m

Alternating Current
ii-W

TREND Average No. of Questions Across oil Sets

ANALYSIS 2024 2023 2020 2019
Types of Questions
3 2 2
1 Mark
●TOPIC Introduction of 2 Marks 1 1

Alternating Current 3 Marks 7

i 1
5 Marks

1 Mark 2

TOPIC AC Devices 1 1
2 Marks

3 Marks

5 Marks 1

TOPIC 1
Introduction of Alternating Current
Alternating Current (AC) by steady current in the same time. (i.e. T/2)
21 0
=0.637/ 0
An alternating current is the current whose magnitude /av 7T
changes continuously with time between zero and a
maximum value and whose direction reverses periodically. The 63.7% of peak value of AC gives average or mean
value of AC.
/ = /n sin (0?
Mean value of AC (/^) is 63% of peak value of AC(/o)
27t over any half-cycle. In a complete cycle of AC, the mean

I -1q sin Invt - Iq sin T

t
value of AC will be zero.

where, co = angular frequency in rad/s Effective Value or rms Value of AC

and /q = peak value or maximum value of AC. It is defined as the value of AC over a complete

Average or Mean Value of AC cycle which would generate same amount of heat in a
It is defined as the value of AC which would send same
given resistors that is generated by steady current in the
same resistor and in the same time during a complete cycle.
amount of charge through a circuit in half-cycle that is sent
 Alternating Current - 193

I rms
= O.7O7/0 = 70.7% of I 0 Capacitive Reactance {X^)
The opposing nature of capacitor to the flow of alternating
The 70.7% of peak value of current gives effective or rms
current is called capacitive reactance.
value of AC.
1 1
Xc -
Alternating emf or Voltage For a given capacitor,
coC 2nfC

It is the emf or voltage which varies in both magnitude as

well as direction alternatively and periodically. The I 1 1
●T => oc
— (v 1 / 2tcC = constant)
instantaneous alternating emf is given by 2nCJ f f
y = V(i sin cor or V = FnCoscor where, C = capacitance for AC.
y0
Krms
= 0.707Ko or =10.1% of .V0 (1)
o
c
(D
2V.0 o
[Link] = 0.637F;0
K
or
Kav =63.7% ofKo
o
> X

Both AC voltage and AC current are represented by o

TO

diagrams as shown in figure.

Cl
CD
O

y = I/q sin (0 f Frequency of AC main

Power in AC Circuits
In an AC circuit, both emf and current change continuously
w.r.t. time, so in circuit, we have to calculate average
power in complete cycle (0 T). =V rms /rms COS<j)
V =Vq cos (0 f R
V'o where, cos (j) = — = power factor for these two circuits and
A) 5n
V
'-M 2 Z = impedance.
0
(Of—►

2 2 2 Average power consumption in pure inductive and pure

I = Iq cos (0 f capacitive circuit is equal to zero because
phase difference, (|> = 71/2
Inductive Reactance (X^) Power factor = cos — = 0
2
The effective resistance or opposition offered by the
inductor to the flow of current is called inductive ^av=0
reactance
and is denoted by Xi. Wattless Current
Xi ={nL = 2%fL
The current in a purely inductive or capacitive
Also for a given inductor, X^ = flnL) f
AC circuit when average power consumption in AC circuit
is zero, is referred as wattless current dr idle current. In
{●.● 2tc/, = constant) n

where, L = self-inductance. Other words, in an AC circuit, if/? =0 => cosd) = — = 0. i.e.

Z
0)
o
c
in resistance less circuit, the power consumed is zero.
CO

Phaser Diagram
o
(0
(U
It ><
CD
> The representation of AC current and voltage (of same
o

■D
frequency) by rotating vectors is called phasor and the
C
diagram representing these phasors is known as phasor
diagram.
Frequency of AC main
194 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

The length of the vector represents the maximum or peak v/i V

value. The projection of the vectors on fixed axis gives the

instantaneous value of alternating current and voltage.
t

Types of AC Circuits graph

There are some basic types of AC circuits
AC Through Resistor
Suppose a resistor of resistance R is connected to an AC
voltage with instantaneous value (V) is given by
V = Vo sin cor
R

/ Phosor diagram

Then,
An AC voltage applied to a resistor
(i) Inductive reactance, Aӣ, =0iL = 2KfL
V.0 Vr,0
rv
(ii) /o =
3it
I
(oL
VII 2
It K [Link] V rms V.0
7 (Hi) / rms
X£ coZ. caL'J^
V-I graph i ^
(iv) Voltage leads the current by phase —
V
' 7C
I (v) If K = Vq sin cor, then 1= Iq sin cor - —
\ 2)
n
= 0
(vi) Power factor, cos (j) = cos —
Phaser diagram

(vii)Average power consumption,

Then,
= ^rms^rmsCOS([)=0
(i) Voltage and current are in same phase.
^0 AC Through Capacitor
(ii) Maximum current, Iq= —
R Suppose a capacitor with capacitance C is connected to an
V rms
(iii) I rms
AC voltage instantaneous value V is given by
R V = Vn sin cor
C
(iv) If V -Vq sin cor, then I = Iq sin cor.
AC Through Inductor I

Suppose an inductor with self-inductance L is connected to 0V

AC voltage with instantaneous value V is given by An AC saurce connected to a capocitor
E = Eo sin cor
L !
ooWoTtf'-
vn
yi ■V
I
■V
2p
t
i-y eV
An AC voltoge applied to an inductor V-I graph
 Alternating Current 195

Then,
V'o
1/
h (i) Impedance, Z =

=0)L]
= 'Vrms'II
■* rms
90^
VJt X (nL
(ii) For the phase angle (]), tan (j) =
~Y~Y’ voltage
Phaser diogram leads current by phase (|).
Then,
(i) Capacitive reactance.
(iii) If V = Vq sin at, then I = Iq sin (at - <[))
1 R
1
(iv) Power factor, cos (j) = —
aC 2nfC
(ii) Capacitor offers infinite reactance in DC circuit as (v) Average power consumed,
/=0. R
P y
^ av 'rms rms X cos (j) = Krms x7 rms X —
z

R-C Series AC Circuit

(iii) /o=-^ = (1/«C) = [Link]
V.0

Xc R-C series AC circuit connected with AC voltage of

instantaneous value V is shown below.

(iv) Voltage lags behind the current by phase y. R

^WW-
C

7C -—W?— ■■—^c—
(v) If V = Vq sin at, then I = Iq sin cor + —
2 ^ /

I0 ^0 Vrms [Link]
/ rms '/c
■Jl UaC-Y UaC Xc <3>
AC Voltage (vO
(vi) Power factor is minimum and equal to zero. y

(vii) Average power consumption (during a complete

cycle), Pav=^rms -^rms COS^=0 /
0 X

L-12 Series AC Circuit

Voltage lags current by phase ^
L-R series AC circuit connected with AC voltage of Vc V
instantaneous value V is show below.
y Phasor diagram
Vrms
V,fl V, Then, (i) Impedance, Z = —
R L I rms
VWVVA Tftnnnsw
1 1
Vl
= , R^ + ■.■Xc =
a^C^ aC

V,R Xc 1
(ii) For the phase angle, tan (j> =
R aCR
©
AC Voltage (V)

V (iii) IfV = Vq sin cor, then I = Iq sin (at +<{))

f R R
1
(iv) Power factor, cos 0 = —
0
/
X ^ -Jr^ + x}
(v) Average power consumed,
r Phaser diagram
^av ~^rms ^ ^rms ^ ^rms
196 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

L- C- R Series AC Circuit Xl - _^L ~^C

where, tan ^ = VR
R
L- C-R series AC circuit connected with AC voltage (F) is
1 1
given below. coZ, - 27tvl-
V,R ■Vl + Vc (oC 2jcvC
c
R L R R
vpmu
(iii) If net reactance is inductive, circuit behaves as L-R
Vl circuit,

\90° (iv) If net reactance is capacitive, circuit behaves as C-R

Vr circuit,
K 90°
(v) Applied voltage, V = +(Vi -V^)^
V'c (vi) UI=Iq sin tor, then K = Fq sin {tor ± tj))
e R
AC voltage [v)
(vii) Power factor = cos ()) = —
B
Z p^+{X,,-XcV
Vl
(viii) Average power consumed,
B' V
R
Vl
Vl-Vc '2 ^av =^rnis X-^rms X COS (J) = X7 rms
X —
z
I 0 X
hi/2 A I Resonant L-C-R Series AC Circuit
Vc Vr
ic (i)
(ii) Impedance, Z = Z^„ = R i.e. circuit behaves as
resistive circuit,
Phosor diogrom
(iii) The phase difference between V and / is 0°.
Then, (0 Impedance, (iv) Resonant angular frequency.
Z = ^rU (X,-Xc)^ = ^
rms
1 1
Hz
CO, =
2%4lC
rms
Vie
1
=, ^ + coZ - (v) Average power consumption becomes maximum,
"II coC J (vi) Current becomes maximum and
Vrms
(ii) IfXi > ^ / max
then V lags behind / by (j). R

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions
2. The rms value of a current given by
Multiple Choice Questions
i = (zj cos cot + 'zz sin cot) is CBSE 2024

1. Figure shows the variation of !~z 1 1

inductive reactance Xi of two (a) ih + h) (b) (h - h)
V2 V2
ideal inductors of inductances
h
Zj andZj, with angular (C)
1
Vof + '2 ) (d)4of+/|)
V2
A is. 60t V2
frequency to. The value of
Zz ;30‘ ■KO 3. An AC source K = 282 sin (100 t),volt is connected
CBSE 2024
1 1
across a 1 pF capacitor. The rms value of current in the
(a)V3 circuit will be (take, V5 = 1.41) cBSE 2024
(b)
V3
(c)3
(d)3
(a) 10 mA (b)20niA (c) 40 mA (d) 80 mA
Alternating Current 197

4. An ideal inductor is connected across an AC source of 9. A 20 V AC is applied to a circuit of a resistance and a

voltage. The current in the circuit CBSE 2023
coil with negligible resistance. If the voltage across
(a) is ahead of the voltage in phase by Jt. the resistance is 12V, the voltage across the coil is
(b) lags voltage in phase by n. CSBE SQP 2021-22
R L
(c) is ahead of voltage in phase by nil
(d) lags voltage in phase by nJl.
5. An AC voltage V = Vo sin cor is applied to a series
combination of a resistor R and an element X. The ©
instantaneous current in the circuit is 20 V

I ^ (a) 16 V (b)lOV
/ = /q sin cor + — , Then, which of the following is (c)8V (d)6 V
V 4/
correct?
gg GlSaidea
CBSE 2023

(a) A' is a capacitor and X(^ =4lR Voltage in resistance and inductance series circuit is
(b) X is an inductor and X^ =R given by V =
(c) X is an inductor and Xi=-4lR
10. The instantaneous values of emf and the current in a
(d) AT is a capacitor and Xc =R
series AC circuit are E = Eq sin cor and
6. The figure shows variation of current (/) with time (r)
in four devices P, Q, R and S. The device in which an I =Iq sin cor + — respectively, then it is
V CSBE SQP 2021-22
alternating current flows is CBSE 2023
/●
(a) Necessarily a RL circuit
P (b) Necessarily a RC circuit
■t
(c) Necessarily a LCR circuit
Q (d) Can be RC or LCR circuit
R 11. An alternating voltage source of variable angular
frequency co and fixed amplitude V is connected in
series with a capacitance C and electric bulb of
S resistance R (inductance zero). When co is increased
0
(a) the bulb glows dimmer CSBE SQP 2021-22

