REINFORCED CONCRETE / PRESTRESSED DESIGN

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Concrete - it is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in a rocklike
mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are added to change
certain characteristics of concrete such as for durability, workability, and time of hardening.

Reinforced Concrete - a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides
the tensile strength of the concrete. Concrete is good in compression but not that as in tension.

Aggregates - the aggregates used in concrete occupy about three-fourths of the concrete volume.
Since they are less expensive than cement, it is desirable to use as much of the aggregates as
possible. Fine Aggregate are aggregates PASSES in a No. 4 Sieve (or about 6mm) usually sand. While,
Coarse Aggregates are aggregates RETAINES in a No. 4 Sieve usually gravel.

Water - it is used in mixing concrete and it shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils,
acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or
reinforcement.

Reinforcing Steel Bar - used for concrete structures in the form of bars or welded wire fabric.
Reinforcing Steel Bar can be referred plane or deformed. Deformed bars ribbed projections rolled
into their surfaces to provide better bonding between the concrete and steel. Plane bars used more
often in wrapping around longitudinal bars primarily in column. Usual size in the
Philippines are (in diameter) 10,12,16,20,25,28,32,36,40, and 58 while usual length are 6m, 7.5m,
9m and 12m.

Source: Philippine National Standard Source: [Link]

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as Structural Material
1. Concrete is strong in compression compared with most other materials
2. Concrete building has a great resistance to the actions of fire and water
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid
4. It requires less maintenance than a structural steel or timber
5. It has a very long service life as compared to other materials
6. Concrete material is a very widely available
7. Concrete has its ability to be cast into any variety of shapes and dimensions of desired
structures
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as Structural Material
1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength
2. Concrete structures require forms and shoring to hold the concrete in place and support its
weight until it hardens and until its strength is adequate
3. It has a relatively low strength per unit weight or volume
4. The properties of concrete vary widely because of the variations in its proportioning and
mixing.

Concrete Design Properties (NSCP 2015 Section 419.2)

 Specified Compressive Strength (NSCP 2015 Section 419.2.1)

The value of the f’c shall be specified in construction documents and shall be in accordance with
the following.
Limits in Table [Link]

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 1|Page

a. Durability requirements in Table [Link]
b. Structural strength requirements

Table [Link] Limits of f’c (Specified Compressive Strength of Concrete)

Minimum f’c, Maximum f’c,
Application Concrete
(MPa) (MPa)
Normal weight and
General 17 None
Lightweight
Special moment frames Normal weight 21 None
and special structural
Lightweight 21 35 [1]
walls
[1] The limit is permitted to be exceeded where demonstrated by experimental evidence that members with
lightweight concrete provide strength and toughness equal to or exceeding those of comparable members made
with normal weight concrete of the same strength.

Modulus of Elasticity (NSCP 2015 Section 419.2.2)

Modulus of Elasticity of concrete is the ratio of the normal stress to corresponding strain
for tensile or compressive stress below the proportional limit of the material.
a. For values of wc (weight of concrete) between 1440 and 2500 kg/cu.m.
E𝑐 = w𝑐1.50.043√𝑓′𝑐 (in MPa)
b. For normal weight of concrete
E𝑐 = 4700√𝑓′𝑐 ( in MPa)
Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement (NSCP 2015 Section 425.2)
425.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be at
least greatest of 25mm, db, and (4/3)daggregates
425.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal layers shall
be placed directly above reinforcement of the bottom layer with clear spacing between
layers at least 25mm
425.2.3 For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestals, struts, and boundary elements in
the wall, clear spacing between bars shall be at least the greatest of 40mm, 1.5 db., and
(4/3)daggregates
Specified Concrete Cover Requirements (NSCP 2015 Section [Link])
 [Link].1 non-prestressed cast-in-place concrete members shall have specified concrete
cover for reinforcement at least that the given in Table [Link].1

Table [Link].1
Specified Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place Non-prestressed Concrete Members

Specified
Concrete
Member Reinforcement Cover,
Exposure
mm
Cast against and
permanently in All All 75
contact with ground
20mm dia. through 58mm dia. bars 50
Exposed to
All 16mm dia. bar, MW200 or
weather or in
MD200 40
contact with
ground Wire, and smaller

40mm dia. and 58mm dia. bars 40

Slab, joists, and
Not exposed to walls
36mm dia. bar and smaller 20
weather or in
contact with Beams, columns,
Primary reinforcement, stirrups, ties,
ground pedestals, and 40
spirals, and hoops
tension ties
 [Link].2 Cast in-place prestressed concrete members shall have specified concrete cover for
reinforcement, ducts, and end fittings at least that given in Table [Link].2

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 2|Pa ge

 Table [Link].2
Specified Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place Prestressed Concrete Members

