Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

tIcf kwÿm\ imkv{X kmt¶-XnI

]cn-ÿnXn Iu¨kn¬
imkv{X-`-h≥, ]´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
KALAVASTHAVYATHIYANAM (Climate Change)

© 2008, KSCSTE, Government of Kerala

Editor-in-chief
Dr E P Yesodharan
Executive Vice President

Executive Editor
Dr Kamalakshan Kokkal
Principal Scientific Officer

Editor
Dr P Harinarayanan
Scientific Officer

Editorial Assistant
J Ushakumari
Technical Officer

Project Team
Dr K K Sabu
Dr K S Arunkumar
Aswathy M V
Lakshmi T

No. of copies : 750

Published by
Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE)
Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 004

Not for Sale

ISBN 81-86366-65-2

Cover Photo
Gopan Thaliyil, Thiruvananthapuram

Typesetting and printing:

SB Press (P) Ltd, College Lane, Statue, Tvm-1
Phone/Fax: 0471-2471904, 2478013
E-mail: sbpress@[Link]

Disclaimer
The opinions and views presented herein are those of the authors. They are not necessarily
the opinions and views of the KSCSTE
 BapJw
BtKmf Imem-h-ÿm-am-‰-Øns‚ `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ \ΩpsS kwÿm-\sØ F{X-
am{Xw _m[n-°p-sa∂pw AXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-Xß - sf AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂X- n\v Fs¥ms°
I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv Bkq-{XWw sNbXv \S-∏m-t°-≠-sX∂pw Du¿÷n-X-ambn
N¿® sNø-s∏-´psIm≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Imem-hÿm am‰-Øns‚ hn]-Øp-Iƒ t\cn-
Sm≥ tI{µ Kh-s◊‚ v ]e tZiob I¿Ω ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw cq]w sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. tIc-
f-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb kml-N-cyhpw, ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-Whpw IW-°n-se-Sp-
Øp-sIm≠v ka-{K-amb Hcp I¿Ω-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. 13-˛mw ]©-
h-’c ]≤-Xn-°m-eØv Imem-hÿm am-‰sØ XpS¿∂v \S-∏n¬ hcp-tØ≠ ]≤-Xn-
Ifpw N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

2008 BtKmf ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\-Øns‚ apJy-{]-tabw “Im¿_¨ Ipd™ kº-

- bv°mbn ioe-߃ am‰p-I” F∂-Xm-Wv. BtKm-fX
Zvhy-hÿ - m-]\
- Ø
- n-\pw, Imem-hÿm
hyXn-bm-\-Øn\pw {][m\ ImcWw Im¿_¨ kwbp-‡-ß-fm-sW-∂n-cns° Ah
AanX Af-hn¬ A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v FØp-∂Xv \nb-{¥n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
t^mkn¬ C‘-\ß - f- psS Pze-\a
- mWv A¥-co-£Ø
- nse Im¿_Wns‚ Afhp Iq´p∂
{][m\ LS-Iw. Xm]-ssh-ZypXn \ne-b-ß-fpw, h≥InS ^mIvS-dn-Ifpw CS-X-S-hn-√msX
Im¿_¨ AS-ßnb cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ ]pd-¥-≈p-I-bm-Wv. s]t{Sm-fnbw DXv]-∂-ßsf
B{i-bn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ C∂sØ hnI-k-\-coXn am‰n ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷ t{kmX-
 p-Isf ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb ]pXnb kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-
fmWv \mw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. kutcm¿÷-tØm-sSm∏w Im‰n¬ \n∂pw, Xnc-
am-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw sshZypXn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ]≤-Xn-I-fpw, Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-
Ifpw F√mw Du¿÷-t{km-X- p-I-fmbn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ {]Xym-Lym-X-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw
imkv{Xo-b-amb hnh-c-߃ e`n-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb ]pkvX-I-߃ ae-bm-f-Øn¬
A[n-I-an-√. C°mcyw a\- n-em-°n-s°m-≠mWv imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI ]cn-ÿnXn
Iu¨kn¬ 2008 BtKm-f-]-cn-ÿnXn Zn\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ‘Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-
\w’ F∂ Cu ]pkvXIw ]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Dt±-iy-e-£y-Øn-\mbn imkv{Xob
teJ-\-߃ Xøm-dm-°nb teJ-I-tcm-Sp≈ \µn- A-dn-bn-°-s´. AXp-t]mse Xs∂
Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ AWn-bd inev]n-I-fmb tUm. Ia-em-£≥ sIm°-epw, tUm.
lcn-\m-cm-b-W\pw {]tXyI A`n-\-µ\w A¿ln-°p-∂p.

Cu ]pkvXIw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-

\-߃°v Hcp apX¬Iq-´m-hp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.

