January, 2008

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings

Part A: Human Safety

Prepared by: Confederation of Construction Products and Services (CCPS)

Supported by: All India Flat Glass Manufacturers Association (AIFGMA)

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A: Human Safety November 2007 Price: Rs. 75.00 First Print: November 2007 Second Print: January 2008 No copying without Confederation of Constrution Products and Services (CCPS) permission All rights reserved. Neither this document nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from CCPS. Glass and Glazing Secretariat Deepak Gahlowt - Architect, [Link], Birendra Prasad, Sumit Bhatia, Ankita Bhattacharya, Anuradha Jha Layout and Cover Design SNGRAPHIX, 9891299959 Confederation of Construction Products & Services, 3rd floor, Raj Tower - II, Alaknanda Shopping Complex, New Delhi - 110019 Tel: +91-11-26023615, 42143615 TeleFax:26021709 email: ccps@[Link] Website: [Link]

Message

The use of glass, in construction industry was indeed the area yet to be explored fully, which C.C.P.S. has started and hence efforts are work praising. Safety of glass for human being and at the same time its aesthetic value which requires much brain storming, which was done in various seminar conducted by C.C.P.S. I congratulate C.C.P.S. for taking efforts in this direction and hope C.C.P.S. carryout with excellent document on the subject.

Regards, A. T. SHINTRE Chief Engineer ( Development Plan) Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

Message

'Let there be light'. 'Let my house be open from all the sides'. And glass was invented. Glass adds a brilliant dimension to an architect's dream. It adds a magical, ethereal glow enhancing the spatial ambience and excitement of light. Glass is a virtual source of architectural enlightenment. But there is a caveat. That is Human Safety in its use in buildings. I am happy that in this regard the Confederation of Construction Products and Services (CCPS) with the help of an inter-disciplinary group of professionals and glass manufacturers has taken the initiative and has brought out very useful "Guidelines on Use of Glass in Buildings - Part A: Human Safety". My compliments to the CCPS for bringing out this publication, which throws light in the dark alley of danger from the use of glass in the buildings.

Regards, A. K. JAIN Commissioner (Planning) DDA, Vth Floor, Vikas Minar, I.P. Estate, New Delhi-110002. 23070701(R), 23378085 (O) 23379536 (Fax)

Message

"Glass a super cooled Liquid- is one of the most fascinating material used in buildings now-a-days. It is symbol of modern society, building material of modern times and is base for crafting buildings of future. With this the chance of injury to human beings is also increasing. The motto of CCPS is also to increase the awarness level reagarding the use of glass with relation to human safety apart from finalizing the specifications and code on glazing. "

Regards, B. N. MOOLCHANDANI Chief Engineer 1st Rajasthan Housing Board Jaipur

Message

Confederation of Construction Products and Services (CCPS) should be congratulated for the excellent effort put up in making "Guidelines on Use of Glass in Buildings - Part A: Human Safety." It is beyond any doubt that the document approved by a Steering Committee consisting of highly experienced representatives from almost all the sectors of the building industry will be useful and I hope this document will be helpful in promoting the use of the Safety Glases in the buildings and thus reducing the chance of getting injuries during fire fighting and rescue operations. I wish this document would be successful in achieving its objective.

Regards, KIRAN A KADAM Retd. Chief Fire Officer Mumbai Fire Brigade Mumbai

Message

CCPS deserves to be complimented on its pioneer efforts in bringing out this much needed document. Indian buildings are acquiring an international look through increased use of materials like glass, stainless steel, granite, aluminum and vitrified tiles. Unfortunately in spite of large investments being made in the building sector, the sector lacks standardization at all levels. What is needed is dimensional standardization in various materials and building components, standardization in application techniques, standardization in minimum acceptable workmanship, safety standards and so on. We need to encourage good practices in use of different materials. The Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings produced by CCPS will not only set pace in producers evolving voluntary standards and spreading awareness among users but will also prove to be a useful reference material in the hands of building professionals.

Regards, SARAT C BHATIA Retd. Addnl. Director General ( Architecture) Central Public Works Department. Government of India.

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

LIST OF STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS

A Steering Committee on Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety was constituted to ensure the integrity of the process and the acceptance of the recommendations of the committee by the industry. Four meetings of Steering Committee, two in Delhi, and one each in Mumbai and Bangalore were organized. Apart from the discussion of the draft in Steering Committee meetings, it was widely circulated amongst the Architects, Engineers and Professionals to solicit comments and views to ensure preparation of documents useful acceptable and adoptable to the industry. The role of Steering Committee was to: 1. Guide and support the secretariat in its functioning 2. Assist and advise and if possible share responsibility in background research, analysis, preparation of draft report 3. Review and confirm the draft report 4. Assist and advise on wider feedback to the draft report. 5. Review and confirm the final report Below is the list of the members of the Steering Committee: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Mr. Abhijit Ray, Architect, The Indian Institute of Architects, Delhi Mr. A. B. Bhalerao, Director, Garware Polyester Ltd., Aurangabad Mr. Ajay Patwardhan, GLS Business Manager India/ ASEAN, EI Dupont India Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon Mr. A. K. Jain, Commissioner Planning, Delhi Development Authority (DDA), Delhi Mr. A. K. Singhal, Chief Engineer, Public Works Department (PWD) - Delhi, Delhi Mr. Alok Taparia, AGM Marketing, HNG Float Glass Ltd., Delhi Mr. Amit Malhotra, Managing Director, McCoy Silicones Ltd., Delhi Mr. Anand Jain, Project Manager, Saint Gobain Ltd., Chennai Mr. Anuj Munot, Director, Kalpataru Properties Private Limited, Mumbai Mr. Aprameya Kar, Architect, Unitech Ltd., Gurgaon Mr. Arun Sharma, Managing Director, Trosifol India Private Limited, Delhi Mr. Ashok B Lal, Architect, TVB School Of Habitat Studies, Delhi Mr. Ashok Kumar, Architect Scientist - Housing & Planning, Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee Mr. Ashok Menon, Division Head - Construction Market Center, 3M India Ltd., Bangalore Mr. Ashok Shintre, Chief Engineer (DP), Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai Mr. Balbir Verma, Architect, Balbir & Associates, Delhi Mr. B.L Moolchandani, Chief Engineer 1st, Rajasthan Housing Board, Jaipur 18. Mr. Deepak Malik, Executive Director, ABC Group, Bangalore 19. Mr. Deependra Prashad, Architect, Secretary, International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism (INTBAU), Delhi 20. Mr. Dhananjay Dhake, Architect, Construction Catalysers Pvt. Ltd., Pune 21. Mr. Feroz Kachwala, Director, FG Glass, Mumbai 22. Dr. Gerard Savineau, Architectural Applications Manager, Saflex Interlayers, France 23. Mr. G. P. Savlani, Resident Director, Confederation of Real Estate Developers Associations of India, Delhi 24. Mr. Ingawale V. D., Executive Engineer, Building Proposal Department of M.C.G.M., Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai 25. Mr. Jatinder Wasan, Managing Director, Sky Frames, Delhi 26. Mr. K. Nagaraj, Architect, CPG Corporation, Bangalore 27. Mr. K.K. Mutreja, Engineer-in-Chief (Retd.), New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), Delhi 28. Mr. K.K. Trivedi, Secretary General, All India Flat Glass Manufacturers Association (AIFGMA), Delhi 29. Mr. Kiran A. Kadam, Retd Chief Fire Officer, Mumbai Fire Brigade, Mumbai 30. Mr. Kunwar Narayan, Chief Operating Officer, AIS Glass Solutions Ltd., Delhi 31. Dr. Leon Jacob, Jacob and Associates Pty. Ltd., Australia 32. Mr. L. Mahesh, [Link] Manager-Planning, Skyline Builders, Cochin

14. 15. 16. 17.

