1

ELECTRIC CHARGES & FIELD

Sr No NAME FORMULA SI UNIT

𝑞1 𝑞2
1. Coulomb’s Law F=K N
𝑟2

Dielectric Constant/Relative 𝜀 𝐹𝑣𝑎𝑐

𝜀𝑟 = =K =
2. Permittivity 𝜀0 𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑑

Electric Field 𝐸⃗ =
𝐹 N𝐶 −1 or V/m
3. 𝑞0

Electric field due to a point E=

𝐾𝑞 C𝑚−2
4. charge 𝑟2

Volume charge density ρ=

𝑑𝑞 C𝑚−3
𝑑𝑉
5.

Surface charge density σ =

𝑑𝑞 C𝑚−2
𝑑𝑆
6.

7. Linear charge density 𝜆 =

𝑑𝑞 C𝑚−1
𝑑𝐿

8. Electric dipole moment 𝑝 = q x 2𝑙 Cm

9. Electric field at an axial point 𝐸𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 = (𝑟 2

𝑘2𝑝𝑟
−𝑎2 )2

10. Electric field at an equatorial

point 𝐸𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 =
𝑘𝑝
3
(𝑟 2 +𝑎2 )2
11. Torque τ = p Esin 𝜃 Nm

𝜏 = 𝑝 x 𝐸⃗
12. Electric Flux Φ = Eds cos 𝜃 N𝑚2 𝑐 −2

Φ =𝐸⃗ ∙d𝑠
 2

𝑞
13. Gauss’s theorem Φ =
𝜀0

14. Electric field of a line charge E =

𝜆
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

15. Electric field of an infinite 𝜎

E =
plane sheet of charge 2𝜀0

16. Electric field between 2 𝜎

E =
parallel opposite charged 𝜀0
sheets
16. Electric field of a thin
spherical shell E =
𝑘𝑞
(outside)
𝑟2

E = 0 (inside)

𝑘𝑞
E= (at surface)
𝑅2

1
K = =9 x 109 N𝑚2 𝐶 −2
4𝜋𝜀0

𝜀0 = 8∙ 85 x 10−12 𝑁 −1 𝐶 2 𝑚−2
 3

ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE

Sr No NAME FORMULA SI UNIT
1. Potential Difference V=
𝑊 V
𝑞

2. Potential due to a point V=

𝐾𝑞 V
charge 𝑟

3. Potential due to a dipole V

(axial / any point) V=
𝐾𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟2
4. Potential on equitorial line V=0 V

5. Relation of electric field and E =−

dV
potential dr

6. Potential energy U=
𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2 J
𝑟

7. P E of a three plate system U = k[

𝑞1 𝑞2
+
𝑞1 𝑞2
+ J
𝑟12 𝑟23
𝑞1 𝑞2
]
𝑟31
8. P E of a dipole
U = -p𝐸[cos 𝜃2 − cos 𝜃1 ] p𝐸[cos 𝜃1 − cos 𝜃2 ]

9. Capacitance
𝑞 F
C=
𝑉
10. Capacitance of a spherical
conductor C = 4𝜋𝜀0 R F

11. Parallel plate capacitor

𝜀0 𝐴 F
C=
𝑑
12 Capacitors in series 1
=
1
+
1
+∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
𝐶𝑠 𝐶1 𝐶2
F
 4

13. Capacitors in parallel

𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 +∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ F

14. Energy stored in a capacitor 1

U = C𝑉 2 =
1 𝑄2
=
𝑄𝑉 J
2 2 𝐶 2

15. Energy Density 1

U = 𝜀0 𝐸 2
2

16 Common Potential V=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐶 𝑉 +𝐶2 𝑉2 +∙∙∙
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑐1 +𝑐
1
1 2 +𝑐3 +∙∙∙
𝑞1 +𝑞2 +𝑞3 +∙∙∙
=
𝑐1 +𝑐2 +𝑐3 +∙∙∙

