Jack and Aneesa dropped a steel ball into trays of damp sand.

1. They measured the depth of the craters made by the steel ball.

not to scale

Their results are shown in the table below.

depth of crater (cm)

height the ball was
dropped from (cm) Aneesa’s
Jack’s results
results

10 1.1 1.2 0.8

20 1.4 1.5 1.4

30 1.6 1.6 1.5

40 1.8 1.7 1.8

50 2.0 2.1 2.1

(a) Use information in the table to answer the questions below.

(i) What was the independent variable that Jack and Aneesa changed in their
investigation?

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) Why was Jack’s investigation better than Aneesa’s?

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

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(b) Look at the results in the table.
What is the relationship between the height the ball was dropped from and the depth of the
crater?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

(c) Aneesa said that they made sure the investigation was fair.

Suggest two variables they must have kept the same to make their investigation fair.

1 ...................................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................................
2 marks

(d) (i) Jack removed the steel ball using his fingers. Then he measured the depth of the
crater.
Aneesa said he should use a magnet instead of his fingers.

Explain why using a magnet to remove the ball would improve the investigation.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(ii) Jack said that the ball could be dropped using an electromagnet instead of dropping it
by hand.

Explain why this would improve the investigation.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 7 marks

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 The information below comes from a newspaper report.
2.

Scientists measured the oxygen levels in the water upstream and downstream from Pine Bridge.
The results are shown below.

(a) (i) What was the oxygen level in the river at Pine Bridge?

......................................... ppm
1 mark

(ii) Describe what happens to the oxygen level in the river as you travel downstream
from Pine Bridge.

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(b) Trout only live in water with oxygen levels higher than 20 ppm.
How far downstream from Pine Bridge would you be likely to find trout?
Write the unit.

..................................................
1 mark

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(c) The scientists collected samples of the river animals found at different places.

distance from Pine Bridge (km)

animals
collected
–2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

stonefly nymphs

mayfly nymphs

freshwater
shrimps

caddis fly larvae

rat-tailed
maggots

sludge worms

water lice

bloodworms

Trout only live in water with oxygen levels higher than 20 ppm.
Give the name of one other animal that only lives in oxygen levels above 20 ppm.
Use the table and the information above to help you.

..................................................
1 mark

(d) Use the information above.

Name two animals that are only found when the oxygen level is below 10 ppm.

1. ..................................................... 2. .....................................................
2 marks

(e) In the river, trout are predators. Near Pine Bridge, the number of trout decreased.

Suggest one reason why pollution may cause the trout population to decrease.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 7 marks

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 A gannet is a type of sea bird.
3.

(a) When a gannet flies at a constant height above the sea, there is a downward force of 30N
on the gannet.

What is the size of the upward force on the gannet?

Tick the correct box.

less than 30N

exactly 30N

more than 30N

need more information

1 mark

(b) To catch food, the gannet dives down into the sea.
What is the useful energy transfer when the gannet dives?
Choose words from the box below.

thermal gravitational potential sound kinetic light

When the gannet dives, ................................................................. energy is

transferred to ........................................................................ energy.

2 marks

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(c) Label the arrows to show the names of the forces acting on the gannet as it dives.

2 marks

(d) Gannets have pockets of air between their muscles and their skin.
Suggest how this is a good adaptation for gannets when they hit the water at fast speeds.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

(e) The gannet releases energy through respiration.

An aeroplane also releases energy when fossil fuels burn.

Write two other ways that respiration and burning are similar.

1 ...................................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................................
2 marks
maximum 8 marks

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 The diagrams below show the male and female human reproductive systems.
4.

not to scale

(a) The table below contains descriptions of parts of the human reproductive system.
Complete the table to give the name of each part.

name of part description

the tube that carries an egg to the uterus

the organ that produces sperm

he organ that produces the egg

3 marks

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 (b) The diagram below shows an unborn baby.

Complete the sentences below by filling in the gaps.

In humans, normal pregnancy lasts for .................. months.

When the foetus is ready to be born, muscles in the uterus wall start

to ............................................. .
2 marks

After the baby is born, the .......................................................... connecting

the foetus to the mother is cut.

1 marks
maximum 6 marks

Jason wanted to find out if hair dye makes hair weaker.

5. He used 5 hairs of equal length.
He soaked each hair in a different concentration of hair dye for 15 minutes.
He added masses to each hair until it broke.

not to scale

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(a) The table below shows Jason’s results.

(i) Plot a graph of Jason’s results and draw a line of best fit.

mass
concentration needed
of hair dye to break
(%) the hair
(g)

0.4 71

0.8 67

1.2 64

1.6 61

2.0 58

3 marks

(ii) Use the graph to work out the mass needed to break hair soaked in water
(0% hair dye).

.................... g
1 mark

(b) What was the independent variable that Jason changed in this experiment?

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

(c) What was the dependent variable that Jason measured in this experiment?

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

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 (d) What is the relationship between the concentration of hair dye and the mass needed to
break the hair?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

(e) Jason wanted to investigate whether soaking hair in dye for different amounts of time
affected the strength of the hair.
Jason drew a table for his results.
Add headings and units to the table below for Jason’s investigation.

heading 1 heading 2
.......................................... (..........) .......................................... (..........)