33. Mr. L. Venkatesh, Architect, C.R Narayanan Rao Architects and Engineers, Chennai 34. Mr. Manjunatha Prasad, GM (Projects), Brigade Gateway, Bangalore 35. Mr. Mayank K. Tilak, Superintending Engineer (TAS)/CSQ., Central Public Works Department (CPWD), Delhi 36. Ms. Meeta Zaveri, Director, Gras Impex Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 37. Mr. Nalin Sharma, Architect (Ex), Airports Authority of India (AAI), Delhi 38. Mr. Naren Kumar, Manager - Institutional Sales, Saint Gobain Ltd., Chennai 39. Mr. Naveen Keswani, Managing Director, Aluplex India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 40. Mr. N. Gopinath, National Sales Manager, 3M India Ltd., Banglore 41. Mr. N. G. Rao, National Head, Gujarat Guardian Ltd., Delhi 42. Mr. Nilabh Nagar, Architect, Architect Hafeez Contractors, Mumbai 43. Mr. Nimish Patel, Architect, Abhikram, Ahmedabad 44. Mr. Paresh Misra, HOD - Architectural Division, Gujarat Guardian Ltd., Delhi 45. Mr. P. Ganesh, Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer, Glass & Glazing Systems (P) Ltd., Kerala 46. Ms. Pallabi Chandra Sarkar, Director Planning, Archimedes India Consultants Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 47. Mr. Phil Murray, Technical Services Manager, CP Films - Middle East, Africa, India 48. Mr. Phillip Davies, Architectural Director, Asia Pacific, Dupont Australia, China 49. Mr. Prashant Yadav, Architect, SP Fabricators Pvt. Ltd., Banglore 50. Mr. Raj Kapoor, Architect, Department of Architecture, Public Works Department (B&R), Haryana 51. Mr. R. K. Gandhi, Chief Engineer, Public Works Department (B&R), Haryana 52. Mr. R. Raj Dilip, Sr. Architect, Natraj and Venkat, Chennai 53. Mr. R. Subramanian, Director (Operations), Sejal Architectural Glass Ltd., Mumbai 54. Mr. Sandeep Chowdhry, Managing Partner, Al Karma, Delhi 55. Mr. Sandeep Gaiwal, Assistant Engineer, Building Proposal Department of M.C.G.M., Municipal

Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai 56. Mr. Sandeep Kashyap, Executive Director, GlasNovations, New Delhi 57. Mr. Sanjeev Oberoi, Institutional Glass Group, Delhi 58. Mr. S. Balakrishna, Additional Chief City Planner, Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad 59 Mr. S.C. Bhatia, ADG, Architecture (Retd.), Central Public Works Department (CPWD), Delhi 60. Mr. S. C. Marwah, Vice President, Indo Alusys Industries Ltd., Delhi 61. Mr. Sharanjit Singh, Managing Director, GSC Toughened Glass Pvt. Ltd., Greater Noida 62. Mr. Sthaladipti Saha, Deputy Design Head, Larsen & Toubro Limited | ECC Division, Gurgaon 63. Mr. Srinivas Sapher, Sales Manager, Gujarat Guardian Limited, Delhi 64. Prof. Subir Saha, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi 65. Mr. Sudhir Kumar, Addl. Chief Executive Officer, Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority, Uttar Pradesh 66. Mr. Suhel, Managing Director, FG Glass, Mumbai 67. Mr. Syed Muzaffir Hussain, Director House Numbering Cell and Chief City Planner, Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad 68. Mr. Tarun Motta, Secretary, Practising Engineers, Architects and Town Planner Association, Mumbai 69. Mr. V. B. Sud, Business Manager, Solutia Chemicals India Pvt. Ltd., Delhi 70. Mr. V. D. Deewan, Chief Architect, Delhi Development Authority (DDA), Delhi 71. Mr. Vijay Dahiya, Architect, Morphogenesis Architect Studio, Delhi 72. Mr. Vivek Dubey, Marketing Head, Gold Plus Toughened Glass Limited, Delhi 73. Mr. V. K. Rustogi, General Manager - RE, National Buildings Construction Corporation Ltd. (NBCC), Delhi 74. Mr. Vinod Tandon, Secretary, Glass Processors Forum, Delhi 75. Mr. Vivek Sabherwal, Architect, Interior India, Delhi 76. Mr. Yogesh Dutt, Director, Impact Safety Glass Works Private Limited, Bangalore

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

LIST OF SPECIAL INVITEES TO STEERING COMMITTEE MEETINGS

During Steering Committee meetings, which were organized in Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore, it was decided to involve professionals from the building industry as special invitees, so that wider feedback could be taken. The following members participated in the deliberations as special invitees:

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17.

Mr. A. C. Kadir Velu, Consulting Engineer, Bangalore Mr. Ajit Chnadrashekharan, Manager Institutional Sales, Saint Gobain Glass, Bangalore Mr. Bharat Gawde, Officer Purchase, Kalpataru Properties Private Limited, Mumbai Mr. Brijesh Kumar, Sr. Manager, Design, Staralubuild Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon Mr. Gaurav Tyagi, Director, Shiv Shakti Float Glass Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore Mr. Giriyappa, Proprietor, Giriyappa and Associates, Bangalore Mr. G. Naga Varma, AGM - Marketing, HNG Glass Containers Ltd. Mumbai Mr. Jaubilant C., Architect, Saint Gobain Glass, Bangalore Mr. Javed Anwar, Managing Director, Milestone, Bangalore Mr. K R. Singh, Branch Manager, GSC Toughened Glass Private Limited, Bangalore Mr. Madan Lal, Director, Mahaveer Safety Glass, Chennai Ms. Manisha Thakur, Sr. Engineer - Projects, Oberoi Constructions, Mumbai Mr. Manoj Chandel, Area Sales Manager, Garware Polyster Limited, Delhi Mr. Motta Tarun, Joint Secretary, Practising Engineers and Architecture Town Planner Association (PEATA), Mumbai Mr. Nanda Kumar, Commercial Department, S.P. Fabricators, Mumbai Mr. Nainish B Sanghani, EI Dupont India Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon Mr. Neeraj Mathur, Regional Manager, FG Glass, Mumbai

