RESOURCES

LAND & BUILDING

MATERIALS

PLANT, M/CS, EQUIPMENT

SERVICES OF MEN

THE MANAGEMENT OBTAINS THE FACTS PLANS, DIRECTS, COORDINATES CONTROLS, MOTIVATES IN ORDER TO PRODUCE

GOODS & SERVICES

HOW MANUFACTURING TIME IS MADE UP

BASIC WORK CONTENT OF PRODUCT &/OR OPERATION WORK CONTENT ADDED BY DEFECTS IN DESIGN OR SPECIFICATION OF PRODUCT [Link] DESIGN OF PRODUCT A2. LACK OF STANDARDISATION A3. INCORRECT QUALITY STANDARDS A4. EXCESS MATERIAL

TOTAL WORK CONTENT

TOTAL TIME OF OPERATION UNDER EXISTING CONDITION

A B C D

WORK CONTENT ADDED BY INEFFICIENT METHODS OF OPERATION INEFFECTIVE TIME DUE TO SHORT COMINGS OF MANAGEMENT INEFFECTIVE TIME WITHIN THE CONTROL OF THE WORKER

[Link] MACHINE USED B2. PROCESS NOT FOLLOWED B3. WRONG TOOLS USED B4. BAD LAYOUT CAUSING B5. OPERATORS BAD WORK METHOD
[Link] PRODUCT VARIETY C2. LACK OF STANDARDISATION C3. DESIGN CHANGES C4. BAD PLANNING C5. LACK OF RAW MATERIALS C6. PLANT BREAKDOWNS C7. PLANT IN BAD CONDITIONS C8. BAD WORKING CONDITIONS C9. ACCIDENTS [Link], LATENESS & IDLENESS D2. CARELES WORKMANSHIP D3. ACCIDENTS

TOTAL INEFFECTIVE TIME

A1. BAD DESIGN OF PRODUCT A2. LACK OF STANDARDISATION A3. INCORRECT QUALITY STANDARDS A4. EXCESS MATERIAL [Link] MACHINE USED B2. PROCESS NOT FOLLOWED B3. WRONG TOOLS USED B4. BAD LAYOUT CAUSING B5. OPERATORS BAD WORK METHOD [Link] PRODUCT VARIETY C2. LACK OF STANDARDISATION C3. DESIGN CHANGES C4. BAD PLANNING C5. LACK OF RAW MATERIALS C6. PLANT BREAKDOWNS C7. PLANT IN BAD CONDITIONS C8. BAD WORKING CONDITIONS C9. ACCIDENTS D1. ABSENCE, LATENESS & IDLENESS D2. CARELES WORKMANSHIP D3. ACCIDENTS

[Link] DEVELOPMENT & VE A2. SPECIFICATION STANDARDISATION A3. MARKET, CONSUMER & PRODUCT RESEARCH A4. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT & VE B1. PROCESS PLANNING B2. PROCESS PLANNING & RESEARCH B3. PROCESS PLANNING & METHOD STUDY B4. METHOD STUDY B5. METHOS STUDY & OPERATOR TRAINING

C1. MRKTG. & SPECIALISATION C2. STANDARDISATION C3. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT C4. PRODN. CONT. BASED ON WORK MEASUREMENT C5. MATERIAL CONTROL C6. MAINTENANCE C7. MAINTENANCE C8. IMPROVED WORK CONDITION C9. ACCIDENTS
D1. PERSONAL POLICIES & INCENTIVES D2. PERSONAL POLICIES & OPERATOR TRAINING D3. SAFETY TRAINING

WORK STUDY IS A GENERIC TERM FOR THOSE TECHNIQUES,

PARTICULARLY METHOD STUDY AND WORK MEASUREMENT, WHICH ARE USED IN THE EXAMINATION OF HUMAN WORK IN ALL ITS CONTEXTS, AND WHICH LEAD SYSTEMATICALLY TO THE INVESTIGATION OF ALL THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY OF THE SITUATION BEING REVIEWED, IN ORDER TO EFFECT IMPROVEMENT.

TECHNIQUES OF WORK STUDY:

METHOD STUDY IS THE SYSTEMATIC RECORDING AND CRITICAL

EXAMINATION OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED WAYS OF DOING WORK, AS MEANS OF DEVELOPING AND APPLYING EASIER AND MORE EFFECTIVE METHODS AND REDUCING COSTS.

WORK MEASUREMENT IS THE APPLICATION OF TECHNIQUES

DESIGNED TO ESTABLISH THE TIME FOR A QUALIFIED WORKER TO CARRY OUT A SPECIFIED JOB AT A DEFINED LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE.