CXn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p∂ eLp-te-J-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ {Inbm-fl-I-amb

A`n-{]m-b-߃ kzmKXw sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-∂p.

tUm. C.-]n. btim-[-c≥

FkvIn-Iyq-´ohv sshkv {]kn-U‚ v
tIcf kwÿm\ imkv{X kmt¶-XnI
]cn-ÿnXn Iu¨kn¬
 D≈-S°w
1. tIcf P\-Xbpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw .................................................... 7
tUm. kn.-sI. cmP≥

2. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w: tIc-f-Øns‚ `mK-tYbw ........................................ 13

tUm. {Xnhn-{IaPn

3. Im¿_Wpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\hpw ............................................................25

tUm. Ia-em-£≥ sIm°¬

4. tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImfpw A\¥cNn¥Ifpw ...................................................34

]n. {ioIWvT≥ \mb¿, B¿. joeΩ

5. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ßfpw ....................................43

tUm. C.-sP. kJ-dnb

6. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\waqew Pe-hn`h taJe

t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-߃ .............................................................................................. 51
tUm. C.-sP. sPbnwkv

7. BtKmf Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\hpw tIcf-Ønse h\-ßfpw ..................... 59

tUm. tPmkv I√-d-°¬

15. Imem-hÿm hyXnbm-\hpw Im¿jnI taJ-ebpw ...........................................63

tUm. Fw. kp{_-“Wy Aø¿
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
8. Imem-hÿm am‰hpw Xoc-tZ-i-˛-k-ap{Z ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw .........................79
tUm. F. _nPpIpam¿

9. Jc-am-en-\y-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw.................................. 88

tUm. B¿ AP-bvIp-am¿ h¿Ω

10. aÆnse Im¿_¨ kw`-cWw ................................................................................93

tUm. _me-tKm-]m-e≥

11. Imemhÿbpw Btcm-Kyhpw ˛ Nne ka-Im-enI Nn¥-Iƒ ..........................97

tUm. kn.-B¿. tkma≥

12. {]mNo\ Imem-h-ÿm hyXn-bm-\-߃ .............................................................. 102

tUm. ]n. lcn-\m-cm-b-W≥

13. kutcm¿÷ km≤y-X-Iƒ ................................................................................... 107

tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

14. imizX hnIk\w ................................................................................................... 113

s{]m^. Fw.-sI. {]kmZv

15. BtKmfXm-]-h¿≤-\-hpw, C¥y-bpsS

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw ............................................................................. 121
tUm. ]n.-hn. tPmk^v

6
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

tIcf P\-Xbpw
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw
tUm. kn.-sI. cmP≥
a¨kq¨ ]T-\-tI{µw
sIm®n≥ imkv{X kmt¶XnI k¿h-Ie
- m-ime

