailored specifically to your papers.