Module-4
OP-Amp
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amp)
• The term operational amplifier was introduced in 1947 by John Ragazzini and his
colleagues, in their work on analog computers.
• The op-amp is an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage-controlled voltage
source. It can also be used in making a voltage- or current-controlled current
source.
• An op-amp can sum signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or differentiate it. The
ability of the op-amp to perform these mathematical operations is the reason it is
called an operational amplifier.
• An operational amplifier is designed so that it performs some
mathematical operations when external components, such as
resistors and capacitors, are connected to its terminals. Thus,
• An op amp is an active circuit element designed to perform mathematical
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, differentiation,
and integration.
• Op-Amp package and Pin diagram
Circuit symbol
• The inputs are marked with minus (-) and plus (+) to specify inverting
and non-inverting inputs, respectively.
• An input applied to the non-inverting terminal will appear with the
same polarity at the output, while an input applied to the inverting
terminal will appear inverted at the output.
Powering the op-amp
The equivalent circuit of the nonideal op-amp
• From Fig. the input resistance Ri is the Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at the
input terminals, while the output resistance Ro is the Thevenin equivalent resistance
seen at the output. The differential input voltage is given by,
• Where v1 is the voltage between the inverting terminal and ground
and v2 is the voltage between the non-inverting terminal and ground.
• The op-amp senses the difference between the two inputs, multiplies
it by the gain A, and causes the resulting voltage to appear at the
output v0. Thus, the output is given by
• A is called the open-loop voltage gain because it is the gain of the op-
amp without any external feedback from output to input
A (dB) = 20log10 A
Ideal op-amp
An op-amp is ideal if it has the following characteristics:
• Infinite voltage gain A
• Infinite input resistance Ri so that almost any signal source can drive it
and there is no loading of the preceding stage
• Zero output resistance R0 so that the output can drive an infinite
number of other devices
• Zero output voltage when input voltage is zero
• Infinite bandwidth so that any frequency signal from 0 to ∞ Hz can be
amplified without attenuation
• Two important properties of the ideal op-amp are:
• 1) The currents into both input terminals are zero. This is due to
infinite input resistance. An infinite resistance between the input
terminals implies that an open circuit exists there and current cannot
enter the op-amp. But the output current is not necessarily zero.
• 2) The voltage across the input terminals is equal to zero. Thus, an
ideal op-amp has zero current into its two terminals and the voltage
between the two input terminals is equal to zero.
Inverting Amplifier
• An amplifier which produces a phase shift of 180° between input and
output is called
inverting amplifier
Fig. Inverting Amplifier
Non-Inverting Amplifier
• An amplifier which amplifies the input without producing any phase
shift between input and output is called non-inverting amplifier
Fig. Waveforms of non-inverting amplifier
Summing Amplifier:
• The inverting amplifier has a single input voltage, (Vin) applied to the inverting input terminal. If
we add more input resistors to the input, each equal in value to the original input resistor, (Rin)
we end up with another operational amplifier circuit called a Summing Amplifier, “summing
inverter” or even a “voltage adder” circuit as shown below
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