17. Dielectric constant K=

𝐶
=
𝐸0
𝐶0 𝐸

18. Parallel plate capacitor with 𝑘𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀0 𝐴

C= C= 𝑡
a dielectric 𝑑 [𝑑−𝑡+ ]
𝑘

19. Dielectrics: (i) Series 𝜀0 𝐴

C= 𝑡1 𝑡2
( + +∙∙∙)
𝑘1 𝑘2
(ii)Parallel
𝐴1 𝜀0 𝑘1 𝐴2 𝜀0 𝑘2
C= + 𝑑
𝑑
 5

Current Electricity
Sr Formula Name Formula S I Unit
No
1. Electric Current 𝑞 𝑛𝑒 Ampere(A)
𝐼= =
𝑡 𝑡
n = no. of charge
particles

2. Ohm’s Law V = 𝐼𝑅
(V 𝛼 𝐼 )

3. Resistance R=
𝜌𝑙 Ohm(𝛺)
𝐴

4. Current Density
𝐼 𝐼 𝐴⁄
J= = 𝑚2
𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝐴
5. Drift velocity −𝑒𝐸𝜏 τ =avg. relaxation
𝑉𝑑 = time
𝑚
e=charge
E =Electric field
m = mass of 𝑒 −

6. Expression of 𝐼 w.r.t 𝑉𝑑 𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑉𝑑 𝑒 Ampere(A)

7. Expression of Resistance R=
𝑚𝑙
and Resistivity 𝑛𝐴𝜏𝑒 2

𝑚
𝜌=
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
8. Effect of temperature on 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅𝑜 [1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑇]
resistance 𝛼 = Temp. coefficient

9. Relation between J , 𝜎,E 𝐽 = 𝜎 𝐸⃗ Vector form of Ohm’s

𝜎 = Conductivity law

10. Series combination of cells 𝜀𝑒𝑞 = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2

𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
 6

11. Parallel combination of cells 𝜀𝑒𝑞 𝜀1 𝜀2

= +
𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑟1 𝑟2

𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝑟1 +𝑟2

12. Electric Power P=

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
=
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 Watt(W)
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

= V Ι = Ι 2 𝑅 = 𝑉 2 /𝑅
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑃𝑠 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3
13. Power – Series Combination

𝑃𝑝 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3
14. Power – Parallel Combination

H = Ι 2 𝑅 T = VΙT =
𝑉 2𝑇 J
15. Joule’s Law of Heating 𝑅

𝑃 𝑅
=
16. Wheatstone bridge 𝑄 𝑆
 7

Magnetic Effect of Current

Sr.N Name Formula S I Unit
o.
1. Biot Savart’s Law → =
𝜇0 Ι𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝑇(𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎)
𝑑𝐵 4𝜋𝑟 2
2. Absolute Permeability of air 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7
/vacuum

3. 𝜇0 Ι( → × →)
𝑑𝑙 𝑟
→=
Vector form of Biot Savart’s 𝐵 4𝜋𝑟 3

Law
4. Magnetic field at the center B=
𝜇0 Ι T
2𝑟
of circular current loop

5. Magnetic field on axis of B=

𝜇0 Ι𝑎2 For N no. of turns
3 𝑁𝜇0 Ι𝑎2
circular current loop 2(𝑎2 +𝑟 2 )2 B= 3
2(𝑎2 +𝑟 2 )2