2004 Unkw-_¿ 26-˛mw XobXn kpam{Xm Xoc-Øp-≠mb D{K-amb `qN-e-\-hpw,

AXns‚ ^e-ambn cq]w sIm≠ ‘kp\m-an’ F∂ IS¬ t£m`-hpw, hcp-Øn-h®
Bƒ\m-ihpw a‰p \mi-\-jvS-ß-fpw, Cu \q‰m-≠nse Xs∂ G‰hpw hep-Xm-Wv.
C{Xbpw hen-sbmcp Bƒ\miw CXn-\p-ap≥]v Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw D≠m-b-Xm-bn-t∏mepw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. Cu {]Xn-`m-k-sØ-∏‰n P\-߃°v Hcp ]cn-[n-h-sc-sb-¶nepw
Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw hfsc A[nIw Bfp-I-fpsS Poh≥ c£n-
bv°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. “kp\m-an” F∂ `oI-c-{]-Xn-`mkw CXn-\p-ap≥]v \ΩpsS
{]tZ-iØv hcm-Ø-Xn-\m-epw, AXns‚ Xo{h-X-sb-∏‰n Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ A\p-`hw
C√m-Ø-Xn-\mepw Hcp ap≥I-cp-Xepw FSp-°m≥ ]‰msX t]mbn. im¥-k-ap-{Z-{]-tZ-i-
ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-In-S-°p∂ `qJ-fi-ß-fn¬ Cu {]Xn-`mkw ]e-X-hW kw`-hn-
®n-´p-≈-Xpw, kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. B {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcp `qN-e-\-ap-
≠m-bm¬ DS≥ Xs∂ “kp\m-an” D≠m-Im-\p≈ km[y-X, AXns‚ Xo{h-X, AXv
\miw hnX-bv°m≥ km[y-Xb - p≈ {]tZ-iß- ƒ, F∂n-hs - b-∏‰
- n-bp≈ icn-bmb kqN\
ap≥Iq¿ e`y-am-°m-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ D≠v. 2004 Unkw-_-dn¬ D≠mb `qN-e-\w-
aqew \ΩpsS {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ “kp\m-an”°v km[yX D≠v F∂v `qN-e\w D≠mbn
Ipd®p ka-b-Øn-\Iw im¥-k-ap-{Z-{]-tZ-isØ “kp\m-an” ]T-\-tI{µw a\- n-em-°n-
sb-¶n-epw, Cu ktµiw AXns‚ F√m Kuc-h-tØmSpwIqSn ÿnco-I-cn-°m\pw A\-
¥c \S-]Sn FSp-°m-\p-ap≈ kwhn-[m-\-tam, ImgvN-∏mtSm C√m-sX-t]m-bn. CXn\p
{][m-\-Im-cWw \ap°p Np‰pw kw`-hn-°p∂ ]e hn]-Øp-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ imkv{X
Ah-t_m-[-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-X-bm-Wv. Cu ]cn-anXn Zqc-hym-]-I-amb ]e hn]-Øp-
Iƒ°pw hgn-h-bv°p∂p. Cu Zpc-h-ÿbv°v `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\sØ am{Xw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn´v Hcp Imcy-hp-an-√. hen-sbmcp ]cn-[n-hsc \mw HmtcmcpØcpw CXn\p Imc-
W-°m-cm-Wv.
7
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Npgen sImSp-¶m-‰v, h¿j-Im-e-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ IS¬t£m-`w, \yq\-a¿±w sIm≠p-
≠m-Ip∂ t]am-cn, h¿j-Im-e-Øpw th\¬a-g-bnepw D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn°p∂ hyXn-
bm-\-ß-ƒ, Ah hcp-Øn-h-bv°p∂ hcƒ®, sh≈s∏m°w, CSn-an-∂¬ hcp-Øp∂
\mi-\-jvS-߃, BtKmf Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ß-ƒ, AXp-aqew
kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xpw, kw`-hn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-Xp-amb ]e Imem-hÿm hyXn-
bm-\-߃, A¥-co£ a-en-\o-I-cWw hcpØn hbv°p∂ h≥ Zpc-¥-߃, IpSn-sh-≈-
Øns‚ Zu¿e-`y-w, F∂o Imem-hÿm _‘n-X-amb {]iv\-ß-sf-∏-‰n D≈ Adnhv
hfsc A]-cym-]vX-amWv.
henb hn]-Øp-Iƒ kw`-hn-®-Xn-\p-tijw AXn\v XmXvImen-I-amb ]cn-lmcw
ImWp-I-bpw AXn-\p-tijw ASpØ hn]-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xp-hsc Hcp Imc-W-h-im-epw,
hcm≥t]m-Ip∂ hn]-Øp-Isf a\- n-em-°m-\pw, Ah kw`-hn-bv°m-Xn-cn-°m-\pw, kw`-
hn-®m¬ Xs∂ Ah-bpsS Xo{hX hfsc Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ap≥Iq´n FSp-
°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw, Ahsb∏‰n-bp≈ Adnhp t\Sm-\p≈ Hcp {iahpw \ΩpsS `mK-
Øp- \ n∂pw D≠m- I m- X n- c n- ° pI- b p- a mWv Ct∏m- g sØ ÿnXn- h n- t i- j w. \ap°v
HmtcmcpØ¿°pw t\cn-t´m, \ΩpsS {]tZ-i-tØm kw`-hn-°m-Ø-Xpw CXn\p ap≥]v
kw`-hn-®-Xp-amb Hcp Imcyhpw AXns‚ Kuc-h-tØm-Sp-IqSn a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ B{K-
l-an-√m-bvabpw Ah a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ ImWn-°p∂ \n w-K-Xbpw hen-sbmcp
]cn[n hsc CXn-s\√mw Imc-W-am-Wv. \ap°v \ΩpsS \mSn-t\m-tSm kl-Po-hn-I-tfm-
tSm \tΩm-Sp-X-s∂tbm Bflm¿∞-X-bn-√m-Ø-XmWv CXn\p as‰mcp Imc-Ww.
Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰w Hcp BtKmf {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv.
CXns‚ KXn-hn-K-Xn-Iƒ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ a\- n-em-°n-bm¬ CXn¬\n∂pw t\cn-
tS-≠n-h-cp∂ Zqjy-^-e-߃ \s√m-c-f-hp-hsc Ipd-bv°m-\pw, CXp aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂
kXv^-e-߃ th≠-hn[w D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw km[n-°pw. Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ kw`-hn-
®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu am‰-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ A]-cym-]vX-amb Adn-hv, CXp-aq-e-ap≈
KpW-߃ A\p-`-hn-°m≥ ]‰m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw, AXns‚ Xn‡ ^e-߃ F√m Xo{h-
X-tbmSpw IqSn A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-IbpamWv. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv, \mw Hmtcm-
cp-Ø-cpw, Imem-hÿ am‰-sØ-∏-‰n-bpw, AXv hcp-Øm-hp∂ {lkz ˛ Zqc hym]I ]cn-
Wn-X-^-e-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ icn-bmb Adnhp t\tS-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX hy‡-am-
°p-∂p.
Cu Znibn¬ tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-ambn \S-Øn-h-cp∂ Kl-\-amb ]T-\-
ßfpw Kth-j-W-ßfpw hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv, Cu {]Xn`mk-Øn\v hen-sbm-c-f-hp-hsc
\mw Xs∂-bm-Wv Imc-W-°m¿ F∂ \· kXy-amWv.
\√ tXmXn¬ AXn-hrjvSn e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hrjvSn e`yX
hfsc Ipd-bpI (taLm-e-bnse Nndm-∏p©n t]mep≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬) ag hfsc
hnc-f-ambn am{Xw e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ AXn-h¿j-ap-≠m-IpI (cm-
P-ÿm≥) Ime-h¿jw e`n-t°≠ kab-ß-fn¬ AXns‚ Hcp e£Whpw A\p-`-h-
s∏-SmXn-cn-°p-I (C-t∏mƒ \Ωƒ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]m-se) XWp-∏p-Im-eØv (Un-kw-_¿
˛ P\p-hcn amk-ß-fn¬) Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ henb h¿≤\hv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I, Npcp-ßnb
8
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Znh-k-ß-fn-se-¶nepw hfsc Ipd™ Xm]-\ne Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I,
]e ÿe-ßfnepw IqSnb Xm]-\n-e-bpsS tXmXv A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn Db-cp-I, ASp-
Ø-Imew hsc Npg-en-sIm-Spw-Im‰v D≠m-ImØ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ah-bpsS kwlmc
Xmfihw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I, Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-ƒ IS¬t£m-`-Øn-\pw IS-se-Sp-°-en\pw
CS-bm-°p-I, ]e Zzo]p-I-fp-sSbpw \ne-\n¬∏p-Xs∂ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Ahÿ
kwPm-X-am-IpI F∂n-h-bmWv Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqew kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.
1850\p tijw C∂p-hsc G‰hpw IqSnb Xm]-\ne tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb 12 sIm√-
߃ 1995 \pw 2008 \pw CS-bn-em-Wv. Cu Xm]-\ne h¿≤-\-hmWv ]e {]tZ-i-ß-
sfbpw Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb hcƒ®-bn-te-bv°pw, sh≈-s]m-°-Øn-te-°pw sIms≠-
Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kap-{Z-Xe Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ h¿≤-\hpw ({]tXy-
In®v `qa-≤y-tc-Jbv°v Ccp-h-i-hp-ap≈ (100 sX ˛ 100h
- ) DjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-isØ
kap-{Z-Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬), Cu {]tZ-iØv XpS-sc-Xp-Ssc A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ `qI-ºßfpw
Cu {]tZ-isØ Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v hen-sbmcp ]¶p-h-ln-°p∂p.
_lp-\ne aµn-c-ß-fpsS A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb h¿≤-\, kzm¿∞ XmXv]-cy-]q¿Øo-
I-c-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ h\-\-io-I-c-Ww, Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fmbn h¿Øn-
®n-cp∂ hb-ep-Iƒ, Ipf-߃, InW-dp-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb D∑q-e\w sNø¬, \Zn-I-fn¬
\n∂p≈ A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb aW¬hm-c¬, \Zn-I-fp-sS-bpw, Imb¬ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw
Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-´n-cp∂ hr£-e-Xm-Xn-I-fpsS A`mhw F∂nh ]cn-X-
ÿn-Xn-bpsS k¥p-e-\-Xsb hen-sbm-c-f-hp-hsc _m[n-®p. \Ωƒ ssIh-cn® imkv{X
kmt¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-a\w \ΩpsS PohnX coXn-bn¬ henb am‰w hcp-Øn-sb-¶n-epw,
Cu ]ptcm- K - X n- b psS sX‰mb D]- t bmKw A]czlm- c y- a mb hn]- Ø n- t e°v
\sΩs°ms≠-Øn-®p. Zn\w-{]Xn s]cp-In-h-cp∂ hml-\-ß-fpsS _mlp-eyhpw Ah
_ln¿K-an-°p∂ Im¿_¨ssU HmIvssk-Upw, Fb¿ I≠o-j-W¿ ]pd-Øphn-Sp∂
NqSp-hm-bphpw Hmtcm {]tZ-i-sØbpw A¥-co£ Xm]-\ne {Iam-Xo-X-ambn Db-cm≥
Hcp-Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.
A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v ]pdw-X-≈p∂ Im¿_¨ssU HmIvssk-Uns‚ tXmXv hyh-
km-bnI hnπ-h-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v 30%˛¬ IqSp-X¬ A[n-
I-cn-®p. s]t{Sm-fnbw DXv]-∂-߃, I¬°cn F∂n-h-bpsS Aan-X-amb J\-\-hpw,
D]-tbm-Khpw, A¥-co£ k¥p-e-\Xsb hf-sc-b-[nIw tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-®p.
Im¿_¨ssU HmIvssk-Uns‚ ]pdw X≈-epw, h\-\-io-I-c-W-hpw, Ct∏mƒ
ImWp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ aen-\o-I-c-Whpw CXp-t]mse XpS¿∂m¬ hcp∂ 15 sIm√-
Øn-\p-≈n¬ A¥-co£ Im¿_¨ssU HmIvssk-Uns‚ tXmXv Ct∏m-gp≈Xns‚
Cc-´n-bm-IpIbpw. A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne 50C F¶nepw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CXv
hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-߃°v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ Hcp kwi-b-hp-an-
√. \mw bp≤-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ HsØm-cp-an®v Cu h≥hn-]-Øns\ t\cn-Sm≥ {ian-
®m¬ Im¿_¨ssU HmIvssk-Uns‚ h¿≤\ \s√mcp ]cn[nhsc eLq-I-cn-°m≥
km[n°pw. AXp- h gn A¥- c o£ Xm]- \ n- e - b n¬ D≠mIm- h p∂ h¿≤- \ - h pw,