4 marks
maximum 11 marks

Matthew measured the pH of different soils.

6.
(a) Tick one box in each row to show if each soil is acidic, neutral or alkaline.

soil pH of soil acidic neutral alkaline

A 4.5

B 5.5

C 6.3

D 7.0

E 7.8

2 marks

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 (b) A hydrangea is a flowering plant. Matthew notices that
the colour of hydrangea flowers is different for plants
grown in different places.

He records the colour of the flowers on each plant.

His results are shown in the table below.

colour of flowers
pH
soil
of soil
blue violet light pink dark pink

A 4.5

B 5.5

C 6.3

D 7.0

E 7.8

Look at Matthew’s results.

Do his results support the statement that the colour of hydrangea flowers depends on pH?

yes no

Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

(c) Matthew measured the pH of the soil near hydrangea plants found in different places.

Suggest one other variable Matthew could not control in his investigation.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

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 (d) Matthew wants to find out if the colour of blue hydrangea flowers depends on inherited
factors or environmental factors.
The flowers were growing in soil of pH 4.5.
He plants them in soil of pH 6.3.

Complete the table below to show the colours of the new flowers in soil of pH 6.3
(i) if the colour is due to inheritance
(ii) if the colour is due to the environment

Use the table above to complete the table below.

colour

starting colour of hydrangea flowers blue

colour of new flowers if only due to inheritance

colour of new flowers if only due to environment

2 marks
maximum 6 marks

Josh has a helium-filled balloon.

7.

(a) He wants to calculate the speed of his balloon as it rises to the ceiling.

(i) What two measurements should he take to calculate the average speed of his
balloon?

1 ..........................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................
1 mark

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 (ii) How can he use these measurements to calculate the speed of his balloon?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

(b) Josh attached different masses to his balloon. For each mass, he calculated the speed of
rise of the balloon. His results are shown below.

mass speed of rise

(g) (mm/s)

0 120

10 60

20 40

30 –20

40 –70

(i) How does the table show that the balloon went downwards?

.............................................................................................................
1 mark

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 (ii) Josh plotted two points on the graph as shown.
Complete the graph by plotting the missing points and draw a line of best fit.

2 marks

(iii) From the graph, find the mass needed to keep the balloon floating in one place.

........... g
1 mark
maximum 6 marks

The diagram below shows part of a grassland food web.

8.

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(a) One year the snail population increased in the grassland area.

How could an increase in the number of snails cause the caterpillar population to
increase?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

(b) Snail poison can be used to control the number of snails. After some time, each owl
contains more poison than each snail.
Explain why each owl contains more poison than each snail.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
2 marks

(c) A scientist wants to record the number of dandelion plants in the grassland area.

Describe how they could use a 1m2 quadrat to estimate the number of dandelions growing
in the grassland area.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
2 marks

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 (d) The table below shows the population numbers for one food chain from the food web.

organism number

dandelions 200

rabbits 20

foxes 4

Complete the pyramid of numbers on the graph paper below to represent this food chain.
Label the pyramid to show each animal.

2 marks
maximum 7 marks

The diagram below represents the particles found in air.

9.

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(a) Complete the following table. Use the diagram and key above to help you.

name symbol chemical formula

argon Ar

nitrogen

oxygen O2

3 marks

(b) Air is a gas at room temperature.

What evidence in the diagram above shows this?

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

(c) A sample of air in a balloon is cooled.

Complete the sentences below using words from the box.
You may use each word more than once.

increases decreases stay the same

When the air is cooled, the volume of the air ........................................... and

the mass of the air ............................................. .

When the air is cooled, the density of the air ............................................. .

1 mark

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 (d) In 1902, the scientist Carl von Linde cooled air to produce liquid oxygen.

The table below shows the melting points and boiling points of four substances that are
found in air.

substance melting point (°C) boiling point (°C)

argon –189 –186

oxygen –218 –183

nitrogen –210 –196

water 0 100

Before Linde, scientists tried to produce liquid air by cooling it to –190°C.

Give a reason why liquid air was not produced.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 6 marks

Jenny is doing her homework.

10.

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(a) When Jenny writes, the pencil exerts a force of 5N on the paper.

not to scale

The area of the pencil in contact with the paper is 0.5 mm2.

Calculate the pressure of the pencil on the paper.

Give the unit.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
2 marks

(b) Jenny puts a book on her desk.

She lifts the cover up with her finger, using a force of 0.5 N.
The cover is 10 cm wide.

Calculate the turning moment on the cover of the book.

Give the unit.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
2 marks

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 (c) Jenny’s book has an area of 200 cm 2.
It exerts a pressure of 0.05 N/cm2 on the desk.

What is the weight of the book?

Use the space below to show your working.

_______ N
2 marks
maximum 6 marks

When people exercise, the volume of blood per minute needed to supply different parts of the
11. body changes.

This is shown in the bar chart below.

(a) Explain why muscles need more blood during exercise. Give three reasons.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
3 marks

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(b) Look at the bar chart.
Suggest why you should not go for a long run just after eating a meal.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark

(c) Why is it important that the blood supply to the brain stays constant?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 5 marks

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