Concrete Exposure Member Reinforcement Specified Cover, mm

Cast against and
permanently in contact with All All 75
ground
Exposed to weather or in Slab, joists, and walls All 25
contact with ground All others All 40
Slab, joists, and walls All 20
Not exposed to weather
or in contact with ground Beams, columns, Primary reinforcement 40
pedestals, and Stirrups, ties, spirals,
tension ties and hoops 25

 [Link].4 For bundled bars, specified concrete cover shall be at least lower of a.) equivalent diameter
of the bundled bar, and b.) 50mm. and for concrete cast against and permanently in contact with ground,
the specified cover shall be 75mm

Strength Reduction Factors (ø) (NSCP 2015 Section 421.2)

 421.2.1 Strength reduction factor (ø), shall be in accordance with Table 421.2.1 except as
modified by Sections 421.2.2, 421.2.3, and 421.2.4
Table 421.2.1 Strength Reduction Factors (ø)

Action or Structural Element ø Exceptions

a Near ends of pretensioned
members where strands are
Moment, axial force, or 0.65 to 0.90 in
not fully developed,
combined moment and accordance with
strength reduction factor
axial force Section 421.2.2
shall be in accordance with
section 421.2.3
b Additional requirements
are given in section
Shear 0.75 421.2.4 for structures
designed to resist
earthquake effects
c Torsion 0.75 -
d Bearing 0.65 -
e Post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85 -
f Brackets and Corbels 0.75 -
g Struts, ties, nodal
zones, and bearing
areas designed in
0.75 -
accordance with strut-
and-tie
method in Section 423
h Components of connections
of
precast members controlled 0.90 -
by yielding of steel elements in
tension
i Plain concrete elements 0.60 -
j 0.45 to 0.75 in
Anchors in concrete elements accordance with section -
417

 421.2.2 Strength reduction factor for moment, axial force, or combined moment and axial force shall be
in accordance with Table 421.2.2

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 3|Pa ge

 Table 421.2.2
Strength Reduction Factor (ø), for Moment, Axial Force, or Combined Moment and Axial Force

ø
Type of Transverse Reinforcement
Yield Strength Classification
Spirals conforming to Sec.
Other
425.7.3
Compression
𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 0.75 (a) 0.65 (b)
Controlled
(fs − fy) (fs − fy)
𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 Transition [1] 0.75 + 0.15 (c) 0.65 + 0.25 (d)
(1000 − fy) (1000 − fy)

𝑓𝑠 > 1000 Tension Controlled 0.90 (e) 0.90 (f)

[1] For sections
classified as transition, it shall be permitted to use ø corresponding to compression-
controlled sections

 [Link] For deformed reinforcement 𝜀𝑡𝑦, shall be fy/Es . For Grade 280 deformed
reinforcement, it shall be permitted to take 𝜀𝑡𝑦 equal to 0.002

Load Combinations using Strength Design or Load and Resistance Factor Design (NSCP 2015 SECTION
203.3)
203.3.1 Where the strength design or load and resistance factor design (LRFD) is used, structures
and all portions thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of
factored loads:
1.4(D+F) (203-1)
1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) +0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.50W) (203-3)
1.2D + 1.0W +1L + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
1.2D + 1.0E +1L (203-5)
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H (203-6)
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (203-7)
Where;

D = Dead Load Lr = Roof Live Load

L = Live Load T = Temperature Load
W = Wind Load F = Fluid Load
E = Earthquake Load

The following are the most common load combinations for most applications:
a. 1.4D
b. 1.2D + 1.6L
c. 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0W
d. 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0E
e. 0.9D + 1.0W
f. 0.9D + 1.0E

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 4|Pa ge

 Chapter 2: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURE
(STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD)
Notations and Symbols:

𝑎 = depth of equivalent stress block, 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠 = area of tension reinforcement, 𝑚𝑚2
𝑏 = width of compression face of member, 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, 𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝑐 = copressive force of concrete, 𝑁
𝑐𝑏 = balanced 𝑐, 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension =
reinforcement, 𝑚𝑚
𝑑′ = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression =
reinforcement, 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝑐 = modulus of elasticity of concrete, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠 = modulus of elasticity of steel = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐′ = specified compressive stress of concrete, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = calculated stress in reinforcement at service load, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 = specified yield strength of steel, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ℎ = overall thickness of member, 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = nominal moment, 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑏 = nominal balanced moment, 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑡 = nominal moment for tension-controlled section, 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum nominal moment, 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = ultimate moment at section, 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑇 = tensile force of steel reinforcement, 𝑁
𝛽1 = factor depending on the value of 𝑓𝑐′
𝜀𝑠 = strain in steel below yield point = 𝑓𝑠 /𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = strain in concrete, (maximum = 0.003)
𝜀𝑦 = strain in steel at yield point = 𝑓𝑦 /𝐸𝑠
∅ = strength reduction factor
∅𝑀𝑛 = ultimate moment capacity, 𝑁𝑚𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum ultimate moment, 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝑏 = balanced steel ratio
𝜌 = ratio of tension reinforcement
𝜔 = reinforcement index ratio

