Automation and

Artificial Intelligence

Course Code : EEMDM604

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 Contents
• Course Objectives and Outcomes

• Syllabus

• Evaluation System

• Text Books and References

• Introduction to Automation

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 Course Objectives

1. To understand the need and justification of automation.

2. To study design of pneumatic and hydraulic circuits.

3. To study and understand electro pneumatic circuits and PLC

Design.

4. To familiarize with robotic systems in automated manufacturing

processes.

5. To study and understand AI and machine learning technologies for

automation.

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 Course Outcomes

Demonstrate understanding of fundamentals of industrial automation

and AI.

Design & develop pneumatic / hydraulic circuits.

Design and develop PLC ladder logics.

Demonstrate understanding of robotic control systems and their

applications.

Demonstrate understanding of various AI and machine learning

technologies.

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 Text Books & References

1. Applied Mechatronics: A. Smaili and F. Mrad, OXFORD university press

2. Mechatronics: Electronic Control Systems in Mechanical Engineering: Bolton,

Pearson Education

3. Pneumatic Circuits and Low Cost Automation: Fawcett JR

4. Industrial Hydraulics: Pippenger

5. Artificial Intelligence: Saroj Kausik, Cengage Learning

6. Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems: Padhy, Oxford University Press

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 List of Automation Companies

Siemens What all can be

ABB automated?
Schneider
Rockwell Automation Factory Automation
Honeywell
Tata’s TAL Manufacturing Warehouse Automation
Wipro PARI
Emerson System Integrators
Larsen & Toubro (L&T)
Cotmac Electronics Home Automation
Philips

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Definition of Automation:
It is a technology dealing with the application of
mechatronics & computers for production of goods
and services.

Automation is the technology by which a process or

procedure is accomplished without human assistance.
“Automation = Automatic Control”

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 Syllabus
Module: 1 Module 4
Introduction to Automation Robots and their
Introduction to Artificial applications
Intelligence

Module : 2 Module 5
Design of Pneumatic Circuits AI & ML Techniques
Design of Hydraulic Circuits

Module: 3 Module 6
Electro-pneumatic Circuits Artificial Neural
PLC Discrete Control Systems Networks

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 Definition
Mechatronics
What is “Mechatronics”?
Mechatronics is a concept of
Japanese origin (1970’s) and can
be defined as the application of
electronics and computer
technology to control the
motions of mechanical systems.

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Examples of Automation:
• Robots
• CNC machine tools
• Security systems
• CAD/CAM systems
• logistics support tools
• automated inspection systems
• material handling systems
• ASRS (Automated Storage and Retrieval
Systems)

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What is ASRS (Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems)

• efficiently and securely store items in a compact

footprint

• easily and quickly retrieve items when needed

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ASRS (Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems)

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 About Automation

• It is a multidisciplinary approach to product and

manufacturing system design.
• It involves application of electrical, mechanical, control and
computer engineering to develop products, processes and
systems with greater flexibility, ease in redesign and ability
of reprogramming.
• It concurrently includes all these disciplines.

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Definition-Mechatronics

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Definition of Automation
• Mechatronics can also be termed as replacement of mechanics with
electronics or enhance mechanics with electronics.
• For example, in modern automobiles, mechanical fuel injection
systems are now replaced with electronic fuel injection systems.
• This replacement made the automobiles more efficient and less
pollutant.
• With the help of microelectronics and sensor technology,
mechatronics systems are providing high levels of precision and
reliability.

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Definition of Automated Systems

• A Process is performed by a machine without the direct

participation of a human worker. No human attention.

• A program of instruction + a control system + power to

drive the process.

• Moulding machines run on automatic cycles.

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Automation
• Today’s domestic washing machines are
“intelligent”

• Four-wheel passenger automobiles are equipped

with safety installations such as air-bags, parking
(proximity) sensors, antitheft electronic keys etc.

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Automation
Mechanical discipline is employed in terms of
machines and mechanisms, where as

Electrical engineering has various electric prime

movers viz. AC/DC, servo motors and other
systems is used.

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Conventional Machine Tool and CNC

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Introduction to Automation

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A Mechatronics system integrates various
technologies involving sensors, measurement
systems, drives, actuation systems,
microprocessor systems and software
engineering.

