Ref. Title Page No.

10.1 Piling: General 10-1

10.1.1 Description 10-1
10.1.2 Materials 10-1
10.1.3 Construction Requirements 10-1
[Link] General 10-1
[Link] Cast in Place Piles 10-1
[Link] Placing Concrete 10-3
[Link] Preliminary Drilled Piles 10-3
[Link] Precast Concrete Piles 10-3
[Link] Steel Piles 10-4
[Link] Tolerances 10-4
10.1.4 Method of Measurement 10-4
10.1.5 Basis of Payment 10-4
10.1.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 10-4

10.2 Pile Testing 10-5

10.2.1 Description 10-5
10.2.2 Submittals 10-5
10.2.3 Execution 10-5
[Link] Preparation 10-5
[Link] Non-Destructive, Low-Strain Integrity Testing 10-5
[Link] Test Records 10-6
[Link] Static-Load Testing 10-6
10.2.4 Method of Measurement 10-6
10.2.5 Basis of Payment 10-6
10.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 10-6
10.1 Piling: General 5 The Contractor shall carry out the piling work in such a manner
and at such times to minimize noise and disturbance to the general
10.1.1 Description public. If, during execution of the work, damage is likely to be caused
to utilities or adjacent structures, the Contractor shall submit to the
1 This Section describes requirements for supplying and installing Engineer proposals for the repair or avoidance of such damage.
precast concrete, cast in-situ concrete and steel piles by boring and/or
6 Piles shall be installed to the tolerances given in Table [Link].
driving.
Characteristic Allowable Limit
10.1.2 Materials
75mm in any direction at the pile
Position
1 Concrete and steel reinforcement shall be as specified in the head
relevant Clauses of Section 5.
Verticality 1 in 75 deviation
2 Concrete mixes, mixing and curing procedures shall be as
specified in the relevant Clauses of Section 5. Concrete mixes for use Rake
1 in 25 deviation
in piles shall be capable of maintaining a slump of 200 mm for 2 hours (for raked piles only)
after placement. Concrete mixes shall be designed to resist aggressive Table 10.1.3-1: Pile Installation Tolerances.
soils and ground water if encountered in compliance with the
requirements of the Construction Industry Research and Information 7 The Contractor shall submit daily records to the Engineer within
Association – CIRIA ‘Guide to the Construction of Reinforced 24 hours giving the information listed in Table [Link].
Concrete in the Arabian Peninsula’.
8 On completion of piling, the Contractor shall deliver a final
3 Steel pipe casings shall comply with the requirements of ASTM schedule of installed piles giving the information required by Table
A283/A283M, Grade C; or ASTM A36/A36M carbon-steel plate, [Link].
with vertical joints full-penetration welded according to AWS D1.1.
4 Welds for fabricating steel piles and connecting steel pile [Link] Cast in Place Piles
lengths shall be as specified in the relevant Clauses of Section 6. 1 Temporary casings or linings shall be used when needed to
5 Sand-cement grout shall consist of Portland cement maintain the stability of the pile borehole during excavation. Casings
manufactured according to ASTM C150/C150M, Type I; and clean shall be free from distortion and projections, and shall be uniform
natural sand complying with ASTM C404. Unless otherwise section throughout their length.
indicated, mix at ratio of 1 part cement to 2-1/2 parts sand, by volume, 2 In case where permanent steel casings is required, steel pipe
with sufficient water to permit flow during placement. casings of minimum wall thickness indicated with inside clear
6 Slurry shall consist of pulverized sodium bentonite, pulverized diameter not less than diameter of pile shall be installed as follows:
attapulgite, or polymers, mixed with potable water to form a stable i. Install casings as excavation proceeds, to maintain
colloidal suspension; complying with ACI 336.1, and the values sidewall stability.
indicated for density, apparent viscosity (in centipoise), gel strength ii. Fabricate bottom edge of lowest casing section with a
(in N/sq.m.), sand content, and pH. cutting shoe capable of penetrating rock and achieving a
water seal.
10.1.3 Construction Requirements iii. Connect casing sections by continuous penetration welds
to form a watertight, continuous casing.
[Link] General
iv. Remove and replace, or repair, casings that have been
1 The Contractor shall submit for prior approval a detailed damaged during installation and that could impair
method statement that describes all means, methods and techniques to strength or efficiency of drilled pile.
be adopted for construction and installation of the drilled or driven v. Fill annular void between casing and shaft wall with
piles. The method statement shall include details of equipment to be sand-cement grout.
used, method of excavation, slurries to be used method of concrete vi. Corrugated casings formed from zinc-coated steel sheet
placement to ensure removal of slurry from sides of boring, quality may be delivered in sections or panels of convenient
control, testing and report procedures, work program, and any other length, and field connected according to manufacturer's
information required by the Engineer. written instructions.