9
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
AXp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Im-hp∂ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc eLq-I-cn-°m≥
km[n-°pw. F¶n-epw, \mw F{X-Xs∂ DW¿∂v {]h¿Øn-®m-epw, Ct∏mƒ I≠p
XpS-ßn-bn-´p≈ Imem-h-ÿm-am-‰-ßfpw, AXns‚ Xn‡-^-eßfpw apgp-h-\mbpw XS-
bm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√.
hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fmWv BtKmf Xm]-\n-ebpw AXp-aqew D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-
bv°p∂ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-߃°pw henb ]¶p hln-bv°p-∂-Xv. F¶nepw
hnI-kzc cmPy-ßfpw Ah-cpsS hf¿®-bv°-\p-k-cn®v BtKmf Xm]-h¿≤\m {]{In-
b-bn¬ H´pw ]pd-In-e-√. `mc-X-Øns‚ {]tXy-In®v tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿnXn CXn\v aIp-
tSm-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. A¥-co£ Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ h∂n-´p≈ hyXn-bm\w tZim-S-\-∏-£n-
Iƒ°v EXp-°-fpsS am‰w a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°msX hcp-I-bpw, AXv Ah-bpsS
KXn-hn-K-Xn-I-fn¬ henb am‰w hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
BtKm-f-Xm] h¿≤-\-bpsS BZy ZrjvSm-¥-amWv {[ph {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw a‰p ae-
\n-c-I-fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ a™p-cp-I-epw, lna-]m-X-Øn¬ hcp∂
Ipd-hpw. Ct∏m-gsØ IW-°-\p-k-cn®v {[ph-{]-tZ-iØv sIm√w tXmdpw 1%tØmfw
a™p-cp-Ip-∂X - mbn IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B¿´n-°nse a™p-ae - I - psS Afhv 1960
- f
teXn¬ \n∂pw GI-tZiw 40% Ipd-hmWv. Cu {]h-WX B {]tZ-isØ \Zn-I-fn-
sebpw kap-{Z-Øn-sebpw Pe-\nc-∏p-b-cm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-. lnam-e-b-km-\p-°-fn¬
e`y-amb a™p-a-e-Iƒ (glacier) A¤p-Xm-h-l-amb thK-X-bn¬ A{]-Xy-£-s∏-´p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXv XpS-°-Øn¬ B {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn-\pw, hcpw-
Im-e-ß-fn¬ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ hcƒ®°pw Imc-W-am-Ipw. Cu Zni-bnse ]T-\-߃
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv CXn-\Iw Xs∂ kap-{Z-\n-c∏v GI-tZiw 20 sk.-ao. Hmfw Db¿∂p
Ign™p F∂m-Wv. Imcy-߃ Cu coXn-bn¬ apt∂m´p t]mhp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ 2050
HmSp-IqSn kap-{Z-\n-c∏v 1 ao‰-tdmfw Db-cp-sa-∂mWv IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu {]Xn-
`mkw Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-sS-bpw, Xoc-tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw hn\m-i-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°pw.
tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fptSbpw, \ΩpsS Np‰pw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Zzo]p-I-fp-sSbpw
`mhn hfsc `bm-\-I-am-Wv. Cu hn]-Øns\ th≠ coXn-bn¬ t\cn-Sm≥ P\-ß-tfm,
\ΩpsS `c-W-Iq-Stam H∂pw sNøp-∂n√ F∂v ]d-tb-≠n-h-∂-Xn¬ ZpxJ-ap-≠v. C≥Uy-
bn¬ Xs∂ CXn-t\m-SIw kpµ¿ _≥kn¬ 35 N.-[Link] AS°w ]e sNdnb Zzo]p-
Itfbpw IS-se-Sp-Ø-Xp-hgn GI-tZiw 6000 IpSpw-_-߃ `h\ cln-X-cm-bn. Cu
ÿnXn XpS¿∂m¬ 2020 HmSp-Iq-Sn, Xoc-tZ-i-Øp≈ 15% {]tZ-i-ß-sf-¶nepw IS-se-Sp-
°mw. AXv GI-tZiw 30,000 IpSpw-_-ßsf Zpcn-X-Øn-em-°mw. kap-t{Zm-]-cn-Xe Xm]-
\ne h¿≤n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ El - Nino t]mse-bp≈ Imem-hÿm {]Xn-`m-k-߃ IqSp-X-
embn D≠m-Ip-I-bpw, CXv i‡n-tb-dnb Npg-en-°m-‰p-Iƒ°pw, lcn-t°-\p-Iƒ°pw
hgn-sX-fn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
C∂p-≠m-bn-´p≈ h¿≤n® Xm]-\n-ebv°v {][m-\-Im-cWw hymh-km-bnI hnI-
k-\Ø
- ns‚ ^e-ambn a\p-jy≥ ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ aen-\o-Ic
- W hkvXp-°f
- m-Wv. hymhkm-
bnI hnπhw XpS-ßnb ka-b-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ C∂sØ CO2s‚
10
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Afhv GI-tZiw 30% tØmfw IqSp-X-em-Wv. 2005 se IW-°p-{]-Imcw CO2 s‚ Afhv
379 ppm BWv CXv Ign™ 6 e£w h¿j-tØ-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv.
BtKmf Xm]\w aqew t\cn-´p-≠m-Ip∂ {]Xym-Lm-X-߃
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w, _mjv]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Af-hp-Iq-´p-Ibpw, CXv hcƒ®-°pw, NqSv
Im‰v D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-hpIbpw sNøp∂p. NqSp IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hmbp-
hnse Cu¿∏-Øns‚ Afhp IqSn, henb Hcp Du¿÷-{]-hm-lØneqsS Cu¿∏-ap≈
{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ henb ag-ta-L-߃ cq]w-sIm-≈p-I-bpw, kap-{Z-߃°p apI-fn-embn
Npg-en-sIm-Sp-¶m-‰p-Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
2003 ¬, a¨kq-Wn\v apt∂m-Sn-bmbn D≠m-Ip∂ Xm]-h¿≤\ km[m-cW D≠m-
Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw hfsc t\csØ C¥y-bn¬ D≠m-Ip-I-bpw, 45 apX¬ 490c hsc
Db¿∂v 14000 Hmfw t]cpsS ac-W-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-I-bpw, P¥p-Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpsS
h≥ \mi-Øn\v CS-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bkvt{X-enbbn¬ Ncn-{X-Ønse Xs∂
G‰hpw henb hcƒ® t\cn-´p. kzn‰vk¿e‚n¬ 250 h¿j-Øn-\n-Sbv°v G‰hpw
IqSnb NqSv PqWn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏Sp-Ibpw {^m≥kn¬ 2003 BKÃv 2nd \pw 15th\pw CS-
bv°mbn G‰hpw NqSp-Iq-Snb Im‰v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn¬ GI-tZiw
