In cryptography, a public key certificate (also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate) is an electronic document which uses a digital
signature to bind a public key with an identity information such as the name of a person or an organization, their address, and so forth. The certificate can be used to verify that a public key belongs to an individual.. Non-repudiation refers to a state of affairs where the purported maker of a statement will not be able to successfully challenge the validity of the statement or contract. The term is often seen in a legal setting wherein the authenticity of a signature is being challenged. In such an instance the authenticity is being "repudiated". . Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide communication security over the Internet.
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TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of
network connections above the Transport Layer, using asymmetric cryptography for privacy and a keyed message authentication code for message reliability. Several versions of the protocols are in widespread use in applications such as web browsing, electronic mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and voice-over-IP (VoIP).
Cipher block chaining (CBC) attacks. Initialization Vector (IV) pseudorandom function (PRF). Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)