Florida Reliability Coordinating Council

Relay Class
John White System Protection Manager Ray Dawson System Protection Technician

Introduction
The reasons for protection Safety of the public and employees. Reliability of power supply to the customers. Prevent damage to equipment. What kind of equipment is protected: generators, transformers, transmission lines, breakers and distribution lines.

Types of faults
Three phase, three phase to ground, phase to phase, phase to phase to ground and single phase to ground. Three phase faults have the highest fault current. Single phase faults have the lowest fault current. The fault current is determined by the impedance of the fault path. Fault paths closer to the source will have less impedance. Faults caused by trees will have higher impedance.

Equipment used
CT current transformer PT potential transformer Transducers Time overcurrent relay/51 Instantaneous Over current relay/50 Undervoltage relay/27 Recloser relay/79 Under frequency relay/81

CT current transformer The secondary winding has a standard

rating of 5 amp. Its indicated as 400/200/5 the 400 and 200 are the primary current which gives us an 80 to 1 and 40 to 1 ratio respectably. It is important that CTs be accurate at fault levels which may be 10 times normal load current. Standard classifications of CTs allow 10% error for current flow up to 20 times rated value. They are marked Class C ###. The higher the number the higher current that can flow though the CT and still be 10% accurate. Never open a live CT circuit without first shorting the secondary side. Without the secondary side shorted very high voltage will be seen on the secondary circuit.

Potential Transformers PTs

The secondary voltage is usually 69V for relaying and 120V for metering. There is no problem with error readings as during a fault the voltage will drop. At above 115KV coupling capacitors are used. This is called CCVT. They are connected in series causing a voltage drop across each cap. PTs should never be shorted.

Transducers
Measure voltages and currents and converts them to a 0 to 1 milliamp dc output. A scaling is used in SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) to convert the milliamp signal to a numerical number.

Time Over current relay/51

Operate on the electromagnetic induction principle. The protective relay is essentially a small AC motor. Using shaded pole produce two fluxes that are at different phase angles. When current is passed through the electromagnet coil,a magnetic field is produced, which applies a torque to the disc. When the magnetic field becomes strong enough to overcome friction in the damping magnet, bearing and tension in the spiral spring, the disc rotates to move the moving contact. Eventually the moving and fixed contacts close, completing the trip coil circuit to the breaker.

 The disc rotates at a speed directly proportional to the amount of flux induced into it by the electromagnet. The time dial provides adjustment for how long it takes the moving contact and stationary contact to make contact. With a higher number on the time dial, this increases traveling distance and contact time. The spiral spring is use to set minimum pickup, resets the disc in normal conditions or after a trip and provides a temporary path for the DC trip current. The spiral spring is not designed to carry the trip current for very long. A seal-in bypass is used.

Time Over current relay/51

Time Over current relay/51

The seal in coil is in series with the contacts on the spiral spring. The seal in coil contacts are in parallel with the spiral spring contacts. The seal in contacts shunt the current away from the spiral spring contacts. The seal in coil also has a flag that drops to indicate which relay had the overcurrent condition.

Instantaneous Over current relays/50

Instantaneous relays have no time delay. With a high level fault the instantaneous unit will operate before time overcurrent relay. Its a simple clapper relay with a core screw on top to adjust the pickup range. The contacts are two moving contact on a bridge and two stationary contacts. The contacts are directly across the trip circuit for the breaker.

Undervoltage relays/27
The construction of a undervoltage relay is very similar to an overcurrent relay. The main different is the operating coil. An overcurrent relays operating coil is wound with a few turns of heavy wire. A voltage relays operating coil is wound with many turns of fine wire. The disc rotates in the counterclockwise direction. The contact closing torque for an undervoltage relay is provided by the tension in the spiral spring. A time delay is the same as for an over current relay.