Basic Elements of an Automated System:

1. Power to accomplish the process

and operate the automated system

2. Program of Instructions – to direct

the process

3. Control System – to actuate the

instructions
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Elements of an Automated System

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Elements of an Automated System

Electricity - The Principal Power Source

• Widely available at moderate cost
• Can be readily converted to alternative
forms
• e.g., mechanical, thermal, light, etc.
Low level power can be used for
• signal transmission
• data processing, and communication
• can be stored in long-life batteries

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 Power for the process
• To drive the process itself
• To load and unload the work unit
• Transport between operations
• Power for automation
• Controller unit
• Power to actuate the control signals
• Data acquisition and information processing

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Program of Instructions

Set of commands that specify the sequence of

steps in the work cycle and the details of each
step

Example:
CNC part program

During each step, there are one or more

activities involving changes in one or more
process parameters such as:

•Temperature setting of a furnace

•Axis position in a positioning system
•Motor on or off
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Control System – Two Types

Closed-loop (feedback) Control System

A system in which the output variable is
compared with an input parameter, and any
difference between the two is used to drive
the output into agreement with the input.

Open-loop control system

Operates without the feedback loop.
Simpler and less expensive.
Risk that the actuator will not have the
intended effect.

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Control System – Two Types Feedback Control System

Closed loop control System

Open-Loop Control System

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 How to solve: Monitoring of Tool wear

How things work in Automation:

• Mechatronics based cutting tool-wear condition
monitoring system is an integral part of
automated tool rooms and unmanned factories.

• These systems predict the tool wear and give

alarms to the system operator to prevent any
damage to the machine tool and work-piece

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Machine Vision (Direct Method)

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Machine Vision (Direct Method)

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 How to solve: Monitoring of Tool wear

Direct Methods
Microscope
Machine/Camera Vision
Radioactive Technique

Indirect Methods
Torque & Power measurement

Temperature
Vibration & acoustic emission

Cutting forces & strain

measurements Traditional Direct or
(old) Method Indirect Method

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 Examples of Automation
• ATM Machine

• Vending machines

• Painting Robots in the automobile manufacturing industry

• Automatic capping machines

• Automatic filling machines

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 Examples of Automation

Robots
welding
Robots painting the car body

Automatic bottling plant

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Types of Automation

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 Types of Automation
Automation When to consider Advantages Disadvantages
Fixed • High demand volume • Maximum efficiency • Large initial investment
• Long product life cycles • Low unit cost • Rigid

Automation When to consider Advantages Disadvantages

Programmable • Batch Production • Flexibility to deal with • New product requires
• Products with different changes in product long set up time
options • Low unit cost for large • High unit cost relative
batches to fixed automation
Automation When to consider Advantages Disadvantages
Flexible • Low production rates • Flexibility to deal with • Large initial investment
• Varying demand design variations • High unit cost relative
• Short Product life • Customized products to fixed or
cycles programmable
automation

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 Enterprise Corporate
5
Level Level
Levels of
Automation
4 Production
Plant Level
System

Cell or Group of
3
System Level Machines

Machine Individual
2
Level Machine

1 Sensor,s
Device Level
actuators

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 Levels of Automation
1. Device level
• This is the lowest level in our automation hierarchy.
• It includes the actuators, sensors, and other hardware
components that comprise the machine level.
• For example, the feedback control loop for one axis of a
CNC machine or one joint of an industrial robot.

2. Machine Level
• Hardware at the device level is assembled into individual
machines.
• Examples: CNC machine tools, industrial robots, powered
conveyors, and automated guided vehicles.

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 Levels of Automation

[Link] or System level

• It operates under instructions from the Plant Level (level 4).

• A manufacturing cell or system is a group of machines or

workstations connected and supported by a material handling
system, computer. and other equipment appropriate to the
manufacturing process.

• Production lines are included in this level. Functions include

part dispatching and machine loading.

• Coordination among machines and material handling system,

and collecting and evaluating inspection data.

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 Levels of Automation
4. Plant Level
• It receives instructions from the Corporate System (level 5)
and translates them into operational plans for production.

• Likely functions include:

order processing, process planning, inventory
control, purchasing, material requirements planning,
shop floor control, and quality control

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 Levels of Automation
5. Enterprise level
• This is the highest level consisting of
Corporate System

• It is concerned with all the functions

necessary to manage the company:
marketing and sales, accounting, design,
research, aggregate planning, and master
production scheduling.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is
intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural
intelligence displayed by humans and other animals, such as "learning"
and "problem solving. .

