LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

Definition to an Electric Vehicle:

An Electric vehicle, as the name indicates, is a type of vehicle which can be powered by an
electric motor that draws electricity from a battery and can be charged from an external source.
The main point of attraction towards EV is the factor that they use electricity powered batteries
when compared to fossil fuels (petrol or diesel) to run. They are either partially or fully powered
on electricity. They bring a drastic change towards conventional means of vehicle prevailing
in the existing market. They are also referred to as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and plug-
in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). They are widely known as electric cars, or simply EVs,
even though they use liquid fuel on conjunction with electricity. They are known for providing
instant torque a quiet driver experience rather than noisy engines. Indian government opts for
faster adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), which will gradually increase eco-friendly means of
transportation, and hoping for at least 15% of all vehicles on road will be electric in five years.
EVs have become more than necessary means to transportation due to the air pollution and
rising carbon emission from fossil fuels. Adoption of electric vehicles all over may contribute
to mitigation of problems like environmental pollution, global warming and oil dependency.
Despite many governments implementing promotion policies, the current market penetration
of IV is relatively low. The report provides a study focusing mainly on the consumer
preferences for EVs, aiming to inform policy-makers and give light to further researches.
First, we compare the economic and psychological approach towards this topic, followed by
driving factors and a complete framework to EV preferences which is then implemented to
organize our review. We also briefly review the modelling techniques applied, Estimation of
consumer references for financial, technical, infrastructure and policy attributes. Classification
of influential factors for consumer preferences into groups such as socio-economic variables,
psychological factors, mobility condition, social influence, etc. is done and their effects are
detailed.
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 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Taking into consider the current scenario in India, there is an undying need for energy
transition in vehicles. Depletion of fossil fuels and constant hike in fuel prices are the main
driving forces. Government has taken several initiatives against environmental degrading
factors and to fight pollution levels by promoting EVs and by providing subsidies on the
purchase of EVs. Government and manufactures together can build a positive atmosphere for
EVs. Whereas the consumers are aware of the changing climatic conditions and are willing to
alter their preference from conventional means to eco-friendly vehicles. Cost is a key factor
in when considering the purchase of EV. Consumers are more than welcome to consider EVs
as their future choice, and that is only if proper infrastructure is made available. While we
have to consider a series of factors like, initial cost of purchase, a smaller number of charging
hubs or stations, and the time required to recharge the battery which creates limitations
towards consumer’s confidence. The main agenda behind this report is to study the factors
that influence the customers in buying electric vehicles. Another key aspect of this report is
that we are trying to analyse the level of satisfaction of the customers and the awareness
regarding the initiative or schemes provided by government for promoting the growth of EVs
in the economy.

 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Consumer behaviour is actually a field of study which includes the study of individuals,
groups, or organizations and the process they use to select, secure, use, and dispose-off
products, services, experience or ideas to satisfy the wants and needs of the consumers and
how these processes affect the consumer and the society. This study of consumer behaviour
falls under behavioural economics. It helps to analyse and understand the logic and reason
behind purchasing decision and consumption patterns. The main aim is to identify the key
factors that can influence the adoption of the EVs and helps the government in formulating
policies and plans and to help automobile manufacturers in understanding the needs of the
customer. Goal of the study is to find out the potential influences on EV, in order to help the
government to develop policies and provide assistance to manufacturers towards attain
consumer satisfaction by considering their wants and needs. India now faces one
disadvantage and that is the requirement to undertake an efficient market assessment in order
to provide the desired result. We also analyse the end to customer satisfaction towards
electric vehicles. This assessment of customer satisfaction greatly ails the electric vehicle
industry in their production process where they can provide customization of vehicles as per
consumer interest. The study also helps promote the use of innovative techniques through
adoption, modification, and R&D. not just that, the study also helps the prospective customer
to go for the right choice as to the purchase of EVs as they involve a detailed view towards E-
vehicles. Our study might stand a chance in benefitting the future researches as it provides a
reliable source of data in light to the topic Electric Vehicles.
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 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Main objectives of the study are:
 To identify the driving factors that persuade the customers to purchase E-vehicles.

 To analyse the satisfaction level of customers towards EVs.

 To ascertain the level of awareness among customers E-vehicles.

 To determine the shift of consumer preferences from fuel powered vehicles to EVs.

 TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS

The collected data were analysed and presented by using appropriate statistical tools and
techniques like percentages, tables, charts and diagrams.

 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

For this study, both primary and secondary were utilized. Primary data was collected by
means of sampling, where the respondents were selected on the basis of their accessibility
and were distributed online. The survey which comprises a series of questions and prompts
were aimed at the respondents for gathering information about their attitudes and perceptions
towards electric vehicles (EVs). The sample size comprised 50 respondents who use EVs.
Whereas the secondary data was collected from standard reference books, magazines,
newspapers, and other websites. The data so collected is then presented through charts,
graphs, percentages, and tables to provide a comprehensive approach towards the findings.
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 RESEARCH METHODOLGY
Research methodology: The specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select,
process and analyse information about a topic, in a research paper, the methodology
section allows the reader to critically evaluate the study’s overall reliability and validity.

SOURCES OF COLLECTION

 PRIMARY DATA: These data are those which are collected fresh for the first time,
and happens to be original in character. The data were collected through survey
method by using questionnaires.

 SECONDARY DATA: are those data which have been already passed through a
satisfied process. Secondary data were collected from periodicals published on
websites.

