CHAPTER 1

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

PREPARED BY :
NIK NOR ASIMA BT ARIFFIN
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENG.
POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH
TRANSPORTATION, HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING
 INVOLVES APPLICATION TECHNOLOGIES, AND
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES TO PLAN, DESIGN, AND
OPERATE TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES TO
ENSURE SAFE AND EFFICIENT MOVEMENT OF
PEOPLE AND GOODS
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN THE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF A SOCIETY.
RELATIONSHIP: PEOPLE-TRANSPORT-
GOODS
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF A SOCIETY
 ACHIEVE MAXIMUM USE OF ITS NATURAL
RESOURCES OR THE MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVITY
OF ITS PEOPLE
FUNCTION OF TRANSPORT
 MOVEMENT PEOPLE & GOODS : TRANSFER FROM
ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER

 TO IMPORT RAW MATERIALS AND TO EXPORT

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OR TECHNICAL
KNOW-HOW

 TO MAXIMIZE THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

IT MAY HAVE IN THE FORM OF NATURAL OR
HUMAN RESOURCES
TYPES OF TRANSPORT
 LAND TRANSPORT – CAR, BUS, LORRY
 WATER TRANSPORT – BOAT, FERRY, BARGE
 AIR TRANSPORT – JET, AEROPLANE
 PIPELINE TRANSPORT - OIL AND NATURAL GAS
PIPELINES
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
 PUBLIC TRASPORTATION –ANY OR ALL OF THE
FAMILY OF TRANSIT SERVICES AVAILABLE TO
URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENTS.
 THUS, NOT A SINGLE MODE BUT A VARIETY OF
TRADITIONAL & INNOVATIVE SERVICES, WHICH
SHOULD COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER TO PROVIDE
SYSTEM MOBILITY
 MODES INCLUDED WITHIN THE REALM OF PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION ARE :
 MASS TRANSIT
 PARATRANSIT
 RIDE SHARING
MASS TRANSIT
 CHARACTERIZED BY FIXED ROUTES,
PUBLISHED SCHEDULES AND VEHICLES
 TRAVEL DESIGNATED ROUTES WITH SPECIFIC
STOPS
 I.E BUSES, RAPID TRANSIT
PARATRANSIT
 CHARACTERIZED BY MORE FLEXIBLE AND
PERSONALIZED SERVICE THAN CONVENTIONAL
FIXED ROUTE, FIXED SCHEDULED SERVICES,
AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC ON DEMAND, BY
SUBSCRIPTION OR ON SHARED RIDE BASIS
PRIVATE TRANSPORT
 TRANSPORTATION BY WATER, AIR, RAIL, HIGHWAY
OR PIPELINE IS FURNISHED EITHER PRIVATELY OR
ON A HIRE BASIS
 COMPANY OWNED PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION MUST
CONFORM TO SAFETY AND TRAFFIC REGULATIONS
 COMMON CARRIERS (AVAILABLE TO ANY USER)
 CONTRACT CARRIERS (AVAILABLE BY CONTRACT
TO A PARTICULAR MARKET SEGMENT)
 EXEMPT (FOR HIRE CARRIERS THAT ARE EXEMPT
FROM REGULATION)
 EXAMPLE OF TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES –
FEDEX, MAS CARGO, KTMB
RIDE SHARING
 CHARACTERIZED BY TWO OR MORE PERSONS
TRAVELING TOGETHER BY PRE- ARRANGEMENT ,
SUCH AS CAR POOL, VAN POOL, BUS POOL OR
SHARED RIDE TAXI