• In computer science AI research is defined as the study of "intelligent

agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions
that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
History
Classical Period Romantic Period
Started 1950 Started 1960-70
Game playing, theorem Make machine
proving & concept of state understand ‘natural
space approach for problem language’
solving was developed Semantic Network was
developed

Semantic Network
• We can store knowledge in the form of graph
• With nodes representing objects
• With arrows representing relationships between objects

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
History
Modern Period
1970 – Till date
AI solved more complex
problems
Birth of concepts like
Expert System,Artificial
Neurons, Pattern
Recognition, etc.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Motivation of AI
Is to create machines or computer systems to perform
tasks that typically requires human intelligence

Example: visual inspection

Speech recognition

Decision making

Natural language processing

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 Types of Intelligent Systems

[Link]-Based Systems:
[Link] based on predefined rules and logic.
[Link]: Expert systems like MYCIN for medical diagnosis.
[Link] Learning Systems:
[Link] patterns from data and improve over time without being
explicitly programmed for every scenario.
[Link]: Recommendation engines, fraud detection systems.
[Link]:
[Link] AI with mechanical systems to perform physical tasks.
[Link]: Autonomous robots like Roomba or Boston
Dynamics' robots.

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 Types of Intelligent Systems
4. Natural Language Processing (NLP) Systems:
[Link] and generate human language.
[Link]:Virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa.
[Link] Vision Systems:
[Link] visual data like images or videos.
[Link]: Facial recognition systems, autonomous vehicle vision
systems.
[Link] Support Systems:
[Link] humans in decision-making by analyzing data and presenting
insights.
[Link]: Financial risk assessment tools.
[Link] Systems:
[Link] independently in complex and dynamic environments.
[Link]: Self-driving cars, drones.

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Applications of Artificial Intelligence

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AI-Based functions in Autonomous Cars

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AI-Based functions in Autonomous Cars

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Applications of Artificial Intelligence

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Components of AI
a) Pattern Matching
b) Logic Representation
c) Symbolic Processing
d) Numeric Processing
e) Problem Solving
f) Heuristic Search
g) Natural Language processing
h) Knowledge Representation
i) Expert System
j) Neural Network

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
COMPONENTS OF AI

Software Components
 Machine Language
 Assembly language
 High level Language
 LISP Language
 Fourth generation Language
 Object Oriented Language
 Distributed Language
 Natural Language
 Particular Problem Solving Language

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Architectural Components
• Uniprocessor
• Multiprocessor
• Special Purpose Processor
• Array Processor
• Vector Processor
• Parallel Processor
• Distributed Processor

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Areas of Artificial Intelligence
Machine Vision
It is easy to interface a TV camera to a computer and get an image into memory; the problem is
understanding what the image represents. Vision takes lots of computation; in humans, roughly 10% of all
calories consumed are burned in vision computation.

Illegal Dumping Detection using Machine Vision

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Speech Understanding
Speech understanding is available now. Some systems must be
trained for the individual user and require pauses between words.
Understanding continuous speech with a larger vocabulary is
harder

Touch (tactile or haptic) Sensation

Important for robot assembly tasks

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Planning
Planning attempts to order actions to achieve goals.

Planning applications include logistics, manufacturing scheduling,

planning manufacturing steps to construct a desired product.

There are huge amounts of money to be saved through better

planning

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Game Playing
Games are good vehicles for research because they are well formalized,
small, and self-contained.

They are therefore easily programmed.

Games can be good models of competitive situations, so principles

discovered in game-playing programs may be applicable to practical
problems.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
How Are Humans Intelligent
 Learning
 Reasoning
 Problem Solving and Creativity
 Social Behavior
 Experiencing our Environment with our sense
 Hearing
 Sight
 Touch
 Taste
 Smelling

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) - The study of computer
systems that attempt to model and apply the intelligence
of the human mind

Example:
Writing a program to pick out objects in a picture.

This is what Humans This is what Computers

do best do best
Can you list the items in Add a thousand 4-digit
this picture ? numbers?
A computer might have Match finger prints?
trouble identifying the cat Search a list of a million
there values for duplicates

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been an integral part of our lives
whether we have realized it or not.

• When we book a ticket online, scroll through our newsfeed on our

social networking account, or read the recommendations from an
ecommerce site, we are engaging with an AI component in the
background.

• Artificial Intelligence is an attempt to make a computer, a robot, or

other piece of technology ‘think’ and process data in the same way
as we humans do.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

• AI therefore has to study how the human brain ‘thinks’, learns, and
makes decisions when it tries to solve problems or execute a task.

• The aim of AI is to improve technology by adding functionality

related to the human acts of reasoning, learning, and problem-
solving.

Intelligence is made up of:

• Reasoning
• Learning
• Problem Solving
• Perception
• Linguistic Intelligence

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

• An intelligent agent (IA) is an entity that makes a decision, that

enables artificial intelligence to be put into action.
• It can also be described as a software entity that conducts operations
in the place of users or programs after sensing the environment.

