1

CREATED BY
….…GROUP NO:: 2
NO. MEMBERS [Link]

1 AEMAN WAGHOO 47

2 SABISTA SHAIKH 35

3 ANITA SINGH 41

4 SARITA CHAWHAN 6

5 AAFRIN SHAIKH 32

6 ZEESHAN SHAIKH 58

2
 INDEX
NO. PARTICULARS [Link].
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
2 INTRODUCTION 5
3 FACE 6-7
4 HEAD 8-9
5 EYES 10-11
6 NOSE 12
7 LIPS 13-15
8 SMILE 16-17
9 ARMS 18-19
10 HANDS 20-23
11 HANDSHAKES 24-25
12 LEGS AND FEET 26-28
13 DISTANCE 29
14 CONCLUSION 30

3
15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 31

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any attempt at any level cannot be satisfactorily
completed without the support & directions of learned
& experienced people. We are over helmed in all
humbleness & gratefulness to acknowledge our debt to
all those who have helped us to put these ideas well
above the level of simplicity & into something concrete.
We owe our deepest gratitude to our principal [PROF.
A.E. LAKDAWALA] for imparting us a golden
opportunity to work on the project [ BODY
LANGUAGE]. Sincere thanks to our project guide
[PROF. SANCHITA] for her motivation & constant
support at critical juncture during the entire course of
preparation that has encouraged us to come up with
this project. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to BMS
coordinator [PROF. AARSHI] for her assistance
during the times of dilemma. Thanks to our library staff
for their cooperation & supply of books as & when
demanded. We are indebted to our parents & to our
colleagues for their manual support, help & for
everything.

……………. ІІ THANK YOU ІІ

INTRODUCTION
5
 words
tonality
body language

There is a famous saying that “actions speak louder than words.“

What does that mean? It means what you do is worth more than
what you say. The study of body language is called Kinesics.
According to Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, body language is
defined as “gestures, movements, and mannerisms by which a
person or animal communicates with others.“ Gestures and body
language have been called “the silent language” It is another
form to communication with people. Body language is all around
us, from the day we are born until the rest of our lives. It is
recognized of being of great importance to the world of
communicating. Communication involves:
American psychologist, states that our communication
consists of 55% body language, 38% is expressed through tone
and voice, and 7% is communicated with words. A
communications expert, Mario Pei, once estimated that humans
can produce up to 700,000 different physical signs (Axtell 10).
Body language can express many of our feelings, regardless of
whether we keep our mouths shut or not. Sometimes it is easy to
tell what is on a person’s mind by the way they position their body.

6
 FACE:
”Face is the mirror of the
heart”
The face has around 90 muscles in it, with about
30 of these purely for expressing emotion. It can
thus be used to send many non-verbal signals, using its various
features in concert.

1) RED:
A generally red face may indicate that the person is hot as
the blood come to the to surface to be cooled. They may heat
up either from exercise or emotional arousal, for example
when they are excited and energized.
A red face is typical of a person who is angry. This is a clear
danger signal, warning the other person that they may be
harmed if they do not back down.
People blush with embarrassment in various ways. Some
people's neck goes red. With others it is mostly the cheeks.
Sometimes the whole face goes red.

2) WHITE:
White skin may be a sign of coldness as the blood goes deep
to avoid cooling further.
White skin is also an indication of fear, often extreme. This
happens as the blood abandons a surface that might be cut,
going to muscles where its power is needed more.

3) BLUE:
The skin can also take on a bluish tinge. This can also
indicate coldness or extreme fear.
B] MOISTURE:

7
 Sweating is the body's natural cooling mechanism when it
gets hot, possibly from excitement and emotional arousal.
Sweat is also associated with fear, perhaps to make the skin
slippery and hence prevent an opponent from taking a firm
grasp.
C]EMOTIONS:
Here are some of the facial signals that you might see for
different emotions. Do note that these are only possible
indicators: not all signals are needed and not all signals
indicated here necessarily indicate the associated emotion.
 