18. Mr. Pankaj Keswani, Managing Director, Alufit, Bangalore 19. Mr. Pradeep Ramesh, Engineer, A. N. Prakash and Consultants, Mumbai 20. Mr. Praveen, EDM (South), S. P. Fabricators, Mumbai 21. Mr. Prem, Sr. Vice President, Zak Trade Fairs and Exhibition, Mumbai 22. Mr. Raj Gopal, Architect, Sundaram Architects, Bangalore 23. Mr. Ravindra Mudugu, Assistant Manager Projects, Oberoi Constructions, Mumbai 24. Mr. Satya Kiran, Sr. Architect, Archimedes India Consultants Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 25. Ms. Sheetal Jain, Sales Manager, Sun Control Systems, Delhi 26. Mr. Sourabh Mathur, Sr. Manager, Business Operations, Sky Frames, Delhi 27. Mr. Srinivasan Desikachari, Architect, CREDAI, Bangalore 28. Mr. Susanta, Engineer, Natraj and Venkat, Bangalore 29. Mr. Sushil Padwal, Officer Purchase, Kalpataru Properties Private Limited, Mumbai 30. Mr. T. Ravindran, Director, Instruct, Bangalore 31. Mr. Uttaran B. Ray, Director and Architect, Impact Safety Design 32. Mr. Vasim Sayed, Manager North, S. P. Fabricators, Mumbai 33. Mr. Vijay G., Assistant Technical Manager, 3M India Limited, Bangalore 34. Mr. Vineet Gupta, Territory Head, Gujarat Guardian Limited, Bangalore 35. Mr. Vivek Kulkarni, Assistant Manager Projects, Oberoi Constructions, Mumbai

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CONTENTS
Foreword 1.0 Scope 2.0 Safety Glass 3.0 Critical Locations Table A: Safety Glass required in different buildings with their locations 4.0 Application / Installation 5.0 Traceability of Safety Glass 6.0 Safety Glazing test requirement Annexure 1: Sketches of examples for cases 1 to 5, table A Annexure 2:Correlation between Glass Area and Glass Thickness Annexure 3: Thickness Calculation of Glass under load Annexure 4: Definitions Annexure 5: Relevant Codes / Standards / Publications Annexure 6: Abbreviations Annexure 7: Recomendations 13 14 14 15

16 18 19 20 22 26 28 30 35 36 36

FOREWORD
The Confederation of Construction Products and Services (CCPS) with the support of I Glass is happy to release "Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A: Human Safety". In the modern lifestyle, increased Glass use in buildings offers many advantages. Those who spend more time indoors have intuitively understood benefits of improved daylight and vision on human psychology and health, and recent research findings underscore these indisputably. However this increased use of glass in Indian buildings is not without risks. Wrong selection of glass type is widespread and does result in increased heat gain/loss in buildings and the higher risk of injuries to humans. These are side affects that the building industry is only recently beginning to recognize in India. The Energy Conservation Building Code 2007, prepared by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency that sets minimum efficiency standards for external wall, roof, glass structure, lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning of the commercial buildings, is a good beginning in the area on energy conservation. CCPS was also actively involved in the preparation of the ECBC. However the risk of human injury associated with the increased glass use was out of scope of the ECBC, and remains unaddresed by this or any of the previous standards. The "Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A: Human Safety" prepared by CCPS thus address a very important need in the industry. These Guidelines, for the first time in Indian construction industry, have been prepared using the consensus process entirely lead by the private sector, and supported not only by the industry but also the government and other stakeholders. The process has involved the stakeholders in preparing these guidelines through the Steering Committee, which has decided the scope and the methodology, and at each stage suggested the changes and approved the drafts. In order to ensure the integrity of the process the changes at each stage were discussed and minutes have been documented. The meetings have been held at Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore, so as to ensure the participation of various organizations and professionals throughout India. Finally for a period of one month the draft guidelines were made available for public review. The guidelines have been sent to over 1000 architects, builders, contractors, government officials from municipalities, development authorities and others for comments. The feedback received has been presented to the Steering Committee and the final draft in the form of this publication has been approved in the steering committee meeting held on the 2nd November, 2007. A decision has also been taken to setup a review mechanism for regularly updating the guidelines in view of changes in the building environment and capabilities in the industry. This will ensure that the document remains updated and answers the need of times in the future also. We would like to thank all the members of the Steering Committee, special invitees and all those who have taken some time out from their busy schedule to contribute to making of this document. Without their interest and efforts, this guideline would not have taken shape. I would also like to thank the Secretariat at CCPS that has worked to research and draft and redraft the document; and has coordinated and brought on one platform a very distinguished Steering Committee. I believe that this document will be helpful to all those who are specifying glass for use in buildings and those who are manufacturing and processing glass for buildings and ultimately will help us improve safety and well being of the users. We will look forward to your comments and suggestions for improvements in days to come. Deepak Gahlowt, Architect, Convener Confederation of Construction Products and Services (CCPS) November, 2007

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

1.0 Scope
1.1 The scope of this guide is limited to the behaviour of safety glass when subjected to various kinds of human impact, precautions against risk of fall and falling glass. Conditions outside of 'human impact' are not in the purview of this document. 1.2 This guide does not assume that the safety glass used in accordance to this document will not be broken under all human impact conditions, rather: a) It will not be broken under most likely forms of human impact and, b) Even if it breaks the likelihood of cutting or piercing injuries will be minimized by virtue of the protection given to the glass, or by the limited size or increased thickness, or by the fracture characteristics of the glass. 1.3 Further this guide does not deal with the safety and security of people or goods in relation to risks of: a) Vandalism, riots, burglary or break in protection, b) Fire arm protection, c) Protection from explosion (terrorist attack), d) Natural disasters like Earthquakes, Hurricane, Fire etc., e) Plastic glazing, safety and security glazing etc. 1.4 These areas are to be discussed in other subsequent documents. 1.5 In some circumstances the requirements of other standards can exceed the requirements of this guideline and, in such cases the higher requirement shall become applicable.

2.2 The following are three products in the scope of this document that may be used in safety glazing provided they meet the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) conditions and are marked accordingly. Also they must meet the requirements of traceability. 2.2.1 Toughened (Tempered) Safety Glass : A single piece of specially heat-treated or chemically treated glass, with a stress pattern such that the piece when fractured reduces to numerous granular fragments, with no large jagged edges. 2.2.2 Laminated Safety Glass : Two or more pieces of glass held together by an interleaving layer or layers of plastic materials. The laminated glass will crack and break under sufficient impact, but the pieces of glass tend to adhere to the plastic and do not fly. If a hole is produced, the edges are likely to be less jagged than that would be the case with ordinary glass. 2.2.3 Safety Organic-Coated Glass : A glazing material consisting of a piece of glass coated and permanently bonded on one or both sides with a continuous polymeric coating, sheet or film, which meets the test requirements of the safety glazing standards 2.3 These glasses can be of any other types which includes:- Clear, Tinted, Coated, frosted, decorative or mirror. 2.4 PRECAUTIONS 2.4.1 All heat-treated glasses are not safety glasses and all laminated, toughened and safety organic coated glasses are not safety glasses. Heat strengthened glasses and annealed glasses are not classified as safety glasses unless laminated to meet the test specified for safety glass in clause 6.0 of this document. Glass laminated with other than polyvinyl butyral (PVB) may not classify the requirement of safety glass. Only glass that meets the test criteria as defined in this document is expected to qualify as safety glass. 2.4.2 All window glass films are not safety films unless these are of the required minimum thickness and type, and pass the test standards defined in clause 6.0 of this document.

2.0 Safety Glass

2.1 Glazing material constructed, treated, or combined with other materials so as to reduce, in comparison with ordinary sheet, float or plate glass, the likelihood of injury to persons by objects from exterior sources or by these safety glasses when they may be cracked or broken.

