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Understanding OSI Model and Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules that allow systems to communicate by defining how information is passed between them. The OSI model defines 7 layers of protocols that establish end-to-end communication, with each layer building on the ones below it. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below through service access points.

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8 views9 pages

Understanding OSI Model and Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules that allow systems to communicate by defining how information is passed between them. The OSI model defines 7 layers of protocols that establish end-to-end communication, with each layer building on the ones below it. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below through service access points.

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rajatg100
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Protocols :-

A protocol is a set of rules agreed by both sides, to allow meaningful communication to take place.

Protocols are needed whenever systems need to pass information from one to another.

OSI Layer Model :-


Development of the Open Standards Interconnection (OSI) reference model was started in 1983 by a
number of major computer and telecommunications companies. It was eventually adopted as an
international standard by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and is currently embodied within
the ITU-TS X.200 recommendations.

The model comprises 7 layers which define various functions involved in the establishing an end to end
communications circuit.

The explanation of the layers :-

Layer 7 – Application Layer

 This layer defines the work actually done by system for the user.
Eg. Bank Dispenser – provides money and services to the bank customer.
Layer 6 – Presentation Layer

 The function of this layer to convert the semantics into syntax.


 It takes the abstract user view of the sytem and produces machine readable instructions
e.g. Which buttons you need to press to get the money ?

Layer 5 – Session Layer

 This layer controls the sessions, log calls and check passwords.
e.g. Network requires username and password.
Layer 4 – Transport Layer

 It is concerned with getting information from source to destination.


e.g. Which network to use?

Layer 3 – Network Layer

 It makes sure that information gets across the network from source to destination correctly
e.g. Error Checking and routing.
Layer 2 – Data Link Layer

 It controls the flow of information between nodes in the network and handles congestion and
retransmission.

Layer 1 – Physical Layer

 This layer determines the means of communication.


e.g. Voltage, frequency and speed.
Type of wire, fibre or radio waves to be used.
Horizontal and Vertical Communication :-

Horizontal (Peer to Peer)Communications :-


Vertical (Entity to Entity) Communications :-

 Each Layer requests a service from below.


 The Layer below responds by providing a service to the layer above.
 Each Layer can provide one or more services to the layer above.
 Each Service provided is known as “Service Entity”.
 Each Entiy is accessed via a Service Access Point (SAP) or a gate.
 Each SAP has a unique SAP Identifier (SAPI).
GSM Air Interface Protocols :-

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