EMOTIO FACIAL SIGNALS
N
Anxiety Eyes damp; eyebrows slightly pushed together;
trembling lower lip; chin possibly wrinkled;
head slightly tilted down.
Fear Eyes wide, closed or pointing down; raised
eyebrows; mouth open or corners turned down;
chin pulled in; head down, white face.
Anger Eyes wide and staring; eyebrows pulled down
(especially in middle); wrinkled forehead; flared
nostrils; mouth flattened or clenched teeth
bared; jutting chin, red face.
Happiness Mouth smiling (open or closed); possible
laughter; crows-feet wrinkles at sides of
sparkling eyes; slightly raised eyebrows; head
level.
Sadness Eyes cast down and possibly damp or tearful;
head down; lips pinched; head down or to the
side.
Interest Steady gaze of eyes at item of interest (may be
squinting); slightly raised eyebrows; lips slightly
pressed together; head erect or pushed forward.

8
 Surprise Eyes wide open; eyebrows raised high; mouth
dropped wide open with consequent lowered
chin; head held back or tilted to side.

HEAD
The head is very significant in body language.
The head tends to lead and determine general
body direction, but it is also vital and vulnerable being where our
brain is, so the head is used a lot in directional (likes and dislikes)
body language, and in defensive (self-protection) body language
too.
A person's head, due to a very flexible neck structure, can turn,
jut forward, withdraw, tilt sideways, forwards, backwards. All of
these movements have meanings, which given some thought
about other signals can be understood.
The head usually has hair, ears, eyes, nose, and a face, which has
more complex and visible muscular effects than any other area of
the body.
The face, our eyes and our hands, are the most powerful parts of
our body in sending body language signals.
The head - when our hands interact with it - is therefore dynamic
and busy in communicating all sorts of messages - consciously
and unconsciously.

1) HEAD NODDING:
Head nodding can occur when invited for a response, or
voluntarily while listening. Nodding is confusingly and
rather daftly also referred to as 'head shaking up and
down'. Head nodding when talking face-to-face one-to-one
is easy to see, but do you always detect tiny head nods
when addressing or observing a group?
2) SLOW HEAD NODDING:
This can be a faked signal. As with all body language
signals you must look for clusters of signals rather than

9
 relying on one alone. Look at the focus of eyes to check the
validity of slow head nodding.
3) HEAD HELD UP:
High head position signifies attentive listening, usually with
an open or undecided mind, or lack of bias.
4) HEAD TILTED TO ONE SIDE:
A signal of interest, and/or vulnerability, which in turn
suggests a level of trust. Head tilting is thought by some to
relate to 'sizing up' something, since tilting the head
changes the perspective offered by the eyes, and a different
view is seen of the other person or subject. Exposing the
neck is also a sign of trust.
5) HEAD FORWARD, UPRIGHT:
Head forward in the direction of a person or other subject
indicates interest. The rule also applies to a forward
leaning upper body, commonly sitting, but also standing,
where the movement can be a distinct and significant
advancement into a closer personal space zone of the other
person. Head forward and upright is different to head
tilted downward.
6) HEAD TILTED DOWNWARD:
Head tilted downwards towards a person is commonly a
signal of criticism or reprimand or disapproval, usually
from a position of authority.
7) HEAD SHAKING:
Sideways shaking of the head generally indicates
disagreement, but can also signal feelings of disbelief,
frustration or exasperation. Obvious of course, but often
ignored or missed where the movement is small, especially
in groups seemingly reacting in silent acceptance.
8) CHIN UP:
Very similar to the 'head held
high' signal. Holding the chin up
naturally alters the angle of the
head backwards, exposing the

10
 neck, which is a signal of strength, resilience, pride,
resistance, etc. A pronounced raised chin does other
interesting things to the body too - it tends to lift the
sternum (breast-bone), which draws in air, puffing out the
chest, and it widens the shoulders. These combined effects
make the person stand bigger. An exposed neck is also a
sign of confidence.

………..EYES
Plato : "The eyes which are the ………….windows of the
soul.

Our eyes do not only receive impressions of the world around us,
they also transmit signals about our innermost feelings to other
people.
These are the basic movements of the eye, the classics of eyes body
language!

