CHAPTER 6

Dimensional Analysis
and Similitude
g  V 12 p1  g  V 22 p 2 
6.1  + + z 1 = 2 
+ + z 2 .
V12  2 g ρg  V1  2 g ρg 
1 p1 gz1 1 V22 p2 gz 2
+ + = + + .
2 ρV12 V12 2 V12 ρV12 V12
1 p gz 1 p gz  V22
or + 12 + 21 =  + 22 + 22  2
2 ρV1 V1  2 ρV2 V2  V1

kg N ⋅ s 2 N ⋅ s FT
6.2 a) [ m
&] = = = . ∴ .
s m⋅ s m L
N F
b) [ p ] = 2 . ∴ 2
m L
kg N ⋅ s2 N ⋅s2 FT 2
c) [ ρ ] = 3 = = . ∴ .
m m ⋅ m3 m4 L4
N⋅ s FT
d) [ µ ] = 2
. ∴ 2
m L
e) [W ] = N ⋅ m. ∴ FL
N⋅m
[ ]
f) W& =
s
. ∴
FL
T
F
g) [σ ] = N / m. ∴
L

6.3 (A) The dimensions on the variables are as follows:

L L ML2 ML / T 2 M L
[W& ] = [ F × V ] = M 2 × = 3 , [ d ] = L, [ ∆p] = = , [ V ] =
T T T L2 LT 2 T
First, eliminate T by dividing W& by ∆p. That leaves T in the denominator so
divide by V leaving L2 in the numerator. Then divide by d2 . That provides
W&
π= 2
∆pVd

T e r l µ 
6.4 ∴ 2 5
= f1  , , , 2 .
ρω R  R R R ρω R 

103
6.5 (A) V = f ( d , l , g , ω , µ ). The units on the variables on the rhs are as follows:
L ML
[ d ] = L, [l ] = L , [ g ] = 2 , [ω ] = T −1 , [ µ ] =
T T
Because mass M occurs in only one term, it cannot enter the relationship.

L M M
6.6 V = f ( l, ρ, µ ). [ V ] = , [ l] = L , [ ρ ] = 3
, [µ] = .
T L LT
ρVl
∴There is one π − term: π 1 = .
µ
Vl
∴ π 1 = f1 (π 02 ) = Const. ∴ρ = C, or Re = Const.
µ

L M M
6.7 V = f (σ , ρ, d ). [V ] = , [σ ] =
T T2
, [ ρ] =L3
, [ d ] = L.
σ σ
∴π 1 = . ∴ π 1 = f1 (π 02 ) = Const. ∴ = C, or We = Const.
ρV 2 d ρV 2 d

[V ] = T , [ g] = T 2 , [m ] = M , [ H ] = L.
L L
6.8 V = f ( H , g , m ).

gHm 0
∴π 1 = . ∴ π 1 = C. ∴ V = gH / C .
V2

L L M M
6.9 V = f ( H , g , m , ρ , µ ). [V] =, [ H ] = L , [ g ] = 2 , [ m] = M , [ ρ] = 3 , [ µ ] = .
T T L LT
Choose repeating variables H , g , ρ (select ones with simple dimensions-we couldn’t
select V, H, and g since M is not contained in any of those terms):
π 1 = VH a1 g b1 ρ c1 , π 2 = mH a2 g b2 ρ c2 , π 3 = µH a3 g b3 ρ c3 .
Vρ 0 V m µ µ
∴π 1 = = . π2 = . π3 = = .
g H gH ρH 3 ρ gH 3 /2
ρ gH 3
V  m µ 
∴ = f1  , .
 ρH ρ gH 3 
3
gH  
Note: The above dimensionless groups are formed by observation: simply combine the
dimensions so that the π − term is dimensionless. We could have set up equations similar
to those of Eq. 6.2.11 and solved for a1 , b1 , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 and a3 , b3 , c3 . But the
method of observation is usually successful.

ML L M M
6.10 FD = f ( d , l,V , µ , ρ ). [ FD ] = T 2
, [d ] = L , [V ] = , [ µ ] =
T LT
, [ ρ] = 3 .
L

104
 π 1 = FDl a1 V b1 ρ c1 , π 2 = dV b2 ρ c2 l a2 , π 3 = µl a3 V b3 ρ c3 .
F d µ
∴π 1 = 2 D 2 , π 2 = , π 3 = .
V ρl l ρVl
FD d µ 
∴ = f1  , .
ρl V
2 2
 l ρ lV 
π1  1 π3 FD l µ 
We could write = f  ,  or = f  ,  . This is equivalent
π2 π2 ρd V  d ρdV 
2 2
π 22
2 2

to the above. Either functional form must be determined by experimentation.

