SECTION 13 (SI): RAILINGS TABLE OF CONTENTS 13.1 SCOPE 13.2 DEFINITIONS 13.3 NOTATION. 13.4 GENERAL. 13.5 MATERIALS. 136 LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS... 13.6.1 Strength Limit State aoe 13.6.2 Extreme Event Limit State. 13.7 TRAFFIC RAILING 13.7.1. Railing System. 1371.1 General [Link] Approach Railings [Link] End Treatment 13.7.2 Test Level Selection Criteria 13.7.3 Railing Design [Link] General [Link].1 Application of Previously Tested Systems [Link].2 New Systems... : 13.3.2 Height of Ti Parapet or Rag. 13.8 PEDESTRIAN RAILING 138.1 Geometry 13.8.2 Design Live Loads.. 13.9 BICYCLE RAILINGS, 139.1 General... 139.2 Geometry 13.9.3 Design Live Loads... 13.10 COMBINATION RAILINGS... 1310.1 General rnrnnnsnn 1310.2 Geometry... 13.103 Design Live Loads... 13.11 CURBS AND SIDEWALKS...... IBALL Generalennon 13.11.2 Sidewalks... 13.11.3 End Treatment of Separation Railing. . ‘A131 GEOMETRY AND ANCHORAGES.. ‘A13.1.1 Separation of Rail Elements 13.1.2 Anchorages.... ‘A132 TRAFFIC RAILING DESIGN FORCES. ‘A13.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RAILING TEST SPECIMENS ‘A13.3.1 Concrete Railings... : ‘A13.3.2 Post-and-Beam Railings... A13.3.3 Concrete Parapet and Metal Rail... 13.3.4 Wood Barriers... . ‘A134 DECK OVERHANG DESIGN. ‘AI3.4.1 Design Cases. ‘A13.4.2 Decks Supporting Concrete Parapet Railings.. 13.4.3 Decks Supporting Post-and-Beam Railings ‘A13.4.3.1 Overhang Design sons ‘A13.4.3.2 Resistance to Punching Shear 1SecTION 13 (SD, RAILINGS 13.1 SCOPE This section applies to railings for new bridges and for ‘rehabilitated bridges to the extent that railing replacement is determined to be appropriate. This section provides six bridge railing test levels and their associated crash test requirements. Guidance for determining the level to meet the warrants for the more common types of bridge sites and guidance for structural and geometric design of railings are provided. ‘A process for the design of crash test specimens to determine their crashworthiness is described in Appendix ‘A. This methodology is based on an application of the yield line theory, For use beyond the design of test Specimens with expected failure modes similar to those shown in Figures CA13.3.1-1 and CA133.1-2, a rigorous yield line solution or @ finite element solution should be ‘developed. The procedures of Appendix A are not applicable to trafic railings mounted on rigid structures, such as retaining walls or spread footings, when the ‘racking pattern is expected to extend to the supporting components 13.2 DEFINITIONS, ca All bridge traffic barrier systems will be referred to as railings herein, The bridge railing performance need not be identical ‘over the whole highway network. New railing designs should match site needs leading to a multiple test level ‘concept, as described in NCHRP Report 350, Previously crash tested railing should retain its test level approval and should not have to be tested t0 meet NCHRP Report 350 updating. ‘With the finite resources available to bridge owners, it is not reasonable to expect al existing rails to be updated any more than to expect every existing building to be ‘immediately updated with the passing of a new building code. Many existing bridge rails have proven functional ‘and need only be replaced when removed for bridge ‘widenings, ‘Agency—A responsible business or service authorized to act on behalf of others, ie., a governmental department, consulting engineering firm, or owner of the facility or feature, Barrier Curb—A platform or block used to separate a raised pedestrian and/or bicycle sidewalk above the roadway level; soe Figure [Link]-1 Bicycle Railing —A railing or fencing system, as illustrated in Figure 13.9.3-1, that provides a physical guide for bicyclists ‘crossing bridges to minimize the likelihood of a bicyclist falling over the system, Bridge Approach Railing —A roadside guardrail system preceding the structure and attached tothe bridge rail system that is intended to prevent a vehicle from impacting the end of the bridge railing or parapet. Combination Railing—A bicycle or pedestrian railing system, as illustrated in Figures 13.8.2-1 and 13.9.3-1, added to a crashworthy bridge vehicular railing or barrier system. Concrete Rarrier—A railing system of