TRADE TRANSPORTATION
 INVOLVED EXPORT AND IMPORT ACTIVITIES
 OPERATE AT HIGH COST
 IMPROVED SERVICES
 HAVE FIXED ROUTE UPON CONTRACT
PURPOSE OF TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
 IMPROVEMENTS OF TRAFIC FLOW & SAFETY
 SAVINGS IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION & TRAVEL
TIME
 ECONOMIC GROWTH
 INCREASE ACCESSIBILITY
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
 TO STIMULATE EMPLOYMENT IN A PARTICULAR
REGION
 TO COMPETE WITH OTHER CITIES OR STATES
FOR PRESTIGE
 TO ATTRACT INDUSTRY
 TO GAIN PERSONEL BENEFIT
 TO FILL SOCIETY’S NEEDS AND CONCERNS
 TO FUENISH UNBIASED INFORMATION ABOUT
THE EFFECTS THAT THE PURPOSED
TRANSPORTATION PROJECT WILL HAVE ON THE
COMMUNITY AND ON ITS EXPECTED USER
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
CLASSIFICATION
 SHORT TERM PLANNING
 MEDIUM TERM PLANNING
 LONG TERM PLANNING
MAJOR FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED
 COST
 CONSTRUCTION METHOD
 MAINTENANCE
 OPERATING COSTS
 SOCIETAL CONCERNS – ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS, SAFETY, SECURITY, EFFICIENCY,
PRODUCTIVITY, COMMUNITY PRESERVATION
THE PROCESS OF T.P
 SITUATION DEFINITION
 PROBLEM DEFINITION
 SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS
 ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE
 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
 CHOICE OF PROJECT
 SPECIFICATION AND CONSTRUCTION
URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
 INVENTORY OF EXISTING TRAVEL FACILITIES
 ESTABLISHMENT OF GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
 GENERATION OF ALTERNATIVES
 ESTIMATION OF ALTERNATIVES
 CHOICE OF PROJECT
METHOD IN TRANSPORTATION STUDY
 SPOT SPEED STUDIES
 VOLUME STUDIES
 TRAVEL TIME AND DELAY STUDIES
 PARKING STUDIES
 SPOT SPEED STUDIES
 TO ESTIMATE THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPEEDS OF
VEHICLES IN A STREAM OF TRAFFIC AT A
PARTICULAR LOCATION ON A HIGHWAY
 CARRIED OUT BY RECORDING THE SPEEDS OF A
SAMPLE OF VEHICLES AT A SPECIFIED LOCATION
 ONLY VALID FOR THE TRAFFIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THAT EXIST AT
THE SAME TIME OF THE STUDY
THE USE OF SPOT SPEED STUDIES
 ESTABLISH PARAMETERS FOR TRAFFIC OPERATION AND
CONTROL I.E SPEED ZONES, SPEED LIMIT,PASSING
RESTRICTIONS
 EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES
 MONITOR OF SPEED ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS
 EVALUATE AND OR DETERMINE THE ADEQUACY OF
HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND RADIUS
OF CURVES
 EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF SPEED ON HIGHWAY SAFETY
THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF CRASH DATA FOR DIFF
SPEED CHARACTERISTIC
 DETERMINE SPEED TRENDS
PARAMETERS
 AVERAGE SPEED
 MEDIAN SPEED
 MODAL SPEED
 THE ITH-PERCENTILE SPOT SPEED
 PACE
 STANDARD DEVIATION OF SPEED
TRAVEL TIME AND DELAY STUDIES
 DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF TIME REQUIRED