2 The Contractor shall inform the Engineer each day of the work 3 The drilling fluid shall be maintained at an adequate viscosity
program for the following day and shall give adequate notice of any and density. Action shall be taken to prevent the spillage of bentonite
intention to work outside normal site hours. slurry onto the site. Disposal of used slurry shall be made to a tip
3 The Contractor shall engage an experienced installer who has approved by the Engineer.
specialized in installing drilled or driven piles similar to those required 4 When drilled shafts are to be stabilized with slurry, the slurry
for the Project. shall be maintained a minimum of 1500 mm above ground-water level
4 The Contractor shall protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, and above unstable soil strata to prevent caving or sloughing of shaft.
pavements and other facilities, on or adjacent to the Site, from damage Excess slurry head is to be related to performance of on-going
caused by settlement, lateral movement, vibration, and other hazards dewatering and to allow for fluctuations in depressed water levels.
created by drilled or driven pile operations.

10-1
 Driven Hollow Cast-in-
All piles Driven Precast Concrete & Steel Piles Bored Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles
Place Concrete Piles

1. Date 1. Cross-sectional dimensions. 1. Cross section 1. Diameter of completed pile.

2. Contract 2. Total length of preformed pile. dimensions of 2. Diameter of any enlarged
identification, 3. Driven length of preformed pile. driving tube base.
3. Pile identification. 4. Sequence of driving in groups. (temporary 3. Length of temporary casing.
4. Pile type. 5. Final set. casing). 4. Length of permanent casing.
5. Working load. 6. Sections and joints used. 2. Cross-sectional 5. Length of finished pile
6. Ground level at dimensions of including any enlarged base.
commencement of completed pile. 6. Type of boring.
operations. 3. Length of 7. Time of commencement of
7. Working platform permanent casing. boring.
level. 4. Length of 8. Details of soil strata
8. Pile toe level. finished pile penetrated.
9. Details of any excluding any 9. Details of soils samples taken
obstructions. enlarged base. and in-situ tests carried out.
10. Delays or other 10. Details of any interruption in
interruptions to the 1. Time of commencement and completion of driving or re- boring.
sequence of work driving. 11. Standing ground water level
including times. 2. Type, weight, drop and mechanical condition of hammer and water strikes during
11. Cut-off level. used. boring.
12. Head level of 3. Number, type and condition of the packing on the pile head.
completed pile. 4. Type and condition of the dolly in the helmet.
13. Ground heave. 5. For a single acting hammer, the final drop.
6. For a double acting hammer, the final frequency of blows.
7. The sets taken at intervals during the last 3 m of driving, if
required.
8. Details of any interruption in driving.
9. Details of re-driving.

1. Method of placing concrete.

2. Concrete mix details:
a. Grade of concrete.
b. Nominal maximum aggregate size.
c. Cement content.
d. Type and quantity of admixtures.
e. Water/Cement ratio.
f. Measured slumps.
3. Batch times.
4. Time of commencement of concrete pour.
5. Time of completion of concrete pour.
6. Volume of concrete placed in enlarged base.
7. Volume of concrete placed in pile shaft.
8. Reinforcement details:
a. Number, type and size of main reinforcing bars.
b. Type, size and pitch or spacing of helical binding or
link bars.
c. Length of individual reinforcement cages.
d. Total reinforced length of pile.

Table 10.1.3-2: Piling Records.

Notes:

1. The 24 hour clock shall be used.

2. For any pile not completed in the working day the date
shall be entered in the records together with the times of
commencement and completion.
3. For driving operations not using a piling hammer,
equivalent information to that required on type, weight,
drop etc of hammer, packing and dolly shall be provided.

