Abby Synowsky
Submarines
By: Neil Mallard Editor: Andrea Mills Pulisher: First American Edition
2003
Submarine Outline
I. What is a submarine?
A. Is an underwater craft
1. Was an invention revolutionized war at sea
2. Let humans explore the hidden world beneath the ocean surface
B. Submarine Size/Shape/Design
1. Range in size from a small car to a giant vessels twice the size of jumbo
jet
2. Their shape, method of propulsion, and function also vary widely
3. Designed to undertake short journey
II. How a submarine works
A. The same way that an iceberg
1. Mostly hidden underwater
2. Submarine are visible on the surface
B. Parts of Submarine
1. Front
a. Bow
b. Rescue hatch
c. Forward hydroplanes
d. Streamlined conning tower
2. Back
a. Rudder for steering
b. Propeller
c. After hydroplanes
3. The Stern
a. Conventional submarine
i Had diesel engine and an electric motor on each side
b. Spinning drive shafts
i Linked the engines and motors to 2 propellers
c. Horizontal guard
i Around the stern prevented ropes or debris from fouling the
propellers
III. Submarine propulsion
A. Human Power
a. Commander in charge of speed and direction
b. Operator of the antiship ram
c. Crew member operating rudder
2. Storing power
a. French designer, Gustave Zede
b. Submarine carrying 360 batteries
3. The Diesel-Electric
a. By World war2 all submarines used diesel electric propulsion
IV. Early dreams and designs
A. The desire to explore the ocean depths was the motivation for early
pioneers of the submarine
B. Alexander- the Great diver
1. 342 BC he decided to look at what lay under the waters of his empire
2. He had a glass diving bell constructed.
3. Legend is he, a monkey, and a cockerel entered through a hatch that
could be fastened by chains
4. They were lowered to the sea floor and had a lunch picnic on the sea
floor.
C. Leonardo’s Experiments
1. Designed an early breathing apparatus
2. Failed because the breathing tube was more than twice as long as the
human windpipe
3. Another reason why failed is cause it was soon full of carbon dioxide
D. Borelli’s Boat
1. He discovered that a fish controls its depth by varying the weight of
water carried in its bladder
V. Blockade busters
A. A naval blockade is established by a group of ships patrolling off a harbor or
bay to prevent defending ships from leaving or evening.
B. Bushnell’s Turtle
1. Designed by American David Bushnell
2. The Turtle required a strong and multitalented operator
3. The idea was to screw a limpet mine into the enemy’s hull and get out
before it blew up.
C. Fulton’s Nautilus
1. Robert Fulton designed an all- metal submarine
2. French emperor was so impressed that he paid Fulton a large sum of
money to develop his craft
3. Fulton abandoned his plans to invade Britain and attacked Russia
instead
VI. The true submarine is born
A. By the late 1800’s inventors were working to develop submarines
B. The Torpedo
1. Robert Whitehead designed and built the first self-propelled torpedo
2. Nicknamed was ”Devil’s Device”
VII. Subs go to war
A. World War 1 was the first real submarine war
B. Open Fire
1. There was device to let people know there was a submarine coming at
them
C. Food Shortages
1. Royal Navy was struggling to keep the supply of food.
2. The government was forced to introduce food rationing
D. Loss of a Liner
1. Germany hit Lusitania and it went down
2. 1,198 passenger and crew died that day
3. 128 were American
4. The U.S. was shocked by these deaths, and the antiwar lobby was
weakened
E. Minelayers
1. Boats laid “Explosive Eggs” to go off without warning and take many
victims
VIII. Doomed designs
A. Between the wars many new submarines were developed but most failed
IX. World War 2
A. The war brought together the destructive capability of the German U-boats
in the Atlantic and of their American equivalents in the Pacific
B. Mass Production
1. Germans, British, and American recognized that large submarine fleets
were essential
C. High Speed Sub
1. Before World War 2 the U.S. ordered 73 Gato-Class submarines
a. High-speed vessels
b. Equipped with a very effective radar
D. A Sinking in the Pacific
1. 1 of 5 American aircraft carriers were lost in the Pacific
E. Last Dance
1. British Navy submarines have a “Mascot”
a. HMS Tiptoe
i Not only a ballet dancer on its crest, but carried a pair a ballet
shoes worn by famous dancer Moira shearer
b. Tiptoe was the last submarine to sink an enemy ship(world War 2)
c. August 1945, launched a torpedo that sank a Japanese freighter
2. Mini- submarines
a. Italians were the first to come up with human torpedo
i This craft was to carried close to a target by a “mother”
submarine
b. Inside a Miniature Sub
i The conditions were uncomfortable
c. The Biber
i Germans built 324 one-man mini-subs called Biber(Beaver)
ii Design were crude
iii Many pilots died in them
d. Hawaii Failure
i Japanese aircraft swarmed over the US Pacific fleet in Pearl
Harbor in December 1941
ii Five Ko- Hyoteki subs moved in to help the attack
iii Failure because all 5 were lost
iv Kazuo Sakamaki was the only survivor of 10 men involved.