What is an Intelligent Agent (IA)?

• This agent has some level of autonomy that allows it to perform

specific, predictable, and repetitive tasks for users or applications.

• It’s also termed as ‘intelligent’ because of its ability to learn during

the process of performing tasks.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

 The two main functions of intelligent agents include perception

and action. Perception is done through sensors while actions
are initiated through actuators.

Characteristics of intelligent agents

 They have some level of autonomy that allows them to

perform certain tasks on their own.
 They have a learning ability that enables them to learn even as
tasks are carried out.
 They can interact with other entities such as agents, humans,
and systems.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

 New rules can be accommodated by intelligent agents incrementally.

 They exhibit goal-oriented habits.

 They are knowledge-based.

 They use knowledge regarding communications, processes, and entities.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

 Sense environment, for current and past data

 Using agent algorithm take action , through effectors
 Agent can be human , machine , robot etc.
 Sensing through sensors
Human
 Nose , tongue etc.
 Action thorough effectors
Human – Hand , Mouth , leg etc.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

Goal of agents

 High performance

 Optimized result

 Rational action

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

Type of intelligent agents in AI

 Simple reflex agents

 Model based reflex
 Goal based agents
 Utility based agents
 Learning agents

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

Type of intelligent agents in AI

1. Simple reflex agents

 This agent works only on the basis of current perception and it does not
bother about the history or previous state in which the system was.
 This type of agent is based upon the condition-action rule.
 If the condition is true, then the action is taken, else not.

Problems Faced:
 Very limited intelligence.
 No knowledge about the non-perceptual parts of the state.
 Operating in a partially observable environment, infinite loops are
unavoidable.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

Type of intelligent agents in AI

1. Simple reflex agents

 If you have a smart light bulb, for example, set to turn on at 6 p.m. every
night, the light bulb will not recognize how the days are longer in summer
and the lamp is not needed until much later.

 It will continue to turn the lamp on at 6 p.m. because that is the rule it
follows. Simple reflex agents are built on the condition-action rule.

 These agents simply decide actions based on their current percept.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence

Type of intelligent agents in AI

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence
Type of intelligent agents in AI
2. Model Based Reflex Agents
 It works by finding a rule whose condition matches the current situation.
 It can handle partially observable environments.(only certain state of environment.)
 Updating the state requires information about how the world evolves independently
from the agent and how the agent actions affect the world.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence
Type of intelligent agents in AI

2. Model Based Reflex Agents

A model-based reflex agent is one that uses its percept history and its
internal memory to make decisions about an internal ''model'' of the
world around it.

 Internal memory allows these agents to store some of their navigation

history, and then use that semi-subjective history to help understand
things about their current environment.

Example – driverless car

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence
Type of intelligent agents in AI

3. Goal Based Reflex Agents

 The goal based agent focuses only on reaching the goal set and
hence the decision took by the agent is based on how far it is
currently from their goal or desired state.
 Their every action is intended to minimize their distance from the
goal.
 This agent is more flexible, and the agent develops its decision
making skill by choosing the right from the various options available

Example: Google Waymo Car

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence
Type of intelligent agents in AI

3. Goal Based Reflex Agents

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents in Artificial Intelligence
Type if intelligent agents in AI

4. Utility Based Agents

 These agents are more concerned about the preference(utility) for each state. When
there are multiple options available, the utility based agent takes the decision on the
basis that how much satisfaction the agent gets from it.

 This approach was like somewhat adding emotions to the agent, because, after taking
any decision, the agent ensures that "how happy I Am after taking this decision?".

 This agent was developed because sometimes achieving the desired goal is not enough.

 We may look for quicker, safer and cheaper alternate to reach the destination.

EXAMPLES - Route destination

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Scope of Artificial intelligence

 The adoption of Artificial Intelligence in India is promising. However,

currently, it is at a nascent stage.

 While there are a few industries such as IT, manufacturing,

automobile, etc, that are leveraging the prowess of AI, there are still
many areas in which its potential is unexplored.

 The immense potential that AI holds can be understood by the

various other technologies that are covered under the umbrella of
AI.

 Some of the examples of such technologies include self-improving

algorithms, Machine Learning, Pattern Recognition, Big Data.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Scope of Artificial intelligence

 According to a report published by Forbes, AI job opportunities have

been consistently growing at the rate of 74% annually.