1)LOOKING STRAIGHT AHEAD:

When someone looks straight ahead to you, this is usually a
good sign. After all, most of us will try to catch someone's
eyes by looking at him/her to show our interest. But do
consider that people usually also look away as they're
processing what you're saying. So, if someone looks right at
you, and doesn't look away at all, the message of what you're
saying may not even come across. Also, people who are lying
are often aware that eye movement may give them away, so
they'll look you straight in the eye. And keep looking. I guess
that's why it’s usually a bit creepy if, that prolonged stare in
the eyes.

2) LOOKING UP AND TO THE LEFT:

Looking up is an eye body language sign of thinking. If
you're looking to the left as well, you're processing
information, and relating it to a past experience or an
emotional feeling. If you're talking to this person and you
see this eye movement, I think it's a good sign. Some people

11
 associate this with lying, but liars usually look straight at
you to conceal their lie.

3)LOOKING TO THE LEFT:

Looking to the left is the eye body language usually
associated with trying to remember a sound. This one is easy
to remember: it's as if she's looking at their ears! As always,
you should keep the context of the eye movement in mind:
she could also very well see movement in her left eye, or look
at the door to get away from you!

IN SHORT: Looking at the ears, is remembering a sound.

She could also see movement to the left, or checking how to
get away from you.

3) LOOKING TO THE RIGHT AND UP:

You look to the right and up, if you're trying to remember a
recent experience, or you're trying to assess if it's logical
what the other person is saying. If you're talking to this
person, it's usually a good sign, you have captured her
attention.

IN SHORT: Up and Right is about remembering recent

experiences and thinking logically.

4) LOOKING UP:
If someone's looking up, he or she is carefully thinking over
what you're saying... if this movement is made while arms go
up and hands are folded behind the head, that's a particular
good sign. If someone glances up for a second or so, while
sighing, that could also mean they're looking at the heavens,
summoning their God. That's usually not such a good sign.

IN SHORT: Up means careful thinking, weighing both

emotion and logic... good! Or they're saying "My God!"
with their eyes! (not so good!)

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5) LOOKING DOWN:
Looking down, especially with someone not looking the
other person in the eye, is usually associated as submissive
eye body language. So, that person may not be very
comfortable in your presence, or feeling guilty of something.
Not engaging in eye contact can also mean disinterest, and a
desire to leave. On the other hand, he or she may be just
thinking what use your information is.

nose
The nose, which is right in the middle of
the face, can send a certain amount of body
language.
1. FLARED:
When the nostrils are widened it allows more air to be
breathed in and out and readies the person for combat. In
a related sense, this can indicate the person is experiencing
extreme displeasure.
Flared nostrils may also indicate that the person is making
an internal judgment about something.
2. WRINKLED:
The nose can be wrinkled by pushing up from the mouth.
This happens when a bad smell is detected. It can also
appear with a metaphoric bad smell is thought about, for
example when somebody else suggests a distasteful idea
(see: even language uses bad-taste metaphor!). Another
variation is when the person is thinking about something
but is not satisfied with their own ideas.
3. SNIFFING:
Aside from when a person has a cold, sniffing can indicate
displeasure or disgust. This may also happen on one side,
with the mouth twitching up as well.
4. TOUCHING IT:
Touching the nose can indicate that the person has detected

13
 a bad smell. It is also common signal from a person who is
not telling the truth.
When a person lies, blood vessels in their nose may dilate,
making the nose swell or appear redder. This also may lead
to them touching or scratching the nose.
Rubbing the finger alongside the nose can indicate
disagreement. Pinching the bridge of the nose can show the
person is evaluating something, usually negatively and
with some frustration.

LIPS
Lips can say a lot of things without words.
Our muscles around them mean we can shape
them with incredibly fine control. Lipstick is used to draw
attention to the lips, thus exaggerating further the signals sent
by them.

1. PARTED:
Lips which are slightly parted can be a strong flirting
signal, particularly if the lips are then licked and even more
so if done whilst holding the gaze of another person.
Parting lips is the first stage in speaking and may thus be a
signal that the person wants to talk.
2. PURSED:
Lips which are pulled inwards from all directions are an
indication of tension and may indicate frustration or
disapproval.
Pursed lips are a classic sign of anger, including when it is
suppressed. It is effectively holding the mouth shut to
prevent the person saying what they feel like saying.
3. PUCKERED:
A light puckering of the lips into a kiss shape typically
indicates desire. It can also indicate uncertainty,
particularly if the lips are touched with the fingers.