reinforced concrete having a traffic face that usually but not always adopts some form of a safety shape. Concrete Parapet—A railing system of reinforced concrete, usvally considered an adequately reinforced concrete wall Crash Testing of Bridge Railings—Conducting a series of full-scale impact tests ofa bridge railing in accordance with the recommended guidelines in NCHRP Report 350 in order to evaluate the railing’s strength and safety performance. Crashworthy—A system that has been successfully crash-tested to a currently acceptable crash test matrix and test level or ‘one that can be geometrically and structurally evaluated as equal to a crash-tested system. Design Force—An equivalent static force that represents the dynamic force imparted to a vehicle impacting a railing ata designated speed and angle. ig system by a specified 1B13.2 AASHTO LRFD Brince Desiex SreciricaTions (SI) Encroachment—An intrusion into prescribed, restrictive, or limited areas of a highway system, such as crossing a traffic Jane or impacting a barrier system. Also, the occupancy of highway right-of-way by nonhighway structures or objects of any kind or character, End Zone~The area adjacent to any open joint in a concrete railing system that requires added reinforcement. Expressway—A controlled access arterial highway that may or may not be divided or have grade separations at intersections, Face of the Curb—The vertical or sloping surface on the roadway side of the curb. Freeway—A controlled access divided arterial highway with grade separations at intersections. Longitudinal Loads—Horizontal design forces that are applied parallel tothe railing or barrier system and that result from friction on the transverse loads, ‘Multiple Use Railing —Railing that may be used either with or without a raised sidewalk, (Owner—An authority or governmental department representing investors and/or taxpayers that is responsible forall the safety design features and functions ofa bridge. Pedestrian Railing—A railing ot fencing system, as illustrated in Figure 13.8.2-1, providing a physical guidance for pedestrians across a bridge so as to minimize the likelihood of a pedestrian falling over the system. Post~A vertical or sloping support member of a rail system that anchors @ railing element tothe deck Rail Element—Any component that makes up a railing system, It usually pertains o a longitudinal member ofthe railing. Severity—A characterization of the degree of an event It is usually associated with characterizing accidents as fata, injury, or property damage only so that a dollar value can be assessed for economic study. It may also pertain to indexing the inensity of an accident so that a railing system can be assessed as a preventive or safety measure Speeds—Low/High—Vehicle velocities in km/ar. Low speeds are usually associated with city or rurel travel where speeds are well posted and are under 70 kin/nr. High speeds are usually associated with expressway’ or freeways where posted speeds are 80 knvhr. or more. Traffic Railing Synonymous with vehicular railing; used as bridge or structure-mounted railing, rather than a guardrail or median barrier as in other publications. Transverse Loads—Horizontal design forces that are applied perpendicular to a railing or batier system. Vehicle Rollover—A term used to describe an accident in which a vehicle rotates atleast 90° about its longitudinal axis after contacting a railing, This term is used ifthe vehicle rolls over as a result of contacting a barrier and not another vehicle. Warrants—A document that provides guidance tothe Designer in evaluating the potential safety and operational benefits of traffic contol devices or features, Warrants are not absolute requirements; rater, they are a means of conveying concern over a potential traffic hazard. 13.3 NOTATION B cout-to-out wheel spacing on an axle (mm) (A13.2) c vertical post capacity or compression flange resistance of post in bending (N-mm) (A13.4.4.3) i longitudinal friction force along rail = 0.33 F, (N) (A13.2) Fr transverse vehicle impact force distributed over a length L, at a height H, above bridge deck (N) (A13.2) Fr vertical force of vehicle laying on top of rail (N) (A13.2) G = _ height of vehicle center of gravity above bridge deck (mm) (A13.2)