6. Ampere's circuital law ∮ → ∙→ =𝜇0 Ι T

𝐵 𝑑𝑙

7. Magnetic field for Straight B=

𝜇0 Ι T
line 2𝜋𝑟

8. Magnetic field inside B = 𝜇0 n Ι (n no. of turns per

solenoid unit length= )
𝑁
𝑙

9. Force on moving charge F B𝓆Vsin 𝜃 N

⃗
placed in uniform 𝐵 → = 𝓆 (→ × →)
𝐹 𝑉 𝐵
𝑚𝑉
r =
𝐵𝓆

√2𝐾𝐸𝑚
=
𝐵𝓆

√2𝓆𝑉𝑚
=
𝐵𝓆
 8

10. Force on current carrying F =B Ι l sin 𝜃 N

⃗
wire in uniform 𝐵
→ = Ι(→×→)
𝐹 𝑙 𝐵

11. Lorentz force → =𝓆(→+ →× →) N

𝐹 𝐸 𝑉 𝐵

12. Force on two current carrying F=

𝜇0 Ι1 Ι2 𝑙 N
wires 2𝜋𝑟

𝐹 𝜇0 Ι1 Ι2
𝑓= =
𝑙 2𝜋𝑟

13. Torque on current carrying → = → ×→ Nm

𝜏 𝑚 𝐵
⃗
wire 𝐵
= m B sin 𝜃

=N(ΙA)sin 𝜃
14. Current Sensitivity 𝜃 𝑁𝐴𝐵
Ι𝑠 = =
Ι 𝐾

15. Voltage Sensitivity 𝜃 𝑁𝐴𝐵

𝑉𝑠 = =
V 𝐾𝑅

16. Galvanometer to Ammeter Ι𝑔 𝐺= (Ι − Ι𝑔 )S

17. Galvanometer to Voltmeter V = Ι (𝐺 + 𝑥)

 9

Magnetism and Matter

Sr.N Name Formula S I Unit
o.
1. 𝑀= 𝓆𝑚(2𝑙) J𝑇 −1 𝑜𝑟 A𝑚2
Magnetic Dipole Movement
2. Magnetic Permeability 𝐵
𝜇=
𝐻

3. Relative Magnetic 𝜇𝑟 =
𝐵
=
𝜇
=
𝜀
=
Permeability 𝐵0 𝜇0 𝜀0
𝜀𝑟
4. Magnetic Force/ Intensity H=
𝐵
𝜇

5. Intensity of Magnetization 𝑀 𝑚 A𝑚−1

Ι= =
𝑉 𝐴

6. Magnetic Susceptibility 𝜒=
𝐼
𝐻

𝜇 = Ι+ 𝜒
7. Magnetic Field due to B=
𝜇0
[(𝑟 2
2𝑀𝑟
] T
4𝜋 −𝑙 2 )2
Magnetic Dipole:
(i) On axial line
(ii) On equitorial 𝜇0 𝑀 T
line B= [ 3 ]
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 +𝑙 2 )2

𝜇0 𝑀
≈
4𝜋𝑟 3
8. Torque 𝜏 =mB sin 𝜃 Nm
→ = → ×→
𝜏 𝑚 𝐵

9.
Work U = MB (cos 𝜃1 − cos 𝜃2 ) J
 Electromagnetic Induction
[Link]. Name Formula S I Unit 10

1. Magnetic Flux 𝜙 = Bdscos 𝜃 Wb (weber)

Φ =𝐵⃗ ∙d𝑠
Induces e.m.f
𝑑𝜙
𝜀 = -N
𝑑𝑡
2. Motional emf 𝜀 = 𝐵𝑙𝑉

3. Force F=
𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑉
𝑅

4. Power P=
𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑉 2
𝑅

5. Current 𝐵𝑙𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅

6. Rotational emf 𝐵𝑙 2 𝜔
𝜀=
2

7. Self Induction 𝜙 = 𝐿𝐼 Henry

𝑑𝐼
𝜀 = -L
𝑑𝑡

8. Self Induction in a long 𝜇0 𝑁2 𝐴

L=
solenoid 𝑙

9. Mutual Induction ϕ2 = 𝑀𝐼1 Henry

𝑑𝐼1
𝜀2 = -M
𝑑𝑡
10. Mutual Induction in two long M=
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
solenoid 𝑙

11. Emf Induced in an AC 𝜀 = 𝜀0 sin 𝜔𝑡

generator
𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔
 11

ALTERNATING CIRCUITS
[Link]. Name Formula S I Unit

1. Equation of Alternating emf 𝜀 = 𝜀0 sin 𝜔𝑡 V(volt)

2. Equation of Alternating 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡 A(ampere)

Current

3. Total charge passing through 𝐼0 𝑇 C

𝓆=
circuit in half time period 𝜋

4. Mean value of current 𝐼𝑚 =

2𝐼0
= 0.636𝐼0 A
𝜋

5. R.M.S. value of AC 𝐼 2 +𝐼2 2 +𝐼3 3 A

AC = √ 1
3

6. R.M.S. value of Current 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =

𝐼0
= 0.707𝐼0 A
√2

7. Resistive Circuit 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝜀 = 𝜀0 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜀
R= 0
𝐼0