ML L M M
6.11 FD = f ( d , l,V , µ , ρ ).
T 2 [ FD ] =
, [d ] = L , [V ] = , [ µ ] =
T LT
, [ ρ] = 3 .
L
π 1 = FD d µ V , π 2 = ld µ V , π 3 = ρd µ V .
a1 b1 c1 a 2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3

FD l ρVd
By observation we have π1 = , π2 = , π3 = .
µVd d µ
FD  l ρVd 
∴ = f1  , .
µVd d µ 
Rather than π 1 = f1 ( π 2 , π 3 ), we could write
π1  1 FD l µ 
= f 2  π 2 ,  , an acceptable form: = f2  , .
π3  π 3 ρV d
2 2
 d ρVd 

M M L
6.12 h = f (σ , d , γ , β , g ). [ h] = L , [σ ] = 2
, [d ] = L , [γ ] = 2 2 , [ β ] = 1, [ g ] = 2 .
T LT T
Select d, γ , g as repeating variables.
π 1 = hd a1 γ b1 g c1 , π 2 = σ d a2 γ b2 g c 2 , π 3 = β.
h σ
∴π 1 = , π 2 = 2 , π 3 = β.
d γd
h  σ 
∴ = f1  2 , β  . Note: gravity does not enter the answer.
d  γd 

[F ] =
ML 1
6.13 FC = f ( m, ω , R). C
2
, [ m] = M , [ω ] = , [ R] = L.
T T
F F
∴ π 1 = FC m aω b R c = C
. ∴ C
= C. ∴ FC = Cmω 2 R
mω R
2
mω R2

M ML2
6.14 σ = f ( M , y , I ). [σ ] = , [ M ] = , [ y] = L , [ I ] = L4 . ∴ π 1 = σM a y b I c .
LT 2 T2

105
 σI My
Given that b = −1 , π1 = = Const. ∴σ = C .
yM I

 dp  L M  dp  M
6.15 V = f ( µ,d ,  . [V ] = , [µ ] = , [d ] = L ,
 dx  = L2T 2 .
 dx  T LT  
µ
c
 dp 
∴ π 1 = Vµ a d b   . Let’s start with the ratio so that “M” is accounted for.
 dx  dp / dx
µV
Then the π 1 − term is . Hence,
dp / dx d 2
Vµ d 2 dp / dx
π1 = = Const. ∴ V = Const .
dp / dx d 2 µ

L L M
6.16 V = f ( H , g , ρ ). [V ] = , [ H ] = L , [ g ] = 2 , [ ρ] = 3 .
T T L
ρ 0
∴ π 1 = VH a g b ρ c = V = Const. ∴V = Const. gH .
g H
Density does not enter the expression.

L M M L
6.17 V = f ( H, µ, ρ, g, d ). [V ] = , [ H ] = L, [ µ ] = , [ ρ ] = 3 , [ g ] = 2 , [ d ] = L.
T LT L T
Repeating 
π 1 = VH a1 ρ b1 g c1 , π 2 = µH a2 ρ b2 g c2 , π 3 = dH a3 ρ b3 g c3 . H, ρ, g.
variables 
V µ d
π1 = , π2 = , π3 = .
ρ gH 3/2
gH H

V  µ d 
∴ π 1 = f 1 ( π 2 , π 3 ), or = f1  , .
gH  ρ gH 3 H 
 

6.18 ∆p = f (V , d, ν , L, ε , ρ ).
M L L2 M
[ ∆p ] = , [V ] =
, [ d ] = L , [ν ] = , [ L ] = L, [ε ] = L , [ ρ ] = .
LT 2 T T L3
Repeating variables: V , d, ρ.
π 1 = ∆pV a1 d b1 ρ c1 , π 2 = ν V a2 d b2 ρ c2 , π 3 = L V a3 d b3 ρ c3 , π 4 = ε V a4 d b4 ρ c4 .
∆p ν L ε
∴π 1 = , π2 = , π3 = , π4 = .
ρV 2
Vd d d
∆p  ν L ε
π 1 = f 1 (π 2 , π 3 , π 4 ). ∴ = f1  , , .
ρV 2
 Vd d d 

106
6.19 FD = f (V , ρ, µ , c, h, r, φ , w , α ) where c is the chord length, h is the maximum thickness, r
is the nose radius, φ is the trailing edge angle, and α is the angle of attack. Repeating
variables: V , c, ρ. The π − terms are
FD Vρc c c c
π1 = , π2 = , π 3 = , π 4 = , π 5 = φ, π 6 = , π 7 = α .
ρV c 2 2
µ h r w
Then,
FD  Vρc c c c 
= f1  , , , φ, , α 
ρV c
2 2
 µ h r w 

L3 L
6.20 Q = f (R , A , e , S , g ). [ Q] = , [ R ] = L, [ A] = L2 , [ e] = L, [ s ] = 1, [ g ] = 2 .
T T
There are only two basic dimensions. Choose two repeating variables, R and g. Then,
π 1 = QR a1 g b1 , π 2 = AR a2 g b2 , π 3 = eR a3 g b3 , π 4 = sR a4 g b4 .
Q A e
∴π 1 = 5 /2
, π 2 = 2 , π 3 = , π 4 = s.
gR R R

∴ π 1 = f1 (π 2 , π 3 , π 4 ). ∴
Q
= f  A , e , s .
gR 5
1
 R2 R 

L L M M
6.21 V p = f (h ,g ,σ , ρ ). V p  = , [ h] = L, [ g ] = 2 , [σ ] = 2 , [ ρ ] = 3 .
T T T L
Repeating variables: h, ρ, g. ∴ π 1 = Vp h ρ g , π 2 = σh ρ g .
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2