 DATA ANALYSIS: The collected data were analysed and interpreted after which
findings were given towards the end of the study. Tools like tables, graphs and
diagrams were used.

 SAMPLE METHOD: A very convenient methos is used for doing this project. It is a
statistical method of drawing representative data by selecting people on the basis of
their availability or ease in their volunteering or easy access.

 PERIOD OF STUDY
The period will be held from December 2023 to February 2024. Which is about 3 months.

 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Some of the key factors that stands as a hindrance to the widespread adoption of EVs are:

Sample Size: If the study only looks at a small group of people, it might not represent
what everyone thinks or does.
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Duration: If the study only lasts a short time, it might miss out on seeing how things
change over the long term.

Data Quality: If the information used isn’t accurate or complete, it could make the study’s
conclusions less reliable.

Geographical Scope: What’s true in one place might not be true everywhere, so the study
might not apply to everyone.

Assumptions and Inputs: If the study is based on guesses or incomplete information, it

might not show what really happens in the real world.

 SCHEME OF CHAPTERISATION
The study thus prepared is spread into four chapters;

CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION:
It deals with the introduction, statement of the problem, objectives, tools for analysis,
methodology and limitations of the study.

CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

It deals with the review of literature.

CHAPTER III – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

it deals with graphical representation of the collected data.

CHAPTER IV – FINDINGS, SUGESSTIONS AND CONCLUSION:

It contains the findings, suggestions and conclusion to the study.

–BIBLIOGRAPHY
–APPENDIX
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CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Yogesh Aggarwal, Vivek Gedda, and Kushan Parikh (2019) talked about how people
who use scooters for short trips might find electric scooters a good fit, but those who rely on
motorcycles for longer rides, like the Hero Splendor, might struggle with switching to
electric bikes. They pointed out a big difference in how we improve the range of cars
compared to electric bikes: making car batteries bigger is a simple way to make them go
further, but for electric bikes, it’s not so straightforward. While adding more kilowatt-hours
(kWh) to electric bikes can give them about 30 kilometers more range, it also adds weight –
around 10 kilograms for every increase. This means the bike gets heavier by about 10%,
which is a bigger deal for smaller bikes.

Bennett R, & Vijay Gopal, R. (2018). They delve into the psychological aspects
influencing consumer attitudes towards electric vehicles (EVs), particularly focusing on
stereotypes held by people without experience with EVs and how these stereotypes affect
self-image congruence regarding EV ownership.

Pretty Bhalla, InassSalamah Ali, Afroze Nazneen, (2018). This group explores various
factors influencing car selection, including environmental concerns, cost, comfort, trust in
technology, societal acceptance, and infrastructure availability. Their analysis underscores
the importance of societal acceptance and technological trust in fostering the adoption of
electric vehicles, along with the need for adequate infrastructure.

Masurali.A, Surya P, (2018) Their perspective centers on the environmental benefits of

electric vehicles in reducing carbon emissions and pollution, particularly in the
transportation sector. They advocate for increased awareness and promotion of EVs as a
viable alternative to traditional fossil fuel-powered vehicles, emphasizing the role of both
government and manufacturers in driving adoption.
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Pritam K. Gujarathi, Varsha A. Shah, and Makarand M. Lokhande, (2018) They

discuss the unique challenges and opportunities for electric vehicle adoption in India, where
the market share of EVs is currently very low. Their perspective highlights the
environmental and economic imperatives driving the need for cleaner alternatives to
traditional fossil fuel-powered vehicles, especially considering India’s high reliance on
imported oil.

John Matias and T.C. Yalcin (2017). They focus on consumer perceptions of EVs in the
United States, identifying key barriers such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure
limitations, and the perceived high cost of EVs. Their research underscores the importance
of addressing these concerns to increase consumer acceptance and adoption of EVs.

Liao (2017): This study analyzes the impact of government policies on EV adoption in
India. They highlight factors like driving range, refilling time, and ownership costs as
critical considerations for consumers when choosing EVs. Their perspective emphasizes the
need for effective government policies that support EV adoption and address consumer
preferences to accelerate the transition towards electric mobility.
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CHAPTER-III
THEORITICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE
STUDY
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THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF

THE STUDY

1. Customer Satisfaction:
In marketing, customer satisfaction is a commonly heard term. It is actually a measure
on which products and services supplied by a company to its customers to meet their
expectations. Customer satisfaction is defined as “the total number of customers, or
percentage of total customers, whose reported experience with a firm and its products
and services exceeds specified satisfaction goals”. In a survey, which comprised of
nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 71 percent responded that they found customer
satisfaction metric proves very useful in managing and monitoring their business
activities. This is noted as a key indicator of business performance. In a competing
world, where business competes for customers, customer satisfaction is given priority
and has become a pivotal role in business strategy. Even within an organisation,
satisfaction of the customers can play crucial role. The main focus of a firm lies on
customer satisfaction through its employees. Customer ratings proves to be very handy
tool in analysing the sales and profitability of the firm. They warn of the problems that
affect sales. It is essential for a company to manage customer satisfaction.