Banking
 Banking is not new to the trends of Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning technologies.
 The sector has rapidly adopted technology to stay up to date with the
current market trends.
 It uses this technology to keep a record of customer data, which was
earlier a monotonous manual task.
 With the rapid increase in the amount of data that is being generated
and stored in the banking sector, today, Artificial Intelligence and ML
allow professionals to do the same accurately and efficiently.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Scope of AI

Healthcare and Medicine

 A use case of AI in this sector is the Collaborative Cancer

Cloud developed by Intel and the Knight Career Institute.

 The cloud collects the past data of cancer patients and other
patients with a similar disease so that they can help doctors
diagnose cancer at an early stage based on the symptoms they
show and compare them to the past available data.

 The best treatment for this fatal disease is to prevent it from

reaching higher stages.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Scope of AI
Cyber Security

 Has gained massive popularity over recent years, and Artificial

Intelligence has become extremely beneficial for this IT sector.
 Today, most organizations have either already transferred their data
to the cloud or are on the verge of doing so.

 To keep their data safe from potential hackers and any sort of
unauthorized access so that confidential business information is not
leaked.

 With the help of Deep Learning networks and Machine Learning

algorithms AI is becoming more capable of preventing advanced-
level cyber threats and protecting companies from malicious attacks.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Scope of AI
Finance

 There are several ways in which Artificial Intelligence has improved the
finance industry with its tools and technologies designed specifically for
this domain.
 Zest Automated Machine Learning (ZAML), an AI-powered solution
developed by ZestFinance, is an example.
 This AI Tool makes it feasible for financial organizations to assess their
borrowers without much information on them.
 Unlike many other underwriting systems, ZAML uses several data points
offering transparency.
 This makes it easy for lenders to assess the individuals who may be ‘at
risk.’

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Scope of AI

HR
 Human resource management or the HR department is also in
the race when you talk about the industries that have been
transformed with the help of Artificial Intelligence.

 Professionals in this sector are looking to integrate automation

with human efforts to optimize their tedious schedules and gain a
simple and intuitive environment at work.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Scope of AI

Agriculture

• Artificial Intelligence makes it possible for

professionals to predict the crops that will
offer the best returns.

• Now, farmers can make use of AI to

estimate the optimal date to sow crops and
allocate the required resources for growing
these crops, such as fertilizer and water, etc.
to get the maximum results.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Scope of AI

Manufacturing
 The manufacturing sector is no exception in making the best use of AI. A
lot of Indian startups are serving the manufacturing industry based on AI.
With the help of these AI solutions, companies further foster growth and
wealth
Transportation
 Artificial Intelligence has tremendous potential in the transportation
industry. With that being said, we can consider the examples of aircraft that
have been using autopilot since 1922
 Another area where AI holds immense potential is autonomous vehicles.
As the current trend is heavily towards autonomous vehicles, experts
believe that AI and Machine learning will mark a significant difference in the
field, especially related to lower emission rates and error-free driving

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Relevance of AI In Mechanical Engineering

 The sector of Mechanical Engineering is the primary consumer of

Artificial Intelligence as a technology.
 Sections of Mechanical Engineering like Robotics, Automation, or
sensor technology, uses Artificial Intelligence as a technology.
 So it is easy to say that Mechanical Engineering disseminates the
application and use of AI in the eco-system.
 There are different areas where AI impacts the Mechanical
Engineering process.
 It performs activities without humans yet with increased tendency as
compared to humans.
 It is prioritizing the automated part of work, where we feed the
computer with data, and as per the command, the machine/process
continues its function.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Relevance of AI In Mechanical Engineering

Manufacturing

 Many processes in the manufacturing industry require Mechanical

Engineering to be done with components, products, processes, etc.

 Artificial Intelligence is currently used in similar processes of

Mechanical Engineering. Whether in Components, Products, or
Processes.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Relevance of AI In Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Design
• Whenever we start the process of building a component/product/flow, the
first step of it would be of Mechanical Design.

• Different sectors of services are provided through mechanical Design.

• To list the few as; Product Design, Machine Design, Mechanical Component
Design,Tooling and Fixture Development, Mold Design, Casting Design.

• All are coming under the umbrella for Mechanical Design Services.

• AI can majorly impact Product Design Services when it comes to designing

the concept, examining the product, and also during the manufacturing of
the product.

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 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Relevance of AI In Mechanical Engineering

Stress Estimation of 3D Structures:

Estimating the amount of stress while designing and manufacturing 3D structures.

Material Evaluation for Different Services:

Evaluating materials, its strength – durability – quality and helping in a more
exceptional manufacturing process.

Structure Generation:
While Generating a Structure, AI can help through its algorithms and data storage. It
is making the process efficient and transparent.

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