INTRODUCTION
Beams are structural members that are primarily subjected to flexure and bending. There are two
philosophies of design that are used to analyze the beam sections – (1) WORKING STRESS DESIGN
and (2) STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD. In WSD, a structural element is so designed that the stresses
resulting from the action of service load/ working loads and computed by the mechanics of elastic
members do not exceed some predesignated allowable values. In SDM or ULTIMATE STRENGHT
DESIGN (USD), the service loads are increased by factors to obtain the load at which failure is
considered to be imminent. This load is called the factored load or factored service load. The SDM
requires the conditions of static equilibrium and strain compatibility across the depth of the section
to be satisfied. The cross-sectional dimensions of a flexural member and the required amount of
flexural reinforcement at critical sections are determined using the strength and serviceability
requirements of the code.

For flexure, design strength for at all section shall satisfy

∅𝑴𝒏 ≥ 𝑴𝒖

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 5|Pa ge

where ∅𝑴𝒏 is the design strength of the member at a particular section and 𝑴𝒖 is the moment due
to the factored loads, which commonly is referred to as the factored design moment.

DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS FOR CONCRETE (NSCP 2015 SECTION 422.2.2)

The following are the assumptions for Strength Design method:

 Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compassion fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003.
 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in flexural and axial strength calculations.
 The relationship between concrete compressive stress and strain shall be presented by a
rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or other shape that results in prediction of strength in
substantial agreement with result of comprehensive tests.
 Concrete stress of 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a line parallel to the neutral
axis located a distance located a distance 𝒂 from the fiber of maximum compressive strain,
as calculated by:
𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄

 Distance from the fiber of maximum compressive strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be
measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
 Values of 𝜷𝟏 shall be in accordance with Table [Link]

Table [Link].3
Values of 𝜷𝟏 for Equivalent Rectangular Concrete Stress Distribution
𝒇′𝒄 , 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝜷𝟏
17 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28 0.85 (a)
′
0.05(𝑓𝑐 − 28)
28 < 𝑓𝑐′ < 55 0.85 − (b)
7
𝑓𝑐′ ≥ 55 0.65 (c)

ANALYSIS OF A SINGLY – REINFORCED BEAM

Stress and Strain Diagram for Singly – Reinforced Beam

Depth of compression block (𝒂)

𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄
∑ 𝑭𝒉 = 𝟎;

𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
𝒂=
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒃
Multiplying Eq (2.2)
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 6|Pa ge

 𝝆𝒅𝒇𝒚
𝒂=
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄

𝐴
Since 𝜌 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠 or the steel reinforcement, we get:
𝝆𝒅𝒇𝒚
𝒂=
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄

Nominal Moment Capacity:

From the stress diagram,
𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪𝒄 (𝒅 − ) = 𝑻 (𝒅 − )
𝟐 𝟐

Ultimate Moment Capacity (Design Strength):

𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝑴𝒏
𝝆𝒇𝒚
𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝝆𝒇𝒚 𝒃𝒅𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝟏.𝟕𝒇′ )
𝒄
note: this formula is applicable when (𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 ) it is commonly used is design of beams.

Coefficient of Resistance:
𝑹𝒏 = 𝒇′𝒄 𝝎(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝎)

Then,
𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝑹𝒏 𝒃𝒅𝟐

Also,

𝒇′𝒄 𝟐𝑹𝒏
𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 [𝟏 − √𝟏 − ]
𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄

Types of Failure and Strain Limit

1. Tension Controlled Section – in this case, the failure is due to the yielding steel reaching a high
strain equal or greater than 0.005.

The beam is tension controlled-controlled when 𝜀𝑠 ≥ 0.005

𝑐𝑡 𝑑 − 𝑐𝑡
=
0.003 0.005

3
𝑐𝑡 = (𝑑 − 𝑐𝑡 )
5

𝟑
𝒄𝒕 = (𝒅)
𝟖

𝟑
𝒂 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑡 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒅
𝟖

For Rectangular Beam:

𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − )
2
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛𝑡 = 0.9(0.85𝑓𝐶′ 𝑎𝑏)(𝑑 − )
2
Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 7|Pa ge
 𝟑
𝟑 𝜷𝟏 𝟖 𝒅
∅𝑀𝑛𝑡 = 0.9 (0.85𝑓𝐶′ 𝜷𝟏 𝒅𝑏) (𝑑 − )
𝟖 2

𝟒𝟓𝟗 𝟑
∅𝑴𝒏𝒕 = (𝜷𝟏 𝒇′𝑪 𝒃𝒅𝟐 ) (𝟏 − 𝜷 )
𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟔 𝟏