8. Inductive Circuit 𝜀 = 𝜀0 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝜋
𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 − )
𝜀0
2
𝑋𝐿 = = 𝜔𝐿
𝐼0

9. Capacitive Circuit 𝜀 = 𝜀0 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝜋
𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + )
2
𝜀0 1
𝑋𝑐 = =
𝐼0 𝜔𝐶
 12

10. LCR Circuit V

(impedance) V = √(𝑉𝑙 − 𝑉𝑐 )2 + 𝑉𝑅 2
𝛺
Z = √(𝑋𝑙 − 𝑋𝑐 )2 + 𝑅 2
11. Resonance 1
𝜔𝐿 =
𝜔𝐶

1
𝜔𝑟 =
√𝐿𝐶

1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
12. Power in AC circuit 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝜀𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜙 Watt
Power Factor
𝜀0 𝐼0 cos 𝜙 𝑊
= =
2 𝑇

13. Power in pure resistive circuit P=

𝜀0 𝐼0
=𝜀𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 W
2

14. Phase angle cos 𝜙 =

𝑅 rad
𝑍

𝑋 −𝑋𝑐
tan 𝜙 = 𝐿
𝑅
15. Pure resistive 𝜙=0
𝜋
Pure inductive 𝜙=
2
Pure capacitive
𝜋
𝜙=
2

16. e.m.f. in primary coil 𝑑𝜙 V

𝐸𝑃 = −𝑁𝑝
𝑑𝑡
e.m.f. in secondary coil
𝑑𝜙
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑁𝑠
𝑑𝑡
17. Transformer / Turn n=
𝑁𝑠
=
𝜀𝑠
= 𝐼𝑃
𝐼
𝑁𝑝 𝜀𝑝 𝑆

18. Efficiency of Transformer 𝜀𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

ɳ= × 100
𝜀𝑝 𝐼𝑝 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
 13

EM Waves
𝜀0 𝑑𝜙𝑒
Displacement Current : 𝐼0 =
𝑑𝑡

̅ = 𝜇0 [𝐼𝑐 + 𝜀0𝑑𝜙𝑒 ]
Maxwell modification of Ampere’s law : ∮𝑐 𝐵̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑡

𝐼
Frequency: 𝜐 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

Mathematical Representation

→ = 𝐸0 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)
𝐸
→ = 𝐵0 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)
𝐵

𝐸0
=c 𝐸0 = amplitude of electric intensity
𝐵0
𝐵0 = Magnetic Induction

Velocity of EM waves
1
(a) In free space c =
√𝜇0 𝜀0

1
(b) In other medium V=
√𝜇 𝜀

1 2
Electric energy density : 𝑈𝐸 = 𝜀0 𝐸0
2

1
Magnetic energy density : 𝑈𝑀 = 𝐵0 2
2𝜇0

Increasing order of Frequency

Radio < Micro <IR<Visible <UV<X rays <Gamma

Increasing order of Wavelength

Gamma< X rays<UV<Visible< IR<Micro <Radio

 14

Gamma Rays :-
𝜆 = 10−15 𝑡𝑜 10−10 m

𝜈 = 3 × 1018 𝑡𝑜 5 × 1020 m

X Rays :-
𝜆 = 10−11 𝑡𝑜 10−8 m

𝜈 = 1016 𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 3 × 1019 𝐻𝑧

UV Rays :-
𝜆 = 10−8 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 4 × 10−7 m

𝜈 = 3 × 1016 𝑡𝑜 7.5 × 1014 𝐻𝑧

Visible Light:- 𝜆 = 4 × 10−7 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 7.5 × 10−7 m