Vp σ Vp  σ 
∴π 1 = , π2 = . ∴ = f1  2
.
hg ρgh 2 gh  ρgh 

6.22 FD = f (V , µ , ρ, e, I , d ). Repeating variables: V , ρ, d.

ML L M M
[ FD ] = 2 , [V ] = , [ µ ] = , [ ρ ] = 3 , [e ] = L, [ I ] = 1, [ d ] = L.
T T LT L
π 1 = FDV ρ d , π 2 = µV ρ d , π 3 = e V a3 ρ b3 d c3 , π 4 = I V a4 ρ b4 d c4 .
a1 b1 c1 a 2 b2 c2

FD µ e
∴π 1 = , π2 = , π 3 = , π 4 = I.
ρV d
2 2
Vρd d
FD  µ e 
∴ = f1  , , I.
ρV d
2 2
 Vρd d 

6.23 FD = f (V , ρ s , ρ, µ, D, g). Repeating variables: V , ρ, D.

ML L M M M L
[ FD ] = 2 , [V ] = , [ ρs ] = 3 , [ ρ ] = 3 , [ µ ] = , [ D ] = L, [ g ] = 2 .
T T L L LT T

107
 π 1 = FDV a1 ρ b1 D c1 , π 2 = ρ s V a2 ρ b2 D c2 , π 3 = µ V a3 ρ b3 D c3 , π 4 = gV a4 ρ b4 D c4 .
FD ρ µ gD
∴π 1 = , π2 = s , π3 = , π4 = 2 .
ρV D 2 2
ρ ρVD V
FD ρ µ gD
∴ = f1  s , , 2 .
ρV D
2 2
 ρ ρVD V 

6.24 FD = f (V , µ , ρ, d , e, r , c ). Repeating variables: V , ρ, d.

ML L M M 1
[ FD ] = 2 , [ V ] = , [ µ ] = , [ ρ ] = 3 , [d ] = L, [e ] = L, [ r ] = L, [c ] = 2 .
T T LT L L
π 1 = FDV ρ d , π 2 = µV ρ d , π 3 = eV ρ d , π 4 = rV ρ d , π 5 = cV ρ d .
a1 b1 c1 a 2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 a 4 b4 c4 a 5 b 5 c5

FD µ e r
∴π 1 = , π2 = , π 3 = , π 4 = , π 5 = cd 2 .
ρV d2 2
ρVd d d
FD  µ e r 
∴ = f1  , , , cd 2  .
ρV d
2 2
 ρVd d d 

1 M M L
6.25 f = g( µ , ρ ,V , d ). [ f ] =, [µ] = , [ ρ ] = 3 , [V ] = , [d ] = L.
T LT L T
Repeating variables, V , d , ρ. π 1 = f V d ρ , π 2 = µV a2 d b2 ρ c2
a1 b 1 c1

fd µ fd  µ 
∴π 1 = , π2 = . ∴ = g1  .
V ρVd V  ρVd 

6.26 FL = f (V , c , ρ , l c , t , α ). Repeating variables: V , ρ, l c .

ML L L M
[ FL ] = 2 , [V ] = , [c] = , [ ρ ] = 3 , [ l c ] = L, [t ] = L , [α ] = 1.
T T T L
π 1 = FL V ρ l c , π 2 = cV ρ l c , π 3 = tV a3 ρ b3 l c c3 , π 4 = αV a4 ρ b4 l c c 4 .
a1 b1 c1 a 2 b2 c2

FL c t
∴π 1 = , π2 = , π3 = , π 4 = α.
ρV l c
2
2
V lc
FL c t 
∴ = f1  , , α  .
ρV l c  V lc 
2 2

ML2 1 M M
6.27 T = f (d , ω, ρ , µ , t ). [T ] = , [ d ]=L, [ ω ]=
, [ ρ ] = 3 , [µ ] = , [t ] = L.
2 T LT
T L
Repeating variables: d , ω , ρ. π 1 = Td a1 ω b1 ρ c1 , π 2 = µ d a2 ω b2 ρ c2 , π 3 = t d a3 ω b3 ρ c3 .

108
 T µ t
∴π 1 = ,π 2 = , π3 = .
ρω 2 d 5 ρω d 2 d
T  µ t  µ t 
∴ = f1 
2 5 2 d
, . W& = ρω 3d 5 f1  2 d 
, .
ρω d  ρω d   ρω d 

6.28 FD = f (V , ρ , µ , d , L , ρ c , ω ) where d is the cable diameter, L the cable length, ρ c

the cable density, and ω the vibration frequency.
Repeating variables: V , d, ρ. The π − terms are
FD Vdρ d ρ V
π1 = , π2 = , π3 = , π4 = , π5 =
ρV d2 2
µ L ρc ωd
We then have
FD  Vdρ d ρ V
= f1  , , , 
ρV d2 2
 µ L ρ c ωd 

6.29 ∆p = f ( D, h, ω , ρ, d1 , d 0 ). Repeating variables: D, ω , ρ.