(b) the bulb glows brighter

(a)P (c) net impedance of the circuit remains unchanged
(b)C
(c)R (d) total impedance of the circuit increases
(d)S
12. The rms current in a circuit connected to a 50 Hz AC
7. A voltage signal is described by 1
source is 15 A. The value of the current s after

V =Vq for0<r<^0;F = 0for|^<^<7’ its value becomes zero is

600

CBSE 2022 (Term-1)

For a cycle. Its rms value is CBSE 2023 15
V.0 (a) A (b)15V2A
(a) 4i
4i 4i
(C) A (d)8A
(4 (d)V2Fo 15

13. In a circuit, the phase difference between the

8. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and
frequency 50 Hz is applied to a series LCR circuit in alternating current and the source voltage is -j. Which of
which ^ = 3 L = 25.48 mH and C = 796 |xF, then the the following cannot be the element(s) of the circuit?
power dissipated at the resonant condition will be
CBSE 2022 (Term-I)
CSBE SQP 2021-22

(a) 39.70 kW (a) Only C (b) Only L

(b) 26.70 kW
(c) 13.35 kW (c) L and R ,(d) LoiC
(d) zero
198 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

14. The impedance of a series L-C-R circuit is Assertion-Reason Questions

CBSE 2022 (Term-I) Directions (Q. Nos. 22-25) In the following questions, two
1 1 statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other
(a) R + Xi -*r Xq (b) + R^ labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions
Ui from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below
(d),jR^+{X,-Xc ? (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
(c)^Xl-X^ +R^ is the correct explanation of Assertion,
15. When an alternating voltage £'=£’o sincor is applied to (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
I 7C 1 is not the correct explanation of Assertion,
a circuit, a current 1 =Iq sin co/ + — flows through it. (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect,
V 2 y
The average power dissipated in the circuit is (d) If both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
CBSE 2022 (Term-1)
22. Assertion The alternating current lags behind the emf
(a)£^rms rms (b)£o^O by a phase angle of 7t/2, when AC flows through an
^0-^0 inductor.
(c) (d) zero
V2 Reason The inductive reactance increases as the
frequency of AC source decreases.
16. The voltage across a resistor, an inductor and a
capacitor connected in series to an AC source are 23. Assertion When the capacitor is connected to an AC
20 V, 15 V and 30 V, respectively. The resultant source, it limits or regulates the current, but does not
voltage in the circuit is CBSE 2022 (Term-1) completely prevent the flow of charge.
(a)5V (b)20V (c) 25 V (d) 65 V Reason The capacitor is alternately charged and
17. A circuit is connected to an AC source of variable discharged as the current reverses each half-cycle.
frequency. As, the frequency of the source is 24. Assertion Capacitor serves as a barrier for DC and
increased, the current first increases and then offers an easy path to AC.
decreases. Which of the following combinations of
Reason Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional
elements is likely to comprise the circuit?
CBSE 2022 (Term-1) to frequency.
(a) L, C and R (b) L and C (c) L and R (d) R and C 25. Assertion At resonance, power factor ofL-C-R series
circuit is 1.
18. A 15 n resistor, an 80 mH inductor and a capacitor of
capacitance C are connected in series with a 50 Hz AC Reason At resonance, =^z,
source. If the source voltage and current in the circuit
are in phase, then the value of capacitance is Very Short Answer Questions
CBSE 2022 (Term-1) 26. A series combination of an inductor (I), a capacitor
(a)lOOnF (b)127nF (c) 142^F (d)160|tF (C) and a resistor (i?) are connected across an AC
25 source of emf of peak value Eq and angular frequency
19. A 300 Q resistor and a capacitor of fxF are (co). Plot a graph to show variation of impedance of the
71

connected in series to a 200 V-50 Hz AC source. The

circuit with angular frequency (co). Delhi 2020

current in the circuit is CBSE 2022 (Term-1) 27. The power factor of an AC circuit is 0.5. What is the
(a) 0.1 A (b) 0.4 A (c) 0.6 A (d) 0.8 A phase difference between voltage and current the
circuit? Foreign 2016
20. The power factor of a series L-C-R circuit at resonance
will be Delhi 2020 ^ CSaidea
1 1 A capacitor permits alternating current (AC) and blocks
(a)l (b) zero (0)- (d) direct current (DC) flowing through it.
V2

21. An alternating current from a source is given by 28. Define capacitor reactance. Write its SI unit.
7 =10sin314/. What is the effective value of current All India 2015

and frequency of source? 29. Why is the use of AC voltage preferred over DC
(a) 7.07 A, 50 Hz (b) 6.06 A, 50 Hz voltage? Give two reasons. All India 2014

(c) 7.07 A, 4 Hz (d) 6.06 A, 4 Hz

 Alternating Current 199

30. When an AC source is connected across an inductor, a black box. The current in the circuit is found to be
show on a graph the nature of variation of the voltage T T ■ (
/ = /oSin m + — .
and the current over one complete cycle. Delhi 2012C
4y CBSE SQP2017-18
31.
The peak value of emf in AC is E^. Write its (i) rms R
^WW
(ii) average value over a complete cycle. Foreign 2011
32, The cuirent flowing through a pure inductance 2mH is,
I = (15cos300r) A What is the (i) rms and (ii) average ©
value of current for a complete cycle? Foreign 2011 B-Eq sin (Of
33. A reactive element in an AC circuit causes the current (i) State whether the element in the black box is a
flowing capacitor or inductor,
(i) to lead in phase by 7t/2 (ii) Draw the corresponding phasor diagram and find
the impedance in terms of R.
(ii) to lag in phase by nil w.r.t. the applied voltage.
Identify the element in each case. Delhi 201OC 39. A capacitor C, a variable resistor and a bulb B are
34. Define the term rms value of the current. How is it connected in series to the AC mains in the circuit as

related to the peak value? All India 201 OC shown. The bulb glows with some brightness. How
will the glow of the bulb change if
2 Marks Questions (i) a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates
of the capacitor keeping resistance R to be the
35. Mention the factors on which the resonant frequency same

of a series LCR circuit depends. Plot a graph showing (ii) the resistance R is increased keeping the same
variation of impedance of a series LCR circuit with the
capacitance? Delhi 2014
frequency of the applied AC source. CBSE 2024

36. A resistor R and an inductor L are connected in series ^1—^

to a source of voltage V ~Vq sin cof. The voltage is
7T
found to lead current in phase by —. If the inductor is Mains
4
replaced by a capacitor C, the voltage lags behind 40. A series L-C-R circuit is connected to an AC source of
current in phase by ti / 4. When I, C and R are variable frequency. Draw a suitable phasor diagram to
connected in series with the same source. Find the
deduce the expressions for the amplitude of the current and
(i) average power dissipated phase angle. Delhi 2014C
(ii) and instantaneous current in the circuit.
41. Show that the current leads the voltage in phase by nil
All India 2020

in an AC circuit containing an ideal capacitor.

37. The figure shows two sinusoidal curves representing Foreign 2014
oscillating supply voltage and current in an AC circuit.
CBSE SQP 2018-19 42. In a series L-C-R circuit, obtain the conditions under
which

(i) the impedance of circuit is minimum and

(ii) wattless current flows in the circuit. Foreign 2014
f
43. A series L-C-R circuit is connected to an AC source

(200 V, 50 Hz). The voltages across the resistor,

capacitor and inductor are respectively, 200 V, 250 V
Draw a phasor diagram to represent the current and and 250 V.
supply voltage appropriately as phasors. State the (i) The algebraic sum of the voltages across the three
phase difference between the two quantities. elements is greater than the voltage of the source.
38. An alternating voltage E = E(^ sin m is applied to a How is this paradox resolved?
circuit containing a resistor connected in series with (ii) Given the value of the resistance of R is 40 H,
calculate the current in the circuit. Foreign 2013
200 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

44. A resistor R and an element X are connected in series 52. An electric lamp having coil of negligible inductance
to an AC source of voltage. The voltage is found to connected in series with a capacitor and an AC source
lead the current in phase by 7t / 4. IfXis replaced by is glowing with certain brightness.
another element Y, the voltage lags behind the current How does the brightness of the lamp change on
by 7C / 4. reducing the (i) capacitance, and (ii) the frequency ?
(i) Identify elements X and Y. Justify your answer.
(ii) When both X and Y are connected in series with R to C
tv
the same source, will the power dissipated in the
circuit be maximum or minimum?
Justify your answer. Foreign 2013
e
45. Write the expression for the impedance offered by the Source Delhi 2010

series combination of resistor, inductor and capacitor

connected to an AC source of voltage V = Vq sin co/. 3 Marks Questions
Show on a graph the variation of the voltage and the 100
current with cot in the circuit. All India 2012C 53. A series RL circuit with = 10 and L = mH is
7C

46. A bulb is connected in series witli a capacitor. Predict connected to an AC source of voltage,
your observation when this combination is connected in V = \4\sin (IOOti?), where V is in volts and t is in
turn across seconds. Calculate CBSE 2023

(i) AC source and (i) impedence of the circuit

(ii) a DC battery. What change would you notice in (ii) phase angle and
each case if the capacitance of the capacitor is
increased? Delhi 2012C (iii) voltage drop across the inductor
54. An AC source V sin cor is connected across an
47. An alternating voltage given hyV = 140 sin 314? is
connected across a pure resistor of 50 Find ideal capacitor. Derive the expression for the
(i) current flowing in the circuit and (ii) reactance of
(i) the frequency of the source,
the capacitor. Plot a graph of current i versus cor.
(ii) the rms current through the resistor. All India 2012 CBSE 2023

48. An alternating voltage given by V =280 sin 50 7C/ is 55. A series combination of an inductor L, a capacitor C
connected across a pure resistor of 40 Q. Find and a resistorR is connectedacross an AC source of
(i) the frequency of the source, voltage in a circuit. Obtain an expression for the
(ii) the rms current through the resistor. All India 2012 average power consumed by the circuit. Find power
factor for (i) purely inductive circuit and (ii) purely
49. An alternating voltage given by F = 70 sin 100 nt is resistive circuit. CBSE 2023

connected across a pure resistor of 25 H. Find 250

56. A resistor of 30 D and a capacitor of pF are
(i) the frequency of the source, 7t

(ii) the rms current through the resistor. All India 2012 connected in series to a 200 V, 50 Hz AC source.
50. A light bulb is rated 150 W for 220 V AC supply of Calculate (i) the current in the circuit and (ii) voltage
60 Hz. Calculate drops across the resistor and the capacitor, (iii) Is the
algebraic sum of these voltages more than the source
(i) the resistance of the bulb voltage? If yes, solve the paradox. CBSE 2023

(ii) the rms current through the bulb. All India 2012

57. A series LCR circuit with R=20Q.,L-2}1 and

4^JOSIidea C = 50 pF is connected to a 200 V AC source of
Average power consumption in an AC calculated by variable frequency. What is (i) the amplitude of the
using, — Kins ^rms cosd current and (ii) the average power transferred to the
circuit in one complete cycle, at resonance?
51. Prove that an ideal capacitor in an AC circuit does not (iii) Calculate the potential drop across the capacitor.
CBSE 2023
dissipate power. Delhi 2011
 Alternating Current 201

58, The current of 1 A flows through a coil when it is 63. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal
connected across a DC battery of 100 V. If DC battery inductor show that the average power supplied by
is replaced by an AC source of 100 V and angular the source over a complete cycle is zero,
frequency 100 rad s“\ the current reduces to 0.5 A. (ii) A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and
Find CBSE 2023 an AC source. What happens to the brightness of
(i) impedance of the circuit, the lamp when the key is plugged in and an iron
(ii) self-inductance of coil and rod is inserted inside the inductor? Explain.
(iii) phase difference between the voltage and the L Lamp
current.
'TpnnD