Expectations are the driving force behind a satisfaction. When a customer with a high
expectation for the product and service, fails in reality, will likely to get disappointed
and rate poorly. For this reason, a luxury resort, as an example, might receive a lower
rating than a budget motel, even though the facilities and services might be deemed
superior in ‘absolute’ terms. From this, we can say that satisfaction is more of a
psychological state than physical, and is a difficult to measure quantitatively. To
measure a customer satisfaction, a survey instrument with a set of statements using a
Likert scale, where the customer is asked to evaluate each statement and select from a
scale who the customer agrees or disagree with the statement.

a. Customer Satisfaction Measurement:

The basic and important base line to customer satisfaction survey program should be
on measuring the customer perception on how the company delves into success factors
of the business as defined by the customers. for example;

o Responsiveness
o Understandable to customer problems
o Service promptitude
o Courtesy of staff etc.
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b. Improving Customer Satisfaction:

Organizations to attain current level of customer satisfaction, there exists certain
standards. The International Customer Service Institute (TICSI) has released The
International Customer Service Standards (TICSS). TICSS enables organizations to
focus their attention mainly on efficiency in the management of customer service, at
the same time providing a recognition of success through a 3 rd party registration
scheme. TICSS drives an organization’s attention towards delivering increased
customer satisfaction by helping the organization or firm through a Service Quality
Model. TICSS Service Quality Model uses the 5 P’s – Policy, premises, People,
Processes, Product/Services, as well as performance measurement. Through this
implementation, it leads to higher levels of customer satisfaction, which in turn
customer retention and loyalty.

c. Customer Satisfaction Surveys:

The most common and widely known marketing research techniques are surveys and
questionnaires. They are used to:

 Ascertain the level of customer satisfaction concerning a product or service

 Determine the current status of a product or service
 Identify those factors which leads to customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction
 Help establish customer service standards

d. Benefits and challenges:

In order for an organization to easily capture key information with very little time and
expense, surveys prove to be a great option. Primary advantage of this method is its
directness: “the purpose and the responses are clear and straightforward.” Information
gathered by surveys can easily be analysed and used to identify trends. The general
public views product polls and pollsters in a very positive manner when compared to
political and other polls. It is found in a study that more than 60 percent of the public
feels that market research about products and services has a positive impact on society.
When it comes to drawback, it is noted that the responses may be influenced by the
measurements through various forms of bias.
For example, surveys being voluntary research, have found differences between survey
respondents and non-respondents. Wherein respondents answer differently than non-
respondents.
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2. Introduction to Electric Vehicles:

An electric vehicle is one that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. It can
be powered by a collector system, by using electricity from extravehicular sources or it
can be powered autonomously by a battery by converting fuel to electricity using a
generator (commonly known as a hybrid). Road and rail vehicles, surface and
underwater watercraft, electric airplanes and spacecraft are few examples to electric
vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) first appeared in mid-19th century, when electricity
was considered effective means for motor vehicle propulsion, wherein which they
provided ease and effective operation when compared to petroleum or gasoline cars.
Internal combustion engines were regarded as the primary propulsion system for cars
and heavy motor vehicles for over a century, whereby electricity remained pervasive to
trains and small vehicles of all types.

a) History of Electricity Vehicles:

 1800’s marked the first entry to electric vehicles where many inventors across
nations began testing battery-powered vehicles. In 1832, a UK inventor named
Robert Anderson invented the very first EV. Then came a Belgian race car
driver Camille Jenatzy, who broke the 100km/h barrier in 1899 in La Jamais
Contente, an electric vehicle he designed.

 1900’s-1960’s
EV is widely regarded for being targeted at women. For EVs being extremely
quiet, cleaner, and much easier to run than gasoline-powered vehicles. Two
prominent figures in the history of invention, Henry Ford and Thomas Edison
collaborated on “affordable and practical” electric cars that can travel at 100
miles. But that ended in vain. A time like this is when demand for Ford’s mass-
produced Model T and other gasoline ran automobiles too over the popularity
over electric vehicles. National Union Electric Corp converts 100 Renault
Dauphine automobiles to run on batteries in the year 1959. In light of the
growing contingencies like air pollution, many corporations gave rise to
prototype vehicles.

 1970’s-1990’s
Year 1971 and 1972, marked a promotional boost to battery power, where
NASA’s electric Lunar Roving Vehicle bounced around the moon. Late in the
decade, US department of energy began investigating for alternate fuels, due to
rising gasoline prices. Which led GM in constructing a prototype urban electric
car in 1973, and Sebring-Vanguard releasing its CitiCar. The first mass
produced hybrids were Toyota’s Prius and Honda’s Insight.
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 2000’s-2010’s
This is the time period which gave rise to one of the prominent corporations in
EVs. Marc Tarpenning and Martin Eberhard founded tesla motors in the year
2003. Then came Elon Musk, a cofounder of PayPal, leads 7.5 million dollars
initial investment and is named chairman in 2004. Tesla produced roadster
sports car (the first production EV to use lithium-ion battery cells) in 2008.
Nissan’s leaf has become the bestselling EV in the world. Tesla continues to
expand its product line in business. China is the world’s largest EV market, for
its main aim in reduction of smog and oil imports.

