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Overview of Organic Functional Groups

This document provides an overview of organic chemistry and functional groups. It discusses how organic compounds originate from plants and fossil fuels, and are based on carbon fixation from carbon dioxide. The document then introduces functional groups, which are parts of molecules that result in characteristic chemical properties. About 10 common functional groups are discussed, including hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics) and functional groups containing hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. The properties of compounds change depending on their functional groups.

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36 views8 pages

Overview of Organic Functional Groups

This document provides an overview of organic chemistry and functional groups. It discusses how organic compounds originate from plants and fossil fuels, and are based on carbon fixation from carbon dioxide. The document then introduces functional groups, which are parts of molecules that result in characteristic chemical properties. About 10 common functional groups are discussed, including hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics) and functional groups containing hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. The properties of compounds change depending on their functional groups.

Uploaded by

nuramiraazizan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Organic Chemistry:

Functional Groups
Origin of organic compounds
• Naturally occurring organic compounds are
found in plants, animals, and fossil fuels
• All of these have a plant origin
• All of these rely on the “fixing” of C from CO2
• Synthetic organic compounds are derived
from fossil fuels or plant material
Introduction
• Most current research focuses on Organic
• Originally from “organic” meaning life
• Not just chemistry of life, chemistry of carbon
• Exceptions:
– oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)
– carbonates,bicarbonates(NaHCO3,CaCO3)
– cyanides (NaCN, etc)

One C with no H, or with metal C C C


• Carbon can form four bonds…
C C
Carbon forms four bonds
• Carbon can form four bonds, and forms
strong covalent bonds with other elements
• This can be represented in many ways …
O Cl CH3 CH3
H Cl
C C CH C
H3C CH3
C C Cl C CH
CH3 CH3
H H CH CH

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3


H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Functional groups
• Functional groups are parts of molecules
that result in characteristic features
• About 100 functional groups exist, we will
focus on about 10
• Useful to group the infinite number of
possible organic compounds
• E.g. the simplest group is hydrocarbons
• Made up of only C and H
• Not really a functional “group”
• Further divided into:
• Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatics
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes C C Alkenes C C
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C H H C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H

Alkynes C C Aromatics H
H C H
H H H C C
H C C C C C H C C
H C H
H H H
H
Functional groups
• Read 1012 - 1014
• You will need to memorize family name and
associated general structure (use study
notes: includes ether group) H2N
• Handout Molecular model kits C CH
• Build this structure: H2C O
CH2
• Assignment: in groups build each of the
“Examples” in table 24.1
• Each member must have the exact same
molecule (thus you must agree on structure)
• Show me the structure(s) after building each
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl
• There are other names that describe patterns
of atoms that are parts of functional groups.
• “Hydroxyl” refers to –OH
• “Carbonyl” refers to C=O
• “Carboxyl” refers to COOH
Q: which functional groups contain a hydroxyl
group? A carbonyl group? A carboxyl group?
Hydroxyl: alcohols, carboxylic acids. Carbonyl:
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides,
esters. Carboxyl: carboxylic acids
Note that properties such as boiling and melting
point change due to functional groups For more lessons, visit
[Link]

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