14
 When you say 'oo', the lips form the kiss shape. This is one
reason that romantic songs often linger on words like 'you'
and 'too'.
4. TURNED UP:
When the corners of the mouth are turned upwards, this
can be a grimace of disgust or a smile of pleasure. In a
grimace, the teeth are unlikely to be shown (although
toothless smiles are also common). Grimaces are often
flatter and tenser.
A full smile engages the whole face, particularly including
the eyes. Smiling with lips only is often falsehood, where the
smile wants to convey pleasure or approval but is actually
feeling something else.
5. TURNED DOWN:
Corners of the mouth turned down indicates sadness or
displeasure.
Some people are so miserable so often, this is the natural
state of rest of their mouths (which is perhaps rather sad).
6. RETRACTED:
When the lips are pulled back, they expose the teeth. This
may be in a broad smile or it may be a snarl of aggression.
The eyes should tell you which is which. In a snarl, the eyes
are either narrowed or staring. In a full smile, the corners of
the eyes are creased.
7. MOVING:
Lips which are moving in the shape of words but without
making sounds means that the person is thinking of saying
the words. This sub vocalization often happens with very
small movement and is often completely subconscious. Stage
mentalists use this when they ask their 'victims' to think
hard of a word and then lip-read as they silently sound the
word.
Up and down movement may indicate chewing. Some people
chew the insides of their mouths when they are nervous.

15
 Rolling in the lips so they roll across one another can be a
preening gesture for women, evening out lipstick. It can also
be a sign of uncertainty or disapproval (look for
accompanying lowered eyebrows).
8. TWITCHING:
Small, lightning-fast movements of the mouth betray inner
thoughts, for example a single twitch of the corner of the
mouth that indicates cynicism or disbelief.
Liars in particular will often give themselves away with
very brief grimaces as their conscience expresses
disapproval of the conscious lies.
9. PROTRUDING:
When the top lip is over the bottom lip, this may be linked
with biting of the bottom lip, a common indicator that the
person is feeling guilty about something.
The bottom lip extended over the top lip can indicate
uncertainty, as if the person is saying 'umm'.
The bottom lip jutting out is often a part of a sulky pout,
where the person expresses child-like petulance at not
getting their own way.
Both lips pressed together and pushed out generally
indicates doubt. If the finger touches them, it may indicate
internal thinking or may say 'I am considering speaking
but am not quite ready to talk yet'.
10. BITING:
Biting the lip, centrally or at the side, is often a sign of
anxiety. Usually, this is the bottom lip (especially if the
person has overhanging top teeth). This may be a habitual
action and people who do this, will often repeat the move in
predictable situations.
This is a fairly child-like action, especially if accompanied
by wide eyes and eyebrows raised in the middle and lowered
at the sides, and thus may betray concern about being told
off or otherwise being censured in the manner of a child.

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 11. RELAXED:
Finally, the lips will have a position of rest when they are
not pulled in any direction. This usually indicates that the
person is also feeling relaxed.

Smile
Smiling indicates happiness… and a
friendly attitude... Smiling indicates we
want to communicate with someone. It
shows interest. But there is much more to it… 
 Smiling is a learned phenomenon. Young babies don't smile
naturally. They mimic the expressions of those looking at them…
But by the time we reach adulthood, it has become a signal
critical to making a good first impression. 
 Smiling also has an actual impact on your physiology… We'll
look at that in a moment. First, let's look at the 2 main types of
smile… 

1) THE GENUINE SMILE: 

A genuine smile involves the whole
face including the eyes… More than
just the mouth, many facial muscles
are in action. The most visible is the
tightening around the eyes. This
action around the eyes is extremely
difficult to fake and is the main signal
you want to look at if you think somebody
might not be telling you their real feelings.
. 
2) THE FORCED SMILE: 
 
Usually used out of politeness... People who put on a smile
only use the muscles around the mouth. But the top half of
their face remains virtually unchanged. Their smile is also
less likely to be showing their teeth. This smile could mean

17
the person is not telling the whole truth. 
 