14,800 Hmfw t]¿ acn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 2003 sabn¬ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ 562 sSm¿\mtUm
D≠m-bn. 2005 ¬ D≠mb I{Xo-\, doØ, hn¬a XpS-ßnb lcn-t°-\p-Iƒ h≥\m-i-
\-jvS-amWv Ata-cn-°-bn-epw, kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw D≠m-°n-b-Xv. apwss_-bn¬ 2005
Pqsse 26 \v 944 an.-ao. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ag hngp-ßn-bXv 1000tØmfw Poh-\pw 1700
tImSn-tbmfw hne-h-cp∂ kº-Øp-am-Wv. cmP-ÿm-\nse _m¿a-dn¬ 2006 BK-Ãn¬
750 an.-ao. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ag CXn\v as‰mcpZm-l-c-W-amWv. AtX-k-abw a¨kq¨
[mcm-f-ambn e`n-°p∂ B mw sImSnb hcƒ® t\cn-Sp-I-bpw, CXv Jmcn^v Irjnsb
kmc-ambn _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
2004 Unkw-_¿ 30 \v bp.-F.-C-bn¬ D≠mb a™p-hogvN as‰mcpZml-c-W-
amWv. A∂v Chn-SpsØ ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ a™p-hogvN D≠m-Ip-I-bpw, Xm]-\ne GI-
tZiw -5oc Bbn Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A‚m¿´n-°b- mWv Imem-hÿ
- m-hy-Xn-bm\w hfsc cq£-ambn _m[n-°p∂ as‰mcp
{]tZ-iw. ChnsS a™p-]m-fn-I-fm¬ aqS-s∏´p InS-∂n-cp∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ ]p√ph¿§-
Øn¬s∏´ sNSn-Iƒ hf-cm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Chn-SpsØ A¥-co£ Xm]-\n-e-
bn-ep≈ h¿≤-\-hmWv CXv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. a™p-]m-fn-Isf B{i-bn®v Pohn-°p∂
s]≥Kzn≥, IS¬∏-£n-Iƒ, ssiXy Pe a’y-߃ XpS-ßnb Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS \ne-
\n¬∏n-s\-bmWv CXv tNmZyw sNøp-∂-Xv.
2020 ¬ ssiXy-Im-e-ap-≠m-In√ F∂pw AXv hcpw Ime-ß-fn-te°v IqSn XpScpw
F∂pamWv ]T-\-߃ {]h-Nn-°p-∂-Xv. 2007 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ Xs∂ C¥y-bpsS hS°p
`mK-ß-fn¬ Xm]-\ne GI-tZiw 350 c Hmfw Db-cm-\n-S-bm-bn. KwKm-X-S-Øns‚ `qcn-`m-
Khpw s]mSn-°q-ºm-c-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXv tKmXºv Irjnsbbpw a‰p hnf-I-
sfbpw Imcy-ambn _m[n-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp.
11
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
C¥y-bpsS 50% tØmfw ssPh sshhn[yw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqe-ap≈
{]iv\-߃ t\cn-Sp-I-bm-Wv. ImSp-sh-´n-sØ-fn-°-epw, ag-bpsS e`y-X-bn-ep≈ Ipdhpw
CØcw {]iv\-߃°v B°w Iq´p-∂p. AXp-t]mse \ΩpsS ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿`e
{]tZ-i-ß-fmb ]p¬ta-Sp-Ifpw \mi-Øns‚ h°n-em-Wv.
kap-{Z-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne IqSp-∂-Xp-aqew, IS¬ Pe-Øns‚ AæXzw IqSp-I-bpw,
CXv ]hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fpsS \mi-Øn\v Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂
tXmtSm-Sp-Iq-Snb I°-t]m-ep≈ Poh-Pm-e-ßtfbpw Cu {]Xn-`mkw Imcy-ambn _m[n-
°p-∂p. IS¬Øo-c-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ I≠¬ h\-ßfpw kap-{Z-Pe \nc-∏p-bcp∂Xpaqew
sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
\ΩpsS tZim-S\ ]£n-I-fpw, a’y-ß-fpw, Xnanw-K-e-ß-fp-sa√mw BtKm-f-Xm-
]\w aqew cq£-amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-߃ t\cn-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch-bpsS PohnX
N{IsØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ ssPh-L-Sn-Im-c-Øn\v BtKmf Xm]\Øns‚ ^e-ambn
am‰w kw`-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CXv Ch-bpsS {]P-\-\-Im-e-b-f-hnepw a‰v {][m\ ssPh-{]-
{InbIfnepw am‰w hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
\Ωƒ C∂v t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp {]iv\-amWv ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fpsS
Bhn¿`m-h-hpw, B[n-Iy-hpw. CXp-h-tcbpw ]cn-Nn-X-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ Nn°≥Kp-\n-b-t]m-
ep≈ ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-hpw, AXp-t]mse Fen-∏-\n, a™-∏n-Øw,
ate-dnb XpSßn a‰p tcmK-ßfpw Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\Øns‚ ^e-ambn D≠m-bn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. A¥-co-£-Ønse IqSp∂ Xm]-\ne tcmKm-Wp-hm-l-I-cmb sImXp-
Iv, sN≈v XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS {]P-\-\sØ Iq´p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-Ncyw Hcp-°p-∂p.
IqSmsX BtKm-f-Xm]\tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®p≠m-Ip∂ sh≈-s∏m-°-hpw, hcƒ®bpw
CØcw ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fpsS hym]-\sØ hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-°p-∂p. hfsc
Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v ate-dnb IS∂p ]nSn-°p-I-bpw, NqSp≈ `mK-ß-fn-te°v
tImfd hym]n-°p-I-bpw, sNøp-∂p.
\ΩpsS imkv{X-tem-I-hpw, kaq-l-hp-sa√mw Xs∂ C∂v BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏-´p-≠m-Ip∂ ISpØ Imem-hÿm {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fmb NqSv, a™v, sh≈-s∏m-
°w, hcƒ®, sImSp-¶m-‰v, Npg-en-sIm-Sp-¶m‰v, Dcpƒs∏m-´¬ XpSßnbh-bn¬ Bi-¶m-
Ip-e-cm-Wv. CØcw {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fpsS Bh¿Ø-\-tØ-bpw Ah-bpsS cq£-X-tbbpw
XΩn¬ t\cn´v _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw Ahbv°v Hc-fhp hsc ]cn-lmcw ImWm\pw
BWv imkv{X-temIw {ian-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS HsØm-cp-an-®p≈ {]h¿Ø\w CXn\v
th≠ ^ew sNøp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°mw.