𝜈 = 4 × 1014 𝑡𝑜 8 × 1014 𝐻𝑧

IR 𝜆 = 7 × 107 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 10−5 m

𝜈 = 3 × 1011 𝑡𝑜 4 × 1014 𝐻𝑧

Microwaves 𝜆 = 1 × 10−3 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 3 × 10−1 m

𝜈 = 5 × 109 𝑡𝑜 1 × 1012 𝐻𝑧

Radio waves 𝜆 = 1 × 10−1 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 107 m

𝜈 = 109 𝑡𝑜 3 × 103 𝐻𝑧
 15

RAY OPTICS
Formula Name Formula
Mirror Formula 1
= +
1 1
𝜈 = image distance
𝑓 𝑢 𝜈
𝑢= object distance
f = focal length

Magnification(Mirror) m =
ℎ𝑖
=
−𝜈
ℎ𝑖 = image height
ℎ0 𝑢
ℎ0 =object height
Thin Lens formula 1
=
1
-
1
𝑓 𝜈 𝑢
Magnification(Lens) m=
ℎ𝑖
=
𝜈
ℎ0 𝑢
Snell’s Law sin 𝑖
= Constant
sin 𝑟
Lateral Shift 𝓍=
tsin(𝑖−𝑟)
cos 𝑟
Refractive Index 𝜇= =
𝑐 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚
𝑣 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
Refraction at a Spherical Surface 𝜇2 𝜇1 𝜇2 −𝜇1
- =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅

(Object in rarer medium)

------------------------------------------------------
𝜇1 𝜇2 𝜇1 −𝜇2
- =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅

(Object in denser medium)

Principle of Reversibility 𝜇 = 1/1𝜇2

2 1
Critical Angle (𝑖𝑐 ) 𝜇=
1
sin 𝑖𝑐
Refraction through Glass Prism 𝔦+𝑒 =𝐴+𝛿
sin 𝑖
air𝜇𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
sin 𝑟
(𝐴+𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑛 )⁄
sin[ 2]
=
𝐴
sin
2
𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = minimum deviation
1 𝜇1 −𝜇2 1 1
=[ ]( − )
𝑓 𝜇1 𝑅1 𝑅2
Lens Maker Formula(Convex lens)
Lens Maker Formula(Concave lens) 1
=[
𝜇1 −𝜇2
](
1
+
1
)
𝑓 𝜇1 𝑅1 𝑅2
Power of lens P=
1
Dioptre(D)
𝑓
 16

f=Focal length
Combination of Lens
m=𝑚1 × 𝑚2 × 𝑚3 ×∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙

P=𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 + ⋯
1 1 1 1
= + + +∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3
17
 18

Wave Optics
Interference:-

1. 𝐴2 =𝑎1 2 + 𝑎2 2 + 2𝑎1 𝑎2 cos 𝜙

2. Ι 2 =Ι1 2 + Ι2 2 + 2√Ι1 Ι2 cos 𝜙
𝜙
3. Ι𝑅 = 4Ι cos 2
2

2
Ι𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √Ι1 + √Ι2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 2 = 𝑟+1 2
4. [ ] [ ] [ ]
Ι𝑚𝑖𝑛 √Ι1 − √Ι2 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 𝑟−1

Ι1 = 𝑎1 2 = 2 =𝜔1
5. 𝑟
Ι2 𝑎2 2 𝜔2

Constructive Interference Destructive Interference

1. 𝜙 = 2𝑛𝜋 1. 𝜙 = (2𝑛 − 1)𝜋

2. P=n𝜆 2. P = (2𝑛 − 1)
𝜆
2

3. P=
𝑥𝑑 3. 𝑥𝑑
𝐷 P=
𝐷
n 𝜆𝐷
4. 𝑥= 4. (2𝑛−1)𝜆𝐷
𝑑 𝑥=
2𝑑
n𝜆
5. 𝜃= 5. (2𝑛−1) 𝜆
𝑑 𝜃=
2𝑑
6. 𝜆𝐷 6.
𝛽= 𝜆𝐷
𝑑 𝛽=
𝑑
Diffraction :-
Diffraction at single slit:-
𝜆𝐷
1st minima =
𝑑
𝜆𝐷
2 minima = 2 ×
nd
𝑑
𝜆𝐷
3rd minima = 3 ×
𝑑
Width of central minima:-
𝜆𝐷
𝛽0 = 2( )
𝑑

