Problem Solutions for Chapter 10

10-1. In terms of wavelength, at a central wavelength of 1546 nm a 500-GHz channel

spacing is

λ2 (1546 nm )2 9 −1
∆λ = ∆f = 500 × 10 s = 4 nm
3 × 10 m / s
8
c

The number of wavelength channels fitting into the 1536-to-1556 spectral band
then is

N = (1556 – 1536 nm)/4 nm = 5

10-2. (a) We first find P1 by using Eq. (10-6):

 200 µW 
10 log   = 2.7 dB yields P1 = 10
(log 200 −0.27 )
= 107.4 µW
 P1 

200 −0.47)
Similarly, P2 = 10(log = 67.8 µW

 200  = 0.58 dB
(b) From Eq. (10-5): Excess loss = 10 log 
107.4 + 67.8 

P1 107.4 P2 67.8
(c) = = 61% and = = 39%
P1 + P2 175.2 P1 + P2 175.2

10-3. The following coupling percents are are realized when the pull length is stopped at
the designated points:

Coupling percents from input fiber to output 2

Points A B C D E F
1310 nm 25 50 75 90 100 0
1540 nm 50 88 100 90 50 100

10-4. From A out = s 11A in + s 12Bin and Bout = s 21A in + s 22 Bin = 0 , we have

s 21  s s 
Bin = − A in and A out = s 11 − 12 21 A in
s 22  s 22 

1
 Then

2 2 2 2
A s s B s   s s 
T = out = s11 − 12 21 and R = in =  21  ÷  s11 − 12 21 
A in s 22 Ain  s 22   s 22 

10-5. From Eq. (10-18)

P2
= sin 2 (0.4z )exp(− 0.06z ) = 0.5
P0

One can either plot both curves and find the intersection point, or solve the
equation numerically to yield z = 2.15 mm.

10-6. Since β z ∝ n , then for nA > nB we have κA < κB. Thus, since we need to have
κALA = κBLB, we need to have LA > LB.

10-7. From Eq. (10-6), the insertion loss LIj for output port j is

P 
L Ij = 10 log i −in 
 Pj −out 

Let
Pi −in L /10
aj = = 10 Ij , where the values of LIj are given in Table P10-7.
P j− out

Exit port no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Value of aj 8.57 6.71 5.66 8.00 9.18 7.31 8.02

Then from Eq. (10-25) the excess loss is

 
 P   Pin   1 
10 log  in  = 10 log  = 10 log  = 0.22 dB
 ∑ Pj   Pin
 1 1 1  0.95
+ + ... +  
  a1 a 2 an  

10-8. (a) The coupling loss is found from the area mismatch between the fiber-core
endface areas and the coupling-rod cross-sectional area. If a is the fiber-core radius
and R is the coupling-rod radius, then the coupling loss is

2
 Pout 7πa2 7(25)2
Lcoupling = 10 log P = 10 log = 10 log = -7.11 dB
in πR2 (150)2

(b) Similarly, for the linear-plate coupler

7πa2 7π(25)2
Lcoupling = 10 log = 10 log 800(50) = -4.64 dB
l∞w

10-9. (a) The diameter of the circular coupling rod must be 1000 µm, as shown in the
figure below. The coupling loss is

7πa2 7(100)2
Lcoupling = 10 log = 10 log = -5.53 dB
πR2 (500)2

200 µm

400
µm

Coupling rod
diameter

(b) The size of the plate coupler must be 200 µm by 2600 µm.

7π(100)2
The coupling loss is 10 log 200(2600) = -3.74 dB

10-10. The excess loss for a 2-by-2 coupler is given by Eq. (10-5), where P1 = P2 for a 3-
dB coupler. Thus,

3
  P0  
Excess loss = 10 log   = 10 log  P0  = 0.1 dB
 P1 + P2   2P1 

This yields

 P0   P0 
P1 = ÷ 10 0.01 = 0.977
2  2

Thus the fractional power traversing the 3-dB coupler is FT = 0.977.

Then, from Eq. (10-27),

 log FT   log 0.977 

Total loss = −10 log  − 1 log N = −10 log  − 1 log 2 n ≤ 30
 log 2   log 2 
Solving for n yields

−3
n≤ = 9.64
 log 0.977 
log 2 −1
 log 2 

Thus, n = 9 and N = 2 = 2 = 512

n 9

10-11. For details, see Verbeek et al., Ref. 34, p. 1012

For the general case, from Eq. (10-29) we find

M 11 = cos (2κd) ⋅ cos (k∆L / 2) + j sin (k∆L / 2)

M 12 = M 21 = j sin (2κd )⋅ cos (k∆L / 2)

M 22 = cos (2κd )⋅ cos (k∆L / 2) − j sin (k∆L / 2)

The output powers are then given by

Pout ,1 = [cos2 ( 2κd ) ⋅ cos2 ( k∆L / 2 ) + sin 2 ( k∆L / 2 )]Pin,1

+[sin 2 (2κd ) ⋅ cos2 (k∆L / 2)]Pin,2

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 Pout ,2 = [sin 2 (2κd) ⋅cos 2 ( k∆L / 2)]Pin,1

+[cos 2 (2κd ) ⋅ cos2 (k∆L / 2) + sin 2 (k∆L / 2 )]Pin,2

10-12. (a) The condition ∆ν = 125 GHz is equivalent to having ∆λ = 1 nm. Thus the
other three wavelengths are 1549, 1550, and 1551 nm.