 The Future
According to Blomberg New Energy Finance, more than 230 battery-powered
automobiles, by 2024, electric vehicle sales in US will have surpassed 1 million,
up from 104,000 in 2017, and deliveries in China will surpasses 3 million.

b) Electric vehicle Development in India:

United Kingdom announced that new petrol and diesel cars will no longer be out in the
market. By 2030, all such gasoline cars will have stopped their production and sale. In
addition to the green strategy, UK is working efficiently working towards providing
adequate infrastructure for electrical vehicles (EVs). Such a step will have
consequences towards global green movement. The Indian government is likewise
interested in replacing fossil-fuel powered vehicles to electric vehicles. In the year
2017, the government had set a well-decisive goal to have all cars made electric by
2030. But sadly, the government was made to step-out due to opposition from car
manufacturing industries. Unless the government supports more infrastructure
investment to EV, it will be difficult to overhaul the mobility sector.

c) Advantages of Electric vehicles:

 Saves energy: - when compared to gasoline powered vehicles, EVs prove to be

significantly more efficient. AEV batteries convert 59 to 61 percent of their
energy into vehicle movement. While that of a gasoline powered vehicle, it is
17 to 21 percent.

 Reduce emission: - reduced usage of fuel, is another remarkable feature of all

electric vehicle, which reduces emission on a large scale. Reliability on a
rechargeable battery, electric cars does not create any tailpipe emission, which
was indeed a major factor causing air pollution.
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 High-performance and low-maintenance: - all electric vehicles are well known

for its quiet, smooth motors that requires less maintenance compared to
combustion engines. Responsiveness and optimum torque ensure better driving
experience for AEVs. Being new in the market, AEVs are more advanced and
digitally connected with their charging stations via app.

d) Necessities for EV’s in India:

India is now striving for a revolution in transportation.

 Fuel is and always will be an expense. Cluttering up of gasoline running cars

and their expense has already overcrowded cities suffering from infrastructural
stun. Not to mention the intense air pollution.

 Shifting to electric vehicle for decarbonising the global transportation is indeed

a global necessity and a promising strategy.

e) Support to EVs in India:

o The Indian government has taken several measures to promote and develop EV
ecosystem in India.

o Remodel Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME II),

scheme for Production-Linked Incentive (PLI), scheme for Advanced
Chemistry Cell (ACC) for the supplier side.

o At the Glasgov summit, India proposed several initiatives, which includes the
use of renewable energy to meet 50% of India’s energy demand and reducing
carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by the year 2030, and to achieve net zero
by 2070.

o India’s PLI scheme is launched for Auto and Automotive Components mainly
for EV manufacturers.
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f) EV Market and its Top Players:

 Tesla

It is indeed one of the prominent figures when it comes to electric vehicles

market. Found in 2003 and its headquarters located in California, US. Tesla
deals in fully electric automobiles with high-performance, as well as energy
generation and storage solutions in their EVs. They released their Model 3,
which quickly gained attention in the US. The company has showcased the
ability in manufacturing creative automobiles over the years. With its new
production factory in Shanghai, China, Tesla is most likely to take on Asia
Pacific region.

 Nissan Motors

Nissan Motor Company is a global automaker well known for its Nissan,
Datsun, Infiniti brands. Its bestselling model Nissan leaf took over the market
long before, selling over 200,000 units in 2016. The company not only
manufactures cars, vehicles and their parts, engines, manual transmission,
specifically equipped vehicles, industrial equipment engines, and so on are
available from Nissan. The company also makes electric cars (BEVs) for the
market. Nissan introduced something new to the market and that is their new
Nissan Leaf Plus model in 2019 with better new features like bigger battery and
a 160-kW electric motor, increased range (up to 363 km), and increased power
(214 hp).

 Volkswagen

It is a well-known automobile manufacturer company based in Wolfsburg,

Germany. It was formed in the year 1937. The company has almost 12 brands
within the parent company Volkswagen, which includes Volkswagen Passenger
Cars, Audi, SEAT, KODA, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, Ducati,
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, Scania and MAN. The company also sells
Sedans, minicars, SUVs, premium cars, supercars, and commercial vehicles.
Volkswagen sells automobiles with various propulsion systems, including
diesel, gasoline and electric vehicles. Company’s most popular electric vehicles
are e-Golf and e-Up. Volkswagen’s first model of their full-electric car, ID.3
was unveiled on 2019 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. Deliveries to retail
customers began in Germany in 2020.
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g) Different Types of E-Vehicles:

Electric vehicles are classified into three types and they are: Hybrid electric Vehicles
(HEV), Plugin Hybrid electric Vehicles (PHEV), and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV).

i. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)

 A Hybrid Electric Vehicles is one which combines conventional Internal

Combustion Engine (IEC) with that of an electric motor and battery pack
to reduce fuel consumption.

 HEVs achieve this by the use of an electric motor to drive the car during
a condition in which an ICE is especially inefficient, like when
accelerating from a stop. It also favours when cruising at highways.

 They are very similar in driving to that of a normal ICE vehicle.

 It automatically charges the battery through ‘regenerative braking’ and

activates the electric motor system when the conditions are suitable.
Which means that the owners need not have to monitor charge or plug
cars into power outlets.

ii. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)

 A PHEV also combines an ICE with an electric motor and battery pack
similarly to a hybrid, but comes with a distinct difference.

 They generally have larger battery packs and more powerful electric
motors than hybrids, as the electric system does a lot of heavy lifting
while the car moves. Which states that PHEVs can be driven in electric-
only mode, switching the ICE off entirely.

 Driving a PHEV is almost same as that of a hybrid, as the car

automatically recharges the battery and switches between ICE and
electric power with respect to present conditions.

 A PHEV can run on petrol if the battery is used up, and vice-versa.
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iii. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

 A Battery Electric Vehicle is one to be considered as a ‘full-electric’ or

‘all-electric’ vehicle. They are powered only by electricity, by means of
their electric motors drawing current from onboard battery packs. That
does not have any form of IEC.