𝛽0 = 2𝛽
 19

Dark Fringe (Minima) Bright Fringe (Maxima)

𝐧𝝀 (𝟐𝒏+𝟏) 𝝀
𝜽= 𝜽=
𝒅 𝟐𝒅

𝐧 𝝀𝑫 (𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝝀𝑫
𝒙= 𝒙=
𝒅 𝟐𝒅
 20

Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter

Formula Name Formula
Energy of a Photon E=
ℎ𝑐
= h𝜈
𝜆
Momentum of a Photon P =mc =
hν
=
ℎ
𝑐 𝜆
K.E. gained by an electron eV = m𝑣 2
1
2
Relation of stopping potential & K.E. 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
1
m𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 = e𝑣0
2

Einstein’s equation of photoelectric E = 𝑊0 + KE

emission
1
h𝜈 = ℎ𝜈0 + m𝑣 2
2

h𝜈 = ℎ𝜈0 + 𝑒𝑉0
De Broglie’s equation ℎ ℎ
𝜆= =
𝑚𝑣 𝑝

ℎ
𝜆=
√2𝑒𝑚𝑉

ℎ
𝜆=
√2𝑒𝑚𝑘𝐸

12∙2
𝜆= ( 𝑖𝑛 Å)
√𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
h = Planck’s constant
h = 6∙ 626 × 10−34 𝐽𝑠
 21

Atoms
Formula Name Formula
Distance of closest approach 4𝐾𝑧𝑒 2
𝑟0 =
𝑚𝑣 2
Impact parameter(b) 𝐾𝑧𝑒 2 cot
𝜃
b = 1⁄ 𝑚𝑣 22
2

Expression for radius of orbit 𝑛2 ℎ 2

𝑟 =4𝜋𝑚𝐾𝑧𝑒 2

velocity of 𝑒 − 2𝜋𝐾𝑧𝑒 2
V= 𝑛ℎ

Potential energy −𝐾𝑧𝑒 2

U=
𝑟

Kinetic energy 𝐾𝑧𝑒 2 |𝑈|

K= =2
2𝑟

Total Energy −𝐾𝑧𝑒 2

K +U= U =
2𝑟

Wavelength of radiations emitted from 1

= R[
1
−
1
]
H -Atom 𝜆 𝑛1 2 𝑛2 2

(R: 1∙ 09 × 107 𝑚−1 )

Angular Moment L ℎ
𝜆= =
ℎ
𝑃 𝑚𝑣
2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆
𝑛ℎ
2𝜋𝑟 =
𝑚𝑣
L = mvr =n(ℎ⁄2𝜋)
 22

Nuclei
Formula Name Formula
Energy Mass E = m𝑐 2
equivalence

Nuclear Density P P=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠

𝑚𝐴 𝑚
= 1 3
==4
4 𝜋(𝑅0 )3
𝜋(𝑅0 𝐴 3 ) 3
3

Kg⁄
= 2∙ 3 × 1017
𝑚2
Mass Defect (∆𝑚) ∆𝑚 = sum of masses of nucleus -mass of nucleus
={𝑍𝑚𝑝 + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑝}-M

Binding Energy ∆𝐸𝑏 = [𝑍𝑚𝑝 + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀] 𝑐 2

(∆𝐸𝑏 ) ∴ ∆𝐸𝑏 = (∆𝑚)𝑐 2
 23

SEMICONDUCTOR

The main formula for the dynamic resistance of a semiconductor is

𝛥𝑉
𝑟𝑑 =
𝛥𝐼
Δ𝑉
is a small change in voltage and
Δ𝐼
is the corresponding change in current
24
25