(b) From Eqs. (10-42) and (10-43), we have

c c
∆L1 = = 0.4 mm and ∆L 3 = = 0.8 mm
2n eff (2∆ν) 2n eff ∆ν

10-13. An 8-to-1 multiplexer consists of three stages of 2 × 2 MZI multiplexers. The first
stage has four 2 × 2 MZIs, the second stage has two, and the final stage has one
2 × 2 MZI. Analogous to Fig. 10-14, the inputs to the first stage are (from top to
bottom) ν, ν + 4∆ν, ν + 2∆ν, ν + 6∆ν, ν + ∆ν, ν + 5∆ν, ν + 3∆ν, ν + 7∆ν.
In the first stage

c
∆ L1 = = 0.75 mm
2n eff (4 ∆ν)

In the second stage

c
∆L 2 = = 1.5 mm
2neff (2∆ν)

In the third stage

c
∆L 3 = = 3.0 mm
2n eff (∆ν)

10-14. (a) For a fixed input angle φ, we differentiate both sides of the grating equation to
get

k dθ k
cos θ dθ = dλ or =
n'Λ dλ n'Λ cos θ

kλ
If φ ≈ θ, then the grating equation becomes 2 sin θ = .
n'Λ

5
 k dθ
Solving this for and substituting into the equation yields
n'Λ dλ

dθ 2 sin θ 2 tan θ
= =
dλ λ cos θ λ

(b) For S = 0.01,

1/ 2
 Sλ 1/2  0.01(1350) 
tan θ =   =  = 0.2548
2∆λ (1+m)  2(26)(1+ 3) 
or θ = 14.3°

10-15. For 93% reflectivity

2
R = tanh (κL) = 0.93 yields κL = 2.0, so that L = 2.7 mm for κ = 0.75 mm-1.

10-16. See Bennion et al., Ref. 42, Fig. 2a.

10-17. Derivation of Eq. (10-49).

10-18. (a) From Eq. (10-45), the grating period is

λ uv 244 nm 244
Λ= θ = 2 sin(13.5°) = 2(0.2334)
nm = 523 nm
2 sin
2

(b) From Eq. (10-47), λ Bragg = 2Λn eff = 2(523 nm) 1.48 = 1547 nm

(c) Using η = 1− 1/ 2 = 0.827 , we have from Eq. (10-51),

π δn η π (2.5 × 10 )(0.827)
−4

κ= = = 4.2 cm −1
λ Bragg 1.547 × 10−4 cm

(1.547 µm )2
[(2.1) + π2 ]
1 /2
(d) From Eq. (10-49), ∆λ = 2
= 3.9 nm
π (1.48) 500 µm

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 2 2 2
(e) From Eq. (10-48), R max = tanh (κL) = tanh (2.1) = (0.97) = 94%

10-19. Derivation of Eq. (10-55).

10-20. (a) From Eq. (10-54),

λ0 1.554 µm
∆L = m = 118 = 126.4 µm
nc 1.451

(b) From Eq. (10-57),

x n s cd n c
∆ν =
L f mλ2 n g

25 µm 1.453 (3 × 10 8 m / s)(25 × 10 −6 m) 1.451

= = 100.5 GHz
9.36 × 103 µm 118 (1.554 × 10 −6 m)2 1.475

λ2 (1.554 × 10 −6 m) 2
∆λ = ∆ν = 100.5 GHz = 0.81 nm
c 3 × 108 m / s

(c) From Eq. (10-60),

c 3 × 108 m / s
∆νFSR = = = 1609 GHz
n g ∆L 1.475(126.4 µm)

Then
λ2 (1.554 × 10 −6 m)2
∆λ = ∆νFSR = 8 1609 GHz = 12.95 nm
c 3 × 10 m / s

(d) Using the conditions

2(25 µm)
sin θ i ≈ θ i = = 5.33 × 10 −3 radians
9380 µm

and
−3
sin θ o ≈ θo = 21.3 × 10 radians

7
 then from Eq. (10-59),

c
∆νFSR ≈
ng [∆L + d(θ i + θ o )]

3 × 10 8 m / s
= = 1601 GHz
1.475[(126.4 × 10−6 m) + (25 × 10 −6 m)( 5.33 + 21.3) × 10−3 ]

10-21. The source spectral width is

λ2 ν (1550 nm )2 (1.25 × 10 9 s −1 )
∆λ signal = = = 1 × 10 −2 nm
c (3 × 10 8 m / s)(109 nm / m )

Then from Eq. (10-61)

∆n eff
∆λ tune = λ = (1550 nm )(0.5%) = 7.75 nm
n eff

Thus, from Eq. (10-63)

∆λ tune 7.75 nm
N= = = 77
10 λ signal 10(0.01 nm )

10-22. (a) From Eq. (10-64), the grating period is

λ Bragg 1550 nm
Λ= = = 242.2 nm
2neff 2(3.2)

(b) Again, from the grating equation,

∆λ 2.0 nm
∆Λ = = = 0.3 nm
2n eff 2(3.2 )

10-23. (a) From Eq. (10-43)

c λ2 1
∆L = = = 4.0 mm
2n eff ∆ν ∆λ 2neff

4 mm
(b) ∆L eff = ∆n eff L implies that ∆ n eff = = 0.04 = 4%
100 mm

8
10-24. For example, see C. R. Pollock, Fundamentals of Optoelectronics, Irwin, 1995,
Fig. 15.11, p. 439.

10-25. (a) The driving frequencies are found from

v a ∆n va ∆n
fa = νo =
c λ

Thus we have

Wavelength (nm) 1300 1546 1550 1554

Acoustic 56.69 47.67 47.55 47.43
frequency (MHz)

(b) The sensitivity is (4 nm)/(0.12 MHz) = 0.033 nm/kHz