S2
Aim:-
You are given a capillary tube. Measure the radius of the bore using a travelling microscope. Immerse it partially
in water. Measure the rise in a capillary tube. Hence calculate the surface tension of water.
2 3
Given a) Acceleration due to gravity, g = 980 cm/s , b) Density of water, ρ = 1 gm/cm , c) Angle of contact,
0
θ = 0 , d) Radius of bore = 0.065 cm
Apparatus:-
Acapillary tube, a beaker containing water, a travelling microscope, a cork, a rubber tube, a wooden block,
laboratory stand, a long pin
Observation
1) Least count(LC)) of the travelling microscope
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.005
𝐿𝐿. 𝐶𝐶. = = = 0.001 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 50
2) Determination of the height of the water column in capillary tube
Main Scale Coincident Vernier
Reading when the Total reading
Obs reading vernier scale
micorrscope is a+c
No. a scale reading
focused on (cm)
(cm) division c= a × LC
1 Water meniscus (h1) 6.55 40 0.040 h1= 6.590
2 Tip of the pin (h2) 8.85 30 0.030 h2= 8.890
ℎ = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 6.590 − 8.890 = 2.29 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Given: a) Acceleration due to gravity, g = 980 cm/s2, b) Density of water, ρ = 1 gm/cm3, c) Angle of contact, θ = 00.
cosϑ=cos 0 = 1
ℎ𝑟𝑟𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑇𝑇 =
2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃
2.2900 × 0.065 × 1 × 980
𝑇𝑇 =
2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
2.2900 × 0.065 × 1 × 980
𝑇𝑇 =
2×1
145.873
𝑇𝑇 =
2
𝑇𝑇 = 72.94 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑇 = 0.07294 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Result:
The surface Tension of the water is 72.11 dyne/cm = 0.07294 N/m
S3
Aim:
You are given two capillary tubes. Immerse it partially in water. Measure the rise of water in capillary tube in
each case. Hence compare the radii of the bores
Apparatus:-
Acapillary tube, a beaker containing water, a travelling microscope, a cork, a rubber tube, a wooden
block, laboratory stand, a long pin
Observation
1) Least count(LC)) of the travelling microscope
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.005
𝐿𝐿. 𝐶𝐶. = = = 0.001 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 50
2) Determination of the height of the water
Reading when the microscope is focused on Capillary
Obs.
rise
No. Meniscus h1 cm Meniscus h2 cm
MSR VSD VSR X=MSR+(VSR×0.001) MSR VSD VSR Y=MSR+(VSR×0.001) h=h2-h1
Capillary A 1 6.05 40 0.040 6.090 8.85 30 0.030 8.880 2.7900
Capillary B 1 6.55 30 0.030 6.580 8.85 30 0.030 8.880 2.3000
𝑟𝑟1 ℎ1
=
𝑟𝑟2 ℎ2
𝑟𝑟1 2.7900
=
𝑟𝑟2 2.3000
Conclusion As capillary rise is more for capillary A, the radius of the bore is smaller for capillary A
S5
Aim:
you are given a tuning fork of unknown frequency. For suitable tension determine the length
of wire vibrating in unison with given tuning fork. Using the five value of nl, determine the
value of the unknown frequency. nl=8784 Hz-cm
Apparatus:
A sonometer, tuning fork, a ruber pad, a hanger, slotted weight, a meter scale, a llight paper
rider etc.
Observation
1) mass of hanger = 500 g
2) mass applied = 2500 g
Vibrating length
Sr. No. Frequency n mean l
l1 l2
1 unknown 34.3 34.3 34.3
Calculation:
Given : nl = 8784 Hz-cm
8784
unknown frequency =
34.3
= 256.09 Hz
≈ 256 Hz
Result : The unknown frequency of given tuning fork is 256 Hz
S6
Aim:
A tuning fork of known frequency is given to you. Using a sonometer determine the
length (l ) of the wire vibrating in unison with a given tuning fork for unknown
tension. Using the given values of T/l 2. Hence determine unknown tension.
2 2
n= 284 Hz. T/l =3346 dyne/cm
Apparatus:
A sonometer, tuning fork, a ruber pad, a hanger, slotted weight, a meter scale, a
llight paper rider etc.
