11.
1 Programming Basics
Implementing Pseudocode from a Given Design
Candidates should be able to convert a program flowchart or structured English into
pseudocode.
d
hi
Za
a
hr
Za
Za
hr
a
Za
hi
d
Pseudocode to calculate area of rectangle:
DECLARE length, width, area AS REAL
OUTPUT "Enter length: "
INPUT length
OUTPUT "Enter width: "
INPUT width
area ← length * width
OUTPUT "The area is ", area
Key Skills Required:
• Convert flowcharts and structured English into working pseudocode.
d
• Use arithmetic operations, input/output, and control structures properly.
hi
11.2 Programming Constructs
Conditional Statements Za
IF Statement (Including ELSE Clause and Nested IFs)
IF age >= 18 THEN
OUTPUT "You are an adult."
ELSE
a
OUTPUT "You are a minor."
hr
ENDIF
Nested IF Statement
IF age >= 18 THEN
Za
IF age >= 65 THEN
OUTPUT "You are a senior citizen."
ELSE
OUTPUT "You are an adult."
ENDIF
ELSE
OUTPUT "You are a minor."
ENDIF
CASE Statement (Switch Statement Alternative)
Used when multiple conditions exist.
CASE OF day
"Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday": OUTPUT "Weekday"
"Saturday", "Sunday": OUTPUT "Weekend"
OTHERWISE:
OUTPUT "Invalid day"
ENDCASE
When to use?
d
• Use CASE when checking a single variable against multiple possible values.
hi
• Use IF-ELSE when conditions involve complex expressions.
Looping Structures (Iteration) Za
Count-Controlled Loop (FOR Loop)
Used when the number of iterations is known in advance.
FOR i ← 1 TO 10
OUTPUT i
a
ENDFOR
hr
Pre-Condition Loop (WHILE Loop)
Used when the number of iterations is unknown and should only run while a condition
Za
is true.
DECLARE num AS INTEGER
num ← 0
WHILE num < 5 DO
OUTPUT num
num ← num + 1
ENDWHILE
Post-Condition Loop (REPEAT-UNTIL Loop)
Ensures the loop executes at least once, regardless of the condition.
REPEAT
OUTPUT "Enter a positive number: "
INPUT num
UNTIL num > 0
When to use?
Loop Type Use Case
FOR When the number of iterations is fixed (e.g., looping 10 times).
d
When the condition should be checked before execution (e.g., wait for
hi
WHILE
user input).
REPEAT- When the code must execute at least once before checking the
UNTIL condition.
Za
11.3 Structured Programming
Procedures (Subroutines)
a
A procedure is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task but does not
hr
return a value.
Defining and Using a Procedure
Za
PROCEDURE Greet()
OUTPUT "Hello, welcome!"
ENDPROCEDURE
Greet() // Calling the procedure
Where to use a procedure?
• When a block of code needs to be reused multiple times.
• For modular and structured programming.
Functions
A function is similar to a procedure but returns a value.
Defining and Using a Function
FUNCTION Square(num)
RETURN num * num
ENDFUNCTION
DECLARE result AS INTEGER
result ← Square(4)
d
OUTPUT "Square of 4 is ", result
hi
Where to use a function?
• When a value needs to be computed and returned.
• For mathematical calculations or data processing.
Za
Parameters in Procedures and Functions
Using Parameters in a Procedure
PROCEDURE Greet(name: STRING)
a
OUTPUT "Hello, " & name
hr
ENDPROCEDURE
Greet("Alice") // Calling the procedure with a parameter
Za
Passing Parameters: By Value vs. By Reference
Method Description Example Use Case
Sending an integer to a
Pass by The procedure gets a copy of the variable
function that performs a
Value (original remains unchanged).
calculation.
The procedure gets the memory address
Pass by Modifying a list inside a
of the variable (original value can be
Reference procedure.
modified).
PROCEDURE ModifyValue(BYREF num: INTEGER)
num ← num + 10
ENDPROCEDURE
DECLARE x AS INTEGER
x ←5
ModifyValue(x)
OUTPUT x // Output will be 15 (original variable changed)
When to use?
d
• Pass by Value: When the function should not modify the original value.
hi
• Pass by Reference: When the function should modify the original value.
Terminology in Procedures and Functions
Za
Term Description
Procedure Header First line defining the procedure.
Function Header First line defining the function.
a
Parameter Variable passed inside the function/procedure.
hr
Argument The actual value passed when calling the function.
Return Value The value a function sends back after execution.
Example:
Za
FUNCTION Add(a: INTEGER, b: INTEGER)
RETURN a + b
ENDFUNCTION
DECLARE sum AS INTEGER
sum ← Add(5, 10) // "5" and "10" are arguments
Writing Efficient Pseudocode
1. Declaration and Initialization of Constants
CONST PI ← 3.1416
2. Declaration and Assignment of Variables
DECLARE age AS INTEGER
age ← 18
3. Using Arithmetic and Logical Operators
total ← price * quantity
IF (age >= 18 AND hasID = TRUE) THEN
OUTPUT "You can vote"
d
ENDIF
hi
4. Input and Output
OUTPUT "Enter your name: "
INPUT name Za
OUTPUT "Hello, " & name
Built-in Functions and Library Routines
Candidates should use provided built-in functions in pseudocode, such as:
a
Function Description
LENGTH(string) Returns length of a string
hr
MID(string, start, length) Extracts a part of a string
UPPERCASE(string) Converts string to uppercase
Za
LOWERCASE(string) Converts string to lowercase
ROUND(number, decimalPlaces) Rounds a number to given decimal places
RANDOM(min, max) Generates a random number between min and max
Example of string manipulation:
DECLARE name AS STRING
name ← "Alice"
OUTPUT LENGTH(name) // Output: 5
OUTPUT UPPERCASE(name) // Output: "ALICE"