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2.4.3 The use of this document must also be in conformity with all other relevent codes on fire, structural stability, natural disasters, safety and security etc.

impact than in others. These critical locations, some of which have been shown in Table A, include the following: a) b) c) d) e) In-and-around doors, low windows, Panels mistaken for a doorway or opening, Panels at low levels in walls and partitions, Bathrooms, Building associated with special activities, e.g. gymnasia, enclosed swimming pools etc., f) Schools and child care facilities, g) Nursing Homes and aged care facilities. 3.2.3. Precautions should be taken to reduce the injuries that can result from glass breakage by: a) Selecting glass of a suitable type, thickness and size, b) Enhancing a person's awareness of the presence of glass by making glass visible (manifestation), c) Minimizing manual handling of large pieces of glass during installation. 3.2.4. Based on the above facts and to avoid confusion regarding the type of the glass for a particular location as mentioned above, this guide has given details on the basis of five cases found in common accidental cases.

3.0 Critical Locations

3.1 DEFINITION 3.1.1 Critical locations are parts of a building most likely to be subject to accidental human impact. 3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CRITICAL LOCATIONS1 3.2.1 Where any glazing is within 1.5 metre above the floor level of a building, it is considered likely to be subjected to human impact and hence, shall comply with the human impact safety requirements of this guide. Safety glazing material should also be used: a) Where there is danger of falling infill glass materials from overhead glazing, b) The danger of falling due to a change in floor level, c) In case of balustrades, stairs and floors. 3.2.2 Accident statistics show that the glazing in some locations in buildings are more vulnerable to human

AS 1288-2006, Glass in building - Selection and Installation 15

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

Table A - Safety Glass required in different buildings with their locations (to be read in association with notes only)
Case 1 Vertical walls - Risk of fall but residual protection* or Hs > 0.75m Case 2 Vertical walls - No risk of fall Hf < 1.5m & Hs < 0.75m Case 3 Vertical walls Risk of fall Hf >1.5m & Hs < 0.75m Case 4 Horizontal or Sloped Glazing Glass Case 5 Glass acting as a balustrade / handrail

Fig. 1

Fig. 3

Fig. 5

Fig. 7

Fig. 9

Fig. 2

Fig. 4

Fig. 6

Fig. 8

Type of glass Examples

Any glass*

Safety glass

Safety glass

Laminated safety glass - Roof (Skylight Roof) - Ceilings - Bus Shelters - Floors - Stairs - Sloped Facade For definition of sloped glazing please refer to annexure 4

Laminated safety glass - Balustrades - Balcony - Handrail - Lifts

Please refer to note 4 *Residual protection is the protection provided to avoid the impact of human being to glass. It is provided on the side of glass where there are chances of Human impact. It can be achieved by providing protection in form of a sill structure or transom, chair rail or a grill inside. Also please refer to recommendations against falling of glass. *Safety glass is not mandatory

- Doors - Side Panels - Curtain Walls - Glazed Area - Doors in Bathroom, a) Fully Framed b) Partially Framed c) Frameless - Faade - Windows - Internal Partitions and Doors - External Facade and Doors on ground floor, above floor with terraces outside.

- Curtain Walls - Faade - Spandrels - High Activity Area - High Risk Area

For sketches of examples refer annexure 1

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NOTES TO TABLE A Note 1: 'Hf 'corresponds to falling height in case of change in level and 'Hs' corresponds to the sill height. Note 2: For definitions and explanation of terms see annexure 4. Note 3: In case of mirror glazing, it should confirm to the requirements of other safety glasses unless it is fully backed by a solid material. Note 4: If the smaller dimension of the pane is 250 mm or less and its area is 0.5 sqm or less, glass not conforming to safety glass requirements may be used, provided that its nominal thickness is not less than 6mm. (applicable to vertical glazing) Note 5: Toughened or laminated safety glass or safety organic coated glass should meet respective test requirements as mentioned in clause 6.0 of this document to qualify as safety glazing. Note 6: The effective Toughened safety glass thickness and/or Laminated safety glass and/or Safety organic coated glass configuration shall be determined case by case with regard to: - Other solicitations (wind load, snow load, dead load, and human load; refer para 3.3) - The overall dimension (length / width, or surface) - The aspect ratio of the glass (length / width) - The glazing fixing type (framing, bolted system, structural system etc.) Refer annexure 2 & 3. Note 7: Precautions against chances of injuries due to broken glass falling on people: (a) Broken annealed glass falling on people can cause grievous or even fatal injuries; hence it is recommended to use safety glass in locations other than defined in case 1 where the risk of people getting hurt by falling glass is high. (b) Toughened (tempered) glass has a safe breakage pattern, as it breaks and disintegrates into small and relatively harmless particles. However thick toughened glass particles may stay interlocked and fall as lumps of these multiple particles and can cause a minor or medium injury mainly due to the weight of the cluster. (c) Laminated safety glass will generally not

fall out of fixing. However, where laminated glass with both glasses toughened, used for horizontal or sloped glazing is used, in case of failure of both toughened glasses, it may crumple as a blanket and fall out of fixing. This factor needs to be considered while designing horizontal and sloped glazing. (d) Safety organic coated glass if broken will be difficult to penetrate provided that the covering is applied in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations. (e) Any broken glass in any glazing should be removed immediately on breakage. (f) Strength of the glazing system should be such that it has the ability to hold glass in place and prevent it from falling out as a whole. Note 8: For inclusion of glass in furnitures the following standards may be referred: (a) BS 7499:1991 - Specification for inclusion of glass in the construction of furniture, other than tables or trolleys, including cabinets, shelving systems and wall hung or free standing mirrors. (b) BS 7376:1990 - Specification for inclusion of glass in the construction of tables or trolleys. (c) IS 7760:1985 - Specification for steel glassfront cabinet. (d) BS EN 1727:1998 - Domestic furniture, storage furniture, safety requirements and test methods. (e) BS EN 1153: 1996 - Kitchen furniture, safety requirements and test methods for builtin and free standing kitchen cabinets and work tops. Note 9: In case of external laminated glass facades, openable portions have to be left at regular distances for fire fighting and smoke exhaust. Note10: If Insulating Glass Unit (IGU) is used in situations mentioned in this guide then any one of the following will apply: i) If IGU is installed in areas subjected to human impact on either side then both the panes of the unit shall meet the requirements of this guide. ii) In situations where access is restricted to one side of the unit, then only the accessible side should meet the requirements of this guide.