Following are the types of smile:

1) ‘HA-HA’ LAUGHTER:
This type of laughter is free, open & hearty. We are at
easy in our surrounding. Ever thing is uncomplicated;
we are happy with this world. It is a laughter full of
joie de vivre.
.
2) ‘HE-HE’ LAUGHTER:
This is usually gloating laughter . We laugh about
somebody, something (even if the person concerned
does not understand the joke). This laughter sounds
condescending; the tone of the voice may be considered
mocking & challenging. Somebody laughing like this
may often only be concerned with keeping a distance
from others.
.
3) ‘HEE-HEE’ LAUGHTER:
This laughter sounds like a secret giggle, a little
snigger. People confronted with this usually connect it
with irony; they may assume that the laughter is rather
spiteful. .
4) ‘HO-HO’ LAUGHTER:
This conveys some surprise & is used to let the listener
know that the person laughing does not really believe
what he has just heard. It is loud & therefore tends to
be preferred by the sort of person who enjoys showing
off. It is usually connected with tendency to express
critical astonishment’ protest or even challenge.
.
5) SMIRK:
Smirking is a form of laughter with lips pressed
tighter, expressing a certain resoluteness. The smirker
holds himself back & is not willing to give his

18
 unconditional affection, but negative criticisms is also
excluded. A certain degree of mischief & the joy of
observing others are ingredients of the smirk. It can
also express self satisfaction.

ARMS
Arms act as defensive barriers when
across the body, and conversely indicate
feelings of openness and security when in
open positions, especially combined with open
palms.
Arms are quite reliable indicators of mood and feeling, especially
when interpreted with other body language.
This provides a good opportunity to illustrate how signals
combine to enable safer analysis.
For example:
 crossed arms = possibly defensive
 crossed arms + crossed legs = probably defensive
 crossed arms + crossed legs + frowning + clenched fists =
definitely defensive, and probably hostile too.

While this might seem obvious written in simple language, it's not
always so clear if your attention is on other matters.
Body language is more than just knowing the theory - it's being
aware constantly of the signals people are giving.
1. CROSSED ARMS (FOLDED ARMS):
Crossed arms represent a protective or separating barrier.
This can be due to various causes, ranging from severe
animosity or concern to mild boredom or being too tired to
be interested and attentive. Crossed arms is a commonly
exhibited signal by subordinates feeling threatened by
bosses and figures of authority. N.B. People also cross arms

19
 when they are feeling cold, so be careful not to misread this
signal.
2. CROSSED ARMS WITH CLENCHED FISTS:
Clenched fists reinforce stubbornness, aggression or the lack
of empathy indicated by crossed arms.
3. GRIPPING OWN UPPER ARMS:
Gripping upper arms while folded is effectively self-hugging.
Self-hugging is an attempt to reassure unhappy or unsafe
feelings.
4. ARMS HELD BEHIND BODY WITH HANDS
CLASPED:
As demonstrated by members of the royal family, armed
forces officers, teachers, policemen, etc.
5. NERVOUSNESS:
One arm across body clasping other arm by side (female).
Handbag held in front of body (female). holding papers
across chest (mainly male).adjusting cuff, watchstrap, tie,
etc., using an arm across the body arms/hands covering
genital region (male). holding a drink in front of body with
both hands. seated, holding drink on one side with hand
from other side. touching or scratching shoulder using arm
across body.

20
 hands
Body language involving hands is
extensive.
This is because hands are such
expressive parts of the body, and
because hands interact with other parts of
the body.
Hands contain many more nerve connections (to the brain) than
most if not all other body parts. They are extremely expressive
and flexible tools, so it is natural for hands to be used a lot in
signaling consciously - as with emphasizing gestures - or
unconsciously - as in a wide range of unintentional movements
which indicate otherwise hidden feelings and thoughts.
A nose or an ear by itself can do little to signal a feeling, but when
a hand or finger is also involved then there is probably a signal of
some sort.
Hands body language is used for various purposes, notably:
 emphasis, (pointing, jabbing, and chopping actions, etc)
 illustration (drawing, shaping, mimicking actions or sizing
things in the air - this big/long/wide/etc., phoning actions, etc)
 specific conscious signals like the American OK, the thumbs-
up, the Victory-sign, and for rude gestures, etc.
 greeting people and waving goodbye (which might be
included in the above category)

Body language experts generally agree that hands send more

signals than any part of the body except for the face. Studying
hand body language therefore yields a lot of information; hence
the hands section below is large.