59. An alternating voltage of 220 V is applied across a

device X. A current of 0.22. A flows in the circuit and
it lags behind the applied voltage in phase by tc/2 All India 2016
radian. When the same voltage is applied across
another device Y. The current in the circuit remains 64. A 2 fF capacitor, 100 O resistor and 8 H inductor are

the same and it is in phase with the applied voltage, connected in series with an AC source,
(i) Name the devices X and 7and (i) What should be the frequency of the source such
(ii) calculate the current flowing in the circuit when that current drawn in the circuit is maximum?
the same voltage applied across series What is this frequency called?
combination of X and Y. CBSE 2023
(ii) If the peak value of emf of the source is 200 V,
find the maximum current,
60. An AC voltage V = Vq sin (ot is applied across a pure
inductor of inductance L. Find an expression for the (iii) Draw a graph showing variation of amplitude of
current /, flowing in the circuit and show circuit current with changing frequency of applied
mathematically that the current flowing through it lags voltage in a series L-C-R circuit for two different
values ofresistance and £2(^1 2016
behind the applied voltage by a phase angle of Also
65. Calculate the value of the additional capacitor which
draw graphs of F and i versus (at for the circuit. may be joined suitably to the capacitor C that would
CBSE SQP 2022-23
make the power factor of the circuit unity.
61. An AC source generating a voltage E=Eq sin co/ is fl=400Q
connected to a capacitor C. Find the expression for the
current I flowing through it. Plot a graph of £ and /
versus co/ to show that the current is ahead of the '/=UoSin{1000f+<l))(Q ^C=2 ilF
, , ^
voltage by L=100 mH
CBSE SQP 2021-22
All India 2015

62. (i) Find the value of the phase difference between the 66. A circuit containing an 80 mH inductor and a 250 mF
' current and the voltage in the series L-C-R circuit capacitor in series connected to a 240 V, 100 rad/s
shown below. Which one leads in phase : current supply. The resistance of the circuit is negligible,
or voltage? (i) Obtain rms value of current,

L=100mH C=2nF R==Aooa

(ii) What is the total average power consumed by the
circuit?
innnnnnr—1(— Delhi 2015C

67. A source of AC voltage V = Vq sin to? is connected to a

O- series combination of a resistor R and a capacitor C.

^=^0 sin (1000 f+ 4.) Draw the phasor diagram and use it to obtain the
expression for (i) impedance of the circuit and
(ii) Without making any other change, find the value (ii) phase angle. All Indio 2015C
of the additional capacitor C', to be connected in
parallel with the capacitor C, in order to make the 68. (i) Determine the value of phase difference between
power factor of the circuit unity. Delhi 2017
the current and the voltage in the given series
L-C-R circuit.
202 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

f?=400fi
-www-
(i) the angular frequency of the source which derives
the circuit at resonance,
V=VoSin(1000(+(|») © d=C=2\iF (ii) the current at the resonating frequency,
-omsm- (iii) the rms potential drop across the inductor at
L=100mH resonance. Delhi 2012

74. A series L-C-R circuit is connected to an AC source.

(ii) Calculate the value of additional capacitor which
may be joined suitably to the capacitor C that Using the phasor diagram, derive the expression for
would make the power factor of the circuit unity. the impedance of the circuit. Plot a graph to show the
Delhi 2015 variation of current with frequency of the source,
explaining the nature of its variation. All India 2012
69. An inductor L of inductance Xi is connected in series
with a bulb B and an AC source. How would 75. Three electrical circuits having AC sources of variable
brightness of the bulb change when (i) number of turn frequency are shown in the figures. Initially, the
in the inductor is reduced, (ii) an iron rod is inserted in current flowing in each of these is same. If the
the inductor and (iii) a capacitor of reactance frequency of the applied AC source is increased, how
Xc - Xi is inserted in series in the circuit. Justify will the current flowing in these circuits be affected?
your answer in each case. All India 2015 Give the reason for your answer.
n L C
70. A voltage F = Kq sin cof is applied to a series L-C-K wsw-

circuit. Derive the expression for the average power

dissipated over a cycle. © © ©
£ £ £
Under what condition is (i) no power dissipated even Delhi 2011C
though the current flows through the circuit
(ii) maximum power dissipated in the circuit? 76. A series L-C-R circuit is connected to a 220 V variable
All India 2014
frequency AC supply. If L =20 mH, C = (800/it ^) ^xF
71. (i) For a given AC, I = 1^ sin cor, show that the andJi=110a.
average power dissipated in a resistor R over a (i) Find the frequency of the source for which
1 2 average power absorbed by the circuit is
complete cycle is ●
maximum,

(ii) A light bulb is rated at 100 W for a 220 V AC (ii) Calculate the value of maximum current
supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb. amplitude. Delhi 201OC
All India 2013
77. An AC voltage, V =Vq sin co/ is applied across a pure
72. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal
capacitor, C. Obtain an expression for the current 1 in
capacitor, then show that the average power the circuit and hence obtain the
supplied by the source over a complete cycle is
zero.
(i) capacitive reactance of the circuit and
(ii) the phase of the current flowing with respect to
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor.
Predict your observations when the system is the applied voltage. All India 201 OC

connected first across a DC and then an AC

source. What happens in each case if the 5 Marks Questions
capacitance of the capacitor is reduced? Delhi 2013C 78. (i) Derive the expression for the current flowing in an
73. The figure shows a series L-C-R circuit with Z = 10 H, ideal capacitor and its reactance when connected
C = 40 |aF, /? = 60 Q connected to a variable frequency to an AC source of voltage V = Vq sin mt.
240 V source. Calculate (ii) Draw its phasor diagram,
R (iii) If resistance is added in series to capacitor what
changes will occur in the current flowing in the
circuit and phase angle between voltage and
© L current. CBSE SQP 2020-21
WS^
 Alternating Current - -203

79. (i) Show that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power (i) Identify the device X and write the expression
in an AC circuit, for its reactance,

(ii) The variation of inductive reactance {X^ ) of an

(ii) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and
inductor with the frequency (/) of the AC source of current with time over one cycle of AC, forX
100 V and variable frequency is shown in figure. (iii) How does the reactance of the device X vary
Xi.(in a) I- with frequency of the AC? Show this variation
graphically,
(iv) Draw the phasor diagram for the device .X
CBSE 2018

82. A device X is connected to an AC source,

V = Vq sin cot. The variation of voltage, current and
power in one cycle is shown in the following graph.
f (in Hz)

(a) Calculate the self-inductance of the inductor.

(b) When this inductor is used in series with a
capacitor of unknown value and a resistor of 10
-i
.Q at 300 s , maximum power dissipation occurs
in the circuit. Calculate the capacitance of the
capacitor. Delhi 2020

80. (0 ^ series L-C-R circuit connected across an AC (i) Identify the device X.
source of variable frequency, obtain the expression (ii) Which of the curves A, B and C represent the
for its impedance and draw a plot showing its voltage, current and the power consumed in the
variation with frequency of the AC source,
circuit? Justify the answer,
(ii) What is the phase difference between the voltages (iii) How does its impedance vary with frequency of
across inductor and the capacitor at resonance in the
L-C-R circuit? the AC source? Show graphically,
(iv) Obtain an expression for the current in the
(iii) When an inductor is connected to a 200 V DC
circuit and its phase relation with AC voltage.
voltage, a current of 1 A flows through it. When the All India 2017
same inductor is connected to a 200 V,
50 Hz AC source, only 0.5 A current flows. Explain, 83. An AC source of voltage V -Vq sin cor is connected
why? Also, calculate the self-inductance of the to a series combination of L, C and R. Use the
inductor. Delhi 2019 phasor diagram to obtain expressions for impedance
81. A device X is connected across an AC source of voltage
of the circuit and phase angle between voltage and
current. Find the condition when current will be in
V -Vq sin cor. The current through X is given as
phase with the voltage. What is the circuit in the
/ = Sin cor -H — . condition called?
2 Delhi 2016
 anations

1. (d) In the graph between inductive reactance Xi and -VWv {X}

angular frequency co, slope gives the value of
inductance. The slope is also given by tan 6, where 0 is
the angle between slope of - co graph and co.
From the graph, ©
\/=\(,sin wt
1
L1 = tan 30® =
7t
/=/nsin C0/ + —
and L2 - tan 60® = V3 4;
1 7t

:^=©=i <^ = 4
So,
i2 V3 3 7C
= 1 ^Xr =R
Then, tan —=
Hence, option (d) is correct. 4 R

2. (c) The rms value of a current is given as follows 6. (d)

7. (a)
'rms “ '0 'S the peak value of current
8. (c) Given that.
Now I = (i, cos coc +12 sin cof), then Fo=283V
/=50Hz
+12 + i\ cos 90°
i
rms i?=3Q
2
1 = 25.48 mH
'f+'2
i
rms
2 2 V 2 C = 796^F
1 Power dissipated, P = I R
I
rms
4i
V'f+'2
Hence, option (c) is correct. V2 V2 ^ R y yl2 3
1 = 66.7 A
3. (b) Given, F = 282 sin(l 00/) V
C=1^F = 10”^ F P = I^R = {66.lfx3
1 1 P = 13.35 kW
Pure capacitive, Xq =
coC 100x10"® 9. (a) Given, K =20 V

=io^a V,=\2V
V.0 282 Vl=^
= 282 mA R L
/o =
lO'^ VvVv uw

^0 282

4i
©
/rms =20mA 20 V

4. (d)
v = ^vl+vl
5. (d) Given that, V = Vq sin CO/
Instantaneous current.
= 4iI^R^
 Alternating Current 205

20 = 7(12)^+K/ Average power dissipated, P~VIcos^

n
or
(20)^=(12)Hf/ = V(}Io cos —= 0
2
400 = 144+
V Concept The phase difference between the
=^400-144 j Enhancer currrent and voltage is n/2, then
l average power dissipated will be zero.
=V^ = 16V
16, (c)Given,K/f =20V,V^ =\5W,Vc =30V
10, (d) Given, E =Eq sin cor
Here, >V^
71
and / = /a sin co/ + — Resultant voltage in the circuit,
3
v=^vi + {Vc-Vi^?
Then, current lead the voltage in RC and LCR circuit.
Hence, it can be RC or LCR circuit. K = 7(20)^+ (30-15)^ =V^ = 25V
1
17. (a)
11. (b) For capacitance C,^c = coC
18. (b) Given,.fl=15 Q, Z = 80 mH = 80 xlO"^ H
1
^c = and /=50Hz
iKfC
h.
Since, voltage and current are in phase, so the circuit
C ,;a is in resonance.
R 1
Resonant frequency, / =
2tcVZc
1
© c =
V f^An^L
which means when angular frequency co increased, 1
then impedance decreases and current increases, thus = 127|iF
(50)^ x4x7C^ xSOxlO*^
the bulb will glow brighter.
25 25
Concept Capacitive reactance is inversely 19. (b) Given,i?=300Q,C =
7t
pF = —xlO"^ F,
7t
I Enhancer proportional to the angular
frequency and capacitance. F=200V,/=50Hz
12. (a) The value of AC current is The capacitive reactance,
1 I
/=/osincor =/oSin27i// ^c = = 400Q
/
1 2nJC 2tc x50x
25
xlO"^
/ = (/ rms x>/2)sin 2tc x50x 600 n

= 15xV2xsin— =l5x-\^x
So, impedance of circuit, Z = 7^^
6 2
= 7(300)^+(400)^
13. (c) = 500n