M 1 M
[ ∆p] = 2
, [ D] = L, [ h] = L, [ω ] = , [ ρ] = 3 , [ d1 ] = L, [ d0 ] = L
LT T L
∆p h d1 d
π1 = , π2 = , π 3 = , π 4 = 0 .
ρω D
2 2
D D D
∆p
= f1  , 1 , 0  . W& = force × velocity = ∆pD 2 × ω D.
h d d
∴
ρω D2 2
D D D
h d d 
∴ W& = ρω 3 D5 f1  , 1 , 0  .
D D D

6.30 T = g( f , ω , d, H , l, N , h, ρ ). Repeating variables: ω , d, ρ.

ML2 1 1 M
[T ] = 2
, [ f ] = , [ω ] = , [ d ] = L, [ H ] = L, [ l] = L, [ N ] = 1, [ h] = L, [ ρ ] = 3 .
T T T L
T f H l h
π1 = , π 2 = , π 3 = , π 4 = , π 5 = N, π 6 = .
ρω d 2 5
ω d d d

= g1  , , , N ,  .
T f H l h
∴
ρω d2 5 ω d d d

6.31 Q = f ( H , w, g, µ, ρ , σ ). Repeating variables: H, g, ρ.

L3 L M M M
[ Q] = , [ H ] = L, [w ] = L, [ g] = 2 , [ µ ] = , [ ρ] = 3 , [σ ] = 2 .
T T LT L T
Q w µ σ
∴π 1 = , π2 = , π3 = , π4 = .
gH 5 H ρ gH 3 ρgH 2

109
 Q w µ σ 
∴ = f1  , , .
 ρ gH ρ 2
 H gH 
5 3
gH

6.32 d = f (V , Vj , D, σ , ρ, µ , ρ a ). Repeating variables: Vj , D, ρ.

L L M M M M
[ d ] = L, [V ] = , [Vj ] = , [ D] = L, [σ ] = 2 , [ ρ] = 3 , [ µ ] = , [ρ a ] = 3 .
T T T L LT L
d V σ µ ρa
π1 = , π 2 = , π 3 = , π4 = , π5 = .
D Vj ρVj2 D ρVj D ρ
d V σ µ ρa 
∴ = f 1  , , , .
ρ 2
ρ ρ 
D  j
V V j D V j D 

6.33 T = f (ω , H , h , R, t , µ , ρ ). Repeating variables: ω , h, ρ.

M L2 1 M M
[T ] = 2
, [ω ] = , [ H ] = L, [h] = L , [ R ] = L, [ t ] = L, [ µ ] = , [ρ ] = 3 .
T T LT L
T H R t µ
π1 = , π 2 = , π3 = , π 4 = , π 5 =
ρω 2 d 5 h h h ρωh 2
T H R t µ 
∴ = f1 , , , 2
.
ρω d
2 5
 h h h ρωh 

6.34 µ = f ( D, H , l, g, ρ, V ) . D = tube dia., H = head above outlet, l = tube length.

µ H l gD
Repeating variables: D, V , ρ. π 1 = , π2 = , π 3 = , π 4 = 2
ρVD D D V
µ
= f1  ,
H l gD
∴ , .
ρVD  D D V2

6.35 T = f ( R, ω , ρ , e , r , µ , l). Repeating variables: R, ω , ρ.

ML2 1 M M
[T ] = 2
, [ R] = L, [ω ] = , [ ρ ] = 3
, [ e] = L, [ r ] = L, [ µ ] = , [l] = L.
T T L LT
T e r l µ
π1 = , π 2 = , π3 = , π4 = , π5 =
ρω R2 5
R R R ρωR 2
T e r l µ 
∴ 2
= f1  ,
5
, , 2 .
ρω R  R R R ρω R 

6.36 y 2 = f (V1, y1 , ρ, g). Neglect viscous wall shear.

L M L
[ y2 ] = L, [ V1 ] = , [ y1 ] = L, [ ρ] = 3 , [ g] = 2 . Repeating variables: V1 , y1 , ρ.
T L T

110
 y2 gy
π1 = , π 2 = 21 . ( ρ does not enter the problem).
y1 V1
y2  gy 
∴ = f  21  .
y1  V1 

1 M M L
6.37 f = g( d, l, ρ, µ, V ). [ f ] = , [ d ] = L , [ l] = L , [ ρ ] = 3 , [ µ ] = , [V ] = .
T L LT T
Repeating variables: d , ρ, V . ( l = length of cylinder).
fd l µ fd l µ 
π 1. = , π 2 = , π3 = . ∴ = f1  , .
V d ρV d V  d ρVd 

Q m Vm l 2m ∆p m ρ m Vm2 ( Fp ) m ρ m Vm2 l 2m
6.38 = , = , =
Qp Vp l 2p ∆p p ρ pVp2 ( Fp ) p ρ p Vp2 l 2p
τ m ρ m Vm2 Tm ρ mVm2 l 3m Q& m ρ m Vm3 l 2m
= , = , =
τ p ρ V2 Tp p ρ V 2 l 3 Q&
p p ρ V 3l2
p p p p p p

(Q& has same dimensions as W& .)

