Year 10 Science Yearly Notes/ School Certificate

Chemical compounds Notes:

K.H.S. Science CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS YEAR 10 - 2010

There are more than a million compounds made up of only about ninety chemical elements. Compounds
are important in everything we are and do. Our bodies are mixtures of many compounds and we use
compounds everyday – they make up
cleansers and many more. In this module you will learn how compounds form and look at the reactions
of some types of compounds such as acids, bases and salts.

Syllabus Outcomes

Outcome 5.7: A student relates properties of elements, compounds and mixtures to scientific models,
theories and laws.

5.7.3 compounds and reactions

(a) identify that a new compound is formed by rearranging atoms rather than by creating matter

(b) classify compounds into groups based on common chemical characteristics

(c) construct word equations from observations and written descriptions of a range of chemical reactions

(d) identify a range of common compounds using their common names and chemical formulae

(f) describe the role of indicators

5.11.2 A student analyses the impact of human resource use on the biosphere to evaluate methods of
conserving, protecting and maintaining Earth’s resources

a) relate pollution to contamination by unwanted substances

Additional content (optional) not prerequisite knowledge for stage 4 or 5

 Explain that an atom can combine with other atoms by gaining, losing or sharing
electrons
 Use internationally recognised symbols to write the formulae for common compounds
 Identify the characteristics that classify substances as either ionic or covalent
compounds
 Balance a range of common chemical reactions

Students indicate learning when they:

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Year 10 Science Yearly Notes/ School Certificate

1. Recall the atomic model (components and their location) with reference to the first 20
elements on the Periodic Table.
2. Draw the outer shell electron configuration of atoms including H, C, N, O, F, Cl and S.
3. Explain valency or combining power in terms of a noble gas configuration.
4. Describe how metals react with non metals by the transfer of electrons.
5. Prepare a compound by burning magnesium.
6. Use electron dot diagrams to show how ionic bonds are formed.
7. Describe how non metal atoms join by sharing pairs of electrons.
8. Dem: Prepare a compound by burning sulfur.
9. Define a covalent bond as a pair of electrons shared by two atoms.
10. Describe how an acid can be prepared by dissolving sulfur dioxide in water.
11. Prepare an acidic solution by blowing through a straw into water.
12. Describe how a base can be prepared by dissolving magnesium oxide in water.
13. Recall the names and formulae for common acids and bases.
14. Explain how indicators can be used to classify solutions as acidic, basic or neutral.
15. Prepare and test a natural indicator using red cabbage or flower petals.
16. Classify compounds as acidic, basic or neutral.
17. Perform a neutralisation reaction between an acid and a base and recover the salt formed.
18. Write word equations for neutralisation reactions.
19. Recall the reactions of acids with common metals.
20. Perform reactions between acids and metal carbonates.
21. Prepare and test for the gases hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
22. Research: Find out how acid rain is formed and the damaging effects it has on the
environment.
23. Relate the significance of the reactions with carbonates to the effects of acid rain on marble
and limestone structures.
24. Optional: Write chemical formulae for ionic compounds using valencies.
25. Optional: Write equations using chemical formulae.

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The first twenty elements :

Hard

Headed

Little Beggar Boys Catch Newts On Friday Near

Naples, Magnificent Albert Sits Planning Some Clever Arrangement

Keeping Calm.

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 0

(Noble
Gases-rare
or inert
gases)
H
He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca

 Atomic no. = no. of protons

= no. of electrons

 Atomic mass= no. neutrons

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Learning Indicator 3: Explain valency or combining power in terms of a noble gas

configuration.

 Valency/Combining power- How many electrons an atom needs to lose or gain in

order to obtain a stable structure (i.e. noble gas configuration)

 Valence Electron- Electrons of an atom that can participate in chemical bonds with
other atoms (i.e. electrons in the non full shell of an atom)

 Sodium has 11 electrons which means 1 valence electron, chlorine has 17 electrons
which means it has -1 valence electrons; so sodium looses 1 electron and chlorine
gains that electron so sodium ends up with 10 electrons (Neon's electron structure)
and chlorine ends up with 18 electrons (Argon's electron structure) the number of
outer electrons.

Learning Indicator 4: Describe how metals react with non metals by the transfer of
electrons.