2. The Balanced Section – if the maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber just
reaches the crushing strain 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003 at the same time as the tension steel reaches a strain
𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑠 = 𝐸 causing them to fail simultaneously.
𝑠
𝑐𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏
=
0.003 𝑓𝑦
⁄𝐸
𝑠

𝑐𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏
=
0.003 𝑓𝑦⁄
200,000

𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒅
𝒄𝒃 = → 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒄
𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚
𝑎
Since 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 𝛽 ,
1
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝜌𝑑𝑓𝑦
𝑐= = =
𝛽1 𝛽1 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1
𝑐 = 𝑐,
𝜌𝑑𝑓𝑦 600𝑑
′
=
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 600 + 𝑓𝑦

𝒇′𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝜷𝟏 ( ) → 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚

3. Compression-Controlled Section – the concrete strength and its maximum strain of 0.003 are
reached, but the steel stress is less than the yield strength, that is 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 . The strain in the steel
is equal to less than 0.002. For maximum condition 𝜀𝑐 = 0.004)

𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 − 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
=
0.003 0.004

3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑑 − 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
4

3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑑)
7

𝟑
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜷𝟏 ( ) 𝒅
𝟕

For Rectangular Beam:

𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦

𝟑
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝜷𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝑏 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦
𝟕

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 8|Pa ge

 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ∙ → 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝟕 𝒇𝒚
Then,
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − )
2

3
3 𝛽1 (7) 𝑑
∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 ( ) 𝑑𝑏(𝑑 − )
7 2

𝟓𝟏 ′ 𝟑
∅𝑴𝒏𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ∅ 𝒇𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝒃𝒅𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝜷 )
𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟒 𝟏

2.3.2 MINIMUM FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT IN NON – PRESTRESSED BEAMS (NSCP 2015 SECTION
409.6.1)

 [Link] A minimum area of flexural reinforcement 𝑨𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be provided at every section
where tension reinforcement is required by analysis.
 [Link] 𝑨𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 Shall be the greater of (a) and (b), except as provided in section [Link]. For
a statistically determinate beam with a flange in tension, the value of 𝒃𝑤 shall be lesser of 𝒃𝑓 and
𝟐𝒃𝒘
𝟎.𝟐𝟓√𝒇′𝒄
a) 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝒇𝒚

𝟏.𝟒
b) 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝒇𝒚

 [Link] If 𝑨𝒔 provided at every section is at least one-third greater than 𝑨𝒔 required by

analysis, section [Link] and [Link] need not be satisfied.

 STEPS IN DETERMINING THE MOMENT CAPACITY OF A SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

(Investigate)
a. Assume that TENSION YIELDS.
b. Identify if tension steel will yield or not (𝑓𝑠 , 𝑓𝑦 )
c. Determine the height of the compression block (a,c) use 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
d. Compute for the value of 𝑓𝑠
e. Compute for the reduction factor (table 421.2.2)
f. Get Nominal Moment (𝑀𝑛 )
g. Get ultimate Moment ((𝑀𝑢 )

 STEPS IN DETERMINING THE DESIGN OF A SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

a. Solve for 𝑀𝑢 if design moment is given:
3 0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐′
b. Determine 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 [ ]
𝑓𝑦
c. Determine 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥
3
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 𝑑
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
3
𝑎 = 𝛽1 7 𝑑
3
𝑎 𝛽1 𝑑
𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 2) = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 7
)
2

d. Determine reduction factor (compare 𝑓𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝑦 )

𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥
If 𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 design as singly reinforce beam
𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 design as doubly reinforce beam
e. Determine if Tension controlled or transition region

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 9|Pa ge

 3
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85 [8 𝑑] (assume tension controlled)
𝑎
𝑀𝑛𝑇𝐶 = 𝐶(𝑑 − )
2
𝑀𝑢𝑇𝐶 = ∅𝑀𝑛𝑇𝐶 (∅ = 0.9 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑)
If 𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑢𝑇𝐶 ∶ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑢𝑇𝐶 ∶ 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
f. Determine 𝐴𝑠
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛
𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅([𝐶 (𝑑 − 2)] (solve for a)
Solve for 𝜌
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 1.7𝑓′ )
𝑐
Or C = T
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦
0.25√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4
Check for 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and choose greater
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌
g. Determine Area of steel
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

Problem 2.1: A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 500
mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use NSCP 2015
a. Determine the balanced steel ratio
b. Determine balanced steel ration required

Problem 2.4: A beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 500 mm 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
414 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜀𝑠 = 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎
a. Determine the maximum depth of rectangular stress block
b. Determine the maximum steel area required

Problem 2.8: A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth of 550mm.
the beam is simply supported over a span of 6m and is used to carry a uniform dead load of 20 kN/m
and a uniform live load of 40kn/m. Assume 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and 𝑓𝑦 = 312 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Compression
reinforcement, if necessary, shall be placed at a depth 80mm from the outermost compression
concrete. Determine the required tension steel area using NSCP 2015

Chapter 3: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T-BEAMS AND

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Notations and Symbols:

𝑎 = depth of equivalent stress block, 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠 = area of tension reinforcement, 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴′𝑠 = area of compression reinforcement, 𝑚𝑚2
𝑏 = width of compression face of member, 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, 𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝑐 = copressive force of concrete, 𝑁
𝑐𝑏 = balanced 𝑐, 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension =
reinforcement, 𝑚𝑚
𝑑′ = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression =
reinforcement, 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝑐 = modulus of elasticity of concrete, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠 = modulus of elasticity of steel = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐′ = specified compressive stress of concrete, 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 10 | P a g e

𝑓𝑠 = calculated stress in reinforcement at service load, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 = specified yield strength of steel, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ℎ = overall thickness of member, 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = nominal moment, 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = ultimate moment at section, 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑇 = tensile force of steel reinforcement, 𝑁
𝛽1 = factor depending on the value of 𝑓𝑐′
𝜀𝑠 = strain in steel below yield point = 𝑓𝑠 /𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = strain in concrete, (maximum = 0.003)
𝜀𝑦 = strain in steel at yield point = 𝑓𝑦 /𝐸𝑠
∅ = strength reduction factor
𝜌𝑏 = balanced steel ratio

T-BEAMS
Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of slabs and beams that are placed
monolithically. As a result, the two parts act together to resist loads. In effect, the beams have extra
widths at their tops, called flanges, resulting T- shaped beams are called T-Beams. The part of a T-
beam below the slab is reference to as the web or stem.

T-BEAM (EOMETRY NSCP 2015 SECTION 406.3.2)

For non – prestressed T-beams supporting monolithic or composite slabs, the effective flange width
𝑏𝑓 shall include the beam web width 𝑏𝑤 plus an effective overhanging flange width in accordance
with table [Link], where h, is the slab thickness and 𝑠𝑤 is the clear distance of the adjacent web.

Table [Link]
Dimensional Limits for Overhanging Flange
Width for T-Beams
Flange location Effective overhanging flange width, beyond face of web
8h
Each side of web Least of; 𝑠𝑤 /2

𝐿𝑛 /8

6h
One side of web Least of; 𝑠𝑤 /2

𝐿𝑛 /12

𝒔𝒘𝟏 𝒔𝒘𝟐

Figure: Effective flange width of T-Beam

Flange location Effective flange width, 𝒃𝒇

𝑏𝑤 + 16ℎ
Interior Beam Least of; 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑠𝑤1 /2 + 𝑠𝑤2 /2

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 11 | P a g e

 𝑏𝑤 +𝐿𝑛 /4

𝑏𝑤 + 6ℎ
End Beam Least of; 𝑏𝑤 +𝑠𝑤 /2

𝑏𝑤 + 𝐿𝑛 /12

Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in non-prestressed Beams (NSCP2015 Section 409.6.1)

𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 shall be the greater of (a) and (b), except as provided in section [Link]. For a statically
determinate beam with a flange in tension, the valu of 𝒃𝒘 shall be the lesser of 𝑏𝑓 and 𝟐𝒃𝒘

𝟎.𝟐𝟓√𝒇′𝒄
a. 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝒇𝒚

𝟏.𝟒
b. 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝒇𝒚

T-Beam Analysis Solving for 𝑴𝒖

Step 1: Find the value of 𝑏𝑓 – (NSCP 2015) Choose smallest

Step 2: C = T (always assume yield)

Where: 𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

Step 3: Check if T-Beam

If T – Beam : 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 > 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓
If not : 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 ≤ 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓

Step 4: Solve for a and c

If T – Beam : 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 + (𝑎 − 𝑡𝑓 )(𝑏𝑤 )
If not : 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑎𝑏𝑓

Step 5: Stress check, 𝑓𝑠

If yield: 𝑀𝑛
If not : Repeat Step 2 (substitute the formula of 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 , 𝑎 and 𝑓𝑠 to C = T
Note:
 Area of concrete in step 5 depends if the section is T-Beam or not
 To check is steel yield or not
𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 : 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 (𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅) ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 < 𝒇𝒔 : 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
(𝒇𝒔 −𝒇𝒚 )
𝒇𝒚 < 𝒇𝒔 < 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎: 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝒇
𝒚

T-Beam Analysis Solving for 𝑨𝒔

Step 1: Solve for ∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥
3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 𝑑
𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑧 =𝑎−𝑡
𝑡 𝑧
𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶1 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶2 (𝑑 − 𝑡 − )
2 2
(𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦 )
∅ = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
If ∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑅𝐵

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 12 | P a g e

If ∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑀𝑢 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑅𝐵

Step 2: Check Moment Capacity of flange ∅𝑀𝑛𝑓

Assume 𝑎 = 𝑡
Get value of 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑠
 𝐼𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑, ∅ = 0.90
(𝑓𝑠 −𝑓𝑦 )
 𝐼𝑓 𝑓𝑠 < 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛, ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 1000−𝑓
𝑦
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛𝑓 = ∅𝐶1 (𝑑 − )
2
 𝐼𝑓 𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛𝑓 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚
 𝐼𝑓 𝑀𝑢 > ∅𝑀𝑛𝑓 , 𝑎 > 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑇 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
As Rectangular Beam
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐶 (𝑑 − ) = ∅0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2 2
𝑎 = ________
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑓 = 𝑨𝒔 𝑓𝑦

Check shall be greater

0.25√𝑓𝑐′
a) 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
1.4
b) 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦

As T-Beam
Assume ∅ = 0.90
𝑡 𝒛
Get value of z using: 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐶1 (𝑑 − 2) + ∅𝐶2 (𝑑 − 𝑡 − 2)
𝑎 =𝑡+𝑧
𝑎
𝑐=𝛽
1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( )
𝑐
 𝐼𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑, ∅ = 0.90
Proceed to 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑡𝑏𝑓 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑧𝑏𝑤 = 𝑨𝒔 𝑓𝑦
(𝑓𝑠 −𝑓𝑦 )
 𝐼𝑓 𝑓𝑠 < 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛, ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 1000−𝑓
𝑦
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( )
𝑐
𝑡 𝛽1 𝑐−𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐶1 (𝑑 − 2) + ∅𝐶2 (𝑑 − 𝑡 − ) Then get the values of c, a 𝑓𝑠 , ∅, 𝑧
2
Proceed to 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑡𝑏𝑓 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑧𝑏𝑤 = 𝑨𝒔 𝑓𝑦
Check shall be greater:
0.25√𝑓𝑐′
a) 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
1.4
b) 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

If a beam cross section is limited because of architectural and other consideration, it may happen
that the concrete could not develop the compression force required to resist the given bending
moment and the compression concrete should be reinforced with steel to carry compression. These
beam section are designed to have both tension and compression steel reinforcement, resulting in
a double reinforced beam.

Doubly reinforced beam is analyzed by dividing the beam into two couples 𝑀𝑢1 and 𝑀𝑢2 as shown.
 𝑀𝑢1 is the couple due to compression concrete and the part of the tension steel 𝐴𝑠1 .

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 13 | P a g e

  𝑀𝑢2 is the couple due to compression steel 𝐴′𝑠 and the other part of the steel area 𝐴𝑠2 .

Source: KippapEducation
Note: In DRB Tension steel (𝑇𝑠 ) always yield but Compression steel (𝐶𝑠 ) may yield or not, but
always check if Tension steel really yields.

𝐶=𝑇
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠
where;
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑟𝑓𝑠′ )
𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 Depends if compression steel yields or not
Equate:
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑠′ ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
For values of;
Tensile steel stress
𝒅−𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
Compression steel stress
𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇′𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
For maximum area of Tension steel bar;

′
𝒇′𝒔
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒃𝒅) + 𝑨𝒔 ( )
𝒇𝒚
Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Doubly Reinforced Beam
1. Assume that the compression and tension yields (𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇′𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 )
2. Determine the height of the compression block (a,c)
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃 + 𝑨′𝒔 (𝒇𝒚 ) = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
Table [Link].3
Values of 𝜷𝟏 for Equivalent Rectangular Concrete Stress Distribution
𝒇′𝒄 , 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝜷𝟏
17 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28 0.85 (a)
′
0.05(𝑓𝑐 − 28)
28 < 𝑓𝑐′ < 55 0.85 − (b)
7
𝑓𝑐′ ≥ 55 0.65 (c)

3. Identify if the compression and the tension steel will yield, compute for the value of 𝒇𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝒇′𝒔
 if 𝒇𝒔 > 𝒇𝒚 Tension Yields
 if 𝒇′𝒔 > 𝒇𝒚 Compression Yields
4. Compute for reduction factor (∅)
Table 421.2.2

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 14 | P a g e

 Strength Reduction Factor (ø), for Moment, Axial Force, or Combined Moment and Axial Force
ø
Type of Transverse Reinforcement
Yield Strength Classification
Other

Compression
𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 0.65 (b)
Controlled
(fs − fy)
𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 Transition [1] 0.65 + 0.25 (d)
(1000 − fy)

𝑓𝑠 > 1000 Tension Controlled 0.90 (f)

𝑎 𝑎
5. Nominal Moment 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 2) + 𝐶𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 2) + 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑓𝑠′ 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 )(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
6. Ultimate Moment 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛
 Steps in determining the Area of Steel Required of a Doubly Reinforced Beam
1. Solve for 𝑀𝑢 if design moment is given:
3 0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐′
2. Determine 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 [ ]
𝑓𝑦
3. Determine 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥
3
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 𝑑
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
3
𝑎 = 𝛽1 7 𝑑
3
𝑎 𝛽1 𝑑
𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 2) = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 7
)
2