17

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

3.3 LIST OF STANDARDS TO BE REFERRED FOR PROPER SELECTION 3.3.1 As mentioned in note 6, page 13, various factors like wind pressure, glass thickness, human load, aspect ratio, glazing type etc. need to be considered before selecting the safety glass. Below are a number of standards available, which can be referred to correctly select the safety glass. a) IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 Safety Glass Specification b) IS : 2835 - 1987 - Specification for Flat Transparent Sheet Glass (third revision) c) IS : 875 - Codes for the Wind Loads d) BS : 952 - For Nominal Thickness of Glass e) AS : 1288 - 2006 - Glass in Buildings Selection and Installation f) BS : 6262, Part 4 - 1994 - Code of Practice for Glazing for Buildings - Safety related to Human Impact g) BS : EN 12600 - 2002 - Glass in Buildings Pendulum Test - Impact test method and classification for flat glass h) ANSI Z 97.1 - 1984 (R1994) - Safety Glazing Materials used in Buildings, Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Tests

b) At low levels in walls and partitions. 4.1.3 The designer, or specifier, should take precautions to reduce the risk of injuries from accidental human impact in these locations by: a) Selecting glass of a suitable type, thickness and size, primarily with reference to impact behaviour and safety characteristics as established by testing in accordance with this guide, b) Providing mechanical protection to glass in critical locations, c) Enhancing a person's awareness of the presence of glass by incorporating manifestation as mentioned in clause 4.4. 4.1.4 Glass in locations other than critical locations is not likely to be subject to human impact and consequently not likely to cause injury. 4.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATION 4.2.1 The principal design considerations to be taken into account by the designer, or specifier, when selecting glass should be: a) The properties of materials, in particular their breakage characteristics; b) Type of glass systems supporting the glass. c) The type of the building and its use, in particular the number and likely behaviour of the people expected to be in close proximity to the glass in critical locations; d) Requirements for fire, security and wind loading. e) Structural integrity, thermal breakage, energy efficiency and deflection, vision, acoustics and other consideration. f) Impact of trolleys, carts, luggage etc. used have to be considered when required. 4.3 INSTALLATION OF GLASS 4.3.1 Design of the glazing system should be such that it has the ability to hold glass in place and prevent it from falling out as a whole. 4.3.2 For guidance on installation of glass following standards may be referred.

4.0 Application/Installation
4.1 GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATION2 4.1.1 Many human impact injuries are due to failure to take reasonable safety precautions. Some materials, such as glass, may break under impact and cause injury. Most people are aware of this and treat such materials with due care. However a person's ability to perceive this potential risk and to cope with it can vary. Safety standards are therefore based on a number of factors including the assumption of a reasonable level of awareness and behaviour and also suitable product design and choice of materials. 4.1.2 Accident statistics show that glazing in some locations in buildings is more vulnerable to human impact than in others. These critical locations are: a) In-and-around doors (particularly side panels may be mistaken for doors),
2

BS 6262: Part 4: 1994 - Code of Practice for Glazing for Buildings - Safety related to Human Impact

18

a) IS : 3548 - 1988 - Code of Practice for Glazing in Buildings b) IS : 10439 - 1983 - Code of Practice for Patent Glazing c) BS : 8213: Part 4: 1990 - Windows, Doors and Rooflights: Code of Practice for the Installation of Replacement Windows and Doorsets in Dwellings d) BS : 6262: Part 6: 1997 - Code of Practice for Glazing for Buildings: Special Applications e) BS : 8000: part 7: 1990 - Workmanship on Building sites - Code of Practice for Glazing f) AS : 1288 - 2006; Section 8 and 9 - Glass in Buildings - Selection and Installation g) BS : 5516-1:2004: Patent Glazing and Sloped Glazing for buildings - Code of practice for design and installation. h) Glass Association of North America Installation Guide. 4.3.3 In case of installation of safety films at site, it should be verified that they are free from defects or imperfection, any foreign contaminants may be removed with industrial razors and neutral cleaning solutions. It should also be noted that in case the glass receives scratches or any defects while installation of safety films the glass should be removed or rejected. 4.4 MANIFESTATION3 4.4.1 Presence of glass in a door, side panel or a panel capable of being mistaken for a doorway or opening, which are not made apparent by transoms, colonial bars, other components of glazing system, or other decorative treatment, such as being opaque, or patterned, the glass be marked to make it visible. 4.4.2 Marking shall be in the form an opaque band not less than 20 mm in height and located so that the vertical distance from the floor level is not less than 700 mm from the upper edge of the band and not more than 1200 mm to the lower edge of the band. 4.4.3 The band shall be such that it is readily apparent and it can be achieved by contrasting the band with

background or by increasing height of band. Safety glazing cannot be substituted by making the glass visible by marking. 4.4.4 A band or marking is not required where any one of the following applies: a) Height of the glass is not greater than 1000 mm at any part, b) The width of the glass is not greater than 500 mm at any part (this applies to overall panel assembly - not individual glass pieces in case of faceted glazing), c) Within 750 mm of the floor there is no glass. d) The glass is provided with at least one fixed glazing bar, firmly attached to the styles to locate and protect each face of the glass. At least one glazing bar shall be located with its upper edge not less than 500 mm and its bottom edge not more than 1000 mm above the floor level. The glazing bar shall have a face width not less than 40 mm 3 mm. 4.4.5 Alternatively patterns may be used as an acceptable form of marking provided it meets the other criteria set in this guideline.

5.0 Traceability of Safety Glass

5.1 All Safety glasses shall be procured from certified manufacturers and the product shall conform to relevant standards. 5.2 Either a label that cannot be removed and reused or a permanent mark on the glass surface shall mark all the panels of safety glass according to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). 5.3 Each lable must contain the ISI mark as prescribed by the BIS, manufacturers name, registered trademark or code of the manufacturer or supplier, type of safety glass material, the standard or guidelines to which the safety glass has been tested and the grade of test classification.

AS:1288-2006, Glass in Building - Selection and Installation 19

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

6.0 Safety Glass Test Requirement

6.1 If the glasses satisfy the relevant impact test performance requirements (or fragmentation test for toughened glass), in addition to all other appropriate tests to be carried out as listed in the table below, these materials can be classified as safety glass.

TABLE B Test Laminated Safety Glass Toughened Safety Glass Safety Organic-coated Glass YES Standards to be referred

Impact / Resistance to shock

YES

YES

AS: 2208 - 1996 BS EN: 12600 - 2002 BS 6206 : Part 4 - 1994 ANSI Z97.1 - 1984 16CFR Ch II (1-1-04 Edition) JIS R 3206 - 1997 JIS R 3205 - 1997 DIN 52 337 IS 2553 (Part 1:1990) IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 AS: 2208 - 1996 ANSI Z97.1 - 1984 16CFR Ch II (1-1-04 Edition) IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990

Fragmentation Boil Accelerated Weathering and Ageing Test Fracture and Adhesion Test Light Stability Test

YES

YES -

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990

In the above table 'YES' indicates test to be conducted. Boil test for heat strengthened and toughened laminated glass can use laminates from ordinary annealed glass manufactured simultaneously.