 For their reliability on electricity, BEVs tend to have large capable

batteries and kilowatt-hour (kWh) outputs when compared to hybrid and
plug-in hybrid vehicles. This extra battery set-up actually costs more
than other EVs.

 BEVs need to be charged. They can be either charged at home or at a

fast-charging station.

iv. Mild-hybrid Electric Vehicles (MHEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV)

 An MHEV uses a 48-volt starter motor, which is known as an Integrated

Starter Generator (ISG) to supplement ICE. Contention remains whether
MHEV can be considered a ‘true EV’, as the ISG only aids the ICE, but
cannot accelerate the vehicle by itself.

 Whereas FCEVs are similar to BEVs in that they only use electrical
energy to move the vehicle, however energy storing is different in both.

 BEVs store electrical energy taken from a charger, whereas FCEVs

create their own electrical charge through a chemical reaction which
mainly involves hydrogen and does not require charging from the grid.
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3. Government Incentives

Major incentives provided by the government are:

 FAME India Scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric

vehicles):

It was launched in the year 2015 by the Indian government. The FAME India
Scheme aims to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in the
country and thus foster their growth. The scheme has been extended multiple
times to provide continuous support to the EV industry. Through this scheme,
financial incentives are offered to both customers and manufacturers to make
EVs more affordable and attractive. These incentives provided may vary based
on factors such as the type of vehicle and its battery capacity, encouraging the
adoption of electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and four-wheelers,
including plug-in hybrids.

 GST Reduction:

To make Electric Vehicles more economically viable, the Indian government

has implemented a reduced Goods and Service Tax (GST) rate for EVs
compared to conventional gasoline vehicles. This reduction in GST aims to
lower the overall cost of purchasing an EV, thereby incentivizing a customer
to choose EVs over conventional means.

 State-level Incentives:

In addition to the central government’s FAME India Scheme, several Indian

states provide further incentives and subsidies to promote the adoption of
electric vehicles within their jurisdictions. These state-level incentives may
include additional reductions in road tax, registration fees, and electricity
tariffs specifically for charging EVs. By offering these supplementary
incentives, states contribute to the overall goal of increasing EV adoption
across the country.
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 Income Tax Benefits:

Individuals purchasing electric vehicles can benefit from income tax

deductions under Section 80EEB of the Income Tax Act. This provision
allows for a deduction of up to ₹1.5 lakh on the interest paid on loans taken
to purchase electric vehicles. By providing this tax benefit, the government
aims to encourage more people to invest in electric vehicles, thereby
supporting the transition towards greener transportation options.

 Subsidies for Charging Infrastructure:

Recognizing the importance of a robust charging infrastructure in supporting

the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, the government provides
financial assistance for the establishment of EV charging stations through
various schemes and initiatives. By subsidizing the installation and operation
of charging infrastructure, the government aims to address range anxiety
among EV users and facilitate convenient and accessible charging options
across the country.

 Green Number Plates:

Electric vehicles are issued distinctive green number plates to visually

differentiate them from conventional vehicles on the road. These green
number plates serve as a means of easy identification, allowing for
preferential treatment such as access to designated lanes and parking spaces
reserved for electric vehicles. This measure aims to promote the visibility
and recognition of electric vehicles, encouraging their adoption and
integration into mainstream transportation systems.
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 R&D and Manufacturing Incentives:

In order to drive innovation and advancements in electric vehicle

technologies, the government offers incentives and support for research and
development activities in this sector. Additionally, manufacturing incentives
are provided to encourage domestic production of electric vehicle
components and vehicles. These incentives aim to attract investment in EV
manufacturing, promote indigenous technology development, and bolster the
competitiveness of the Indian EV industry on a global scale.

4. Need for Incentives on EV’s and how it helps countries in current

situation:

o Breathing Easier: When we talk about electric vehicles (EVs), we’re

talking about cleaner air for our communities. It means fewer cars
emitting harmful pollutants, which translates to fresher air and
healthier lungs for us and our loved ones. Imagine being able to take
a deep breath without worrying about the quality of the air around us.

o Healthier Communities: Switching to EVs isn’t just about reducing

emissions; it’s about protecting the health of our families and
neighbors. By cutting down on pollution, we’re lowering the risk of
respiratory diseases like asthma and improving overall well-being.
It’s about creating communities where everyone can thrive.

o Breaking Free: When we embrace electric vehicles, we’re taking a

stand for energy independence. Instead of relying on imported fossil
fuels, we’re harnessing our own renewable energy sources like solar
and wind power. It’s about empowering ourselves and future
generations to control our energy destiny.
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o Job Creation: The shift to electric vehicles isn’t just about changing
way we commute; it’s about creating new opportunities for
employment. From engineers designing cutting-edge technology to
construction workers building charging infrastructure, there’s a whole
new industry waiting to be born. It’s about putting people to work
and driving economic growth from the ground up.

o Driving Innovation: Electric vehicles are more than just cars; they’re
a platform for innovation. It’s about pushing the boundaries of
technology to develop better batteries, more efficient motors, and
smarter charging systems. It's about showcasing India’s talent and
ingenuity on the global stage.