 Metals react with non metals in order to achieve a stable electron structure (noble
gas configuration)
 Ionic Bond- The attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Generally: Metal + Non-Metal=Ionic Compound

 Ionic Compound- Compound composed of negative ions (Anion) and Positive ions
(Cations)

Ionic compound properties:

 Made up of negative and positive ions
 Usually solids at room temperature
 Normally have high melting points due to electrostatic frce of attraction between
ions
 Dissolve in water to form aqueous solutions
 Their aqueous solutions normally conduct electricity

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Learning Indicator 5: Prepare a compound by burning magnesium

Magnesium Oxide Prac Report:

Aim: To Prepare a compound by burning magnesium

Method: [Link] magnesium ribbon into 3cm strips

2. Scrub Oxide from strip with steel wool

3. Burn magnesium strip above Petri dish

Result: White-grey powder formed from the combustion of the magnesium

Conclusion: Magnesium reacts with oxygen at high temperatures to form magnesium oxide

EQUATION:
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

Learning Indicator 7: Describe how non- metals join by sharing pairs of electrons
Covalent bonding refers to non metal atoms sharing electrons to form covalent bonds

Covalent compound properties:

 Generally do not conduct electricity
 Often insoluble in water
 Low melting points

Examples:

Carbon dioxide, Water, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen chloride, Chlorine

Learning Indicator 8: Prepare a compound by burning sulphur

Diatomic molecule- Molecules made up of only two atoms

Common Diatomic molecules:

 Hydrogen (H₂)
 Nitrogen (N₂)
 Oxygen (O₂)
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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Sulfur+Oxygen→Sulfur Dioxide

S + O₂ → SO₂

Learning Indicator 10: Describe how an acid can be prepared by dissolving sulfur dioxide in
water

Sulfur Dioxide+ Water→ Sulfurous Acid

SO₂+ H₂0→H₂SO₃

Conclusion: Non metal oxide dissolves in water to form an acid

Sulfurous oxide+ Water→ Sulfuric acid+ Hydrogen

H₂SO₃+ H₂0→ H₂SO₄+H₂

Learning Indicator 11: Prepare an acidic solution by blowing through a straw into water

Aim: To make an acid

Method: 1. Place a small amount of limewater into a beaker

2. Add three drops of universal indicator to the limewater

3. Using a straw gently blow carbon dioxide through the limewater until a colour change
occurs

Results: Colour change resulted when carbon dioxide was blown into lime water

Conclusion: Dissolving carbon dioxide in lime water makes an acid

Learning Indicator 12: Describe how a base can be prepared by dissolving magnesium
oxide in water

MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2

Magnesium Oxide+water→Magnesium Hydroxide

Metal oxides dissolve in water to form an alkali/ base

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Learning Indicator 13: Recall the name for common acids and bases

Common Acids
Hydrochloric Acid HCl

- Clean surface of iron during manufacture

- Oil recovery

Nitric Acid HNo₃

-Manufacture of fertilisers, dyes, drugs, and explosives

Sulfuric Acid H₂So₄

- Manufacture of fertilisers, plastics, paints, drugs, detergents and paper

- Petroleum refining and metallurgy

Citric Acid C6H8O7

- Dietary aid
- Pharmaceutical industry

Carbonic Acid H₂Co₃

- To make drinks fizzy (formed when carbon dioxide gas dissolves in water), Note:
Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide

Acetic Acid CH3COOH

- As a dietary aid (found in vinegar)

- The production of certain chemicals such as aspirin

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Common Bases/ Alkalis

Sodium Hydroxide/caustic soda NaOH

- Manufacture of soap
- As a cleaning agent

Ammonia NH3

- Manufacture of fertilisers and in cleaning agents

- Due to vaporisation properties it is used as a refrigerant in hockey rinks

Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3

- To make cakes rise when they cook

- reducing the spread of white phosphorus from incendiary bullets inside an afflicted
soldier's wounds

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Learning Indicator 14: Explain how indicators can be used to classify solutions as acidic, basic or
neutral

Acid- Substance that releases hydrogen ions when it is added to water, pH less than 7

Base- Substance that reacts with acid to form salt and water only, pH more than 7

Neutral solution- Solution that is neither acidic or basic. pH of a neutral solution is 7 at 25˚

Indicator can be used to classify solution as acidic, basic and neutral by changing to a
specific colour when the indicator is added to the solution. Eg. Using Universal indicator-
acids turn red and bases turn purple while neutral solutions turn green

The colours that indicate the pH of a solution, after adding a universal indicator are:

pH range Description Colour

0-3 Strong acid Red

3-6 Acid Orange/Yellow

7 Neutral Green

8-11 Base Blue

11-14 Strong Base Purple

Learning Indicator 15: Prepare and test a natural indicator using red cabbage or flower petals

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Year 10 Science Yearly Notes/ School Certificate

Making a Ph indicator

Aim: To make a Ph indicator using red cabbage

Method: [Link] cabbage leaves into small peices

2. Place the cabbage into a 600ml beaker

3. Add enough water to cover the cabbage

4. Use a Bunsen burner to boil the cabbage until the water is purple in colour

5. Remove cabbage from liquid and place in bin

6. Add 2ml of the purple water into each of three test tubes

7. Using the test tubes, test the purple water/ pH indicator with
-Water
-Sodium Hydroxide
-Hydrochloric Acid

Result:
Chemical tested Colour of Chemical and indicator mixed
Water Purple
Sodium Hydroxide Yellow
Hydrochloric Acid Red

Conclusion: Anthocyanin can be used from the red cabbage to make an indicator which
identifies basic, acidic and neutral substances.