21
There are many cultural body language differences in hand
signals. The section below focuses on Western behaviour. Much
applies elsewhere, but avoid assuming that it all does.
1) PALM(S) UP OR OPEN:
Said to evolve from when open upward palms showed no
weapon was held. A common gesture with various meanings
around a main theme of openness. Can also mean "I don't
have the answer," or an appeal. In some situations this can
indicate confidence (such as to enable openness), or
trust/trustworthiness. An easily faked gesture to convey
innocence. Outward open forearms or whole arms are more
extreme versions of the signal.
.
2) PALM(S) UP, FINGERS POINTING UP:
Relaxed hands are more likely to be defensive as if offered
up in protection; rigid fingers indicates a more authoritative
instruction or request to stop whatever behaviour is
promoting the reaction.
.

3) PALM(S) DOWN:
Where the lower arm moves across the body with palm
down this is generally defiance or firm disagreement.
...
4) THUMB(S) UP:
In the Western world this signal is so commonly used and
recognized it has become a language term in its own right:
'thumbs up' means approved. It's a very positive signal. Two
hands is a bigger statement of the same meaning.
.

5) THUMB(S) UP:
In the Western world this signal is so commonly used and
recognized it has become a language term in its own right:
'thumbs up' means approved. It's a very positive signal. Two

22
 hands is a bigger statement of the same meaning.
.
6) PALMS DOWN MOVING UP AND DOWN,
FINGERS SPREAD:
Seen often in rowdy meetings the gesture is typically a few
inches above the table top, but is also seen standing up. The
action is one of suppressing or holding down a rising
pressure. Teachers use this gesture when trying to quieted a
class. .
7) RUBBING HANDS TOGETHER:
A signal - often a conscious gesture - of positive expectation,
and often related to material or financial reward, or an
enjoyable activity and outcome.
.

8) INDEX FINGER AND THUMB TOUCHING AT

TIPS:
This is generally seen to be the 'OK' signal, similar to the
'thumbs up'. The signal may be to oneself quietly, or more
pronounced directed to others. There is also the sense of this
suggesting something being 'just right' as if the finger and
thumb are making a fine adjustment with a pinch of spice or
a tiny turn of a control knob. The circle formed by the
joined finger and thumb resembles the O from OK. The
remaining three fingers are spread.
,

9) HANDS CLAMPED ON EARS:

Not surprisingly gestures involving hands covering the ears
signify a reluctance to listen and/or to agree with what is
being said or to the situation as a whole. The gesture is
occasionally seen by a person doing the talking, in which
case it tends to indicate that other views and opinions are

23
 not wanted or will be ignored.
. ,

10) HAND SUPPORTING CHIN OR SIDE OF

FACE:
Usually the forearm is vertical from the supporting elbow on
a table. People who display this signal are commonly
assessing or evaluating next actions, options, or reactions to
something or someone. If the resting is heavier and more
prolonged, and the gaze is unfocused or averted, then
tiredness or boredom is a more likely cause. A lighter
resting contact is more likely to be evaluation, as is lightly
resting the chin on the knuckles. .
11) RUNNING HANDS THROUGH HAIR:
Take your pick - running hands through the hair is
commonly associated with flirting, and sometimes it is,
although given different supporting signals, running hands
through the hair can indicate exasperation or upset.
.
12) HAND(S) ON HIP(S):
The person is emphasizing their presence and readiness for
action. Observable in various situations, notably sport, and
less pronounced poses in social and work situations. In
social and flirting context it is said that the hands are
drawing attention to the genital area.
.
13) HANDS IN POCKETS :
The obvious signal is one of inaction, and not being ready
for action. Those who stand with hands in pockets - in
situations where there is an expectation for people to be
enthusiastic and ready for action - demonstrate apathy and
lack of interest for the situation.
.