o Leading the Charge: By embracing electric vehicles, India isn’t just

keeping up with the rest of the world; we're leading the charge. We
have the opportunity to pioneer new technologies, set industry
standards, and become a global leader in sustainable transportation.
It’s about showing the world what we’re capable of and inspiring
others to follow our lead.

o Global Responsibility: Climate change is a challenge that affects us

all, and electric vehicles are part of the solution. By promoting EVs,
India is fulfilling its commitments under international agreements
like the Paris Agreement. It’s about being a responsible global citizen
and doing our part to protect the planet for future generations
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5. Indian Government Incentives

 FAME India Scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &)

Electric Vehicles): Initiated in 2015 under the leadership of Prime Minister
Narendra Modi and then Minister of Heavy Industries and Public
Enterprises, Anant Geete. Under the supervision of the Department of Heavy
Industry, the scheme aimed to boost the adoption of electric and hybrid
vehicles. Financial incentives were provided to manufacturers like Mahindra
& Mahindra, Tata Motors, and others to promote the production of electric
vehicles
 GST Reduction: In July 2019, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council
chaired by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman decided to reduce the GST
on electric vehicles from 12% to 5%. This decision aimed to make electric
vehicles more affordable and encourage their adoption across the country.

 State-level Incentives: Various states like Delhi, Maharashtra, and Karnataka

have introduced their own incentives to promote electric vehicles.
For instance, Delhi announced a subsidy of up to ₹1.5 lakh for the first 1,000 electric
cars registered in the city, along with exemption from road tax and registration fees.

6. International Government Incentives

 United States:
Federal Tax Credit: Enacted in 2008 under the Energy Improvement and
Extension Act, the federal tax credit offers up to $7,500 for electric vehicle
buyers. Former President Barack Obama played a significant role in
implementing and extending this tax credit to promote electric vehicle
adoption. The credit phases out once an automaker sells 200,000 eligible
electric vehicles in the US market, affecting manufacturers like Tesla and
General Motors.
 24

 State-level Incentives:
States like California offer additional incentives, including rebates and tax credits, to
promote electric vehicle adoption. Programs like California’s Clean Vehicle Rebate
Project provide rebates of up to $7,000 for eligible electric vehicle purchases.

 European Union, CO2 Emission Targets:

The European Union set strict emission targets as part of its climate policy
framework. Former European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen
advocated for more ambitious emission reduction targets, including a push for
electric vehicles to achieve a net-zero emission target by 2050.

 Subsidies and Tax Incentives:

Countries like Norway and Germany offer generous subsidies and tax incentives to
promote electric vehicle adoption. Norway’s incentives include exemption from
purchase taxes, tolls, and parking fees for electric vehicles, while Germany offers a
purchase premium of up to €9,000 for electric vehicles.
 25

CHAPTER-IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
 26

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

TABLE 4.1
ELECTRIC VEHICLE AWARENESS AMONG GENERAL PUBLIC

AWARENESS TO EVs NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

RECIEVED

YES 46 92%

NO 3 6%

MAYBE 1 2%

TOTAL 50 100%

PUBLIC AWARENESS TOWARDS ELECTRIC

VEHICLES
MAYBE
NO
2%
6%

YES
92%

FIGURE 4.1
INTERPRETATION: from above chart it is clear that 92% of the respondents are aware
about electric vehicles. Just 6% of the remaining are unaware of the concept.
 27

TABLE 4.2
PUBLIC PREFERENCE AMONG EV MODELS

PREFERENCE IN E- NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

VEHICLE MODELS

CAR 26 52%

BIKE 6 12%

SCOOTER 18 36%

TOTAL 50 100%

PUBLIC PREFERENCE AMONG EV MODELS

SCOOTER
36%
CAR
52%

BIKE
12%

CAR BIKE SCOOTER

FIGURE 4.2
INTERPRETATION: it is clear that majority of the public chose car as their preference
amongst electric vehicle models. about 36% opts for scooter, and remaining 12% in bike.
 28

TABLE 4.3
SOURCES TO E-VEHICLE AWARENESS

SOURCES CREATING NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

CONSUMER
AWARENESS TO EVs

SOCIAL MEDIA 35 70%

NEWSPAPER 5 10%

ADVERTISEMENT 10 20%

TOTAL 50 100%

SOURCES TO E-VEHICLE AWARENESS

20%

10%

70%

SOCIAL MEDIA ADVERTISEMENT NEWSPAPER

FIGURE 4.3
INTERPRETATION: it is concluded that 70% of the people came to know about electric
vehicles from social media. Remaining 20% and 10% people from advertisement and
newspaper.
 29

TABLE 4.4
PUBLIC RESPONSE OR ATTITUDE TOWARDS E-VEHICLES

PUBLIC RESPONSE NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

TOWARDS EVs

POSITIVE 26 52%

NEGATIVE 4 8%

NEUTRAL 20 40%

TOTAL 50 100%

PUBLIC ATTITUDE TOWARDS EV

NEUTRAL
40% POSITIVE
52%

NEGATIVE
8%

POSITIVE NEGATIVE NEUTRAL

FIGURE 4.4
INTERPRETATION: about 52% shows positive attitude towards EV, and almost 40% stays
neutral. Rest 8% stands for negative.
 30