Observation
Mass attached Tension(
obs. No. l'1 l'2 mean l' l'2
to hanger T=Mg)
1 unknown 980000 17.1 17.1 17.1 292.4
Given: n= 284 Hz, T/l 2 =3346 dyne/cm2
𝑇𝑇
unknown tension = (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) × 𝑙𝑙𝑙2
𝑙𝑙 2
= 3346 × 292.4
= 978370.4 dyne
Unknown mass = 978370 /980
= 998.33 gm
Result : Unknown tension is 978370.4 dyne
S7
Aim:
You are given three tuning forks of known frequencies. Determine correct length (l)
of air column vibrating in unison with each tuning fork. Hence find the velocity of
sound in air at room temperature. Neglect the end correction.
Apparatus:
A glass jar filled with water, two rubber pads, a metal tube, tuning forks, a
laboratory stand, a meter scale and vernier callipers.
Observation:
Observation Table:
Determination of the resonant length of the air column
Length of air column
Frequency n
Sr. No. l nL (Hz-cm)
(Hz) l 1 (cm) l 2 (cm) mean l (cm)
1 512 15.5 15.5 15.50 15.50 7936
2 480 16.3 16.4 16.35 16.38 7860
3 384 20.6 20.5 20.55 20.53 7882
7936 + 7860 + 7882 23678
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = = = 7893 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑠
4 3
Velocity of sound:
1) Velocity of sound in air = 4 × 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= 4 × 7893
= 31572 cm/s
= 315.72 m/s
Result:
Velocity of sound in air at room temperature is 315.72 m/s
L20
Aim:
You are given two resistance X1 and X2. Connect them in a series combination. Using
Wheatstone's bride find null point. Take three different readings. Also, take readings after
interchanging the positions of the gaps. Hence verify the law of series combination.
Apparatus
Meter bridge, two resistances, galvanometer, resistance box, rheostat, cell, jockey, plug cell,
connecting wires, etc.
Circuit Diagram:
Formula:
For series combination, Xs = X1 + X2
Observations:
X1 = 15 Ω, X2 = 20 Ω
1) For series combination:
Resistance from 𝐿𝐿𝑥𝑥
Resistance 𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅 Ω
Obs. No resistance box Lx (cm) LR (cm) 𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑅
Position
R(Ω)
1 20 63 37 34.05
Series in Left
2 22 61 39 34.41
gap
3 24 59 41 34.54
Mean Xs = 34.33 Ω
Calculations:
For series combination:
Left gap
Obs. No. 1 2 3
a = log R 1.3010 1.3424 1.3802
b = log Lx 1.7993 1.7853 1.7709
c=a+b 3.1004 3.1278 3.1511
d = log LR 1.5682 1.5911 1.6128
e=c-d 1.5322 1.5367 1.5383
antilog e=Xs 34.0541 34.4103 34.5366
𝐿𝐿𝑥𝑥
𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅 Ω
𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑅
Mean Xs = 34.33 Ω
(experimental value)
Result:
In Series combination
a) Experimental value of Xs = 34.22 Ω
𝑏𝑏) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣, 𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠 = 𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 = 15 + 20 = 35 Ω
Hence the law series is verified
S11
Aim:
Determine the resistance of galvanometer (G) by Kelvin's method. Take three sets of
independent reading. Repeat the experiment by interchanging the positions of the galvanometer
and resistance box
Apparatus:
Meter bridge, a cell, a plug key, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, a jockey,
connecting wires, etc.
Circuit Diagram
Formula:
𝐿𝐿𝐺𝐺
Resistance of the galvanometer, 𝐺𝐺 = 𝑅𝑅
𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑅
Observations:
postion of
Obs. No R (Ω) lG lR 𝑙𝑙𝐺𝐺 Mean G
galvanometer 𝐺𝐺 = 𝑅𝑅 (Ω)
𝑙𝑙𝑅𝑅
1 45 61.5 38.5 71.88
Left gap 2 50 59.5 40.5 73.46 72.75
3 55 57 43 72.91
Calculations:
1) Galvanometer in Left gap
Obs. No. 1 2 3
log R = a 1.6532 1.6990 1.7404
log l G = b 1.7889 1.7745 1.7559
(a + b ) = c 3.4421 3.4735 3.4962
log l R = d 1.5855 1.6075 1.6335
(c - d) = e 1.8566 1.8660 1.8628
antilog e = G 71.88 73.46 72.91
The resistance of galvanometer
𝐺𝐺 = 72.75 Ω
Result:
Resistance of galvanometer, G = 72.75 Ω
S12
Aim:
Compare the emf of two given cells using a potentiometer, by connecting them separately. Take
two sets of observations. Hence determine E1/E2.