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 i. Each batch of freshly prepared or reconstituted slurry [Link] Placing Concrete
shall be sampled and tested. Test results of samples and
1 The concrete shall be placed without interruption. Records shall
from excavation shall reflect the amount of
be kept of the workability of the approved mix. Under water concrete
contamination with saline ground water.
shall be placed only by tremie. The tremie pipe shall be clean and
ii. At least one sample from the base and one sample from
watertight throughout and not less than 200 mm internal diameter.
the top of each shaft shall be tested immediately prior to
Concreting shall start only after the tremie reaches the bottom of the
placing steel and concrete. The Engineer may
pile shaft and concreting shall then proceed with the end of tremie pipe
subsequently vary frequency of sampling and testing
kept immersed in the concrete for a minimum depth of 1 m. Spacer
when a working pattern has been established.
blocks shall be installed as appropriate to maintain the minimum
iii. Tests and Compliance: Values measured at 20 deg C concrete cover to the reinforcement steel as specified and/or shown on
shall be as Table [Link] Drawings.
Test Method 2 Permanent casing shall be checked for damage. If necessary the
and Apparatus casing shall be withdrawn, repaired, re-driven, or other action taken to
complying with
the American allow the construction of the pile.
Samples
Petroleum from 3 Temporary casings shall be extracted while the concrete
Institute (API) Sample as excavation remains sufficiently workable. While the casing is being extracted a
recommended supplied to prior to
Property sufficient head of concrete shall be maintained within it to avoid
practice for excavation placing
Field Testing of necking in the pile. No concreting shall be done once the casing has
concrete
Water-Based been lifted above the top of the concrete. Withdrawal of temporary
Drilling Fluids – casing shall be coordinated with concrete placement operations to
API RP 13B-1 maintain a head of concrete no less than 1500 mm above casing
Less than Less than bottom.
Density Mud balance
1.10 g/ml 1.15 g/ml
4 Casings for driven cast-in-place piles shall be installed to the
Fluid loss Less than 30 Less than 40
Low temperature approved set or specified depth and in the sequence approved by the
(30 min. mil mil
test fluid loss Engineer. Each length shall be driven continuously. Levels shall be
test) (0.762mm) (1.016mm)
30 to 40 Less than taken immediately when the final depth is approved, before concreting
Viscosity Marsh Cone
seconds 60 seconds has begun. The casings shall be watertight.
Fann viscometer
Plastic Less than Less than
(material passing [Link] Preliminary Drilled Piles
viscosity 10 cP 20 cP
sieve No. 200)
Shear 1 Construct preliminary drilled piles of diameter and depth and at
strength location indicated or if not indicated, as directed by the Engineer, of
(10 min. Fann viscometer 4 to 25 N/m2 4 to 25 N/m2 same diameter and depth as permanent drilled piles, located at least 3
gel diameters clear of permanent drilled piles, to demonstrate Installer's
strength)
construction methods, equipment, standards of workmanship, and
Sand
Sand screen set Less than 1% Less than 3% tolerances.
content
i. Install casing or use bentonite slurry, excavate bell if
Electrical pH
PH meter range pH 7 9.5 to 10.8 9.5 to 11.7 applicable, excavate rock socket, all as required for
to 14 permanent drilled piles.
Table 10.1.3-3: Tests and Compliance of Slurry. ii. Install reinforcement, fill with concrete, remove temporary
casings, if applicable, and terminate preliminary drilled
iv. Drilled pile shaft shall be excavated and completely pile as instructed by the Engineer.
concreted on same day or the shaft shall be re-drilled, iii. If Engineer determines that a preliminary drilled pile does
cleaned, re-circulated, de-sanded, or slurry replaced. not meet requirements, excavate for and cast another until
preliminary drilled pile is accepted.
v. Bottom of each shaft shall be cleaned before concreting.