METHOD STUDY
TO SIMPLIFY THE JOB & DEVELOP MORE ECONOMICAL METHODS OF DOING IT

WORK STUDY
WORK MEASUREMEN T TO DETERMINE HOW
LONG IT SHOULD TAKE TO CARRY OUT

HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY

PROCEDURE FOR METHOD STUDY:

1. SELECT 2. RECORD 3. EXAMINE 4. DEVELOP 5. DEFINE 6. INSTALL

7. MAINTAIN

RECORDING THE FACTS

CHARTS

DIAGRAMS

SEQUENCE

TIME SCALE

A. CHARTS INDICATING PROCESS SEQUENCE

OUTLINE PROCESS CHART FLOW PROCESS CHART - MAN TYPE FLOW PROCESS CHART MATERIAL TYPE FLOW PROCESS CHART - EQUIPMENT TYPE TWO - HANDED PROCESS CHART

B. CHARTS USING A TIME SCALE

MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART SIMO CHART

C. DIAGRAMS INDICATING MOVEMENT

FLOWDIAGRAM STRING DIAGRAM CYCLE GRAPH CHRONO CYCLE GRAPH TRAVEL CHART

PROCESS CHART SYMBOLS:

OPERATION

INSPECTION
TRANSPORT

DELAY / TEMPORARY STORAGE

PERMANENT STORAGE OPERATION

OUTLINE PROCESS CHART:

AN OUTLINE PROCESS CHART IS A PROCESS CHART GIVING AN OVER ALL PICTURE BY RECORDING IN SEQUENCE ONLY THE MAIN OPERATIONS AND INSPECTIONS

FLOW PROCESS CHART:

A FLOW PROCESS CHART IS A PROCESS CHART SETTING OUT THE SEQUENCE OF THE FLOW OF A PRODUCT OR A PROCEDURE BY RECORDING ALL EVENTS UNDER REVIEW USING THE APPROPRIATE PROCESS CHART SYMBOLS.

- MAN TYPE FLOW CHART: RECORDS WHAT THE

WORKERS DOES.

- MATERIAL TYPE FLOW CHART: RECORDS HOW

MATERIAL IS HANDLED.

- EQUIPMENT TYPE FLOW CHART: RECORDS

HOW EQUIPMENT IS USED.

STRING DIAGRAM:
THE STRING DIAGRAM IS A SCALE PLAN OR MODEL ON WHICH A THREAD IS USED TO TRACE AND MEASURE THE PATH OF WORKERS, MATERIAL OR EQUIPMENT DURING A SPECIFIED SEQUENCE OF EVENTS.

MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART:

THIS IS A CHART ON WHICH THE ACTIVITIES OF MORE THAN ONE SUBJECT (WORKER, MACHINES OR ITEM OF EQUIPMENT) ARE EACH RECORDED ON A COMMON TIME SCALE TO SHOW THEIR INTER- RELATIONSHIP

PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY:

1. USE OF THE HUMAN BODY 2. ARRANGEMENT OF THE WORKPLACE 3. DESIGN OF TOOLS & EQUIPMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF MOVEMENTS: CLASS PIVOT BODY MEMBER(S) MOVED

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Knuckle Finger Wrist Hand and Fingers Elbow Forearm, hand & finger Shoulder Upper arm, forearm, hand and inger Trunk Torso, upper arm, forearm,hand and fingers

TWO HANDED PROCESS CHART:

THE TWO HANDED PROCESS CHART IS A PROCESS CHART IN WHICH THE ACTIVITIES OF A WORKERS HANDS (OR LIMBS) ARE RECORDED IN THEIR RELATION

THE SIMO CHART:

THIS IS A CHART OFTEN BASED ON FILM ANALYSIS, USED TO RECORD SIMULTANEOUSLY ON A COMMON TIME SCALE THE THERBLIGS OR GROUPS OF THERBLIGS PERFORMED BY DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY OF ONE OR MORE WORKERS

TECHNIQUES OF WORK MEASUREMENT WORK SAMPLING

STOP-WATCH TIME STUDY
PREDETERMINED TIME STANDARDS (PDTS) STANDARD DATA

WORK SAMPLING:
WORK SAMPLING IS A METHOD OF FINDING THE PERCENTAGE OCURANCE OF A CERTAIN ACTIVITY BY STATISTICAL SAMPLING AND RANDOM OBSERVATION

STEPS OF WORK SAMPLING:

- ESTABLISHING CONFIDENCE LEVELS - DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE - MAKING RANDOM OBSERVATIONS - DETERMINING SCOPE OF THE STUDY

TIME STUDY:
TIME STUDY IS A WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE FOR RECORDING THE TIMES AND RATES OF WORKING FOR THE