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Learning Indicator 16: Classify compounds as acidic, neutral or basic

- Non metal having hydrogen is generally acidic

- Metal having hydrogen is generally basic

Acids:
 Have a sour taste similar to vinegar
 Turn litmus paper red
 Have a pH less than 7
 Usually react with metals, forming hydrogen and a salt

Bases/Alkalis:
 Feel soapy to touch
 Turn litmus paper blue
 Have a pH higher than 7

Learning Indicator 17: Perform a neutralisation reaction between an acid and a base and recover
the salt formed

Neutralisation reaction/ neutralisation- When an acid and a base/alkali react together

resulting in the loss of their specific properties and form a neutral product which is neither
acidic nor basic

Products of neutralisation are salt* and water

*Family of ionic compounds i.e. metal+non metal bonded together

Acid + Base= Salt + Water

Neutralisation Prac:

Aim: To neutralise an acid with a base and recover the salt formed

Method: 1. Place 5ml of hydrochloric acid in a test tube

2. Add three drops of universal indicator
3. Measure 7ml of sodium hydroxide
4. Pour 4ml of sodium hydroxide into a test tube and add 3 drops of universal
indicator
5. Add the hydrochloric acid in the test tube to the sodium hydroxide in the test
tube
6. Pour solution into evaporating dish and heat until salt crystals are seen

Results: Purple salt crystals formed in the evaporating basin

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Year 10 Science Yearly Notes/ School Certificate

Learning Indicator 18: Write word equations for neutralisation reactions

 Hydrochloric acid+ Sodium Hydroxide→ Sodium chloride+ Water

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂0

 Sulfuric acid + Sodium Hydroxide→ Sodium Sulfate + Water

H₂SO₄ + NaOH →Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂0

 Hydrochloric Acid+ Pottasium Hydroxide→ Pottasium Chloride+ Water

HCl + KOH → KCl + H₂0

Learning Indicator 19: Recall the reactions of acids with common metals

Acid + Active Metal = Salt + Hydrogen Gas

a) Hydrochloric acid+ Magnesium→ Magnesium Chloride+ Hydrogen gas
b) Sulfuric Acid + Aluminium→ Aluminium Sulfate + Hydrogen Gas
c) Nitric Acid+ Calcium→ Calcium nitrate+ Hydrogen Gas

Learning Indicator 20: Perform Reactions between acids and metal carbonates

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Carbon Dioxide+ Water

a) Hydrochloric acid+ Calcium Carbonate→ Calcium Chloride+ Carbon dioxide+ Water
b) Sulfuric Acid+ Magnesium Carbonate→ Magnesium Sulfate+Carbon Dioxide+Water
c) Nitric Acid +Sodium Carbonate→ Sodium Nitrate+ Carbon dioxide+ Water

Learning Indicator 21: Prepare and test for the gases hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide

Hydrogen-
When hydrogen is present a small explosion is heard when a lighted match is held near the mouth of
the test tube containing hydrogen

Carbon Dioxide-
When carbon dioxide is present in lime water, the lime water turns milky

Oxygen-
A glowing splint will relight in the presence of oxygen

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Year 10 Chemistry revision questions

1. What is meant by the term valency of an electron?

2. Why do atoms gain or lose electron(s) ie what do they hope to achieve?

3. What term is given to the Group 8 elements?

4. Why don’t these elements combine with other elements?

With reference to a metal reacting with a non-metal;

5. What type of bond is formed?

6. Describe, with reference to the electrons involved, how this bond forms

7. Draw an electron dot diagram of sodium chloride, NaCl , to illustrate this type of
bond.

With reference to a non-metal reacting with another non-metal

8. What name is given to the bond formed?

9. Describe, with reference to the electrons involved, how this bond forms

10. Draw an electron dot diagram of Methane, CH4, to illustrate this type of bond.

11. List, in order, 3 steps involved when an acid was formed by burning sulfur in a gas
jar

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Year 10 Science Yearly Notes/ School Certificate

12. List, in order, 3 steps involved when a base was formed by burning magnesium in a
gas jar

13. What is an indicator and what does it do?

14. If blue litmus turns red, what conclusion can you make?
15. If universal indicator turns a) red what conclusions can you
make?
b) purple,

16. What additional information does universal indicator provide?

17. Identify each of the following as acid (A) or base (B) or neutral (N)

a) Salt water b) vinegar c) bathroom cleaner d ) citrus juice

e) stomach ant-acid tablets f) tap water g) de-mineralised

water

Complete the following word equations

18. Acid + base  _______________________ + _____________________

19. Acid + metal carbonate  ___________________ + _________________

___________________ ____________________

20. Acid + metal  _______________________ + _______________________

21. What process would you use to obtain a soluble salt from its solution?
22. How does acid rain form? (dot point explanation)

23 . Why is acid rain considered to be an environmental problem?

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