20

6.2 DESCRIPTION OF TESTS REQUIRED TO CLASSIFY GLASS AS SAFETY GLASS 6.2.1 Determination of thickness test : This test determines the thickness of a glass. The glass is measured at specified locations with a vernier calliper or micrometer. IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 may be referred for the test. 6.2.2 Impact test : This test determines the resistance of glass to impact by penetration method. The specimen is supported vertically in a steel frame and an impact shot bag is released from a pre-determined height to strike the specimen at the centre. The height is progressively increased until fracture occurs. AS: 2208 - 1996; BS EN: 12600 - 2002; BS 6206 : Part 4 - 1995; ANSI Z97.1 - 1984; 16CFR Ch II (1-1-04 Edition); JIS R 3206 - 1997; JIS R 3205 1997, DIN 52 337, standards may be referred for the test. 6.2.3 Resistance to shock test : In this test the toughened safety glass is given a sudden shock with a smooth surface steel ball of 63.5 mm in diameter from a height of 100 cm. IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 may be referred for the test. 6.2.4 Fragmentation test : This test determines the fracture characteristics of toughened safety glass or other glasses. The specimen is laid horizontally on a surface that supports it over its entire area, and is broken by a punch applied at a predetermined location. The numbers of particles of broken glazing material within a given area are counted. IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 may be referred for the test. 6.2.5 Boil test : This test determines the effect of exposure of safety glass to temperature and humidity

conditions by boiling. The specimens are immersed in hot water and then boiling water for a specified period of time and inspected for bubbles or other defects. IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 may be referred for the test. 6.2.6 Weathering test : This test is carried out to determine the effect of radiant exposure on safety glasses. Specimens are exposed, under specified conditions, to light from an artificial light source. After exposure, safety films are then subjected to the Charpy Impact Test. Safety film backed glass is subjected to a tensile test and an adhesion test. Comparing the test results of the exposed specimens with those of unexposed specimens assesses the effect of the radiant exposure. AS: 2208 - 1996; ANSI Z97.1 - 1984; 16CFR Ch II (1-1-04 Edition), may be referred for the test. 6.2.7 Ageing test : This test is carried out for determining the effect of accelerated ageing on safety glazing materials. Specimens are exposed under specified conditions to warm, humid and dry cycles and then subjected to impact test. Comparing the impact test results of exposed specimens with those of unexposed specimens assesses the effect of the accelerated ageing. AS : 2208 - 1996; ANSI Z97.1 1984, may be referred for the test. 6.2.8 Fracture and adhesion test : Laminated glass is given sudden punch and the fragments from the under surface are collected and weighed. IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 may be referred for the test. 6.2.9 Light stability test : The purpose of this test is to ensure that the glazing material is resistant to the effects of exposure to light encountered in service. IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 may be referred for the test.

21

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

Annexure 1: Sketches of examples for cases 1 to 5, Table A

CASE 1: Vertical walls - Risk of fall but residual protection or Hs > 0.75m

CASE 2: Vertical walls - No risk of fall; Hf < 1.5m & Hs < 0.75m

22

23

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

CASE 3: Vertical walls - Risk of fall; Hf >1.5m & Hs < 0.75m

CASE 4: Horizontal or Sloped Glazing

24

CASE 5: Glass acting as a balustrade / handrail

25

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

Annexure 2: Coorelation between maximum glass area and glass thickness (impact load) - Recommendatory
A: FOUR SIDES FRAMED GLASS In case of framed glass panels supported on four sides starting between the finished floor level and less than equal to 750 mm as described in case 2 & case 3 given in table A the maximum allowable area of the glass panel is as follows: a) The maximum area of the normal or annealed glass less than equal to 0.5 sqm. Refer annexure 3. b) The maximum area of the safety glass with respect to its thickness shall be with in the permissible maximum area as defined in the table C below. c) In case of glass panels supported on all four sides starting above greater than or equal to 750 mm or a protection / transom / chair rail is in place permanently from the finished floor level as given in Case 1, table A, the thickness of annealed glass shall be with in the permissible maximum area as defined in table D below.

Table D Nominal Thickness (mm) 4 5 6 8 10 12 Table C Type of Glass Nominal Thickness (mm) 4 5 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 Maximum allowable area (sqm) 2 3 4 6 8 10 2 3 5 7 Maximum allowable area (sqm) 0.8 1.2 2.1 3.2 4.4 6.3

B: TWO / THREE SIDES FRAMED GLASS In case of glass panel supported on two/ three sides starting` greater than or equal to 750 mm or has a protection from the finished floor level as given in Case 1, table A, then annealed glass can be used in following cases as mentioned in table E else tempered or laminated glass shall be used. Table E Nominal Thickness (mm) 6mm 8mm 10mm

Tempered Safety Glass

Laminated Safety Glass

Maximum allowable height of glass (m) < 1.2 > 1.2 to < 1.6 > 1.6 to < 2

Maximum allowable glass area (sqm) 0.9 1.8 2.7

In case of laminated glass the thickness of PVB is not accounted

26

B: FRAMELESS / NON-FRAMED GLASS In case of frameless or non-framed glass panel toughened safety or laminated safety glass shall be used. The thickness of safety glass and corresponding maximum permissible area is given in the following table F: Table F Nominal Thickness (mm) 6 8 10 12

given in table J, in case of internal glazing or glazing wherein there are chances of human impact. C: POINT SUPPORTED GLASS For point fixed system the glass area and glass thickness shall be determined by the specific strength analysis and type of point fixing hardware. Note: If Insulating Glass Unit (IGU) is used in situations mentioned in this guide then any one of the following will apply: i) If IGU is installed in areas subjected to h u m a n impact on either side then both the panes of the unit shall meet the requirements of this guide. The maximum area specified may be multiplied by 1.5 provided that each of the component glass of the unit otherwise complies with the relevant guidelines of this guide. ii) In situations where access is restricted to one side of the unit, then only the accessible side should meet the requirements of this guide without the application of above- mentioned factor of 1.5.

Maximum allowable area (sqm) 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5

In all above cases and in cases wherein the glass area exceeds 7.5 sqm. it is recommended to check and determined thickness of the glass using finite element analysis under wind load as per IS : 875 (part 3 1987; reaffirmed 1997) for external glazing and / or loads

27

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

Annexure 3: Glass Thickness Calculation (wind load) Recommendatory*

A. WIND LOAD CALCULATIONS The thickness of the glass supported on all four side to be used in faade, window panels is governed by the following factors: a) Area to be covered by the window panel. b) Aspect ratio of window panel (length/ breadth) or (longer side / shorter side). c) Effective wind pressure at the window height d) Strength/load bearing capacity of glass to be used. The empirical relation between the wind pressure, area of the glass panel and the required glass thickness is as follows: Pnet * A = 200.0 * Tk (T < 6 mm) Pnet * A = 200.0 * Tk + 1900 (T > 6 mm) Wherein, Pnet = Net design wind pressure (N/m2) A = area of glass panel (m2) T = SNT or the standard nominal thickness (mm), k = is a constant as shown in table H Determining Pnet: The wind pressure computation is based on the procedure given in IS: 875 (Part-3) 1987, (Reaffirmed 1997). Net wind pressure (Pd), may be defined using the following equation: Pd = Pz x Cp where, Cp = Net pressure coefficient as per IS: 875 (part. 3) 1987 Pz = Design wind pressure at height 'Pz' (N/m2) as per IS: 875 (part. 3) 1987. Table H: SNT and Corresponding 'k' values 'T' 3 mm 4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 'k' 1.683 1.732 1.753 1.765 1.570 'T' 10 mm 12 mm 15 mm 19 mm 25 mm 'k' 1.578 1.583 1.579 1.569 1.569 Depending upon the type of processed glass used net design wind pressure (Pnet) can be calculated as given below: Pnet = Pd /Pf Wherein, Pf is the pressure factor dependent on the type of glass as shown in the table G. Table G: The values of the pressure factor Pf S. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Glass type Normal (Annealed) Laminated Tempered Insulating Heat Strengthened Pf 1.00 0.80 2.50 1.50 1.60