4. Determine reduction factor (compare 𝑓𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝑦 )

𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥
If 𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 design as singly reinforce beam
𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 design as doubly reinforce beam
5. Since Doubly Reinforced 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
For 𝐴𝑠1
C=T
For 𝐴𝑠1
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2
Sample Problem:
1. A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth of 600mm.
the steel covering both of the top and bottom reinforcements is 50mm. it is reinforced for
tension with 4000𝑚𝑚2 and for compression with 1200𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the permissible
ultimate capacity of the beam. 𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑝𝑎
2. Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam reinforce with 8-32 mm ∅
tension steel bars and 8-22 mm ∅ compression bars. Use concrete cover of the center of the
steel bar equivalent to 50mm. 𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑝𝑎
3. A rectangular beam is limited to a width of 300 mm, an effective depth of 400 mm and a total
depth of 450 mm. the beam carries a live load of 40kN/m and a total dead load of 20 kN/m
on a simple san of 6.0 meter. Determine the necessary reinforcement assuming a steel cover
of 50 mm. 𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑝𝑎
4. The T beam in the floor system shown has a slab thickness of 100 mm which is supported by
6.0 meters span length beam cast monolithically with the slab spacing of beams are 2.0
meters o.c and a web width of 300 mm and effective depth of 600 mm. The beam is reinforced
with 5-25 mm ∅. 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑝𝑎

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 15 | P a g e

 Chapter 4: SHEAR IN BEAMS

In a simple beam subjected to bending, the fibers above the neutral axis are in compression,
whereas tensile stresses occur in the fibers below this axis. The factors influencing shear strength
and formation of inclined cracks are so numerous and complex that a definitive conclusion
regarding the exact mechanism of inclined cracking resulting from high shear is difficult to establish.
The behavior of reinforced concrete beams at failure in shear is distinctly different from their
behavior in flexure. They fail abruptly without sufficient advanced warning, and the diagonal cracks
that develop are considerably larger than the flexural cracks. A concrete beam reinforced with
longitudinal steel only, will develop diagonal tensile stresses that tend to produce cracks, as
indicated in Fig. 1. These cracks are vertical at the center of span and become more inclined as they
approach the supports, sloping at an angle approximately 45o. The stresses that cause these cracks
are known as diagonal tension. In order to prevent this type of failure additional reinforcing bars
are added, which are called stirrups (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of beam).

• At a vertical section of a horizontal beam, shear is the internal force required to produce
vertical equilibrium.
• Loads acting on a beam produce bending moments and shear forces.
• Beams are usually designed for bending moments because the stresses produced by shear
forces are much smaller than those due to moment.
• However, once the beam size is established, shearing stress is checked to determine if
shear reinforcement, in the form of stirrups or inclined bars, is necessary.
For a beam of constant cross section and homogenous elastic material, the shear stress is
given by the expression:
𝑉𝑄
𝜐=
𝐼𝑏
υ = unit horizontal shear stress at a section
V = total shear at section
Q = Statical moment of inertia
I = moment of ineria
𝑏 = width of the member
However, the stated equation cannot be applied to reinforced concrete beams due to the following
reasons;
• Reinforced concrete beams is not a homogenous material because it is formed by two distinct
materials concrete and steel.
• Concrete is not elastic.
Therefore, considering all of these conditions, the actual shear stress on a section can be determined
by using an empirical equation stated below;
𝑽𝒖
𝝊=
𝒃𝒅
υ = actual shear stressat asection
𝑉𝑢 = design shear at section considered (due to factored loads)
d = effective depth of the beam
𝑏 = width of the beam
Nominal Shear Strength of Concrete; 𝑉𝑢
𝑽𝒏 = 𝑽 𝒄 + 𝑽𝒔

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 16 | P a g e

 𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄 + ∅𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒏
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
Where:
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
∅ = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Nominal Shear Strength of Concrete; 𝑉𝑐

Simplified Method;
• For members subjected to shear and flexure only;
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅
• For members subjected to axial compression;
𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 (𝟏 + ) 𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅
𝑨𝒈
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (+) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Detailed Analysis Method
To use detailed 𝑀𝑢 should be given

• For members subjected to shear and flexure only;

𝑽𝒖 𝒅
𝑽𝒄 = (𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 + 𝟏𝟕𝝆𝒘 ) 𝒃𝒅 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑉𝑐 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 0.29𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑴𝒖
𝑉𝑢 𝑑 𝐴𝑠
Where: < 1.0 (𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒 1.0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌𝑤 =
𝑀𝑢 𝑏𝑑

• For members subjected to axial compression; (columns)

𝑽𝒖 𝒅
𝑽𝒄 = (𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 + 𝟏𝟕𝝆𝒘 ) 𝒃𝒅
𝑴𝒎
𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝑵𝒖
≤ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅√𝟏 + 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑉𝑐 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 0.29𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑨𝒈
Where:
4ℎ−𝑑 𝑉𝑢 𝑑 𝐴
𝑀𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑁𝑢 ( ) 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 1.0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌𝑤 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠 ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
8 𝑀𝑢
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (+) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

• For members subjected to significant axial tension;

𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 (𝟏 + ) 𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅 ≥ 𝟎
𝑨𝒈
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (−) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜆 = 1.00 − 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝜆 = 0.85 − 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝜆 = 0.75 − 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

𝑽𝒖 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑴𝒖 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑨𝒔 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑽𝒖 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑴𝒎 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝒉 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Shear Reinforcements;
• When the concrete cross section has insufficient area to maintain shear stress below the
permissible values, additional resistance to shear may be provided.