TABLE 4.5
FAMILIARITY TO ANY NEARBY EV CHARGING STATION

FAMILIALTO EV NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

CHARGING HUBS IN RECIEVED
LOCALITY

YES 29 58%

NO 15 30%

MAYBE 6 12%

TOTAL 50 100%

PUBLIC FAMILIARITY TO NEARBY

CHARGING STATIONS

MAYBE
12%
NO
YES
30%
58%

YES NO MAYBE

FIGURE 4.5
INTERPRETATION: the above pictorial representation shows that 58% among the public is
aware about EV charging stations nearby. About 30% is unaware. And the rest 12% falls
under the category ‘maybe’.
 31

TABLE 4.6
EXPERIENCE WITH AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE

EV USER EXPERIENCE NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

RECIEVED

0-1 YEAR 40 80%

1-10 YEARS 8 16%

ABOVE 10 YEARS 2 4%

TOTAL 50 100%

USER EXPERIENCE PERIOD IN EV

4%
16%

80%

0-1 YEAR 1-10 YEARS ABOVE 10 YEARS

FIGURE 4.6
INTERPRETATION: majority of the people are inexperienced when it comes to EV, and
they are about 80%. Only 16% have experience in e-vehicles, which falls under 1-10 years.
 32

TABLE 4.7
FACTORS IN CONSIDERATION TO BUYING AN EV

FACTORS IN NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

CONSIDERATION RECIEVED
WHILE PURCHASING AN
EV

PRICE 23 46%

RE-SALE VALUE 11 22%

CHARGING STATIONS 16 32%

TOTAL 50 100%

FACTORS IN CONSIDERATION TO
BUYING AN EV

32%
46%

22%

PRICE RE-SALE VALUE CHARGING STATIONS

FIGURE 4.7
INTERPRETATION: price stands with a majority of 46%, when it comes to EV purchasing
factor. Only 32% considers charging stations. And only 22% who considers the re-sale value.
 33

TABLE 4.8
“EV SAVES CONSUMER POCKETS IN LONG RUN”

PUBLICS REACTION TO NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

THE ABOVE COMMENT RECIEVED

AGREE 29 58%

DISAGREE 3 6%

STAYS NEUTRAL 18 36%

TOTAL 50 100%

"EV SAVES LONG TERM MONEY",

COMMENTS

STAYS NEUTRAL
36%

AGREE
58%

DISAGREE
6%

AGREE DISAGREE STAYS NEUTRAL

FIGURE 4.8

INTERPRETATION: majority of public with about 58% agrees with statement. Only 6%
stands against this. And the remaining 36% falls neutral.
 34

TABLE 4.9
EXPECTED CHANGES FROM AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE

EXPECTED CHANGES NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

FROM AN EV RECIEVED
COMPARED TO
GASOLINE

COMFORT 12 24%

DURABILITY 11 22%

FUEL EFFICIENCY 27 54%

TOTAL 50 100%

EXPECTED CHANGES FROM AN EV

COMFORT
24%
FUEL EFFICIENCY
54%
DURABILITY
22%

COMFORT DURABILITY FUEL EFFICIENCY

FIGURE 4.9
INTERPRETATION: about 54% of the public expects for fuel efficiency in an electric
vehicle when compared to conventional gasoline runners. Even then, 24% goes for comfort
and 22% for durability.
 35

TABLE 4.10
DISCOURAGIN FACTORS TO BUYING AN EV

FACTORS THAT NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

DISCOURAGE PEOPLE RECIEVED
FROM BUYNG AN EV

PRICE 12 24%

CHARGING STATIONS 14 28%

BATTERY 24 48%
REPLACEMENT

TOTAL 50 100%

DISCOURAGING FACTORS TO PURCHASING AN EV

PRICE
24%

BATTERY
REPLACEMENT
48%
CHARGING
STATIONS
28%

PRICE CHARGING STATIONS BATTERY REPLACEMENT

FIGURE 4.10
INTERPRETATION: battery replacement is considered as the main discouraging factor
according to this representation with a vote of about 48%. But 28% goes for charging
stations. And only 24% for price factor.
 36

TABLE 4.11
PUBLIC AWARENESS REGARDING GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES

AWARENESS ABOUT NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SUBSIDIES BY RECIEVED
GOVERNMENT
TOWARDS EV PURCHSE

I’M AWARE 9 18%

HAVEN’T HEARD 27 54%

PARTIALLY AWARE 14 28%

TOTAL 50 100%

PUBLIC AWARENESS REGARDING

GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES
I'M AWARE
PARTIALLY 18%
AWARE
28%

HAVEN'T
HEARD
54%

FIGURE 4.11

INTERPRETATION: as per this chart, only 18% is aware about the government subsidies
regarding EVs. Majority of 4% stands unaware about it.
 37

TABLE 4.12
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GOVERNMENT DISCOUNTS TO EV USERS

GOVERNMENT NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

DISCOUNTS OF 50% TO RECIEVED
EV USERS FOR FIRST 5
YEARS

YES 16 32%

NO 26 52%

MAYBE 8 16%

TOTAL 50 100%

PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT

GOVERNMENT DISCOUNTS TO EV USERS

16%
32%

52%

YES NO MAYBE

FIGURE 4.12
INTERPRETATION: about 52% of the people doesn’t have any idea about these discounts
allotted by the government for EV users for the first five years. But 32% is aware about this.
 38

TABLE 4.13
“ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE MORE ECO-FRIENDLY THAN CONVENTIONAL
VEHICLES”

PUNLIC OPINION ON NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

THE ABOVE RECIEVED
STATEMENT

AGREE 34 68%

DISAGREE 4 8%

STAYS NEUTRAL 12 24%

TOTAL 50 100%

"E-VEHICLES ARE MORE ECO-FRIENDLY

COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL".
COMMENTS
STAYS
NEUTRAL
24%

DISAGREE
8%
AGREE
68%

FIGURE 4.13
INTERPRETATION: About 68% of public agrees to this. That means e-vehicles are eco-
friendly when compared to conventional means. Only 8% disagrees.
 39

CHAPTER-VI
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION
 40

FINDINGS

 it is clear that 92% of the respondents are aware about electric vehicles. Just 6% of the
remaining are unaware of the concept.