TO TRAVEL FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER ON A
GIVEN ROUTE.
 INFORMATION MAY ALSO BE COLLECTED ON
THE LOCATION, DURATION AND CAUSE OF
DELAY
 DETERMINATION THE EFFICIENCY OF A ROAD
WITH RESPECT TO ITS ABILITY TO CARRY
TRAFFIC
 IDENTIFICATION OF HIGHLY DELAYS PLACE
 PERFORMANCE OF BEFORE AND AFTER STUDIES
TECNIQUES
 FLOATING CAR TECHNIC
 AVERAGE-SPEED TECHNIQUE
 MOVING VEHICLE TECHNIQUE
 LICENSE PLATE OBSERVATION
 INTERVIEWS
FLOATING CAR TECHNIQUE
 REQUIRING A TEST CAR
 THE TEST CAR IS DRIVEN BY AN OBSERVER
ALONG THE TEST SECTION SO THAT THE TEST
CAR FLOATS WITH THE TRAFFIC.
 THE DRIVER OF THE TEST VEHICLE ATTEMPTS
TO PASS AS MANY VEHICLES AS THOSE THAT
PASS HIS TEST VEHICLE.
 THE TIME TAKEN TO TRAVERSE THE STUDY
SECTION IS RECORDED.
 THIS IS REPEATED AND THE AVERAGE TIME IS
RECORDED AS THE TRAVEL TIME.
AVERAGE SPEED TECHNIQUE
 DRIVING THE TEST CAR ALONG THE LENGTH OF
THE TEST SECTION AT A SPEED THAT, IN THE
OPINION OF THE DRIVER, IS THE AVERAGE SPEED
OF THE TRAFFIC STREAM
 THE TIME REQUIRED TO TRAVERSE THE TEST
SECTION IS NOTED
 THE TEST RUN IS REPEATED FOR THE MINIMUM
NUMBER OF TIMES, THEN THE AVERAGE TRAVEL
TIME IS RECORDED AS THE TRAVEL TIME
 ADDITIONAL DATA MAY ALSO OBTAINED BY
RECORDING THE TIMES WHICH HAS BEEN
IDENTIFIED BEFORE THE START OF THE TEST RUN
MOVING VEHICLE TECHNIQUE
 THE OBSERVER MAKES ROUND TRIP ON A TEST
SECTION , WHERE IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE
ROAD RUNS EAST-WEST
 THE OBSERVER STARTS COLLECTING THE
RELEVANT DATA AT SECTION X-X, DRIVES THE
CAR EASTWARD TO SECTION Y-Y, AND THEN
TURNS THE VEHICLE AROUND AND DRIVES
WESTWARD TO SECTION X-X AGAIN
LICENSE PLATE OBSERVATION
 REQUIRES THE OBSERVERS BE POSITIONED AT THE
BEGINNING AND END OF TEST SECTION
 OBSEVER CAN BE POSITIONED AT OTHER
LOCATIONS ARE REQUIRED
 EACH OBSERVER RECORD LAST 4 DIGITS OF
LICENSE PALTE OF EACH CAR PASSESS, TOGETHER
WITH THE TIME WHICH CAR PASSES
 THE REDUCTION DATA IS ACCOMPLISED IN THE
OFFICE BY MATCHING THE ARRIVAL OF
BEGINNING AND END OF EACH SECTION
 DIFFERENCE OF TIME IS TRAVELLING TIMES OF
EACH VEHICLES
INTERVIEWS
 IS CARRIED OUT BY OBTAINING INFORMATION
FROM PEOPLE WHO DRIVE ON THE STUDY SITE
REGARDING THEIR TRAVEL TIMES, THE DELAYS,
AND SO FORTH
 FACILITAT THE COLLECTION OF A LARGE
NUMBER OF DATA IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME
 REQUIRES COOPERATION OF PEOPLE
CONTACTED
PARKING STUDIES
 THE NEEDS OF PARKING SPACE IS USUALLY
GREAT IN AREAS WHERE LAND USES INCLUDE
BUSINESS, RESIDENTIAL OR COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITIES
 TO DETERMINE THE DEMAND FOR AND THE
SUPPLY OF PARKING FACILITIES IN AN AREA,
THE PROJECTION OF DEMAND, AND THE VIEWS
OF VARIOUS OF INTEREST GROUP ON HOW BEST
TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM
 COLLECTION OF DATA PARKING-
ACCUMULATION, TURNOVER AND DURATION.
ASSIGNMENT 1
 Briefly explain :
 Origin destination studies
 Volume studies
 Spot speed studies
 Travel time and Delay studies
 Parking studies