DEVICES USED AT OUC

21 Distance relay 25 Synchronizing-check device 27 Undervoltage relay 43 Manual transfer or selector device 50 Instantaneous overcurrent relay 51 Time overcurrent relay 52 AC circuit breaker 57 Grounding device 59 Overvoltage relay 63 Gas pressure relay 64 Ground protective relay 67 AC directional overcurrent relay 69 Permissive control device 74 Alarm relay 79 Reclosing relay 81 Frequency relay 86 Locking-out relay 87 Differential protective relay

The right man for the job

Mr. Bill Douglas

OUC SYSTEM

OUC Protective Relay Statistics

60 Transmission Lines 4000 Protective Relays 36 Substations 14 Generators 400 Breakers 200 Transformers 200 Feeder Breakers

OUC Protective Relay main schemes

Protects Transmission Lines Protects Distribution Lines Protects Transformers Protects Generators Protects Busses Protects Reactors

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Stanton Substation

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S**t Happens

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FAULT CHARACTERISTICS
Test Question # 11

TYPES of FAULTS :

Single Phase to Ground Two Phase to Ground Three Phase to Ground Phase to Phase Phase to Phase to Phase

Impedance Diagram

FAULT

Voltage= 22800 volts Load Z (one leg)= 70 ohms I= 300 amps Test Question # 12: 22800 volts / 3 ohms of fault impedance= 7600 amps.

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Ground current possibly damages generator before 50 G relay operates.

Ground Fault Current circulates from the load to the generator stator unimpeded.

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Resistance, Reactance, Impedance

Resistance-(R) Reactance-(X)
The opposition to the flow of current in an electrical circuit.

A measure of opposition to a sinusoidal current made up of Capacitance and inductance

Impedance- (Z)Combination of Resistance and

Reactance that opposes flow of current. Test Question # 13

Test Question #14: Reactor/Resistor limits fault current to about 10 amps preventing damage to stator.

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Utility standard of Delta Wye configuration for GSU transformer prevents fault current from circulating through stator.

GSU boosts voltage for ease of transmission- 20kV to 230kV.

Voltages and Currents are 120 degrees between phases.

During fault Voltage A-n collapses and Current A-n increases dramatically.

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Disturbance recording

VA

Part of System Protections responsibilities is to analyze fault data acquired from the microprocessor based protective relays such as the examples shown.

VB VC

IA IB IC R1 Trip Brkr 757 R2 Trip Brkr 759 R3 SCADA RS1 Op R6 757 RI N/A R7 759 RI N/A R9 757 BF Init
File: J:\System Protection\Faults and oscillographys\SECA 6,20,03\SECA,6,20,03.

Generator Protection
OUC uses high speed generator schemes that isolates the fault in the Generator in approximately 2 cycles clearance (.033 seconds).
Generator Relay

Generator

GSU Transformer

150,000 volt Breaker

507

To OUC system

509
150,000 volt Breaker

FAULT

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GENERATOR PROTECTION
Test Question # 15

TYPES of Generator Faults :

Stator Fault Motoring by loss of Prime Mover Rotor Ground Excitation Failure Over-voltage/ Over-excitation Turbine Trip

87G- Generator Differential 87T- GSU Transformer Differential 87ST- Reserve Auxiliary Differential.

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Test Question #16: VAR= Volt Ampere Reactive

40- Loss of Field Relay 81- Under frequency Relay 59-Under Voltage Relay. With loss of field condition, Generator cannot produce VARS, lowering terminal voltage and overheating of the stator.

46- Negative Sequence Relay

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59G- Generator Ground Relay 27G- Third harmonic supervision Relay Test Question # 17: Third Harmonic is at 180 HZ

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Test Question # 18

Types of Transformer Faults :

Winding to Winding Fault Winding to Ground Fault Core Movement Bushing Failure Arrestor Failure Through Fault

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Transformer Protection
Relay Set 1 and 2 are high speed current differential schemes isolates the faulted transformer. Approximately 2 cycle clearance (33 milliseconds) KBCH digital Current Differential relays for RS1. T60 GE microprocessor Current Differential for RS2 Also uses Backup Overcurrent Protection in RS2

Differential relay

507

SWGR

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XFMR
509

FAULT

Transformer Damage Curve

Test Question # 19: Transformer damaged in 50 seconds at 20,000 Amps

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Transformer Differential Relay

General Electric T60 UR Differential relay

Primary Current Flow

Normal Operation

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Fault Current Flow

Fault Condition

Transformer Protection
OUC uses a high speed current differential scheme that isolates faulted substation transformers in approximately 2 cycles clearance (.033 seconds)

