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Census vs. Sampling Techniques Explained

The document discusses key concepts in sampling including the difference between a census and sample, when each is appropriate, and common probability and non-probability sampling techniques. It also covers advantages and disadvantages of sampling, types of errors in sampling, and ways to reduce non-sampling error.

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Aditya Narayana Swamy
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8 views8 pages

Census vs. Sampling Techniques Explained

The document discusses key concepts in sampling including the difference between a census and sample, when each is appropriate, and common probability and non-probability sampling techniques. It also covers advantages and disadvantages of sampling, types of errors in sampling, and ways to reduce non-sampling error.

Uploaded by

Aditya Narayana Swamy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Sample: it is a portion or part of universe Sample Frame: it is the list of elements from which the sample is actually

drawn. Ex: Telephone directory, yellow pages, RTO

Distinction between Census and Sampling

Census refers to complete inclusion of all elements in the population. Sample is a subgroup of the population. If population size is small Depends on researcher

When is a census appropriate?


When is sample appropriate?


When the population size is large When time and cost is the main consideration If the population is Homogeneous

Define the population Identify the sampling frame Specify the sampling unit Selection of sampling method

Determination of sample size


Specify sampling plan Selection of sample

I. Probability sampling techniques

Random sampling lottery method & random number table. Stratified random sampling proportionate and disproportionate SS Cluster sampling / Area sampling Systematic sampling Multi stage sampling / combination sampling

Advantage

It is unbiased Quantification is possible

Less knowledge is sufficient


It takes time

Disadvantages

It is costly
More resources are required to design and execute

II. Non-probability sampling techniques

Quota sampling
Judgment sampling

Convenience sampling
Snowball sampling

Distinction between probability sample and non-probability sample


Probability: each unit has equal chances
no personal bias

Non probability: units have unequal chances


subjected to personal bias

Types of Errors in Sampling


1. Sampling error its the gap b/w sample mean and population mean.
Biased Error Unbiased Error 2. Non sampling error diff. b/w planned sample and final sample. Response error Research Error, Interviewer Error, Respondent Error Non-Response error 3. Sampling frame error 4. Data error & Failure of the interviewer to follow instruction

How to Reduce Non Sampling Error For non response provide incentives such as a gift or cash. Data error: dont ask questions, which respondents can not answer.

Train the interviewer.


Avoid leading questions Pretest the questionnaire

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