Vm Lm V p L p Lp
6.39 (A) Re m = Re p . = . ∴ Vm = V p = 12 × 9 = 108 m/s.
νm νp Lm

Vm Lm V p L p Lp ν m 1.51 × 10−5
6.40 A) Re m = Re p . = . ∴ Vm = V p = 4 × 10 = 461 m/s.
νm νp Lm ν p 1.31 × 10−6

Vm d m Vp d p Vm d p
6.41 a) Re m = Re p . = . ∴ = = 7.
νm νp Vp d m
Q m Vm l 2m Vm l 2m 1
= 2
. ∴ Qm = Q p 2
= 1.5 × 7 × 2 = 0.214 m 3 / s.
Qp Vp l p Vp l p 7
W& m ρ V l 3 2
1
= m m3 m2 = 7 3 × 2 = 7. ∴ W& m = 7 × 200 = 1400 kW.
&
Wp ρ p Vp l p 7
Vm d p ν m .9
b) Re m = Re p . ∴ = = 7× = 4.85.
Vp d m ν p 1.3
1
Qm = 1.5 × 4.85 × 2
= 0.148 m 3 /s.
7
1
W& m = 4.853 × 2 × 200 = 466 kW
7

111
 Vm d m Vp d p Vm d p
6.42 a) Re m = Re p . = . ∴ = = 5.
νm νp Vp d m
m& m ρ ml 2mVm 1 1
= = ×5. ∴ &
m m = &
m p = 800/5 = 160 kg/s.
m& p ρ p l2p Vp 52 5
∆pm ρ V2
= m m2 = 5 2 . ∴ ∆pm = 25∆p p = 25 × 600 = 15 000 kPa.
∆p p ρ p Vp
Vm d p ν m .8
b) Re m = Re p . ∴ = = 5× = 3.51.
Vp d m ν p 114
.
1
m& m = 800 × × 3.51 = 112 kg/s. ∆pm = 600 × 3.512 = 7390 kPa.
2
5

Vm d m Vp d p Vm d p
6.43 a) Re m = Re p . = . ∴ = = 10.
νm νp Vp d m
Fm ρ m Vm2 l 2m 1
= = 10 2 × 2 = 1. ∴ Fm = Fp = 10 lb.
Fp ρ p Vp l p
2 2
10
Vm dp ν m 1.06
b) Re m = Re p . ∴ = = 10 × = 7.52.
Vp d m ν p 1.41
ρ p V p2 L2p 1
Fp = Fm = 10 × × 102 = 17.68 lb.
ρ m Vm2 L2m 7.52 2

Vm l m Vp l p V lp νm ν
6.44 Re m = Re p . = . ∴ m = = 10 assuming m = 1.
νm νp Vp l m ν p νp
∴ Vm = 10Vp = 1000 km / hr.
This velocity is much too high for a model test; it is in the compressibility
region. Thus, small-scale models of autos are not used. Full-scale wind
tunnels are common.

Vm l m Vp l p Vm l p ν m
6.45 Re m = Re p . ∴ = . ∴ = .
νm νp Vp l m ν p
Vm l p
Water: = = 10 assuming ν m = ν p . ∴ Vm = 10Vp = 900 km / hr.
Vp l m
lp νm 1.5 × 10 −5
Air: Vm = Vp = 90 × 10 = 13 500 km / hr.
lm ν p 1 × 10 −6
Neither a water channel or a wind tunnel is recommended. Full-scale
testing in a water channel is suggested.

112
 Vm l m Vp l p
6.46 Re m = Re p . = . ∴ Vm / Vp = l p / l m = 10 if ν m = ν p .
νm νp
∴ Vm = 10 × 50 = 500 m / s.
This is in the compressibility range so is not recommended. Try a water channel for the
model study. Then
Vm l p ν m 1 × 10−6
= = 10 × = 0.662. ∴Vm = 33.1 m/s.
Vp l m ν p 1.5 ×10 −5
This is a possibility, although 33.1 m/s is still quite large.
( FD )m ρmVm2 l 2m 1000 1
= 2 2
= × 0.6622 × 2 = 3.56.
( FD ) p ρ pV p l p 1.23 10

V m dm V p d p Vp ν m 1.06 × 10 −5
6.47 Re m = Re p . = . ∴ dm = d p = 2.5 × 1× = 0.0048 ft.
νm νp Vm ν p 5.5 × 10−3
Find ν oil using Fig. B.2. Then
∆pm ρmVm2 1.94
= = × 12 = 1.11.
∆p p 2
ρ pV p 1.94 × 0.9

Vm l m Vpl p lp ν m lp
6.48 Re m = Re p . = . ∴Vm = Vp = 0.1×. 025 × 10 − 3 × .
νm νp lm ν p lm
lp 5
If l p ≅ 5 cm, then = = 2000 and Vm = 0.005 m / s.
l m .0025
We could try l p ≅ 50 cm, but Vm = 0.05 m / s. Each of these Vm ' s is quite
small — too small for easy measurements. Let’s try a wind tunnel. Then,
lp νm −3
lp 1 × 10 −3
Vm = Vp = 0.1×.025 × 10 × = 0.28 m / s if l p = 5 cm. Or,
lm ν p . × 10 − 5
l m 18
if l p = 50 cm, Vm = 2.8 m / s. This is a much better velocity to work with
in the lab. Thus, choose a wind tunnel.