14. (d) The impedance of a series L-C-R circuit is given F 200

Current in circuit, I ~ — = 0.4 A
by Z = ^R^+(X^-Xcf Z”500

15. (d) Given, E = Eq sin cor 20. (a) Power factor of a series L-C-R circuit is given as
R (Resistance)
7C COS([) =
Current, I =Iq sin cor + — Z (Impedance)
2
As, at resonance, Z = R cos(|) = 1
The phase difference between current and voltage is
7C 21. (a) Given, alternating current, I =10sin 314/
'^=1- As we know, I =Iq sin co/
206 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

7o=10 So, the graph between impedance and angular

(0=314 frequency (co) of the circuit is as shown
^0 10
= 7.07 A
■Jl V2
Frequency of source,
(0 314x7
/ = 0 (0, u>
2tc 2x22
{Resonant frequency)
2198
/ = = 50 Hz 27 Given, power factor, cos(|) = 0i
44
cos<j) = cos 60° => (J) = 60°
22. (c) The supply has voltage of V = V„ sinco/
Phase difference between voltage and current of the
and the current through an inductor is circuit is 60°.
. ( n
i = sin (or —
2
28. Capacitor reactance is the resistance offered by a
capacitor, when it is connected to an AC circuit. It is
Thus, current lags behind the voltage or emf by k/2, given by Jfc =1/(oC = 1/2t^C
when AC flows through an inductor. where, co = angular frequency of the source
The inductive reactance is directly proportional to the and C = capacitance of the capacitor.
inductance and the frequency of the current as
The SI unit of capacitor reactance is ohm (f2).
XI =coL =2kvL So, it increases as the frequency of
AC source increases. 29. AC voltage is preferred over DC voltage because of
the following reasons
23. (a) When the capacitor is connected to an AC source,
it limits or regulates the current, but does not (i) The loss of energy in transmitting the AC voltage
completely prevent the flow of charge. over long distances with the help of step-up
transformers is negligible as compared to DC
It is because, the capacitor is alternately charged and voltage,
discharged as the current reverses each half cycle.
(ii) AC voltage can be stepped up and stepped down as
24. (a) Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to per the requirement by using a transformer.
1 1
frequency as = 30. For an AC circuit having inductor, the current and
coC 2nfC voltage equation are shown below
As, DC does not have any frequency, i.e. / =0, K = Kf, sin (0 /
hence X^ ^ oo
. So, no DC current flows through ! = Iq sin (0)f -7t/2)
capacitor. The graphical variation of voltage and current are
But AC varies like a sine function with some given below.
frequency, so it passes easily through capacitor. Voltage
Hence, capacitor serves as a barrier for DC and offers Current
an easy path to AC. 2k
Vorl
Common Some students get confused when 0 /kJ2 n\3jt/2'
Mistake frequency is related to DC and AC.
They think frequency barriers occur in both AC and DC.
25. (a) At resonance, A'c =^l andZ = /2.
31. = peak value of emf in a complete cycle,
R
.'. Power factor, cos ^ = — = 1 (i) rms value ) = Eq/S
(ii) average value (£) = zero
26. Impedance of a series L-C-R circuit is given as
\2 32. Given, current flowing through the inductor,
1
/ = 15cos300r
II (oC
Comparing with I =Iq sin cor
 Alternating Current 207

Here, peak value of current, /q = 15 A

cos —= r-
(i) For complete cycle, rms value of current 2 4 2V2
0 15
] rms
A (ii) As i?, I and C are in series, therefore at any instant
V2 ^|2 through the three elements, AC has the same
(ii) For complete cycle, average value of current is amplitude and phase, i.e. instantaneous current,
zero.
I =Iq sin cor.
i.e.
^av=0
37. Phaser diagram of given waveform.
33. (i) In case of pure capacitive circuit, the current leads
in phase by n/2 with respect to the applied
voltage. So, the element will be a capacitor,
(ii) In case of pure inductive circuit, the current lags in E
phase by 7t/2 with respect to the applied voltage. I
Jt/4

So, the element will be an inductor.

34. It is defined as the value of Alternating Current (AC)

over a complete cycle which would generate same The phase difference between the two quantities will
amount of heat in a given resistor that is generated by given as equal length of phasors current leads voltage
steady current in the same resistor and in the same
phase difference is
time during a complete [Link] is also called virtual
value or effective value of AC.
38. Given, alternating voltage, E=Eq sinco/
Let the peak value of the current be 1 0
Current in the circuit,
^0
/ rms
I I ■ (
I =Iq sm CO/ + —
^
4J
where, Iq = peak value of AC. (i) E=Eq sin (0/
35. In a series LCE circuit, the resonant frequency is given 7C
1 /=/ftSin (0/ + —
as/o = 4)
2juVZc 7t

From the above formula, it is clear that resonant Current is leading by —. Hence, box must be the
4
frequency depends on the value of inductance L and capacitor.
capacitance C present in the circuit.
The graph between impedance and frequency is given (ii) Phasor diagram,
below
0 A

.^0
Z
K
C

OK AC _ Vc -Iq Xq ~^C
tan (|) =
■>v OA~ OA~ Vr,R I.R
0 R

36. Given, instantaneous voltage, From diagram,

V =Vq sin CO/ AK^ =OA^ +OK^
As in both cases, the voltage and current differ by a
= ^OA^+AC^ =^(I„Rf+i-l„Xcf
phase of—. So, <i) = —.
4 ^4 than, E0 =/„ +
(i) Average power dissipated,
P
^ av
-V I
' rms ^ rms COS(|) impedance, Z = -^Jr^
V,0 I0
Z =
^0
XCOS(|)
^0
208 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

q
39. (i) As, the dielectric slab is introduced between the and voltage across capacitor, V - —
plates of the capacitor, its capacitance will
increase. Hence, the potential drop across the Applying KirchhofTs loop rule, we have
capacitor will decrease, i.e. V Asa result, the
V^sinO)t = ^=>q= CV^ sin cor
potential drop across the bulb will increase as they
are connected in [Link], its brightness will Also, 1=^
dt
increase,

(ii) As the resistance R is increased, the potential drop / = — C(K„sincof)

dt
across the resistor will increase. As a result, the
potential drop across the bulb will decrease as they 7=coCF„coscor
are connected in series. Thus, its brightness will We know that, cos cor = sin(cor + nil) ...(ii)
decrease.
In the circuit,
40. (i) Phasor diagram for LC-R series circuit is given as 1
V^=I^Xc=l m ...(iii)
coC
When Vi>Vq

Vl Substituting the values of Eqs. (ii) and (iii) in Eq. (i),

we get
T n

V'i.-V'c / = /^sin (x>t + -

\ ^)

The phase diagram which shows the current lead the

voltage in phase by 90° is given below
V'c- W/
W/
sin wf V

Resultant voltage, V +
\(0f

=> IZ = -<J(IR)^ +I^{Xi -X^)^

0 \Tt 2n \
Im sin (cof + n/2]

Z = ^R^+(X^-Xcf
Amplitude of current. 42. (i) The impedance of a series L-C-R circuit is given by
\2
1

® Z Z Z = ^R^ + (oL- coC

Z will be minimum, whencoL = l/coC, i.e. when the

^ Jl[R^+(X, -Xcf] circuit is under resonance. Hence, in this condition
\JR^+{X,-Xcf Z will be minimum and equal to R.
From figure, tan(|) (ii) Average power dissipated through a series L-C-R
IX L ~LXc X,-Xc circuit is given by
Jl -^c
VR IR R =Eyly C0S(1)
where, Ey =rms value of alternating voltage
41. Let us consider a capacitor C connected to an AC
source as shown below
ly = rms value of alternating current
and (j) = phase difference between
current and voltage
.(9 For wattless current, the power dissipated through
the circuit should be zero.
I.e. cos4> =0
Let the AC voltage applied is cosd) =cos—
Tl

V =F_
m
sin cor ^ 2
 Alternating Current 209

n
^P = V
' rms I
^ rms ●COS(()
(j) = —
2 R R
COS({) = —
Hence, the condition for wattless current is that the
circuit is purely inductive or purely capacitive in
Z ^R^+(X,-Xcf
which the voltage and current differ by a phase Here, = R. So, cos(j) = 1
Hence, P ~ Kms-^rms (Maximum)
angle of y, i.e. (}> = 45. Impedance offered by series L-C-R circuit,
43. (i) From given parameter, Kjj =200V, =250V Z = ^R^+(X, -Xcf
and =250 V. Ve^ should be given as
V.^^=Vr+Vl+Vc And voltage, F = +(Fjt -V^)^
= 200V+250V+250V = 700V
As, Fc and F^ are the voltages applied across
250 V capacitor C and inductor L. or F^ may be greater
250 V ,, 200 V than F.
f-^TOP—ll-AVWV-n
The situation may be shown in figure, where F^ > F.
V/l
©
(200 ,V 50 Hz)
I
However, >200V of the AC source. This
paradox can be solved only by using phasor
diagram, as given below
[Link] = >« -Vcf
46. (i) We know that, capacitive reactance
Vl 1
[Link] 1
. On increasing capacitance, X^
'e coC 2nfC
Vr Vc will decrease and hence current will increase,
therefore brightness of bulb will increase,
Since, F^ =V^ (ii) For DC source, fi’equency, / =0.
So, F,ff=F^=200V .●. X^ becomes infinite, So, there will no flow of
(ii) Given, 7? = 40 H, so current in the L-C-R circuit. current and hence, bulb will not glow.

F^ff _ 200 47. Given, F = 140sin314r,7? =50Q

7? “ 40 = 5A [Xi=XcO^Z = R]
Comparing it with F = Fq sin to/
(i) Here, CO = 314 rad/s
44. (i) In R-L series combination, voltage leads the current
7t
I.e. 27t/=314 [v(o=2ti/]
by phase 6 = —. It means element X is an inductor /=314/2ti
4
314
(with reactance equal to 7?). In R-C series / = = 50 Hz
combination, voltage lags behind the current by 2x3.14

phase 4* = “■ So, element T is a capacitor (with Frequency of AC, v = 50 Hz

[Link] F,0
reactance equal to 7?). (ii) As, 7 rms and Frms
7?
(ii) If both elements X and Y are connected in series
with R, then power dissipation in the combination Here, Fq =140V
can be given as 140 -Jl
[Link] = 70V2 V
●IXandYl—I
70V2 70V2
7 rms
R 50
O = 1.9 A or 2A
210 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

\2
48. Refer to Sol. 47 on page 209. (25 Hz, 4.95 A) 100

49. Refer to Sol. 47 on page 209. (50 Hz, 1.98 A) Z = .J(10)^+(100tc)^x TC

50. (i) 7^ = 150W,r=220 V Z = VoO)^+(100)^ X (100)^

Z = 10000 Q
Resistance of the bulb, R =
P
(ii) Phase angle (f>,
220x220
R = = 322.7H
150 tan d - orcos© = —
R Z
[Link] 220
10
(ii) As, I rms (r^3=K=220V) cos
R 322.7
10000
^rms=0-68A
(j) = cos"‘ (0.001)
51. Since, average power consumption in an AC circuit is
(t) = 90°
given by
(iii) Voltage drop across the inductor,
^av =>^rms X-^rms XCOS^I
V.0
But in pure capacitive circuit, phase difference Vrms

between voltage and current is given by 42~

141 141
V. rms = 100V
71 ^'1-41
av rms
xcos —
2
54. Refer to Sol. 41 on page 208.
71
P...
av
=0 V COS —= 0 55. Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
2 dW
P = ...(i)
Thus, no power is consumed in pure capacitive AC dt
circuit.
or Power is defined as the product of voltage and
52. When AC source is connected, the capacitor offers current.
1 1
capacitive reactance X^ = . The current In AC circuit, both emf and current change
coC 2tcvC continuously with respect to time. So, in it we have to
flows in the circuit and the lamp glows, calculate average power in complete cycle (0—> T).
(i) On reducing capacitance C,Xc increases so Instantaneous power, P = EI ...(ii)
current in the circuit reduces. Therefore, the
[v£ = Eq sin CO/, I =Iq sin(co/ +<{))]
brightness of the bulb reduces,
Here, E and I are instantaneous voltage and current,
(ii) On reducing frequency v, X^ increases so current respectively. If the instantaneous power remains
in the circuit reduces. Therefore, the brightness of constant for a small time dt, then small amount of
the bulb reduces.
work done in maintaining the current for a small time
53. Given that, R -10 Q dt is