Limiting Aspect Ratio (ARMAX): The design of the thickness using empirical relation in as detailed above will be valid upto a limiting aspect ratio ARmax. The value of ARmax for different SNT of glass is shown in the following table I Table I: SNT and Corresponding 'ARmax.' values SNT 3 mm 4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm ARmax 7.3 6.8 6.5 6.3 5.9 SNT 10 mm 12 mm 15 mm 19mm 25 mm ARmax 4.9 4.3 3.8 3.3 2.9

28

Side panels, partitions etc on the sides of the walkway, which can be subjected to human impact, need to be designed considering guarding loads given in table J. For four sided supported glass panel the glass thickness required could be calculated by inserting this loads in place of wind load. Table J: In case of side panels - Design loads in different buildings Type of Buildings Line load UDL KN/m run 0.36 0.74 UDL (infill) KN/ sq m Point Load KN 0.25 0.50

Residential Office Building, Hotels, Hostels, Library, Museum, Hospital & Schools Cinema, public buildings & points of assembly

0.5 1.0

3.00

1.5

1.50

Where UDL means Uniformly Distributed Load B. OTHER AREAS For other areas not mentioned in this annexure refer to the previous clauses. * Reference - Use of Glass in Building, by Shri N.K. Garg, Scientist, Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Rourkee.

29

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

Annexure 4: Definitions
For the purpose of this guide the definitions given below will apply: Area Annealed Glass Aspect Ratio Balustrade : The area of a panel between sightlines after glazing, calculated using the sight size. : Another term for "ordinary" glass, most commonly used for float glass : The ratio of a longer side of panel to its shorter side. : A low wall forming a parapet to a stair, ramp, balcony, raised level, or a change in level. : The portion of the putty remaining between the glass and the depth of the rebate after the glass has been pushed into position. : A strip of wood, metal or other suitable material attached to the rebate to retain the glass. : The width of silicone used to bond the fin or frame member to the edge of the glass panel. : The compound placed in the rebate of the opening into which the glass is bedded. : Flat glass that has been shaped while into hot cylindrical or other curved shapes. : The process of edge finishing flat glass to a bevel angle. : A small piece of wood, lead or other suitable material used between the edges of the glass (generally the bottom edge only) to centralize the glass in the frame (frequently called a setting block). : A structure, constructed with any matrials whatsoever for any purpose whether used for any habitation or not and includes - Assembly building, which means a building or part thereof where groups of people congregate or gather for amusement, recreations, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar purpose. Assembly building includes buildings of drama and cinema theatre, drive-in-theatres, assembly halls, city halls, town halls, auditoria, exhibition halls, museums, mangal karyalayas, skating rinks, gymnasia stadia, restaurants, eating or boarding houses, places of worship, dance halls, clubs, gymkhanas, road, air, sea or other public transportation stations and recreation piers. : Any building or part thereof used for transaction of business and / or keeping of accounts and record therefore offices, banks, professional establishments, court houses being classified as business buildings, if their principal function is transaction of business and / or keeping of books and records. : A fixed glazing bar, or rigid push bar, that provides protection from human impact. : Transparent glass.

Back Putty

Beads or Glazing Beads

Bite

Bedding Putty Bent Glass Bevelling Block (Setting Block)

Building

Business Building

Chair Rail Clear Glass

30

Conbustible material

: The material which when burnt adds heat to a fire when tested for combustibility in accordance with the IS 3808-1966: Method of Test for Combustibility of Building Materials, National Building Code. : It means a common passage or circulation space including a common hall. : A small piece of wood, lead or other suitable material used to locate the glass between the bead and the back of the rebate, and prevent lateral movement. : A hinged, sliding or otherwise supported openable barrier providing entrance to and exit from a building, corridor or room. Doors may be framed or unframed. : Glazing that incorporates two panels, separated with an air space, for the purpose of sound insulation or thermal insulation or both. : Usually applied to flat glass, the edges of which have been polished after cutting. : Grinding the edge of flat glass, to a desired shape or size. : A glass edge that is not covered. : An outer wall of a building not being a party wall even though adjoining a wall of another building and also means a wall abutting on an interior open space of any building. : Flat panes of glass installed vertically at an angle to each other, to form a faceted curve. : A piece of glass positioned and fastened to provide lateral support. : It means the time during which a fire resistant material i.e. material having a certain degree of fire resistance, fulfills its function of contributing to the fire safety of a building when subjected to prescribed conditions of heat and load or restraint. The fire resistance test of structures shall be done in accordance with IS 3809-1966 Fire Resistance Test of Structure. : It means the distance in metre measured from any other building on the site or from another site or from the opposite side of a street or other public space to the building. : A general term covering sheet glass, float glass and various forms of rolled and plate glass. : A form of flat glass produced by reheating the continuous ribbon of glass whilst it floats over a bath of molten metal. : A structure manufactured from timber, metal, glass or other durable material or combinations of materials such as glass fins and structural sealant, supporting the full length of a glazed panel edge. : See unframed glazing.

Corridor Distance Piece

Door

Double Glazing

Edge Polished Edging Exposed Edge External Wall

Faceted Glazing

Fin Fire resistant

Fire Separation

Flat Glass

Float Glass

Frame

Frameless Glazing

31

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

Front Putty

: The compound forming a triangular fillet between the surface of the glass and the front edge of the rebate. : Panels that have all edges framed. : An inorganic, non-metallic material produced by the complete fusion of raw materials at high temperatures, into a homogeneous liquid, which is then cooled to a rigid, condition essentially without crystallization. : The securing of glass in prepared openings in windows, door panels, partitions and the like. : Glass used to prevent people falling wherever there is a change in floor level by means of a permanent barrier. : Heat Soaking is done on toughened glass by reheating to a temperature of 290 C and keeping it at this temperature for eight hours and cooling it gradually. The glass can break spontaneously and without provocation due to possible impurity of Nickel Sulphide in basic glass used for tempering. This risk of spontaneous breakage can be minimised by heat soaking process by forcing such glasses to break in the factory itself. : Glass which has been heated past its softening point and chilled rapidly to increase its strength and make it thermally safe, but which breaks like annealed glass. : Laminated Safety Glass utilizing two or more panels of heat-strengthened glass in the make up. : Balustrades in which the supported glass resists an infill pressure and / or point load applied to the glass panel.
o

Fully framed glazing Glass

Glazing

Guarding

Heat Soaking

Heat Strengthened Glass

Heat Strengthened Laminated Safety Glass Infill balustrades

Insulating Glass Unit (IGU): The standard configuration for residential and commercial windows consisting of a sealed unit of two panes of glass separated by a metal spacer. Internal Partition : An interior dividing wall or such portion of an interior dividing wall that is not a door, side panel, shopfront or atrium wall. : A composite material consisting of two or more sheets of glass permanently bonded together by a plastic interlayer material. : Laminated glass that satisfies the requirements for a safety glazing material according to this guide. : The thickness of a panel of glass at the maximum thickness tolerance. : Any technique for enhancing a person's awareness of the presence of transparent glazed areas. : The thickness of a panel of glass at the minimum thickness tolerance.