12
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w:
tIc-f-Øns‚ `mK-tYbw
tUm. {Xnhn-{IaPn
dn´. s{]m^. `ua-im-kv{X-hn-`m-Kw, tIcf k¿∆-I-em-ime

BapJw
Ign™ amkw kwÿm\ dh\yq hIp-∏n\v th≠n kwL-Sn-∏n® Hcp inev]-im-
e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ F\n°v Ah-kcw e`n-®p. Fs∂ G‰hpw BI¿jn® {]_‘w
BI-s´, sIm®n k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bnse Fa-cn-‰kv s{]m^-k¿ tUm. ]n.-]n. tPmk-^n-
t‚-Xpw. At±lw D]-kw-lcn-®-Xm-Is´ Xmsg ]dbpw hn[w. (1) Imem-hÿ hyXn-
bm\w \ΩpsS ]Sn-hm-Xp°¬ FØn°gn-™p. (2) Cu B≠n¬ Ip´-\m-´n¬ A\-h-
k-c-Øn¬ FØnb ag Ime-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ kqN-Ihpw A√.
]t£ c≠m-asØ hmZw Rm≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. ImcWw Cu A\-h-k-c-
Ønse h¿j-]m-X-hpw, Ign™ sIm√-ß-fnse tIcfw Nn°p≥Kp\nb t]mep≈
tcmK-hpw, CuUnkv sImXp-Ip-I-fpsS cwK-{]-th-ihpw F√mw Xs∂ Imem-hÿ
hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ tIfn-sIm´v Xs∂ BI-Ww.
]›m-Øew
Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w F∂ kw⁄ tIƒ°p-tºmƒ `qssh-⁄m-\n-I¿ Hgn-
sI-bp≈ imkv{X-Im-c-∑m¿ \S-∏n-√mØ kw`-h-ambmWv ho-£n-°p-∂Xv. 1984-˛¬ {]kn-
≤o-I-cn® Hcp ]pkvXIw 1980s‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ A∂sØ C¥y≥ {][m-\-a{¥n
Bbn-cp∂ cmPo-hvKm-‘n-°v, amen {]kn-U‚mb Kbqw Hcp tÉv hnkn-‰n-\n-S-bn¬
sImSp-°p-I-bpw, kap{Z-\n-c∏v Db-cp-tºmƒ amen F∂ cmPyw sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bm-Ip-sa-
∂pw, AXn-\m¬ C¥y°v F¥v sNøm-\m-Ip-sa∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
CXns\ B[m-c-am°n C¥y≥ Xoc-tZi tÉp-Iƒ°v F¥v Xc-Øn-ep≈ hn]-
Øm-Wv, kap-{Z-\n-c∏v Db-cp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ kw`hn°pI Fs∂mcp Xn´-s∏-Sp-ج,