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 17 | P a g e

 • One form of shear reinforcement consist of hoops or stirrups, which may be placed
vertically or at some angle with the horizontal.
• Another form of web reinforcement may consist of flexural reinforcement, which can be
bent diagonally upward to reinforce the web.
• Design yield strength of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 415 Mpa.

Design for Shear Reinforcements;

• The design of web reinforcement, under the provisions of the code, is based from the
computed strength of the two materials.
• In design, it is usually convenient to select a trial web-steel area based on standard stirrups
(usually in the range from No. 12 for stirrups and according to the longitudinal rebar size
for bent bars), for which the required spacing can be found.
• It should be emphasized that when conventional U stirrups are used, the web area
provided by each stirrup is twice the cross sectional area of the bar.
When shear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of member is used;
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠(# 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑔𝑠) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆
When inclined stirrups is used;
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = (sin 𝛼 + cos 𝛼)
𝑆
Section is inadequate if the shear in web reinforcement exceeds:
𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.66√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑

Spacing Limit of Shear Reinforcement;

When 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑑
𝑆≤
2
𝑆 ≤ 600 𝑚𝑚
When 𝑉𝑠 > 0.33√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑑
𝑆≤
4
𝑆 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 18 | P a g e

Minimum Spacing of Shear Reinforcements;
A minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural
members where the factored shear force exceed one half the shear strength provided by concrete,
except for;
- Slabs and footings
- Concrete joist construction
- Beams with total depth not greater than 250 mm, two and a half times the thickness of the
flange or one half the width of the web, whichever is greater.
- Where shear reinforcements is required, the minimum area of shear reinforcements shall
be computed by;

𝒃𝒘 𝑺 𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝒃𝒘 𝑺
𝑨𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐√𝒇′𝒄 ≤ note: choose lower
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚

Critical Section for Shear Stress

For non – prestressed members, sections located less than a distance “d” from the face of support
shall be permitted to design for the same ultimate shear as that computed at a distance “d”.
When;
𝑉
𝑉𝑢 < ∅ 2𝑐 no stirrups is required
𝑉𝑐
∅ < 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 provide minimum stirrups
2
∅𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 provide stirrups

Steps in solving given 𝑉𝑢 (Investiagation)

1. Solve for the following:
𝑉𝑐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅 , 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅
2. Compare the following
𝑉
a. 𝑉𝑢 < ∅ 𝑐 no stirrups is required
2
𝑉𝑐
b. ∅ < 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 minimum stirrups required
2
c. ∅𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 stirrups required
3. If condition b and c solve for 𝑉𝑠 using the equation 𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑠
4. Compare 𝑉𝑠 to 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅
𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.66√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑉𝑠 > 0.66√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒
5. If adequate compare 𝑉𝑠 to 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅

When 𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅
𝑑
𝑆≤
2
𝑆 ≤ 600 𝑚𝑚

When 𝑽𝒔 > 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑√𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒅

𝑑
𝑆≤
4
𝑆 ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚
6. If condition in step 2 is b solve for S
𝒃𝒘 𝑺 𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝒃𝒘 𝑺
𝑨𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐√𝒇′𝒄 ≤
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
If condition in step 2 is c solve for S
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 =
𝑺
7. Choose the lowest value of S in step 5 and step 6

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 19 | P a g e

Problem Solving
1. A simply supported beam has a rectangular section with 400 mm width and 600 mm high,
and a effective depth of 550, is reinforced with 4-25 mm diameter bars. Check if the section
is adequate for each of the following ultimate shear forces, also design the spacing of the
shear reinforcements if the web reinforcements has a diameter of 10 mm. (𝑓𝑐′ =
30.00 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 414.00𝑀𝑃𝑎)
a. 60 kN
b. 120 kN
c. 400 kN
d. 1000 kN
2. An 8 meter simply supported beam has a width of 400 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. It
carries a service dead load of 60 kN/m, which includes the weight of the beam, and service live
load of 80 kN/m. The beam is reinforced with a constant flexural tension seel of 8-25 mm
diameter bars. Check the section for shear and design the shear reinforcements if 10 mm diameter
bar are used. (Use detailed analysis)
a. Design the spacing of the web reinforcements at the critical section of the beam.
Given
𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 = 400.00𝑀𝑃𝑎

Engr. Marc Louis P. Bucad 20 | P a g e