Vm l m V pl p Vm2 Vp2 V 1
6.49 Re m = Re p . ∴ = . Frm = Frp . ∴ = . ∴ m = .
νm νp lm gm lpg p Vp 30
Vm l p ν m ν 1 νm 1
= = 30 m = . ∴ = . ∴ ν m = 6.1 × 10 −9 m 2 / s. Impossible!
Vp l m ν p νp 30 ν p 164

2
Vm2 Vp l 1
6.50 (C) Frm = Fr p . = . ∴Vm = V p m = 2 × = 0.5 m/s.
lm g m l p g p lp 4

113
 lm
6.51 (A) From Froude’s number Vm = Vp . From the dimensionless force we have:
lp

Fm Fp V p2 l p2
Fm* = Fp* or = . ∴ Fp = Fm = 10 × 25 × 25 2 = 156000 N.
ρ mVm2l m2 ρ pVp2l 2p Vm2 lm2

Vm2 Vp2 l 1
6.52 Frm = Frp . ∴ = . ∴Vm = Vp m = 10 = 1.29 m /s.
lm gm lp gp lp 60
( FD ) m ρ m Vm2 l 2m Vp2 l 2p
= . ∴ ( FD ) p = 2 × 2 ( FD ) m = 60 × 60 2 × 10 = 2.16 × 10 6 N.
( FD ) p ρ p Vp l p
2 2
Vm l m

Vm2 V p2 Vm lm
6.53 Frm = Fr p . = . ∴ = .
l m gm l p g p Vp lp
Q m Vm l 2m Vm l 2m 1 1
a) = . ∴ Qm = Q p = 2× × 2 = 0.00632 m 3 / s.
Qp Vp l 2p Vp l p2
10 10
F ρ V 2l2 Vp2 l 2p
b) m = m m2 m2 . ∴ Fp = Fm = 12 × 10 × 10 2 = 12 000 N.
Fp ρ p Vp l p Vm2 l 2m

Vm lm 1
6.54 Neglect viscous effects. Frm = Frp . ∴ = = . ∴ Vp = 63.2 fps .
Vp lp 10

Fm ρ m Vm2 l 2m Vp2 l 2p
= . ∴ Fp = Fm = 0.8 × 10 × 10 2 = 800 lb.
Fp ρ p Vp2 l 2p 2
V l
m
2
m

6.55 Neglect viscous effects, and account for wave (gravity) effects.
Vm2 Vp2 V lm ω m Vm / l m
Frm = Frp . ∴ = . ∴ m = . = .
lm gm lp g p Vp lp ωp Vp / l p
Vm l p 1
∴ω m = ω p = 600 × × 10 = 1897 rpm.
Vp l m 10
Tm ρ m Vm2 l 3m Vp2 l 3p
= . ∴ Tp = Tm = 1.2 × 10 × 10 3 = 120 000 N ⋅ m.
Tp ρ p Vp2 l 3p 2
V l
m
3
m

Vm2 Vp2 Vm lm 6 lm lp
6.56 Frm = Frp . ∴ = . ∴ = . = . ∴ = 278.
lm gm lp g p Vp lp 100 lp lm

114
6.57 Check the Reynolds number:
Vp d p 15 × 2
Re p = = = 30 × 10 6 .
νp 10 −6
This is a high-Reynolds-number flow.
2 × 2 / 30
Re m = = 1.33 × 10 5 .
10 −6
This may be sufficiently large for similarity. If so,
W & ρ V 3l2 23 1
m
= m m3 m2 = 3 × 2 = 2.63 × 10 − 6 .
W&p ρ pVp l p 15 30
∴W & = ( 2 × 2.15) / 2.63 × 10 − 6 = 1633 kW.
p

6.58 This is due to the separated flow downwind of the stacks, a viscous effect.
10 × 4
∴ Re is the significant parameter. Re p = −5
= 26.7 × 10 5 . This is a
1.5 × 10
high-Reynolds-number flow. Let’s assume the flow to be Reynolds
number independent above Re = 5 × 10 5 (see Fig. 6.4). Then
5 V × 4/20
Re m = 5 × 10 = m . ∴Vm ≥ 37.5 m/s.
1.5 × 10−5

20 × 10
6.59 Re p = −5
= 13.3 × 10 6 . This is a high-Reynolds-number flow.
1.5 × 10
Vm ×.4
Let Re m = 10 5 = . ∴ Vm ≥ 3.75 m / s for the wind tunnel.
1.5 × 10 −5
V × .1
Re m = 10 5 = m −6 . ∴Vm ≥ 1.0 m / s for the water channel.
1 × 10
Either could be selected. The better facility would be chosen.
Fm1 ρ m1 Vm21 l 2m1 3.2 1000 2.4 2 .12
= = . ∴ F = 3 .2 × = 4.16 N.
ρ m2 Vm22 l 2m2
m2
Fm2 Fm2 1.23 15 2 .4 2
W& m ρ m Vm3 l 2m 15 3 ×.4 2 3 2
& p = (15 × 3.2) 20 × 10 = 71 100 W .
= = . ∴ W
W&p
ρ p V p3 l 2p 20 3 × 10 2 15 3 .4 2