100 dW
L = mH = £/
K dt

dW = EI dt ...(iii)
Voltage, F = 141 sin (lOOic/)
As we know, V =Vq sin (Ot Integrating Eq. (iii) on both sides, we get
rT
(O = 100n dW = El dt
Jo
(i) Impedence,
Total work done or energy spent in maintaining
z=^Jr^ + xl current over one full cycle,
CT
■: X^=2nfxL, =coI W= Eq sin CO/ ● Iq sin(co/ + ^)dt
Jo
 Alternating Current 211

fT
--^0-^0 Jo sin cor(sin co/ cos 0 + cos co/ sin ^)dt (i) Current in the circuit,
V 200
T 1 rms

= EqIq COS(j) JO sin^ (at dt ^jO0f+{40f

T 200 200
+sin(j) JO sin CO? cos (otdt I rms
V900 + 1600 50
(T fl-cos2(0/
COS((> JO dt ^rms=4A
2
(ii) Voltage across resistor and capacitor,
sin(t) eT =/xi?=4x30 = 120V
2 sin (O?cosco?tf?
2 Jo
Capacitor voltage,
Eq^O {rT rT Vc =/x^c =4x40 = 160V
coscj) dt -
Jo
COS 2(0/i/?
2
Vt=Vr^Vc
T = 120 + 160 = 280V
+sin(t) JO sin 2(0/ dt
(iii) However, > 200 V of the AC source. This
paradox can be solved only by using phasor
-^0-^0 T
diagram.
2
cos4)[/]5 Jo
coslmdt

T
y=^iVR?+{Vcf
+sin(j) JO sin 2(0/ dt
= Vo20)^^H(i6^ = V400^
rT F=200V
But cos2(0/i// = Oand
Jo
57. At resonance, the frequency of the supply power
T
sin 2(0/ dt = 0 equals the natural frequency of the given LCR circuit.
Jo
i?=20 a,i = 2H
W =
EqIq e C=50^F = 50xl0"^F
cos©
2
= 5x10“^ F
Average power associated in AC circuit,
AC supply voltage to the Z,C/?, V =200 V
Pav W _ £"0^0 E cos(j) = cos©
E IE 2 ^ Impedance of the circuit,

R av
Ecs I0
r-® ●—p-COS(b
Z = 4rU{X,-Xcf
V2
At resonance, ^
or P...
av
=E rms T rms COS(}) Z = 7?=20a

= EyIy cost}) (i) Current in the circuit,

(i) AC through resistor & _ V ^
/ = - = 10A
(ii) AC through inductor Refer to text on page 194. Z 20

56. Given that, resistance, =30 Cl (ii) Average power transferred to the circuit in one
250 250 complete cycle
Capacitor, C = pF = xlO’^F
7C 7t
P=K/ = 200x10 = 2000 W

F=50Hz,F=200V (iii) Potential drop across the capacitor

I
Capacitance of reactance. Frequency, v =
1 1
2tz4lC
^c = v= 0.00159 Hz
2Ji/C 27T x50x
250
xl0“^
7C Vc=I xA"c =10x0199
rms

= 40 Q Vc = 199 V
212 - Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

220 220
58. Given that,
Current {/) = 1 A, K = 100 V -Jim 14.14
AC source = 100 V 7^ = 15.55 A
Angular frequency, co = 100 rad/s 60. Suppose an inductor with self-inductance (L) is
Current reduced = 0.5 A connected to an AC source with instantaneous emf
V 100 (V), which is given by
=ioon
Ohmic resistance, ^ = y 1 V =Vn0 sin cot ...(i)

(i) Impedance of coil, L

Vrms 100
=200 a
rms
0.5
K

Impedance of circuit, Z -R
2 2 2
+ X^ K-)—© V

When key K is closed, then current I begins to grow

because magnetic flux linked with it changes and
X^ =V(200)^ -(100)^ = 173.2a induced emf produces which opposes the applied emf.
(ii) Self-inductance of coil, According to Lenz’s law,
173.2 dl
L = e — —L ...(i)
2nf 2x3.14x100 dt

L = 0.275 H dl
where, e is induced emf and — is the rate of change of
dt
(iii) Phase difference between voltage and current,
current.
-1 Xi
0 = tan To maintain the flow of current in the circuit,
R
applied voltage must be equal and opposite to the
-1 173.2
induced emf i.e.
(j) = tan
100
V = -e

(}) = tan “‘(1.732) Ldl Ldl

or dl = -dt
V = -
4) =60° dt dt L

59. Given, voltage (K) = 220 V [from Eq. (i)]

Current (7) = 22 A Integrating the above equation on both sides, we get
(i) X device is a inductor. dl = f -dt
Y device is a resistance. J L
X=L y=R- r Vi,0 sin (Dt
(ii) 7 = dt [v V =:Vq sin cot]
L

Vq —cos CO/
© © 7 = —
[Link] = 220 V [Link] = 220V L CO

Vrms 220 V0 n
= ioa
Resistance, ^ = y rms
22
7 = -
coL
sin(7t/2-co/) vsin
^2
co/ =cosco/
/

We know, R=Xi = 10 a
When inductor and resistance are in the series, then
7 = ^sin(co/ - JC/2)
(dL
...(ii)
[Link]
Current flowing, 7 rms
If sin(C0/ - 71/2) = maximum = 1, then 7 = 7q
z
Vo
Vrms where, peak value of current, Iq = (dL
7 rms

7 =7osin(co/-Tc/2) ...(iii)
Alternating Current 213

From Eqs. (i) and (iii), it is clear that in a pure 63. (i) COS0
inductor, the current lags behind the voltage by a In ideal inductor, current / rms lags behind applied
phase angle of nil radians (90°) or the voltage leads voltage byte/2.
the current by a phase angle of tt / 2 radians (90°). isf=%n
●*P av =V
' rms^I rms costc/2
y so

/
or P
■* av =V
' rms-'I rms xO

(Of
or
^av=0
0 /(ot-\ n 2n y
(ii) Brightness of the lamp decreases. It is because
^0 when iron rod is inserted inside the inductor, its
inductance L increases, thereby its inductive
61. Refer to Sol. 41 on page 208. reactance Xwill also increase and hence,
impedance Z of the circuit will increase.
62. Given, 1 = 100 mH = 100 xlO"^H,
-6
As,/ rms = Fnns /Z, SO this decreases the current
C = 2[xF =2X10 F, 00 = 1000 rad/s and / rms in the circuit and hence, the brighmess of
/?=400n lamp will decrease.
1
col - Concept The average value of sin cot, cos cot, L
coC 1 Enhancer sin 2cot, cos 2cot etc., is zero
(i) For phase difference, tan <j) = / because it is positive in first half of the cycle and
R
: negative in rest half of cycle.
[where, ({) is phase difference between current and
voltage] 64. (i) To draw maximum current from a series L-C-R
col = 1000xl00xl0"^ =ioon circuit, the circuit at particular frequency
X, =^c-
1 1 1 1 1
y zz; == = = 39.80 Hz
coC 1000x2x10"^ 2x10^^ 271 Vie 2x3.14Vs x2xl0‘^
= 500 £2
This frequency is known as the series resonance
100-500 -400
tan (j> = = -l frequency.
400 400 V 200
(ii)/ 0 - = 2A
(f) = tan"'(-l) ^ (j) = 135° R 100
1 (iii)
Since, coI<-^ oxX, <Xr
coC ^ ^ X}
3 Rz

Therefore, current is leading in phase by a phase

a
L and C fixed
> R2
angle 135°. c
a>

(ii) For unit power factor, cos<j) = l 3

u R1

R R
=1 Frequency
z \2
1 65. For unity power factor,
R^ + (OZ, -
coC 1 >

where, Cj is the total capacitance. coL = l/coC'

\2 where, C' = C + C
//

I
=> R^ + (i)L- = R^ 1 1
coC 1 > C' =
1 1 (O^L (1000)^ x 100x10"^
coZ, = => 100 =
coC 1 lOOOC I = 10"^ F = 10pF
1 As C' = C + C
/ /

C.I = = 10“^ F =j.l0pF

10^ C" = C'-C = 10-2 = 8pF
Additional capacitance C' required in parallel So, required capacitor is 8 p.F which is added in
parallel with the given capacitor.
= Q -C=>10^iF-2^F =8pF)
214 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

66 (i) Here,Z, = 80mH,C = 250mF,(0 = 100rad/s Given,

^rms =240V r =Fosin(1000r + (J») =»(0 = 1000Hz
1 /?=400a,C=2 ^F, L = 100mH
Impedance, -Xc\= coZ,- coC 1
●/ Capacitive reactance, Xc = (oC
1
= 100x80x10"^ - 1
100x250x10"^
^c =
1 1000x2x10"^
= 196
25 10^
Vrms 240 ^ 2
/ rms = 30.15A
Reactance 7.96
Xc =500 .0
71
(ii) For L-C circuit, phase difference is —. Hence, the Inductive reactance, =(oL

total average power consumed by circuit is zero. =1000x100x10"^ => Xi=iooa

67. (i) Applied AC voltage, V = Vq sin cot So, we can see that Xq > X^
Phasor diagram for given R-C circuit is shown.
Phase difference, tan ^ =
From diagram, by parallelogram law of vector R
100-500 -400
addition, =V
tan<l) = tanij) = =>tan(f) = -l
400 400
7C
tan(() = -tan —
4;
7t

^=-4
tan (|) is negative.
Hence, the voltage lags behind the current by a
Using Pythagoras theorem, we get phase angle (j). The AC circuit is capacitance
dominated circuit.
V^=vi+Vi={IRf+{JXcf
This is the required value of the phase difference
V^=I^{R^+X^) between the current and the voltage in the given
series L-C-R circuit,
I = V/^R^ +xj = V/Z (ii) Suppose, new capacitance of the circuit is C'.
where, Z = ^R^+xl = Thus, to have power factor unity
R
(ii) The phase angle ^ between resultant voltage and COS(|)' = l =
current is given by ^R^+(X,-Xcf
tan({) =
Vc IXc Xc 1/coC 1 => R^=R^+(X,-X'cf
Vr IR ~ R R coRC 1
=❖ Xi -Xc or coZ,=
Common Sometimes students may think, that we coC'
Mistake canwriteV^ =/R,(Vq)„ 1 1
and (V() )j. = IqX(. but cannot write (for instantaneous voltages).
=> (0^ =
LC
; or (1000)^ = LC7 (v CO = 1000)
1 1
68. (i) Given, figure => C' =
fl=400fi LxlO^ 100x10"^ xlO^
10 _ 1 = 10"^
V=VoSin(1000f+4)) (3 d=C=2\if
10^ 10^
-rmm^
Z.==100mH
=> C' = 10"^F =10x10"^ F=10pF
 Alternating Current - 215