He became a prisoner of the war to be captured by the US
F. The nuclear age
1. Meant that a submarine no longer had to keep coming to the surface to
run its engines and charge its battery
a. A nuclear reactor does not need oxygen
2. Inside a Nuclear Sub
a. Plentiful supply of electricity
i Fresh water
ii Fresh air
iii 3 hot meals a day
b. Enjoyed entertainment
i Movies
ii Music
X. Balance of Power
A. After WW2 the world was divided into 2 main power blocks
1. West (NATO) led by the democratic US
2. East(Warsaw Pact0 led by the communist soviet Union
Imagine you are deep under water where you can’t see the top and the
outside world. You are riding past sharks, fish, such as, Fangtooth, Dragonfish,
Deep-Sea Anglerfish, Gulper Eel, and THE HATCHETFISH. Now you think how
people in the 1800’s and 1900’s survived in here for couples months or years.
That’s what it’s like living in a submarine. Submarines are an underwater
craft. It was an invention revolutionized war at sea. Beside submarines being used
at war, they even let humans explore the hidden world beneath the ocean
surface. Submarines have different sizes, shape, and design. In size from a small
car to giant vessels twice the size of jumbo jet. Their shape, method of propulsion,
and function also vary widely. And it was designed to undertake short journeys.
Submarines are works like an iceberg, mostly hidden underwater, so that
means that sub are visible on the surface. On the front of the subs are a bow,
rescue hatch, forward hydroplanes, and streamlined conning tower. On the other
end they have a rudder for steering, propeller, after hydroplanes. A conventional
sub had diesel engine and an electric motor on each side. Spinning drive shafts
had linked the engines and motors to two propellers. A horizontal guard had
around the stern prevented ropes or debris from fouling the propellers.
Submarine propulsion has many powers, such human power, storing
power, and diesel- electric. Human power has a commander in charge of speed
and direction, operator of the antiship ram, and a crew member operating
rudder. Storing power was designed by a French designer, Gustave Zede and it
carried 360 batteries. The diesel- electric changed all submarines by World War 2
because all submarine used diesel electric propulsion.
The desire to explore the ocean depths was the motivation for early
pioneers of the submarines. For example, Alexander- the Great Diver decided to
look what was under water. In 342 BC he wanted to see what lay under the water
of his empire. He had a glass diving bell constructed. His legend is him, a monkey,
and a cockerel entered trough a hatch that could be fastened by chains. In the
end he was lowered and had a lunch picnic on the sea floor. Leonardo’s
experiments was designed an early breathing apparatuses, but it failed because
the breathing tube was more than twice as long as the human windpipe. Another
reason it failed is because it was soon full of carbon dioxide. Borelli’s Boat
discovered that a fish controls its depth by varying the weight of water carried in
its bladder.
Blockade Busters are a naval blockade is established by a group of ships
patrolling off a harbor or bay to prevent defending ships from leaving. One of
these inventions is called Bushnell’s Turtle and it was designed by American David
Bushnell. The turtle required a strong and multitalented operator. The idea was to
screw a limpet mine into the enemy’s hull and get out before it blew up. Another
is called Fulton’s Nautilus and that was designed by Robert Fulton and he created
an all- metal submarine. The French emperor was so impressed that he paid
Fulton a large sum of money to develop his craft. But bad news came from him;
he abandoned his plans to invade Britain and attacked Russia instead.
By the late 1800’s the true submarine is born because inventors were
working to develop submarines. Robert White head designed and built the first
self- propelled torpedo and its nicknamed was “Devil’s Device”.
World War 1 was the first real submarine to go to war. Open fire was very
common back then because they didn’t have devices that told them that subs
were coming. There were many food shortages mostly in Royal Navy. Royal Navy
was struggling to keep the supply of food and the government was forced to
introduce food rationing. Then a bad day came and killed 1,198 passenger and
crew died that day and 128 were American. Germany had hit Lusitania and it
went down with all the passengers and crew. The U.S. was shocked by these
deaths, and the antiwar lobby was weakened.
There were many doomed designs between the wars many submarines
were developed but most failed. But they did have boats that laid “Explosive
Eggs” to go off without warning and take many victims.
World War 2 brought together the destructive capability of the German U-
boats in the Atlantic and of their American equivalents in the Pacific. There was a
mass production Germans, British, and American recognized that large submarine
fleets were essential. Before World War 2 the United States ordered 73 Gato-
Class Submarines, which were high-speed vessels and equipped with very
effective radar. A sinking in the Pacific lost one of five American aircraft carriers.
The British Navy submarines had a “Mascot”, which was HMS Tiptoe. It wasn’t
only a ballet dancer on its crest , but carried a pair a ballet shoes worn by famous
dancer Moria Shearer. Tiptoe was the last submarine to sink an enemy ship.
Germans built 324 one- man mini- subs called Biber (Beaver) and the designed
were crude, plus many pilots died in them. Japanese aircraft swarmed over the
U.S. Pacific fleet in Pearl Harbor in December 1941, but failed because all five
submarines were lost. Kazuo Sakamaki was then only survivor of 10 men involved,
which he became a prisoner of the war to be captured by the U.S.
The nuclear age meant that a submarine no longer had to keep coming to
the surface to run its engines or charge its batteries. Inside a Nuclear sub was
plentiful supply of electricity, fresh water, fresh air, and three hot meals a day.
They even had entertainment, which were movies and music once they had free
time. Balance of power meant went in two different directions. After World War 2
that led the world divided into two main power block. The west (NATO) , which
was led by democratic U.S. and east (Warsaw Pact), which was led by the
communist Soviet Union.
So that leads to the submarine have been through a lot of fighting and just
exploring the sea‘s floor. Submarines are very important because we wouldn’t
have won any wars out in ocean. All the submarines were great, but there are
more to come.
Bibliography
Mallard, Neil. Submarines. First. New York: DK Eyewitness Books, 2003. 1-29.
Print.