6.60 Re is the significant parameter. This is undoubtedly a high-Reynolds-

lp
number flow. If the model is 4' high then = 250, and the model’s diameter is
lm
45/250 = 0.18'. For Re m = 3 × 10 5 , we have
V ×.18
Re m = 3 × 10 5 = m . ∴ Vm ≥ 250 fps, and a study is possible.
1.5 × 10 −4

115
6.61 Mach No. is the significant parameter. M m = M p .
Vm Vp
a) M m = M p . ∴ = . ∴Vm = V p = 200 m/s.
cm c p
Fm ρ m Vm2 l 2m
= . ∴ Fp = 10 × 12 × 20 2 = 4000 N.
Fp ρ p Vp2 l 2p
cp Tp 255.7
b) V p = Vm = Vm = 200 = 186 m/s.
cm Tm 296
ρ mVp2 l 2p 186 2
Fp = Fm = 10×.601 × × 20 2 = 2080 N.
ρ mVm2 l 2m 200 2
cp Tp 223.3
c) V p = Vm = Vm = 200 = 174 m/s.
cm Tm 296
2 2
ρp V l p p 174 2
Fp = Fm = 10 ×.338 × × 20 2 = 1023 N .
ρm V l 2
m
2
m 200 2

Vm Vp 273
6.62 Mm = Mp. ∴ = . ∴Vm = 250 = 276 m/s.
cm c p 223.3
Vm cm T 223.3
= = m. ∴V p = 290 = 262 m/s.
Vp c p Tp 273
p m ρ m Vm2 ρ p Vp2 .338ρ o 262 2
= . ∴ p p = pm = 80 = 34.6 kPa, abs.
pp ρ p Vp2 ρ m Vm2 .8ρ o 290 2
α p = 5 o for similarity. (Note: we use ρ m at 2700 m where T = 0°C.)

Vm2 Vp2 Vm lm
6.63 a) Frm = Frp . = . ∴ = .
lm gm l p gp Vp lp
ω m Vm l p 1 10
= = × 10. ∴ ω m = 2000 × = 6320 rpm.
ω p Vp l m 10 10
Vm l m Vp l p V lp
b) Re m = Re p . = . ∴ m = = 10.
νm νp Vp l m
ω m Vm l p 1
= = 10 × = 1. ∴ ω m = 2000 rpm .
ω p Vp l m 10

6.64 There are no gravity effects nor compressibility effects. It is a high-Re

Tm ρ m Vm2 l 3m Vp2 l 3p 15 2
flow. = . ∴ T = T = 12 × × 10 3 = 750 N ⋅ m.
Tp ρ p Vp2 l 3m p m
Vm2 l 3m 60 2

116
 ω m Vm l p Vp l m 15 1
= . ∴ω p = ω m = 500 × × = 12.5 rpm.
ω p Vp l m Vm l p 60 10

Vm l m V p l p lp
6.65 Re m = Re p . ∴ = . ∴Vm = Vp = 10 × 10 = 100 m / s.
νm νp lm
This is too large for a water channel. Undoubtedly this is a high-Re
flow. Select a speed of 5 m/s. For this speed,
5 × 0.1
Re m = = 5 × 10 5 , where we used l m = 0.1 ( l p = 1 m, i.e., the
1 × 10 − 6
V lp 5
dia. of the porpoise). ω m = ω p m = 1× × 10 = 5 motions / second.
Vp l m 10

ρ u v x y
6.66 ρ* = , t * = tf , u * = , v * = , x * = , y * = . Substitute in:
ρo V V l l
∂ρ * V ∂ ( ρ *u * ) V ∂ ( ρ *v * )
f ρo * + ρo + ρo = 0.
∂t l ∂ x* l ∂ y*
Divide by ρ o V / l:
f l ∂ρ * ∂ ∂ fl
∴ * + * (ρ u ) +
* *
* ( ρ v ) = 0.
* *
parameter = .
V ∂t ∂x ∂y V
v
v* V u v w * x y z p
6.67 V = , u * = , v * = , w* = , x = , y* = , z* = , p* = 2
, t * = tf .
U U U U l l l ρU
Substitute into Euler’s equation and obtain:
v v v v v* *
∂V * U 2 * ∂V * U 2 * ∂V * U 2 * ∂V * ρU 2 ∇ p
Uf * + u + v + w =− .
∂t l ∂x * l ∂y * l ∂z * l ρ
Divide by U 2 / l:
v v* v* v*
fl ∂V * * ∂V * ∂V * ∂V fl
+u +v +w = −∇* p * . Parameter =
U ∂t * ∂x * ∂y * ∂z * U
v
v * V * tU v * v p h
6.68 V = ,t = , ∇ = l∇, p * = , h * = . Euler’s equation is then
U l ρU 2
l
v* 2 v
2
U DV U lv
ρ *
= −ρ ∇ * p * − ρg ∇ * h * .
l Dt l l
Divide by ρU 2 / l:
v
DV * v * * gl v * * gl
*
= −∇ p − 2 ∇ h . Parameter = 2 .
Dt U U

6.69 There is no y- or z-component velocity so continuity requires that∂u / ∂x = 0. There

is no initial pressure distribution tending to cause motion so ∂p / ∂x = 0. The

117
 x-component Navier-Stokes equation is then
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 
+u +v +w =− + gx +ν  + + 
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x  ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ z 2 
 