Differential relay
150,000 volt Breaker

switchgear To customers

13,000 volt Breaker

507

10 509

FAULT

transformer

150,000 volt Breaker

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Test Question #20: 51 G Ground Relay located in ground leg of the low side of the transformer

Test Question # 21: 87T Transformer Differential Relay

63 Sudden Pressure Relay 51- Over-current Back Up Relay low side 50/51 - Over-current Back Up Relay high side

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TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION

Test Question # 22

Types of Transmission Line Faults :

Single Phase to Ground Two Phase to Ground Three Phase to Ground Phase to Phase Phase to Phase to Phase Arrestor Failure Through Fault

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Transmission Line Protection

Relay Set 1 is high speed current differential schemes isolates the faulted segment of a transmission line. Approximately 2 cycle clearance (33 milliseconds) L90 digital Current Differential relays used by OUC. Also uses Direct Transfer Trip for Breaker Failure

Fiber communication L90

501

L90
507

503

FAULT

509

Transmission Line Protection

OUC uses high speed current differential schemes that isolates the faulted segment of a transmission line in approximately 2 cycles clearance (.033 seconds).
The relays communicate over the OUC fiber Optic Network
Protective Relay Protective Relay

Fiber communication

501

Transmission Breaker

Transmission Breaker

507

Transmission Line

503

Transmission Breaker

FAULT

Transmission Breaker

509

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Transmission Line Protection

Relay Set 2 is high speed directional impedance relay that isolates the faulted segment of a transmission line using Permissive Overeach Transfer Trip
Test Question # 23: Zone 1 set at 95% of transmission line Zone 2 set at 125% of transmission line T1 T1

P442
501

Zone 1 95 % of line

P442
507

503

Zone 2 125 % of line FAULT

509

Directional distance relay

Remote Substation

Substation Length of Line = 10. 7 miles Line Impedance Positive sequence - .20 + j 1.11 Zero sequence - 1.97 + j 3.55

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Under Load Conditions no Trip outside of zone.

During fault, impedance moves into trip zone

For short transmission lines we use Reactance Relays that operate at 90 degrees between voltage and current.

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Line Current Differential Relay

General Electric L90 UR Relay

Line Current Differential Relay

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Fault Line Current Differential Relay Trip Conditions

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Description of Substation Automation

INTERNET
OUC CUSTOMER

CORPORATE NETWORK
OUC INTRANET

Firewall

CORPORATE USER

PERSHING OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER

Firewall

REMOTE (EMERGENCY) CONTROL ROOM BACKUP ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM RELAYS

MODEM LINE

ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

MODEM LINE

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WIDE AREA NETWORK

(ALL SUBSTATIONS) SUBSTATION FUTURE SYSTEMS SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM REMOTE TERMINAL UNITS

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS

Comparison of Electro-Mechanical to Microprocessor-Based Protective Relays

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Advantages of Electromechanical Lower Cost Easier to Test

Test Question # 24:

Disadvantages of Electromechanical Need three individual relays Maintain more often Moving Parts Usually performs only one protective function Slower operating than Micro-Processor Based

Advantages of Micro-Processor Based Performs hundreds of protective functions Only one relay needed for all phases Faster operating than Electromechanical Self-Monitoring Test Question # 25: Takes up less space Longer maintenance cycle

Disadvantages Micro-Processor Based Higher Cost Complex training for testing

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How a Micro-Processor Based Relay works.

Test Question # 26:

It takes an analog signal from PTs and CTs and converts it into digital data for analysis.

How a Micro-Processor Based Relay works.

Analog data under Sine Wave is converted to digital data and analyzed by the processor

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How a Micro-Processor Based Relay works.

The microprocessor in the relay analyzes millions of bits of data per second and determines if the amplitude is sufficient to trip. All in 18 milliseconds or less.

Analog data

Converted into Digital samples

Customer Feeder Protection

OUC uses a high speed microprocessor feeder relay that isolates faulted customer feeder in approximately 3 cycles clearance (.050 seconds)

Feeder relay

Main relay
150,000 volt Breaker

13,000 volt Breaker

13,000 volt Breaker

501

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10 503 switchgear

FAULT

transformer

150,000 volt Breaker

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