 It’s also clear that majority of the respondents chose car over different EV models.

 it is concluded that 70% of the people came to know about electric vehicles from
social media.

 about 52% shows positive attitude towards EV, and almost 40% stays neutral. Rest
8% stands for negative.

 that 58% among the public is aware about EV charging stations nearby. About 30% is
unaware.

 majority of the people are inexperienced when it comes to EV, and they are about
80%. Only 16% have experience in e-vehicles, which falls under 1-10 years.

 price stands with a majority of 46%, when it comes to EV purchasing factor. Only
32% considers charging stations. And only 22% who considers the re-sale value.

 majority of public with about 58% agrees with statement. Only 6% stands against this.
And the remaining 36% falls neutral. 

 about 54% of the public expects for fuel efficiency in an electric vehicle when
compared to conventional gasoline runners. Even then, 24% goes for comfort and
22% for durability.

 battery replacement is considered as the main discouraging factor according to this

representation with a vote of about 48%. But 28% goes for charging stations. And
only 24% for price factor.

 18% is aware about the government subsidies regarding EVs. Majority of 4% stands
unaware about it.

 about 52% of the people doesn’t have any idea about these discounts allotted by the
government for EV users for the first five years. But 32% is aware about this.

 About 68% of public agrees to this. That means e-vehicles are eco-friendly when
compared to conventional means. Only 8% disagrees.
 41

SUGGESTIONS

 Governments can create different policies are initiatives to provide incentives

to EV manufacturers.

 Initial price to EVs can be further reduced to increase their sales.

 EV manufacturers should focus more on the fuel-efficiency factory.

 Drive more attention towards e-vehicles and their products offered.

 Establishing more charging stations in nearly all cities to further promote

growth of EVs.

 Invoking general public on the importance of creating an eco-friendly

environment by promoting e-vehicles.
 42

CONCLUSION

The main aim or agenda behind this study is to promote the growth of Electric vehicles in
India, and instil in the minds of public the importance and need for adopting E-vehicles in our
country. Find out the factors which facilitates the growth of EVs or in other words, the factors
which considers the purchase of EVs and the one which doesn’t. we also found out the
consumers perception about e-vehicles, their expectation towards EVs, experiences, and their
attitude towards it. And in conclusion, we found that majority of the respondents show a
positive attitude towards EVs, and their adoption in the near future.
 43

BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES:

o [Link]
o [Link]
o [Link]
o [Link]
 44

APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Name: (Optional)……………………………………………
 Gender: Male Female
 Age:

4. Occupation:

5. Are you aware of E-Vehicles

 Yes
 No

6. Which type of vehicle do you prefer the most if electric model is available
 Bike
 Scooter
 Car

7. From where did you came to know about e-vehicles

 Newspaper
 Magazines
 Advertisements
 Social media
 Personal Communication
 Others… ............................... (Please specify)

8. What sort of attitude do you have towards e-vehicles

 Positive
 Negative
 Neutral
 45

9. Are you aware of any Electric Vehicle charging stations near your locality

 Yes
 No

10. How long have you been using e-vehicles

o 0-1 year
o 1 to 10 years
o Above 10 years

11. Which of the following factors would you consider while buying an e- vehicle
o Re-sale Value
o Environmental impacts
o Prices
o Charging Stations
o Others

12. Which of the following factors would you consider while buying an e- vehicle
o Re-sale Value
o Environmental impacts
o Prices
o Charging Stations
o Others

13. "Electric cars can save a lot of money to the owner" state your opinion
o Strongly disagree
o Disagree
o Neutral
o Agree
o Strongly agree

14. Which of the following changes do you expect from e-vehicle rather than regular vehicle
o Travel efficiency
o Comfort
o Maintenance
o Durability
o Other… ............................................................... (Please specify)
 46

15. What factors discourage you to consider buying an electric vehicle

o Price
o Less number of charging stations
o Lack of trust with the new Technology
o Cost of Battery replacement is high
o Other… ............................................................... (Please specify)

16. Are you aware of the subsidies provided by the government while purchasing an electric
vehicle
o I'm aware
o Partially aware
o Not aware

17. Are you aware of the 50% tax discount provided by the government for the e- vehicle
users for the first five years
o Yes
o No

18. If given a choice would you rather prefer e-vehicles over regular vehicles
o Yes
o No
o Maybe

19. “Electric vehicles are more eco-friendly than petrol and diesel". State your opinion*
o Strongly disagree
o Disagree
o Neutral
o Agree
o Strongly agree
 47

20. State your level of satisfaction on the following factors of e- vehicles

HD- Highly Dissatisfied, D- Dissatisfied, N- Neutral S-Satisfied HS- Highly satisfied

Sl. No. Statements HD D N S HS

1 Price
2 Environment friendly
3 Vehicle performance
4 Charging stations/facilities
5 Durability