(wide plates)
This simplifies to
∂u ∂ 2u
=ν 2 .
∂t ∂y
a) Let u = u / U, y = y / h and t * = tU / h. Then
* *

U 2 ∂u * ν U ∂ 2 u *
= 2
h ∂t * h ∂y *2
The normalized equation is
∂u * 1 ∂ 2u* Uh
= where Re =
∂t *
Re ∂y *2
ν
b) Let u = u / U, y = y / h and t = t ν / h . Then
* * * 2

νU ∂u * U ∂ 2u*
=ν 2
h 2 ∂t * h ∂y *2
The normalized equation is
∂u * ∂ 2 u *
=
∂t * ∂y *2
6.70 The only velocity component is u. Continuity then requires that ∂u / ∂x = 0
(replace z with x and v z with u in the equations written using cylindrical
coordinates). The x-component Navier-Stokes equation is
∂u ∂ u vθ ∂ u ∂u 1∂p  ∂ 2u 1 ∂ u 1 ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 
+ vr + +u =− + gx +ν  2 + + + 
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ρ ∂x ∂r r ∂ r r 2 ∂θ 2 ∂ x 2 
 
This simplifies to
∂u 1 ∂p  ∂ 2 u 1 ∂u 
=− + ν 2 + 
∂t ρ ∂x  ∂r r ∂r 
a) Let u* = u / V , x* = x / d , t * = tV / d, p* =p /ρV 2 and r * = r / d :
V 2 ∂u * ρV 2 ∂p * νV  ∂ 2 u * 1 ∂u * 
=− +  + 
d ∂t * ρd ∂x * d 2  ∂r *2 r * ∂r * 
The normalized equation is
∂u * ∂p * 1  ∂ 2u * 1 ∂u *  Vd
= − +  *2 + * *  where Re =
∂t *
∂x *
Re  ∂r r ∂r  ν
b) Let u* = u / V , x* = x / d , t * = tν / d 2 , p * =p/ρV 2 and r * = r / d :
νV ∂u * ρV 2 ∂p * νV  ∂ 2 u * 1 ∂u * 
= − +  + 
d 2 ∂t * ρd ∂x * d 2  ∂r *2 r * ∂r * 
The normalized equation is

118
 ∂u * ∂p * ∂ 2u * 1 ∂u * Vd
= − Re * + *2 + * * where Re =
∂t * ∂x ∂r r ∂r ν

∂
6.71 Assume w = 0 and = 0. The x-component Navier-Stokes equation is then
∂z
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2 u 
+u +v +w =− + g x +ν  2 + + 
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x ∂ x ∂ y 2
∂ z2 
 
With gx = g the simplified equation is
∂u  ∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u
u = g + ν 2 + 2 
∂x  ∂x ∂y 
Let u * = u / V, x * = x / h and y * = y / h. Then
V 2 * ∂u * V  ∂ 2 u * ∂ 2u * 
u = g + ν  + *2 
h ∂x * h 2  ∂x *2 ∂y 
The normalized equation is
∂u * 1 1  ∂ 2u* ∂ 2u*  V Vh
u* * = 2 +  * 2 + *2  where Fr = and Re =
∂x Fr Re  ∂x ∂y  hg ν
u v T x y
6.72 u* = , v * = , T * = , x* = , y* = , ∇ *2 = l 2 ∇ 2 .
U U To l l
UT ∂T * UTo ∂T *  K
ρc p  o + * 
= 2 To ∇ * 2T * .
 l ∂x l ∂y  l
*

Divide by ρc pUTo /l:

∂T * ∂T * K K µ 1 1
*
+ * = ∇ * 2T * . Parameter = = .
∂x ∂y ρc pUl µc p ρUl Pr Re

v
ρ v * V * tU v * 1 v *2 1 p T
6.73 ρ =
*
,V = , t = , ∇ = ∇, ∇ = 2 ∇ 2 , p * = ,T* = .
ρo U l l l po To
v*
2
* U DV p v µU v µU v v v
momentum: ρo ρ *
= − o ∇ * p * + 2 ∇ *2V * + 2 ∇ * (∇ * ⋅ V * ).
l Dt l l 3l
Divide by ρ oU / l: 2

v*
p v v v v
µ
[ ]
* DV
v
ρ = − o 2 ∇ * p* + ∇ * 2V * + ∇ * ( ∇ * ⋅ V * ) .
Dt *
ρ oU ρ oU l
U DT *
K U v v
energy: ρ * c v ρ o To *
= 2 To ∇ *2T * − po p * ∇ * ⋅ V * .
l Dt l l
Divide by ρ o c vToU /l:
DT * K po v v
ρ* = ∇ * 2T * − p* ∇ * ⋅ V * .
Dt *
ρ o c vUl ρ o c vTo

119
 po RTo kRTo c2 1
The parameters are: = = = = .
ρ oU 2
U 2
kU 2
kU 2
kM 2
µ 1 K K cp µ K
= . = = .
ρ o Ul Re ρoc vUl µc p cv ρoUl Pr Re
po RTo c p − cv
= = = K − 1.
ρoc v To cv To cv
The significant parameters are K, M , Re, Pr.

120