As, C' > C. Hence, we have to add an additional col-1/co C

^ tan([) = = CO
tan 90° = oo)
capacitor of capacitance 8 p. F (10 pF -2 )iF) in R
parallel with previous capacitor.
69. The inductive reactance ) co£, (ii) If(|) =0°, then maximum power is dissipated in the
circuit.
where, co = angular frequency of AC source
and L = inductance of the inductor. Pav = maximum
+ tan(j) = = 0 (vtan0° = 0)
-VMV ■'Tnnr
R
ft L
(Resonance)
71. (i) The average power dissipated,
Ji/2
P = (I^R) = (/^fisin^(o0= llR{sm^mt)
, I 1
e (sin CO 0 = - [1 - (cos 2 cot)] = -
2 2
eo sin cof
Series L-fl circuit (v cos 2co/ = 0)
1
The net resistance of the circuit is given by 2

Z = ^jx^^+R^ (ii) Power of the bulb, P = 100 W and voltage,

where, P = resistance of the bulb, K = 220V
(i) We know that, if the number of turns in the The resistance of the bulb is given as
inductor decreases, then inductance L decreases. _ (220)^
p = = 484 a
So, the net resistance of the circuit decreases and P ” 100
the current through the circuit increases, increasing
the brightness of the bulb, 72. (i) When a source of AC is connected to a capacitor of
capacitance Cj, the charge on it grows from zero to
(ii) If the soft iron rod is inserted in the inductor, then
maximum steady value Qq.
the inductance L increases. Therefore, the current
through the bulb will decrease, decreasing the The energy stored in a capacitor is,
brightness of the bulb.
8 where, Vq is maximum potential difference across
rms
/ rms the plates of the capacitor.
The alternating voltage applied is
(iii) If the capacitor of reactance, Xq - X^ is V = Vq sin CO?
connected in series with the circuit, then
and the current leads the emf by a phase angle of
Z = V(X,-Xcf+R^ 7C/2.
n
=> Z=R [■:X^=Xc] /=/osin co? + — =7ocosco?
This is a case of resonance. In this case, the 2 J
maximum current will flow through the circuit. Work done over a complete cycle is
Hence, the brightness of the bulb will increase to tT
maximum. W =
VIdt = (Vq sin co?)(/q cos co?) dt
Jo

70. Refer to Sol. 55 on pages 210 and 211. 0

2 sin CO? cos co? dt
(i) If (j) = 90°, then no power is dissipated even though 2 JO
the current flows through the circuit.
^av=0 W= smltiPtdt
2 Jo
This current is called wattless current. The r ~\T
resistance of the circuit is zero which is shown W =
VqIq cos 2 CO?
= 0
below. 2 2co
Jo
W
tan (|) = [Link] — =0
\ R
T
216 Chap+erwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

(ii) When DC source is connected, the condenser is But, = IR,V^=IXl,

charged but no current flows in the circuit. Vc = IX c
Therefore, the lamp does not glow. No change
occurs even when capacitance of capacitor is F= -lilRf + (IXI, - IXcf
reduced.
When AC source is connected, the capacitor offers
capacitive reactance X^ =1/ (oC. The current flows
J =^R^ + (X,-Xcf
in the circuit and the lamp glows. On reducing Cj, Impedance of L-C-R circuit,
Xc increases. Therefore, the glowing of the bulb
reduces. Z = j = ^R^+(X^-Xcf
73. Given, i = 10 H, C = 40 pF, Vo
lo -
R Bandwidth
R=6Q = 240V
; ^0
rms
= 2A(0
(i) Resonating angular frequency, V’ITrj
1 1
CO, =
Vie ^10x40x10"^
1
CO, = = 50rad/s
20x10*^ C0i (Or (02 0).

(ii) Current at resonating frequency, Common in phase diagram, we represent

V, Mistake alternating voltage and current as rotating
■^rms [mL ^ ... ersonance, Z = R) vectors, but these quantities are scalar quantities, not
Z R
vector themselves.
= 240/60 = 4 A

(hi) Inductive reactance, =coL 75. Let initially /, current is flowing in all the three
At resonance, =co,L=50xl0 = 500fi circuits. If frequency of applied AC source is
Potential drop across the inductor, increased, then the change in current will occur in the
=4X500 =2000V following manner,
(i) Circuit containing
74. Assuming, X >X^ >K^ resistance R Current I

Net voltage, V = +(Ki ~Vc)^ only There will not be I,

any effect in the current
where, and are potential difference across on changing the
I, C and R respectively. frequency of AC fi
Vf,=R! + Vl=XJ- Vc=Xc/- source,
I AW— -nnnnnnnr
R L c where, /,● = initial frequency of AC source.
Vi There is no effect on current with the increase in
K/2
frequency,
n/2
(ii) AC circuit containing inductance only With the
increase of frequency of AC source inductive
V. rms [Link]
reactance increase as 7 =
2nJL

For given circuit, I f

Current I

I,-

h
f

Current decreases with the increase of frequency.

 Alternating Current 217

(iii) AC circuit containing capacitor only V = Vq sin cor -(i)

Xc =1/coC = 1/27c/C /. V = Potential difference across the capacitor
1 q
Current, I = V,^,JXc =V,ms > c
2k/C
I=2nfCV^,, q = CV or q= CVq sin cor
For given circuit, / «= / dq
= CO C Fa cos cor
dt
Current increases with the increase of frequency. V,0
or / = cos cor
(1/coC)
/ 7C
or
/ = /q sin cor + — ...(h)
Ir \ 2.)
Vo Vo
where, Iq =
(1/coC) Xc
1
Capacitive reactance, X(- =
coC
76. Given, .Vrms = 220 V,i: = 20mH = 2xl0-^H,
(ii) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), current leads the voltage by
800 800
t\J £ phase 7t/2.
/?=110Q,C = -xlO“®F
n n
v.j
(i) Average power observed by L-C-R series AC
circuit is maximum when circuit is in resonance.
Resonant frequency,
1 1
CO, = => V0 “
^^LC 2k4lC
1

800
2jt, 2x10 ^ X ^xlO"^
n

1000 -1
Vo = = 125s
2x4
-1
Vq =125s
Krms 220
(ii) As, I rms = 2A
z no
z=R=ma

Maximum current amplitude,

^0 =-^rms -J2 =2-j2 A)
77. (i) Let alternating voltage, V = Vq sin cor is applied
across a capacitor C. At any instant, the potential
difference across the capacitor is equal to applied
voltage. Phasor diagram

|C
/o
218 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

m = 2kL = 0.2
(iii) If resistance is added in series to capacitor. The
0.2
vector sum of two voltage drop is equal to applied or L = = 0.0318 H
voltage. 2n
C R
-Wf
(b) Let the capacitance of a capacitor be C.
Since, the given circuit will become a series
L-C-R circuit. So, its power dissipation is
maximum, if(|)=0.
e coL -1 / coC
=0 [●.lan0'’ = 0]
tan (}) =
0 Vfl p R
I
coL =
V=l^ coC
I I
0
c =
V'c {2nf)^L
Vn = I xR Given, / = 300 s
-i

and Vc =IxXc
Substituting the values of / and L in the above
In AOPQ,
equation, we get
V=^(VRf+ ' C =
I

(2tcx 3 00)^x0.0318
+X^
V = 8.859x10"^ F = 8.86 pF
Current, I =
80. (i) Refer to Sol. 74 on page 216.
z t
Vc Xc Xc>Xl\Xl>Xc
Phase angle, tan p =
0
o
R R c
CO
■o
0
-1 a
p = tan E
R

79. (i) As, average power, - Vrms^Tms COS(|) ^0 ^(frequency)

In ideal inductor, current I lags behind applied
rms
VariatiDfi of Impedance with frequency
voltage Frms by7c/2.
i.e. (|) = Ji/2 (ii) At resonance, =Xc,
^av =^rms'^msCOS7l/2 At resonance, voltage across inductor is equal to
or ^av=^ms^msX0
voltage across capacitor in magnitude only but
both are in opposite polarities.
or ^av -0
Hence, phase difference between and Vc is
Thus, an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in 180®.
an AC circuit.
(iii) As in case of DC supply, the current is independent
(ii) (a) As we know. of frequency. So, the value of current is 1 A but in
Inductive reactance, A'={2nf)L ● ●●(i)
AC supply, the current is 0.5 A as the value of
where, L is the self-inductance of the inductor. impedence increases and hence value of current
Since, the above equation is in the form, y= mx decreases.
V 200
where. y= X i,x = f and m - 2nL. For DC, =— = 200 a
/ 1
So, from the given graph, we get
V 200
Slope of the X^ versus f graph, For AC, = 400 a
Ay 05
m =
Ac
Z = V^^ +C0^L^
(60 - 40) 20
(300-200)” 100
= 0.2
=> 400 = V(200)^ +471^(50)^ [*.● CO = 2tc^]
 Alternating Current - - 219

=5> 160000 = 40000 + 4n^ X2500 Current, /=/f)COSCO/

=Vl2 As, in the case of capacitor,
or 1= 1.101 H T T ■ ^ r
/ = /q sin cor+— [current is leading voltage]
V 2)
81. (i) Given, K = Kg sin cor
. . . 7t Average power,
/ = /a sm cor + —
I 2) P = yrm, XCOS0
^ Pa cos (f)
^ 1
rms

As it is clear that, the cuiTent leads the voltage by a

phase angle —. where, (j) = phase difference

The deviceA'is a capacitor. (iii) As, Xc = capacitive reactance
1
(ii) V

u
Cco
Vo
h where, co is angular frequency.
So, reactance or impedance decreases with increase
2n
in frequency.
Graph of versus co is shown below,

(iii) The reactance of the capacitance is given as

1

coC

where, co = angular frequency

0
and
C = capacitance of capacitor.
CO

1 (iv) For a capacitor fed with an AC supply

27tvC
1 C
where, v = frequency of AC or X C OC

V
or
q=CV = CPosinco/
The graphical representation between reactance of / = dq ^ Vq sm cof +
n

capacitance and frequency is given as dt x/ 2)

\ 83. If / is the current in the circuit containing inductor of
inductance L, capacitor of capacitance C and resistor
of resistance R in series, then the voltage drop across
the inductor is

Vl
V I- +
Vi_=Xi_I Vq =XqI M
AW
(iv) Phaser diagram R L C
Vl
nJ2
OJ V,0
V
n/2
+ I
I
Vc
3, jr/2 Vq sin o)t 1
c (Of 1
</>

V=VaS\n(S}t
82. (i) Device X is a capacitor.
As, the current is leading voltage by n/2 rad. which leads current / by phase angle of tc/2, and
(ii) Curve A represents power. voltage drop across the capacitor is P2 = / x ●
Curve B represents voltage and which lags behind current / by phase angle of 7t/2, and
Curve C represents current. voltage drop across the resistor is =JR which is in
As, V = Vq sin CO? phase with current I. So, the net voltage E across the
circuit is (using phasor diagram)
220 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

V'l, the series L-C-R circuit offers minimum impedance i.e.

only R and current at this frequency flows maximum.
In the case of resonance, voltage and current are in
same phase.
Above mentioned condition is known as condition of
resonance. In this condition
Phosor diogram
(i) Inductive and capacitive reactances are equal
=^c
v=4yR^iVi-ycf coI =
1

=> V =I-^R^ +{Xj^ =^V — 1Z 1

o)C

co = [v co = 2;iv]
where, Z = ^R^ +{X - Xc)^ is known as 4lc
1
impedance. Phase angle between voltage and current is
Vl-Vc
given by tan 4> = V.R R
(ii) Potential drop across inductor and capacitor are
A series L-C-R circuit has its natural angular equal, = Vc
1
frequency, co = and natural (resonating)
VZc At resonance, the potential
1 Enhancer difference across inductor and
frequency, v = i capacitor are equal and 180° out of phase.
2tcVZc* ( Therefore, cancel out. Hence, applied emf is merely
When the applied AC in the circuit has this frequency, ^ overcome the resistance opposition only.