Laminated Glass

Laminated Safety Glass

Maximum Thickness Manifestation

Minimum Thickness

32

Mirror Nominal Thickness

: A piece of glass silvered on one side, with a protective paint coating. : A numeric designation used for reference purposes that indicates the approximate thickness of glass. : It means not liable to burn to add heat to a fire when tested for combustibility in accordance with the IS:3808-1966, Method of Test for Combustibility of Building Materials.

Non-combustible

Non-residential Buildings : Buildings other than those defined above such as hotels, hostels, motels, shops, offices, schools, public assembly buildings, and factories and those parts of the residential buildings common to a group of dwellings such as common circulation areas in blocks of two or more flats. Safety organic-coated : A glazing material consisting of a piece of glass coated and permanently bonded on one or both sides with a continuous polymeric coating, sheet or film, which meets the test requirements of the safety glazing standards. : Single piece of glass cut to size for glazing. : An assembly containing one or more panes. : It means a low wall or railing built along the edge of the roof or a floor. : It means an interior non-load bearing divider, one storey or part storey in height. : Panels that have one or more edges unframed. : The part of a surround; the cross section of which forms an angle into which the edge of the glass is received. : Buildings and such portions of buildings used as separate dwelling houses and flats, but not incorporating common circulation areas in blocks of two or more flats. : It is the protection provided to avoid the impact of human being to glass. It is provided on the side of glass where there are chances of Human impact. It can be achieved by providing a sill structure or a grill inside.

Pane Panel Parapet Partition Partly framed glazing Rebate

Residential Buildings

Residual protection

Shower doors, shower : The panels, doors or windows a enclosing or partially enclosing a shower or bath. screens and bath enclosures Side Panel : A panel (operable or inoperable) located adjacent to a doorway. It may or may not be in the same plane as the doorway. : Glazing that is inclined at less than 75 degrees to the horizontal and located, wholly or partially, directly above an area that may be used by people. : The dimension between supports. For panels supported on all four edges, it corresponds to the smaller of the sight size dimensions. : That portion of the exterior wall of a multistory commercial building that covers the area below the sill of the vision glass installation.

Sloped overhead glazing

Span

Spandrel

33

Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

Toughened laminated safety glass Unframed glazing Wardrobe doors

: Laminated safety glass utilizing two panels of toughened safety glass in the make up.

: Panels without framed edges. : Doors that provide access to built in storage areas, excluding those fitted to pieces of furniture that are not built into the building. : It means an opening other than a door, to the outside of a building which provides all or part of the required natural light, ventilation : Solid wall (Brick or concrete wall) starting from the finised floor level to the base of first window or structural member consisting of a continuous horizontal metal/wooden forming the lowest member of a framework or supporting structure.

Window

Window Sill

34

Annexure 5: Relevant Codes / Standards / Publications

For the purpose of making this document the following codes / satndards were referred: IS : 2553 (Part 1) - 1990 - Safety Glass Specification. IS : 2835 - 1987 - Specification for Flat Transparent Sheet Glass (third revision) IS : 875 (Part 3) Reaffirmed 1997 - Codes for the Wind Loads. IS : 3548 - 1988 - Code of Practice for Glazing in Buildings IS : 10439 - 1983 - Code of Practice for Patent Glazing IS : 7760:1985 - Specification for steel glass-front cabinet 16CFR Ch II (1-1-04 Edition) - Part 1201 - Safety Standards for architectural glazing materials. ANSI Z 97.1 - 1984 (R1994) - Safety Glazing Materials - Used in Buildings - Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Tests. AS: 2208 - 1996 - Safety Glazing Materials in Buildings AS 1288 - 2006 - Glass in Buildings - Selection and Installation. BS : 6206 - Part 4 - 1995 - Specifications for impact performance requirements for flat safety glass and safety plastics for use in buildings BS : 6262 - Part 4 - 1994 - Code of Practice for Glazing for Buildings - Safety related to Human Impact BS : 6262 - Part 6 - 1997 - Code of Practice for Glazing for Buildings: Special Applications BS : 952 - For nominal thickness of glass. BS : 8000 - part 7 - 1990 - Workmanship on Building Sites - Code of Practice for Glazing BS : 5516-1 - 2004 - Patent Glazing and Sloped Glazing for Buildings - Code of Practice for Design and Installation. BS : 8213 - Part 4 - 1990 - Windows, Doors and Rooflights: Code of Practice for the Installation of Replacement Windows and Doorsets in Dwellings BS EN : 12600 - 2002 - Glass in buildings Pendulum tests - Impact test method and classification for flat glass BS : 7499 - 1991 - Specification for inclusion of glass in the construction of furniture, other than tablesor trolleys, including cabinets, shelving systems and wall hung or free standing mirrors BS : 7376 - 1990 - Specification for inclusion of glass in the construction of tables or trolleys BS EN : 1727 - 1998 - Domestic furniture, storage furniture, safety requirements and test methods BS EN : 1153 - 1996 - Kitchen furniture, safety requirements and test methods for built-in and free standing kitchen cabinets and work tops JIS R 3206 - 1997 - Tempered Glass JIS R 3205 - 1997 - Laminated Glass DIN 52 337 - Methods of testing flat glass for use in buildings - pendulum impact tests. Glass Association of North America Installation Guide. Use of Glass in Building, by Shri N.K. Garg, Scientist, Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Rourkee.

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Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety

Annexure 6: Abbreviations
A AIFGMA ANSI ARmax AS BIS BS Cp CCPS CFR DIN FFL JIS Hf Hs IGU IS KN k LF Pd Pnet Pr Pz PVB SNT T TF UDL : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
:

Area of glass panel (m2) All India Flat Glass Manufacturers Association American National Standard Institute, Inc. Limiting Aspect Ratio Australian Standard Bureau of Indian Standards British Standard Net pressure coefficient as per IS: 875 (part. 3) 1987 Confederation of Construction Products and Services Consumer Product Safety Standard published by Consumer Product Safety Commission, US Duetsches Institute for Normung e. V., Berlin First Floor Level Japanese Industrial Standard Falling height in case of change in level Sill height Insulating Glass Unit Indian Standard Kilo Newton, a unit of measurement of force A constant Laminated Float Glass Net wind pressure Net design wind pressure (N/m2) Pressure factor dependent on the type of glass Design wind pressure at height 'Pz' (N/m ) as per IS: 875 (part. 3) 1987. Polyvinyl Butyral Standard nominal thickness (mm) SNT or the standard nominal thickness (mm) Toughened Float Glass Uniformly distributed load
2

:
:

: : : : : :

Annexure 7: Recomendations
The Steering Committee has recommended that Confederation of Construction Products and Services (CCPS) should: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Prepare a handbook, so that the document Guidelines on use of Glass in Buildings - Part A : Human Safety could be understood properly. Work on other subsequent documents providing details on use of glass in buildings with respect to natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricane, fire, safety and security etc. Come up with the recommendation for the establishment protocol for the traceablity of safety glass in collaboration with I Glass (All India Float Glass Manufacturers Association) Set up a review mecanism for regularly updating the guidelines in view of the changes in the building environment and capabilities in the industry. Conduct training / awareness programmes amongst Architects, Builders, Contractors, Consultants, Engineers, Glass Processors, Glass Manufacturers, Government Organisations and other stake holders.

36