5 Pumping of ground water from boreholes will only be permitted [Link] Precast Concrete Piles
where there is no risk of removal of fines from the subsoil. Water 1 After a pile has been cast, the date of casting and reference
which cannot be sealed off shall be maintained in the borehole at a number shall be permanently inscribed on the head of the pile. Each
level above the standing ground water. pile shall be marked at intervals of 250mm along the top 3m of its
6 On completion of boring, loose soil and debris shall be removed length before being driven.
from the base of the pile and the Contractor shall provide facilities 2 Only the designed lifting and support points shall be used during
required by the Engineer to facilitate inspection of the pile base. transport and piles shall be stored on adequate supports located under
7 If reinforcement cages are used they shall be rigid and installed these lifting points of the piles. Piles within a stack shall be in groups
and maintained in the correct position during concreting. of the same length. Packing of uniform thickness shall be provided
between piles at the lifting points.
3 During driving, piles shall be adequately supported and
restrained by means of leaders, trestles, or other guide arrangements

10-3
to maintain position and alignment and to prevent buckling. The 6 Sheet piles shall be pitched and supported as a panel before
Contractor shall satisfy the Engineer regarding the suitability, driving and securely interlocked. Piles shall not overlap each other and
efficiency and energy of the driving equipment. Piles shall be driven no pile in a panel shall be more than 1 m in advance of another.
continuously until the prescribed set or depth has been reached. 7 Sheet piles previously driven shall not be used in the Permanent
4 The final set of the pile shall be recorded either as the Works unless approved.
penetration in millimeters per 10 blows or as the number of blows 8 Steel piles shall be driven to a prescribed set or depth in a
required to produce a penetration of 25mm. sequence approved by the Engineer. Driving shall be continuous.
5 When a final set is being measured, the following requirements 9 If approved, piles shall be lengthened by full penetration butt
shall be met: welding. Lengthening sections shall be of the same rolling.
i. The exposed part of the pile shall be in good condition Longitudinal and spiral seam welding of cylindrical piles shall be
without damage or distortion. staggered.
ii. The dolly and packing, if any, shall be in sound condition.
iii. The hammer blow shall be in line with the pile axis and the [Link] Tolerances
impact surfaces shall be flat and at right angles to the pile Vertical piles shall be constructed to remain within the following
and hammer axis. tolerances:
iv. The hammer shall be in good condition and operating
correctly. i. Maximum variation from location: Not more than 75 mm
v. The temporary compression of the pile shall be recorded if from design center location.
required. ii. Out-of-plumb: 1 in 75 deviation or not more than 1.5
percent of pile length, whichever is less.
6 Piles shall be driven in an approved sequence to minimize the iii. Concrete cutoff level: Plus 25 mm or minus 75 mm from
detrimental effects of heave and lateral displacement of the ground. level indicated.
When a pile has risen as a result of adjacent piles being driven, the iv. Bottom area of pile: Not less than 96 percent of pile area
contractor shall submit to the Engineer proposals for correcting this required.
and its avoidance in subsequent work. v. Shaft diameter for drilled pile: Not less than 98 percent or
7 If repairs are needed during driving to the head of a pile, it shall more than 110 percent of shaft diameter indicated.
be cut off square at sound concrete, and loose material removed by
wire brushing, followed by washing with water. If the pile is to be 10.1.4 Method of Measurement
subjected to further driving, the head shall be replaced by concrete of
1 Setting up at each pile shall be measured by number.
an approved class.
2 Piles shall be measured in linear meters of actual length placed
8 Piles shall be lengthened, if required, by stripping off concrete
in the Permanent Works. The measured length shall be from the tip to
from the reinforcement and lapping, coupling or welding additional
the underside of the foundation, plus the penetration into the
steel in place. Laps shall be at least 40 x bar diameter. Couplers shall
foundation specified on the Drawings. The payment shall be made for
be approved by the Engineer. Steel to be welded shall be free of
length shown in the approved Drawings or as per the modifications
concrete for at least 300 mm below the weld. Welded joints shall be
approved by the Engineer. Any unauthorized extra length cast by the
made in accordance with the relevant Clauses of Section 6.
Contractor shall not be measured for payment.
9 Repaired or lengthened piles shall not be driven until the added
3 Expendable piles (non-working piles) that are constructed for
concrete has reached the specified characteristic strength of the
the purpose of carrying out preliminary load tests shall be measured in
concrete of the pile.
linear meters of actual length, ordered and tested.
[Link] Steel Piles
10.1.5 Basis of Payment
1 Piles shall be clearly marked in white paint with their number
and overall length. In addition, each pile shall be marked at intervals 1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
of 250mm along the top of 3m of its length before being driven. provided for above will be paid for at the unit rates for the various
2 If steel piles are to be pre-coated, the preparation of surfaces and types of piles in the Bill of Quantities, which unit rate shall be full
compensation for supplying and installing piles and for materials
the application of the coating shall be carried out by experienced
specialist labor. including, but not limited to, concrete constituent material testing,
3 Surface preparation, priming and protective coats shall conform concrete mixing and production, concrete pouring, testing of fresh and
hardened concrete samples, reinforcing steel material, steel testing,
to the requirements of Section 7 “Paint for Steelwork”.
placing and positioning, labor, equipment, tools, records and other
4 Rolled steel sections shall be within the tolerances specified in
items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
BS 4. For steel piles and proprietary rolled sections, the deviation from
straightness shall not exceed 1/1000 of the length of the section.
10.1.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
5 Cylindrical steel piles shall not deviate from straightness by
more than 1/600 for the length up to 10m and 1/1000 for lengths i. Setting up at each pile (location) nr.
greater than 10m. The actual mass of each section shall be within +5%
ii. Piling (type)(length)(size) lin.m.
and -2.5% of the theoretical mass computed in accordance with
Section 6. iii. Expendable piles (type) (length) (size) lin.m.