TOPIC 2
AC Devices

Transformer assume that the resistance of primary coil is negligible,

then the back emf will be equal to the voltage applied to
It is a device which converts high voltage AC into low
the primary coil.
voltage AC and vice-versa. It is based upon the principle of
mutual induction. When a variable current is passed through V,i =-N 1 and V2 =-N ^ dt
dt
one of the two inductively coupled coils, an induced emf is
set up in other coil. where, and Ni are number of turns in the primary and
the secondary coil respectively, while and K2 are their
voltages, respectively.
Output emf ^
Input emf K,1 N1
P S > To load

AC
source
Energy Losses in a Transformer
There are some energy losses in a transfonns
(i) Eddy Current Loss Eddy current in iron core of
Laminated cores transformer facilitate the loss of energy in the form of
heat,
Working (ii) Flux Leakage Total fluxes linked with primary do
When an alternating current is passed through the primary not completely pass through the secondary which
coil, the magnetic flux through the iron core changes, denotes the loss in the flux or flux leakage,
which does two things, produces emf in the primary coil (iii) Copper Loss Due to heating, energy loss takes place
and an induced emf is set up in the secondary coil. If we in copper wires of primary and secondary coils.
 Alternating Current 221

(iv) Hysteresis Loss The energy loss takes place in Important Points Related to Transformer
magnetising and demagnetising the iron core over
every cycle, ● For an ideal transformer,
Input power = Output power
(v) Humming Loss The magnetostriction effect leads to
set the core in vibration which in turn produced the yxh=yih ^ yxiyi=hih
sound and we know that sound is also a form of ● Transformation ratio (r)
energy. This loss is referred as humming loss. The r^NsINp =Vs!Vp =lp/Is
humming can reduce the mechanical strength of the
transformer. where, Np and are the number of turns in primary and
secondary coils. Vp and are alternative voltage in
Types of Transformer primary and secondary coils.
There are two types of transformers which are given Ip and/5 current in primary and secondary coils.
as below
● Long distance power transmission takes place at high
(i) Step-up transformer {N2 >N^) It converts low alternating voltage so as to minimise losses in the form

alternating voltage into high alternating voltage, of heat, therefore, step-up transformers are used at power
stations and step-down transformers at receiving ends.
(ii) Step-down transformer {N2 <N^) ● Efficiency of transformer.
It converts high alternating voltage into low Output power
alternating voltage. Tl = xlOO
Input power'

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
Multiple Choice Questions is the correct explanation of Assertion,
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
1. The core of a transformer is laminated to reduce the
is not the correct explanation of Assertion,
effect of
CBSE 2022 (Term-ll) (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect,
(a) flux leakage
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(b) copper loss
(c) hysteresis loss 3. Assertion A step-up transformer cannot be used as a

(d) eddy current step-down transformer.

2. Which among the following, is not a cause for power Reason A transformer works only in one direction.
loss in a transformer CBSE SQP 2021-22 CBSE 2022 (Term-1)

(a) Eddy currents are produced in the soft iron core of Very Short Answer Questions
a transformer,
4. Write two causes of energy loss in a real transfonner.
(b) Electric flux sharing is not properly done in CBSE 2024

primary and secondary coils, 5. Why is the core of a transformer laminated? Delhi 2013C
(c) Humming sound produced in the transformers due
to magnetostriction,
6. Mention two characteristic properties of the material
suitable for making core of a transformer. All India 2012
(d) Primary coil is made up of a very thick copper
wire. 7. What is the ffinction of a step-up transformer?
All India 2011C
Assertion-Reason Questions
Direction (Q. No. 3) In the following question, two statements 2 Marks Questions
are
given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to this question from the 8. With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the
codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below working of a step-up transformer. CBSE 2024
222 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

9. The primary coil having Np turns of an ideal is 0.5 Q per km. The town gets the power from the
line through a 4000-220 V step-down transformer
transformer is supplied with alternating voltage Vp. at a sub-station in the town. Estimate the line
Obtain an expression for the voltage induced in its
secondary coil having N^ turns. Mention two main power loss in the form of heat. Delhi 2019

sources of power loss in real transformers. CBSE 2023 19. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-down
transformer. State the principle of its working.
10. Explain with help of a diagram, the working of a
step-down transformer. Why is a laminated iron core (ii) Express the turn ratio in terms of voltages.
used in a transformer? All India 2020 (iii) Find the ratio of primary and secondary currents in
terms of turn ratio in an ideal transformer.
11. (i) What is the principle of transformer?
(iv) How much current is drawn by the primary of a
(ii) Explain how laminating the core of a transformer transformer connected to 220 V supply when it
helps to reduce eddy current? delivers power to a 110 V-550 W in refrigerator?
All India 2016
(iii) Why the primary and secondary coils of a
transformer are preferably wound on the same
core? CBSE SQP 2018-19 §§ [313 idea
Power loss in the form of heat is directy proportional to
12. With the help of a diagram, explain the principle of a the square of current and product of resistance.
device which changes a low voltage into a high
voltage but does not violate the law of conservation of 20. (0 Write the function of a transformer. State its
energy. Give any one reason why the device may not principle of working with the help of a diagram.
be 100% efficient. CBSE SQP 2017-18
Mention various energy losses in this device,
13. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2200 V (ii) The primary coil of an ideal step-up transformer
to a step-down transformer with its primary windings has 100 turns and transformation ratio is also 100.
having 3000 turns. Find the number of turns in the The input voltage and power are respectively
secondary winding to get the power output at 220 V. 220 V and 1100 W. Calculate
Delhi 2017
(a) number of turns in secondary
14. State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is (b) current in primary
the large scale transmission of electric energy over long (c) voltage across secondary
distances done with the use of transformers? All India 20l 2 (d) current in secondary
(e) power in secondary Delhi 2016
15. A power transmission line feeds power at 2200 V with
a current of 5 A to step-down transformer with its 21. (i) Draw a schematic arrangement for winding of
primary winding having 4000 turns. Calculate the primary and secondary coils in a transformer when
number of turns and the current in the secondary in the two coils are wound on top of each other,
order to get output power at 220 V. Foreign 2011 (ii) State the underlying principle of a transformer and
obtain the expression for the ratio of secondary to
16. State the principle of working of a transformer. Can a
transformer be used to step-up or step-down a DC primary voltage in terms of the
voltage? Justify your answer. All India 2011 (a) number of secondary and primary windings
and
17. Mention various energy losses in a transformer. (b) primary and secondary currents,
All India 2011
(iii) Write the main assumption involved in deriving
5 Marks Questions the above relations,
(iv) Write any two reasons due to which energy losses
18. (i) Draw the diagram of a device which is used to may occur in actual transformers. All India 2014C
decrease high AC voltage into a low AC voltage
and state its working principle. Write four sources 22. (i) State the principle of a step-up transformer.
of energy loss in this device, Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, its
working,
(ii) A small town with a demand of 1200 kW of
electric power at 220 V is situated 20 km away (ii) Describe briefly and two energy losses giving the
for their occurrence in actual transformer.
from an electric plant generating power at 440 V. reasons
Foreign 2012
The resistance of the two wire line carrying power
 Alternating Current 223

23. (i) With the help of a labelled diagram, describe The large-scale transmission and distribution of
briefly the underlying principle and working of a electrical energy over long distances is done with the
step-up transformer, use of transformers, the voltage output of the generator
(ii) Write any two sources of energy loss in a is stepped-up. It is then transmitted over long distances
transformer, to an area sub-station near the consumers. There the

(iii) A step-up transformer converts a low input voltage is stepped down. It is further stepped down at
distributing sub-stations and utility poles before a
voltage into a high output voltage. Does it violate power supply of 240 V reaches our homes.
law of conservation of energy? Explain. Delhi 20l l CBSE SQP 2021-22

24. Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. (i) Which of the following statement is true? (1)
Explain its working principle. Deduce the expression (a) Energy is created when a transformer steps up
for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the the voltage
number of turns in the two coils.
(b) A transformer is designed to convert an AC
In an ideal transformer, how is this relation related to the voltage to DC voltage
currents in the two coils.
(c) Step-up transformer increases the power for
How is the transformer used in large scale transmission

transmission and distribution of electrical energy over

(d) Step-down transformer decreases the AC voltage
the long distances? All India 2010 (ii) If the secondary coil has a greater number of turns
25. A step-up down transformer operated on a 2.5 kV line. than the primary (1}

It supplies a load with 20 A. The ratio of the primary (a) the voltage is stepped-up (V^ > ) and
winding to the secondary is 10 : 1. If the transformer is arrangement is called a step-up transformer
90% efficient, calculate (b) the voltage is stepped-down < 1^^) and
(i) the power output arrangement is called a step-down transformer
(ii) the voltage and (c) the current is stepped-up (7^ > I^) and
(iii) the current in the secondary coil. Foreign 2010
arrangement is called a step-up transformer
(d) the current is stepped-down (7^ < ) and
^VjQiaidea arrangement is called a step-down transformer
Percentage efficiency of transfomer is determine by (iii) We need to step-up the voltage for power
Outputpower transmission, so that (1)
using, xlOO
Input power
(a) the current is reduced and consequently, the
7 loss is cut down

Case Based Question (4 Marks) (b) the voltage is increased, the power losses are
also increased
(For Complete Chapter)
(c) the power is increased before transmission is
Direction ([Link]. 26) This question is Case Study based done
question. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. (d) the voltage is decreased soV^! R losses are
26. Read the following paragraph and answers the reduced
questions (iv) A power transmission line feeds input power at
Step-up Step-down 2300 V to a step down transformer with its
transformer transformer
primary windings having 4000 turns. The number
of turns in the secondary in order to get output
j .2 power at 230 V are
o (1)
n
(a) 4 (b) 40
(c) 400 (d) 4000
-y-
Transmission line
 xplanations
t ■

1. (d) The core of a transformer is laminated to reduce and once in the opposite direction. Hence, an
the effect of eddy currents. These are the current alternating magnetic flux is produced in the core.
Since the secondary coil is also wound on the same
produced in metal parts due to changing magnetic
field. core, the magnetic flux passing through it changes
continuously due to the repeated magnetisation and
2. (d) In transformer, primary coil is made up of a very demagnetisation of the core. Therefore, by mutual
thick copper wire due to which primary coil has very induction, an alternating emf of the same frequency is
low resistivity. Therefore, power low is negligible. induced in the secondary coil.
3. (d) A transformer works in both direction. So, a 9. We consider an ideal transformer in which the primary
step-up transformer can be used as a step-down coil has negligible resistance and all the flux in the
transformer by connecting input to secondary core links both primary and secondary windings. Let^
windings and taking output from primary windings. be the flux in each turn in the core at time t due to
4. Energy Loss in Transformers In real transformer, current in the primary when a voltage Vp is applied to
small energy losses occur due to the following reasons it.