13
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
1990-˛92¬ \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu ]T-\-Øn\v ]Ww \¬In-bXv tI{µ ]cn-ÿnXn
h\w a{¥m-e-b-hpw.
AXn-\p-tijw GXm≠v 15 h¿j-߃ Ign-™-t∏mƒ AXm-bXv 2007-˛¬ BWv
Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w ]Tn® A¥¿ k¿°m¿ IΩn‰n AXns‚ Ah-km-\sØ
dnt∏m¿´v sFIy-cmjv{S-k` sk{I-´dn P\-d-en\v ka¿∏n-®-Xv. C¥y≥ imkv{X-⁄-
\mb tUm. cmtP-{µIp-am¿ ]®ucn BWv Cu IΩn-‰n-bpsS Xe-h≥.
2007-˛se kam-[m-\-Øn-\p≈ t\mt_¬ kΩm-\w, tUm. ]®u-cn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´n-
\pw, ¢n‚¨ `c-W-Iq-S-Ønse sshkv{]-kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂ B¬tKm-dns‚ ‘The Incon-
venient Truth’ F∂ tlmfn-hpUv tUm°p-sa‚-dn°pw e`n-®p.
“Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-hpw, AXn-\m¬ D≠m-Im-hp∂ BtKmf {]iv\-ß-fp-
sSbpw t\¿°v, P\-{i≤ BI¿jn-°m≥ ta¬ hnh-cn® c≠v kwcw-`-߃°pw
km[n®p.” t\mt_¬ IΩn‰n A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. AXn-\m¬ BWv t\mt_¬ (k-am-[m-
\) ]pc-kvImcw Ch¿°v c≠p-t]¿°p-ambn \¬In-b-Xv.
Cu sNdnb teJ-\-Øn¬ Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\w, AXn\p Imc-W-amb lcn-
XKrl-hm-X-I-߃, kap{Z Pe-\n-c-∏ns‚ Db¿® AXn¬ s]´p≠m-Im-hp∂ s]mXp
\jvS-߃, {]iv\-߃, IqSmsX tIcfw t]mep≈ Hcp Xoc-tZi kwÿm-\-Øns‚
IjvS-\-jvS-߃ F∂n-h-bn-te°v \nß-fpsS {i≤ BI¿jn-°m≥ {ian-°mw.
tUm. ]®ucn IΩn-‰n-bpsS dnt∏m¿´n-s\-]‰n
Ime-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-sØ-]‰n ]Tn®v ka¿∏n® Ah-km-\sØ dnt∏m¿´nse
Hcp {][m\ {]Xn-]mZyw NphsS tN¿°p∂p ˛ “Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ ^e-
߃ {]mtZ-in-Ia- mbn hyXy-ÿa - m-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ Xs∂bpw samØ-Øn¬ BtKmf
Xm]-\ne Db-cp-∂X - n-\m¬, cmPy-ßf - psS hm¿jnI sNe-hp-Iƒ kmc-ambn h¿≤n°pw.”
DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, icm-icn BtKmf Xm]-\n-e, 1990-˛s\ At]-£n®v 1˛3o hsc
Db¿∂m¬ Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn-epw, Nne taJ-e-I-fnepw klm-b-I-c-amb am‰-ß-fmWv
kw`-hn-°p-I. F∂m¬ CXn\v hncp-≤-ambn a‰p-Nne {]tZ-i-߃°v, AXy¥w D]-{Z-
h-Im-cn-I-fmb Nne Ah-ÿ-Iƒ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-t∂-°pw.
Xmgv∂ tcJmwi {]tZ-i-ß-fpw, {[ph-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw Imemhÿ hyXn-bm-\-Øn\v
`oa-amb hn\ \¬tI-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂mWv A¥¿ k¿°m¿I-Ωn‰n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ Xm]-\ne 2˛3o hsc Db¿∂m¬, H´p-an° tZi-߃°pw h≥ hne
\¬tI≠n hcpw, Fs¥-∂m¬ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\w, ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse
an°-hmdpw taJ-e-Isf _m[n°psa∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an√ (]-´nI 1 ImWpI).
]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpw, s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ]e LS-I-ß-sfbpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-
bm\w _m[n-°p-a-t{X, DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v s]mXp kaq-l-Øns‚ Btcm-Kyw, Irjn,