10-4
 i. Axial Tension Static-Load Test: ASTM D 3689/D3689M.
10.2 Pile Testing ii. Axial Compression Static-Load Test: ASTM
D1143/D1143M.
10.2.1 Description
3 Provide pile reaction frame, equipment and instrumentation
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for testing of concrete with sufficient reaction capacity to perform tension tests and
piles as follows: compression tests. On completion of testing, remove testing structure,
i. Static-load testing: ASTM D1143/D1143M and ASTM equipment and instrumentation.
D3689/D3689M. i. Notify Engineer at least 48 hours in advance of performing
ii. Non-destructive, sonic or low-strain integrity testing: tests.
ASTM D5882. ii. Provide facilities to enable Engineer to observe and check
testing.
10.2.2 Submittals
4 Apply test loads by jacking against beams or equivalent reaction
1 The Contractor shall submit a method statement for each type system.
of testing specified and provide details of specific techniques and i. Center to center spacing of vertical reaction piles from a
processes proposed to be adopted for testing. The method statement test pile shall be not less than 3 times the diameter of the
shall include details of equipment and instrumentation, quality control test pile or the reaction piles or 2 m whichever is the
and report procedures, work program, and any other information or greater.
special data required by the Engineer.
i. The method statement shall include details of loading and 5 Test Loads: Maximum loads to be applied in maintained load
arrangement of reaction frame, reaction piles or anchors. test shall be as follows:
Due consideration shall be given to the effect of diameters i. Expendable preliminary piles in tension or compression
of piles, socket length, type of bedrock, strain load test: Apply test loads up to 2.5 times working load.
measurement in steel reinforcement and effect of The Contractor shall perform at least two preliminary pile
dewatering. The structural analysis data shall be tension load tests and two preliminary pile compression
supervised, signed and sealed by the qualified professional load tests to cover the different rock configurations or as
independent engineer responsible for their preparation. specified on the Drawings or in the Special Specification.
ii. Working piles in tension or compression load tests: Apply
2 The Contractor shall submit daily work progress reports, test loads up to 1.5 times working load, as specified on the
identifying individual piles and type of testing carried out. Drawings or in the Special Specifications.
3 For non-destructive integrity testing, the Contractor shall 6 In the event of a pile continuing to displace under constant load
qualify and engage an experienced independent testing agency, before the maximum test load has been reached, take readings at 15
acceptable to the Engineer, who has specialized in non-destructive minute intervals for a period of one hour while the load is being
testing of drilled piles similar to that required for the Project. maintained. Unload the pile in approximately 4 to 6 equal decrements
at 15 minute intervals and allow recovering for 3 hours. Take one set
10.2.3 Execution of displacement readings after each decrement of load and a further
set of readings at the end of the recovery period.
[Link] Preparation