ELEMENTS OF A SPECIFIED JOB CARRIED OUT UNDER SPECIFIED

CONDITIONS, AND FOR ANALYSING THE DATA SO AS TO OBTAIN THE TIME NECESSARY FOR CARRYING OUT THE JOB AT A DEFINED

LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE

A QUALIFIED WORKER:
A QUALIFIED WORKER IS ONE WHO IS ACCEPTED AS HAVING THE NECESSARY PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES, WHO POSSESSES THE REQUIRED INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION, AND WHO HAS ACQUIRED THE NECESSARY SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE TO CARRY OUT THE WORK IN HAND TO SATISFACTORY STANDARDS OF SAFETY, QUANTITY AND QUALITY

AN ELEMENT :
AN ELEMENT IS A DISTINCT PART OF A SPECIFIED JOB SELECTED FOR CONVENIENCE OF OBSERVATION, MEASUREMENT & ANALYSIS

WORK CYCLE:
A WORK CYCLE IS THE SEQUENCE OF ELEMENTS WHICH ARE REQUIRED TO PERFORM A JOB OR YIELD A UNIT OF PRODUCTION.

RATING:
RATING IS THE ASSESSMENT OF THE WORKERS RATE OF WORKING RELATIVE TO THE OBSERVERS CONCEPT OF THE RATE CORR ESPONDING TO STANDARD PACE

STANDARD PERFORMANCE:
STANDARD PERFORMANCE IS THE RATE OF OUTPUT WHICH QUALIFIED WORKERS WILL NATURALLY ACHIEVE WITHOUT OVEREXERTION AS AN AVERAGE OVER THE WORKING DAY OR SHIFT, PROVIDED THEY KNOW AND ADHARE TO THE SPECIFIED METHOD AND PROVIDED THAT THEY ARE MOTIVATED TO APPLY THEMSELVES TO THEIR WORK. THIS PERFORMANCE IS DENOTED AS 100 ON THE STANDARD RATING AND PERFORMANCE SCALES

BASIC TIME:
BASIC TIME IS THE TIME FOR CARRYING OUT AN

ELEMENT OF WORK AT STANDARD RATING ie

OBSERVED TIME X OBSERVED RATING -------------------------------------------------------STANDARD RATING

EXTENSION IS THE CALCULATION OF BASIC TIME FROM OBSERVED TIME

THE SELECTED TIME:

THE SELECTED TIME IS THE TIME CHOSEN AS BEING REPRESENTATIVE OF A GROUP OF TIMES FOR AN ELEMENT OR GROUP OF ELEMENTS. THESE TIMES MAY BE EITHER OBSERVED OR BASIC AND SHOULD BE DENOTED AS SELECTED OBSERVED OR SELECTED BASIC TIMES.

THE WORK CONTENT:

THE WORK CONTENT OF A JOB OR OPERATION IS DEFINED AS: BASIC TIME + RELAXATION ALLOWANCE + ANY ALLOWANCE FOR ADDITIONAL WORK - EG THAT PART OF CONTINGENCY ALLOWANCE WHICH REPRESENTS WORK

RELAXATION ALLOWANCES:
RELAXATION ALLOWANCE IS AN ADDITION TO THE BASIC TIME

INTENDED TO PROVIDE THE WORKER WITH THE OPPORTUNITY TO

RECOVER FROM THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CARRYING OUT SPECIFIED WORK UNDER SPECIFIED

CONDITIONS AND TO ALOWW ATTENTION TO PERSONAL NEEDS. THE

AMOUNT OF ALLOWANCE WILL DEPEND ON THE NATURE OF THE JOB.

THE CONTENGENCY ALLOWANCE:

A CONTENGENCY ALLOWANCE IS A SMALL ALLOWANCE OF TIME WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED IN A STANDARD TIME TO MEET LEGITIMATE AND EXPECTED ITEMS OF WORK OR DELAYS, THE PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF WHICH IS UNECONOMICAL BECAUSE OF HTEIR INFREQUENT OR IRREGULAR OCCURRENCE

THE POLICY ALLOWANCE:

A POLICY ALLOWANCE IS AN INCREMENT, OTHR THAN BONUS

INCREMENT, APPLIED TO STANDARD TIME (OR TO SOME

CONSTITUENTPART OF IT,E.G. WORK CONTENT) TO PROVIDE A SATISFACTORY LEVEL OF EARNINGS FOR A SPECIFIED LEVEL OF

PERFORMANCE UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

STANDARD TIME:
STANDARD TIME IS THE TOTAL TIME IN WHICH A JOB SHOULD BE COMPLETED AT STANDARD PERFORMANCE

OSERVED TIME

CONT. ALL RATING RELAXATION Unav FACTOR ALLOWANCE WORK oidable delays

Basic time Work content Standard time