24
 14) REMOVING SPECTACLE :
For people who wear reading-only spectacles, this is an
example of an announcement or alerting gesture, where a
person readies themselves to speak and attracts attention to
the fact. Other alerting signals include raising the hand,
taking a breath, moving upwards and forwards in their seat,
etc.

handshakes
Firmness of handshake is not the reliable
indicator of firmness of character that many
believe it to be. Firm handshakes tend to be
those of confident people, especially those who
have spent some time in business, and who
realize that most people in business consider a
firm handshake to be a good thing. Handshakes
that are uncomfortably firm show a lack of respect or awareness,
especially if used in cultures (Eastern especially) where firm
handshaking is not normal.
Handshaking evolved from ancient times as an initial gesture of
trust, to show that no weapon was being held. Naturally also the
handshake offers the most obvious way to connect physically as a
way to signal trust or friendship. In more recent times, especially
from the 1800s onwards, a handshake became the way to confirm
a commercial transaction. Handshaking by women became
common practice much later, reflecting the change of social
attitudes and the increasing equality of women, for whom a
hundred years back such physical contact was considered
improper. Women have throughout time generally been
subservient to men, hence the very subservient female curtsey
gesture (also spelled curtsy), which survives now only in
traditional situations such as meeting royalty, or ending a stage
performance.
1) HANDSHAKE - PALM DOWN:
Usually a firm handshake, the 'upper hand' tends to impose

25
 and/or create a dominant impression.
.
2) HANDSHAKE - PALM UP:
Usually not a strong handshake, the lower hand has
submitted to the upper hand dominance. How all this
ultimately translates into the subsequent relationship and
outcomes can depend on more significant factors than the
handshake. .
3) HANDSHAKE - BOTH HANDS:
Whether genuine or not, this handshake is unduly physical
and (often) uncomfortably domineering.
.

4) PUMPING HANDSHAKE:
A vigorous pumping handshake tends to indicate energy and
enthusiasm of the shaker towards the other person, the
meeting, situation or project, etc). There is a sense of
attempting to transfer energy and enthusiasm, literally,
from the vigorous hand shaker to the shaken person, hence
the behaviour is popular in motivational folk and
evangelists, etc. .
5) WEAK HANDSHAKE:
Avoid the common view that a weak handshake is the sign of
a weak or submissive person. It is not. Weak handshakes
can be due to various aspects of personality, mood, etc.
People who use their hands in their profession, for example,
musicians, artists, surgeons, etc., can have quite gentle
sensitive handshakes. Strong but passive people can have
gentle handshakes. Old people can have weak handshakes.
A weak handshake might be due to arthritis. Young people
unaccustomed to handshaking can have weak handshakes.
It's potentially a very a very misleading signal.
.
6) FIRM HANDSHAKE:
Avoid the common view that a firm handshake is the sign of
a strong solid person. It is not. Firm handshakes are a sign
of outward confidence, which could mask deceit or a weak

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 bullying nature, or indicate a strong solid person. Strength
of a handshake is not by itself an indicator of positive 'good'
mood or personality, and caution is required in reading this
signal. It is widely misinterpreted.

legs and feet

Legs and feet body language is more difficult
to control consciously or fake than some body
language of arms and hands and face. Legs
and feet can therefore provide good clues to
feelings and moods, if you know the signs.
Men and women sit differently, which needs to be considered
when reading leg body language. Partly due to clothing and
partly due to sexual differences, men naturally exhibit more open
leg positions than women, which should be allowed for when
interpreting signals. Certain open-leg male positions are not
especially significant in men, but would be notable in women,
especially combined with a short skirt.
Older women tend to adopt more modest closed leg positions
than younger women, due to upbringing, social trends, equality
and clothing. Again take account of these influences when
evaluating signals.
Also consider that when people sit for half-an-hour or more they
tend to change their leg positions, which can include leg crossing
purely for comfort reasons. Again allow for this when
interpreting signals.
Leg signals tend to be supported by corresponding arms signals,
for example crossed arms and crossed legs, which aside from
comfort reasons generally indicate detachment, disinterest,
rejection or insecurity, etc.
1) LEG DIRECTION, SITTING – GENERAL:
Generally a seated person directs their knee or knees
towards the point of interest. The converse is true also - legs