Apparatus:
A potentiometer, regulated power supply, a plug key, a rheostat, two cells, a jockey, a two-way
key, a galvanometer, a meter scale, connecting wires, etc.
Diagram:
Observations:
E.M.F. of battery = 4 V
E.M.F. of cell, E1 = 1.5 V
E.M.F. of cell, E2 = 1.1 V
Obs. No L1 L2 E1/E2=L1/L2
1 237.4 174.9 1.3573
2 242.3 178.6 1.3567
Calculations:
Obs. No. a=log L1 b=logL2 c=a-b antilog c = L1/L2
1 2.3755 2.2428 0.1327 1.3573
2 2.3844 2.2519 0.1325 1.3567
𝐸𝐸1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 1.3570
𝐸𝐸2
Result: 𝐸𝐸1
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 1.3570
𝐸𝐸2
S14
Aim:
Determine the internal resistance (r) of the given cell by using potentiometer. Take two sets of
readings.
Apparatus:
Potentiometer, rheostat, resistance box, battery, cell, jockey, plug key, galvanometer, etc.
Circuit Diagram:
Formula:
𝐿𝐿1 − 𝐿𝐿2 𝑅𝑅
𝑟𝑟 =
𝐿𝐿2
Observations:
Balancing length when k2 is open L1 = 290.5 cm
Internal
Resistance in the Balancing
Obs. No resistance of
resistance box RB (Ω) length L2 (cm)
the cell r (Ω)
1 5 225.4 1.44
2 7 240.6 1.45
Calculations:
𝐿𝐿1 − 𝐿𝐿2 𝑅𝑅 290.5 − 225.4 × 5 65.1 × 5 325.5
1) 𝑟𝑟 = = = = = 1.44
𝐿𝐿2 225.4 225.4 225.4
𝐿𝐿1 − 𝐿𝐿2 𝑅𝑅 290.5 − 240.6 × 7 49.9 × 7 349.3
2) 𝑟𝑟 = = = = = 1.45
𝐿𝐿2 240.6 240.6 240.6
1.44 + 1.45 2.89
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒓𝒓 = = = 1.445 Ω
2 2
Result:
The internal resistance of cell is 1.445 Ω
S15-1(OR Gate)
Aim:
You are given three TTL ICs for OR gate. Draw symbolic diagrams to illustrate the functions of the OR
gate. Write the truth tables for this gate. Determine the output for all possible values and verify the
truth table.
Apparatus:
5V DC power supply, IC block, probes, digital multimeter, IC7432(OR Gate),etc.
Circuit Symbol:
Observations:
OR Gate Truth Table:
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑌𝑌 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Result:
The given logic IC is tested and its truth tables is verified
S15-2(AND Gate)
Aim:
You are given three TTL ICs for AND gate. Draw symbolic diagrams to illustrate the functions of the OR
gate. Write the truth tables for this gate. Determine the output for all possible values and verify the
truth table.
Apparatus:
5V DC power supply, IC block, probes, digital multimeter, IC7408(AND Gate), etc.
Circuit Symbol:
Observations:
AND Gate Truth Table
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑌𝑌 = 𝐴𝐴. 𝐵𝐵
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Result:
The given logic IC is tested and its truth tables is verified
S15-3(NOR Gate)
Aim:
You are given three TTL ICs for NOR gate. Draw symbolic diagrams to illustrate the functions of the OR
gate. Write the truth tables for this gate. Determine the output for all possible values and verify the
truth table.
Apparatus:
5V DC power supply, IC block, probes, digital multimeter, IC7402(NOR Gate), etc.
Circuit Symbol:
Observations:
NOR Gate Truth Table
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑌𝑌 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Result:
The given logic IC is tested and its truth tables is verified
S15-4(NAND Gate)
Aim:
You are given three TTL ICs for NAND gate. Draw symbolic diagrams to illustrate the functions of the OR
gate. Write the truth tables for this gate. Determine the output for all possible values and verify the
truth table.
Apparatus:
5V DC power supply, IC block, probes, digital multimeter, IC7400(NAND Gate) etc.
Circuit Symbol:
Observations:
NAND Gate Truth Table
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑌𝑌 = 𝐴𝐴. 𝐵𝐵
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Result:
The given logic IC is tested and its truth tables is verified