(i) Flux leakage There is always some leakage of Then, the induced emf or voltage E^, in the secondary
magnetic flux that is not all of the flux due to with turns is
primary passes through the secondary. This is due
to poor design of the core or the air gaps in the Es =-N, dt
core. It can be reduced by winding the primary and
secondary coils one over the other, The alternating flux 0 also induces an emf, called back
emf in the primary. This is
(ii) Resistance of the windings The wire used for the
d^
windings has some resistance and so, energy is also ...(ii)
dt
lost due to heat produced in the wire In high
current, low voltage windings, energy losses are But Ep=Vp. If this was not, so the primary current
minimised by using thick wire. would be infinite, since the primary has zero resistance
5. The core of transformer is laminated to reduce the (as considered). If the secondary is an open circuit or
the current taken from it is small, then to a good
energy losses due to eddy currents, for increasing the
efficiency. approximation.
6. The characteristic properties of the material suitable for
making core of a transformer are as follow where, is the voltage across the secondary.
(i) Low retentivity or coercivity. Therefore, Eqs. (i) and (ii) can be written as
(ii) Low hysteresis loss or high permeability and V
^ s ~-N s ...(iii)
susceptibility. dt
d(^
7. Step-up transformer converts low alternating voltage into and V^=-N dt
...(iv)
high alternating voltage. The secondary coil of step-up
transformer has a greater number of turns than the primary From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we have
coil(7^^ > Np).
8. The diagram of a step-up transformer
is shown in the following figure. Primary
Two main sources of power loss in real transformers,
Working The given source of emf,
Core
\J0Q0Q0Q0
fTOMPTJ (i) Flux leakage There is always some leakage of flux
say AC mains, is always connected to Secondary
that is not all of the flux due to primary passes
the primary coil. When alternating
through the secondary. This is due to poor design
current flows through the primary coil,
Step-Up of the core or the air gaps in the core. It can be
then in each cycle of current, the core transformer
reduced by winding the primary and secondary
is magnetised once in one direction coils one over the other.
 Alternating Current - 225

(ii) Resistance of the windings The wire used for the 220 N,
windings has some resistance and so, energy is also 2200 ”3000
lost due to heat produced in the wire (I^R). In high 220
current, low voltage windings, energy losses are N,= X 3000 = 300
2200
minimised by using thick wire.
.'. Number of turns in the secondary winding,
10. Step-down transformer convert high voltage {low =300 turns.
current) into low voltage (high current). It works on

the principle of mutual induction. It is shown below. 14. Refer to Sol. 11 (i) on page 225.
Electric power is transmitted over long distances at
high voltage. So, step-up transformers are used at
Laminated
iron sheets (core) power stations to increase the voltage whereas a series
AC input I of step-down transformers at customer end are used to
source 0 ● > To load (output) decrease the voltage upto 220 V.

Primary coil
15. =2200V,/^ =5A,Np =4000
Secondary coil
V,=220V,N^^7I^ = ?
Step-down transformer

In step-down transformer, number of turns in

secondary coil is less than number of turns in primary 220 _ 5 _ N,
coil, hence voltage induced in secondaiy coil is less 2200 ~ I, ~ 4000
than voltage given to primary coil.
Core of transformer is laminated to reduce eddy 2200 ”
current and thus, increase efficiency. 1 5

11. (i) Principle of transformer A transformer is based 10”/,

on the principle of mutual induction, i.e. whenever => / =50A
the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changes, an emf is induced in the neighbouring I, 4000
coil. This changing flux sets up an induced emf in
the secondary coil, also self induced emf in 5 _
=> A, = 400
primary coil. 50 ” 4000
(ii) The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy
currents in the iron core and cause heating. The 16. Refer to Sol. 11 (i) on page 225 (For principle of
effect is reduced by having a laminated core. working of transformer).
(iii) For maximum sharing of magnetic flux and No, transformer cannot be used to change DC voltage
magnetic flux per turn to be the same in both because DC voltage is constant and cannot change
primary and secondary coils of a transformer and flux linked with primary or secondary coils. Due to
preferably wound on the same core . low resistance of primary winding, a heavy DC
current will flow through it, causing overheating in
12. Refer to text on page 220 (Transformer). winding and finally transformer will bum.
A transformer is not 100% efficient as all the electrical
17. For energy losses in transformer are
energy in the primary coil is not transferred to the (i) Eddy current loss (ii) Flux leakage
secondary coil. Some of it lost due to resistance in the
(iii) Copper loss (iv) Hysteresis loss
winding and also due to magnetic effect.
(v) Humming loss
13. Given, input power {Vp) = 2200 V 18. (i) Refer to text on page 220.
Number of turns (Np) = 3000 (Transformer)
Output power (F^) =220 V (ii) Given, power = 1200 kW,
V N
As, V =220 V, resistance = 0i Q,
Vp ~ N p
Vp — 4000, V^ = 220 V, distance = 20 km
226 Chapterv/ise CBSE Solved Papers : PHYSICS

Power = 21. (i) The schematic arrangement of a transformer is

shown as below
1200x1000 = /^ X4000 Ip =300A
Power loss = {Ip x7? (2 lines)
= {300)^ x0ix20x2 =18x10^ W S'
2r-
C3
■D
CO
£ 5 o
19. (i) Refer to Sol. 10 on page 225. Q.
>
O
CD
CO

{n)^Ap=NJNp
(iii) For an ideal transformer, = ,Pout

(ii) Refer to Sol. 11 (i) on page 225 (Principle of

=> [Link]=^sl^p=NJNp transformer).
(iv) />,„ =550W
Working When an alternating current is passed
=> ^p^p =550 through the primary, the magnetic flux through the
210x1 p =550 iron core changes, which does two things, produces
Ip =550/220 = 5/2 = 25 A emf in the primary and an induced emf is set up in
the secondary. If we assume that the resistance of
20. (i) Transformer is a device which converts high
voltage AC into low voltage AC and vice-versa.
primary is negligible, then the back emf will be
equal to the voltage applied to the primary.
Refer to text on page 220. (For working principle
& diagram) (a) V,1 =-N 1
dt
There are number of energy losses in a transformer,
d(^
(a) Copper losses due to Joule’s heating produced and ^2 = - N2—
across the resistances of primary and secondary
V,1 NI
coils. It can be reduced by using copper wires,
(b) Hysteresis losses due to repeated V2 ^2
magnetisation and demagnetization of the core where, and N2 are number of turns in the
of transformer. It is minimised by using soft primary and the secondary coils respectively
iron core, as area of hysteresis loop for soft while Vi and V2 are their voltages respectively,
iron is small and hence energy loss also (b) But for ideal transformers, /, = V2 12
becomes small,
VJVi^l2lh
(c) Iron losses due to eddy currents produced in (iii) Main assumptions
soft iron core. It is minimised by using
laminated iron core, (a) The primary resistance and current are small,
(b) The flux linked with primary and secondary
(d) Flux losses due to flux leakage or incomplete coil is same. There is no leakage of flux from
flux linkage and can be minimised by proper the core,
coupling of primary and secondary coils.
(c) secondary current is small,
(ii) Here, Np =100, NJNp =100
(iv) Refer to text on pages 220 and 221.
Zp =220 V, Pin =1100 W (Energy losses in a transformer)
(a) A^=100
A, =10000 22. (i)

(b) Ip=P^!tp
= 1100/220 = 5 A Np
;
(c) z, = N,INp xzp p s!' 1 To load
= 100x220 = 22000 V AC
p
■‘out 1100 1 source
(d) = = —A (vPout = ^in)
22000 20

(e)P.=^out=^in=1100W Laminated cores

 Alternating Current — 227

Refer to text on pages 220 and 221 (Transformer), 90

x2.5xl0^ x20 =4.5x10“* W
(ii) Refer to Sol. 20 (i) on page 227. 100

23. (i) Refer to text on pages 220 and 221 (Transformer), (ii)
(ii) Refer to text on pages 220 and 221 (Energy losses
in a transformer),
(iii) No, it does not violate the law of conservation of Voltage, —x2.5xl0^=250V
10
energy because voltage increase is accompanied by (iii) F,7, =4.5x10“* W
decrease in current.

In step-up transformer the current decreases by the 4.5x10“* 4.5x10“*

Current, =
same proportion as the voltage increases. When Vs 250
voltage increases n times, the current reduce Mn
times. => 7, =180A
26. (i) (d) Step-down transformer decreases the AC
24. Refer to text on page 220 (Transformer). voltage,
Step-up transformers are used at generating stations so (ii) (a) The voltage is stepped-up and arrangement is
as to transmit the power at high voltage to minimise called a step-up transformer,
the loss in the form of heat, whereas series of
step-down transformers are used at receiving ends.
i.e.

25. Given, input voltages, =2.5 x 10^ V

(iii) (a) The current is reduced and consequently, the
Input current, 7^ =20 A I^R loss is cut down,
Also, Np!N^=\m (iv) (c) Given, power input at 2300 V
NJNp=y\Q ...(i) Turns, V =4000
Output power Output power at 230 V
Percentage efficiency = xlOO
Input power As we know,
90 Output power F[ _ V 1
100

90 4000x230
(i) Output power = A^2 = = 400
100 2300
 [chapter] test)
01 Mark Questions 8 Explain, why the reactance offered by an inductor
increase with increase frequency of an alternating
1 If the rms current in a 50 Hz AC circuit is 5A, the current.
I
value of current s after its value becomes zero is
GE) Marks Questions
300
5^3
(a) IA (b) ^A {c)5^/2A
2
{d)^A
V2 9 Answer the following questions,
(i) Under what circumstances, the minimum value of
2 The reading of an ammeter in an alternating current the power factor of a circuit occur?
is 6 A. The peak/maximum value of current in the
circuit is
(ii) State the maximum value of the power factor.
Under what circumstances can this occur?
(a) 4 A (b) 8 A (c) ^
V2
A (d) 6^/2 A 10 A 100 pF capacitor in series with a 40 Q resistance is
connected to a 220 V, 60 Hz supply,
3 A coil having inductance of 0.01 H and connected
with 1 Q to 200 V, 50 Hz AC supply. The impedance (i) What is the maximum current in the circuit?
of the circuit is (ii) What is the time lag between the current
(b)4.0a (c)4.2f2 (d)3.1 a maximum and the voltage maximum.
(a) 3.3 Q
4 The output of a step-down transformer is measured to ffH
be 12 V when connected to a 24 W light bulb. The morKS V^ueSTIORb
value of the peak current is 11 Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer
(b)2.8A (c)2V2A (d)2A using its working principle, deduce the expression for
the secondary to the primary voltage in terms of
number of turns in the two coils? In an ideal
transformer, how is this radio related to the currents
Marks Questions in the two coils? How is this transformer used in
5 A resistor R and an element X are connected in large scale transmission and how electrical energy
series AC source of voltage. The voltage is found to over large distance?
lead the current in phase by —. If X is replaced by 12 (i) A voltage V = Vq sin (£>t applied to a series RLC
circuit derives a current 1 = Iq sin (or in the
another element Y, the voltage lags behind the circuit. Deduce the expression for the average
current by —.
power dissipated in the circuit,
4 (ii) A resistor of 400 iQ, an inductor of 4 /tc H and a
50
(a) Identify element X and Y. capacitor of pF are connected in series across
(b) When both X and Y are connected in series with 71

R to the same source, will the power dissipated in a source of alternating voltage of
the circuit will maximum or minimum? Justify 140 sin 100 Kt V. Find the voltage (rms) across the
your answer. resistor, the inductor and the capacitor.
6 Which of the following 120 V AC device cost more Answer
to operate (i) one that drawn an rms current 10 A or
(ii) one that draws a peak current of 18 A. Explain 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b)
the reason for your answer. 7. (i) 60 n (ii) 0.36 A
7 A electric bulb is rated 80 W for 220 V AC supply of 10. (i) 6.48 A (ii)1.55xl0“^s
50 Hz. Calculate
12. (ii) = 89.44 V, Vc = 44.72 V
(i) resistance of the bulb
(ii) the rms current through the bulb.