27
 tend to point away from something or someone which is
uninteresting or threatening. The rule applies with crossed
legs also, where the upper knee indicates interest or
disinterest according to where it points. The more direct and
obvious the position, the keener the attraction or repellent
feeling. .
2) PARALLEL LEGS TOGETHER, SITTING:
This unusual in men, especially if the knees point an angle
other than straight ahead. The posture was common in
women due to upbringing and clothing and indicates a sense
of properness.
.
3) CROSSED LEGS, SITTING - GENERAL:
Crossed legs tend to indicate a degree of caution or
disinterest, which can be due to various reasons, ranging
from feeling threatened, to mildly insecure.
.
4) CROSSING LEGS, SITTING - SPECIFIC CHANGE:
Generally the upper crossed leg and knee will point
according to the person's interest. If the knee points towards
a person then it signifies interest in or enthusiasm for that
person; if it points away from a person it signifies disinterest
in or a perceived threat from that person. Signs are more
indicative when people first sit down and adopt initial
positions in relation to others present. Signs become less
reliable when people have been sitting for half-an-hour or
so, when leg crossing can change more for comfort than
body language reasons.
.
5) STANDING 'AT ATTENTION:
Standing upright, legs straight, together and parallel, body
quite upright, shoulders back, arms by sides - this is like the
military 'at attention' posture and is often a signal of respect

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 or subservience adopted when addressed by someone in
authority. .
6) OPEN LEGS, SITTING:
This is a confident dominant posture. This is a clear
exception to the leg/knee point rule since the pointing is
being done by the crotch, whose target might be a single
person or a wider audience. Not a gesture popularly used by
women, especially in formal situations. Regardless of gender
this posture is also combative because it requires space and
makes the person look bigger. The impression of confidence
is increased when arms are also in a wide or open position.
.
7) LEGS CROSSED, STANDING (SCISSOR
STANCE):
Typically observed in groups of standing people at parties or
other gatherings, defensive signals such as crossed legs and
arms among the less confident group members is often
reinforced by a physical and audible lack of involvement
and connection with more lively sections of the group.
Where legs are crossed and arms are not, this can indicate a
submissive or committed agreement to stand and engage, so
the standing leg cross relays potentially quite different
things.
8) FEET OR FOOT DIRECTION OR POINTING:
Like knees, feet tend to point towards the focus of interest -
or away from something or someone if it is not of interest.
Foot direction or pointing in this context is a subtle aspect of
posture - this is not using the foot to point at something; it is
merely the direction of the feet when sitting or standing in
relation to people close by.

29
 distance
It is important for people to have their
“own space“. When you talk to someone,
you are in a certain distance from that
person. When you love someone, you get
closer to him or her than you would a stranger. So
there is an invisible line that surrounds a person. If a stranger
crosses the line, you would feel uncomfortable; they get too close
for comfort. In David Lewis’ book, The Secret Language of
Success, he points out the preferred distances for different
encounters. Distance also plays a role in signaling the beginning
and the end of a conversation. When you are talking to someone,
and he or she is starting to move away from you it means that she
needs to go, or she wants to leave. It also signals something about
how intimate, and how personal the relationship is between two
people. The intimate space is reserved for making love,
embracing, comforting, and protecting This distance is stay
within 0-15inch. There is the far zone for the intimate distance
called as personal distance and that is between [Link] is
for the relatives, spouse, children, lovers, and friends. Then there
in the personal distance which is 18 to 36 inches. This is reserved
for close friends. The third is social distance, and it is 5-12feet.
This is for small groups like meetings or interviews. And finally is
the farthest one which is public distance, and it is 12-25 feet, and
this zone is for strangers.

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31
 CONCLUSION
We can say that body language is an important tool to know what
a person is? & how a person is? Body language is inborn, however
it can be refined through learning & practice. Thus one should
make every possible effort to improve his or her body language.

THANK YOU!!!

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]

WIBLIOGRAPHY
1. THE SECRET OF BODY LANGUAGE-
JULIES FAST
2. THE DEFINITIVE OF BODY
LANGUAGE-ALLAN & BARBARA
PEASE
 
 

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