1 The Contractor shall protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, [Link] Non-Destructive, Low-Strain Integrity Testing
pavements, and other facilities from damage caused by settlement, 1 Non-destructive, integrity testing by sonic logging shall be
lateral movement, vibration, and shall verify the feasibility of testing performed on all piles, or as specified on the Drawings and \special
the loads corresponding to each pile diameter. The pile load tests shall Specification, recorded, interpreted and reported by an approved
not be carried out until all shrinkage of the concrete is complete. The experienced independent testing agency that has specialized in non-
reinforcement in the rock socket shall be strain-gauged to provide destructive testing of piles similar to that required for the Project.
confirmation of the tensile force reaching the socket. Submit proposed test result and report formats to the Engineer for
i. Dynamic formulas will not be permitted in place of load approval before starting integrity testing.
tests to determine bearing values of the piles. i. Provide all available details of the ground conditions, pile
ii. Perform and complete testing, and obtain approval of dimensions and construction method to the testing agency
preliminary pile test before proceeding with installation of before the commencement of integrity testing, in order to
permanent working piles in the Works. facilitate interpretation of test results.
iii. Select the pile to be tested based on the results of pile ii. Allow a minimum of seven days to elapse after casting
integrity tests and pile construction records subject to the before performing integrity testing on a pile.
approval of the Engineer.
iv. The same piles that will be tested in working compression 2 Perform low-strain integrity testing according to ASTM D5882
loading shall be among the selected piles for the working by the stress wave method, seismic method or other method approved
load test in tension. by the Engineer, based on the measurement of the axial shaft point
mobility at the pile head.
2 Pile Tests: Arrange and perform the following static-load tests
i. Where the method of testing requires the positioning of
on piles as and when directed in the field:
sensing equipment on the pile head, break down the pile

10-5
 head to expose sound clean concrete, free from water, 10.2.5 Basis of Payment
laitance, loose, overspill or blinding concrete, and readily
1 The amount of completed work of “Pile testing” will be paid for
accessible for the purpose of testing.
at the unit rate in the Bill of Quantities which rate shall be full
[Link] Test Records compensation for setting up, carrying out, reporting and for labor,
transport, equipment, tools, materials and other item necessary for the
1 General: Maintain accurate test records for each pile, compiled proper completion of the work.
and attested to by a qualified professional engineer, and submit to the
Engineer at the conclusion of each pile test. Include the following 10.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
data:
i. Static load testing of expendable piles
i. Project name and number. (type) (length) (size). nr.
ii. Pile number and date of testing. ii. Static load testing of working piles (type)
iii. Pile dimensions.
(length) (size). nr.
iv. Type and method of pile testing.
iii. Non-destructive integrity test (type) nr.
v. Test results.

2 Prepare static load test results in the form of tabulated field

observations, including the following data:
i. Time vs. displacement curves.
ii. Time vs. load curves.
iii. Load vs. displacement curves.
iv. Displacement vs. log time for each stage.

The Engineer will review test results and determine if a pile is

acceptable, taking into account the acceptable total and differential
displacements of the superstructure, the foundation geometry, the pile
type and the soil conditions, etc.

[Link] Static-Load Testing

1 General: Static-load tests will be used to verify and confirm

design load capacity of piles. Each pile diameter shall be tested as
shown on the Drawings. The Contractor displacement characteristics
compared to preliminary test piles will not be accepted.
2 Non-Destructive Integrity Testing:
i. All piles shall be subjected to integrity testing.
ii. Submit preliminary test results to the Engineer within 24
hours of carrying out the tests.
iii. Submit test reports to the Engineer within 10 days of the
completion of each phase of testing.
iv. Test reports shall contain test results and conclusions,
together with a summary of the method of interpretation
including all assumptions, calibrations, corrections,
algorithms and derivations used in the analyses. Where
results are presented in a graphical form, the same scales
are to be used consistently throughout the report and the
units on all scales clearly marked.
v. If any anomaly in acoustic signal test results indicates a
possible defect in a pile, report such anomalies to the
Engineer immediately. Demonstrate to the Engineer that
the pile is satisfactory for its intended use or carry out
remedial works to the Engineer’s satisfaction.
vi. Grout sonic logging tubes only after piles have been
demonstrated to the Engineer’s satisfaction, to be
satisfactory.

10.2.4 Method of Measurement

1 Pile loading tests shall be measured per number.
2 Pile integrity tests shall be measured per number.

10-6