14
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
]´n-I˛ 1 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w _m[n-°s
- ∏-Sm-hp∂ taJ-eI
- ƒ

l BtcmKyw
l Irjnbpw, `£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS e`y-Xbpw
l h\-߃
l Bhmk hyh-ÿ-I-fpw, ssPh sshhn-[yhpw
l kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏ns‚ Db¿®-bpw, Xoc-tZ-i-߃, Ahn-SsØ Bhmk hyh-
ÿ-Iƒ, a\p-jy¿, Pem-i-b-߃
l Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fpw, Du¿÷ e`y-X-bpw D]-tbm-Khpw
l s]mXp-ÿ-e-ßfpw, Ifnÿeßfpw
l {[ph-{]-tZ-i-߃
l cmPy-`m-K-߃
l A¥¿t±-iob Ahÿ
l cq£-amb kw`-h-߃ (extreme events)

Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ, Xoc-tZ-i-߃, NqSv, XWp∏v F∂n-h-bpsS am‰hpw F√mw Imem-

h-ÿ-bp-ambn At`Zy _‘w D≈-h-b-t{X.
Db-cp∂ Xm]-\ne \ΩpsS ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb _m[n®p F∂-Xn¬ X¿°-an-√. ipjvIn-
°p∂ lnam-\n-Iƒ (glaciers) ÿnc-ambn Dd-™n-cp∂ aÆn (permafrost) se a™v
Dcp-I¬, XSm-I-ß-fn-epw, \Zn-I-fnepap≈ Xma-kn®v hcp∂ a™v]m-fn-Iƒ hfsc
t\c-sØ-Xs∂ DcpIn A{]-Xy-£-am-I¬, t\ctØ Xs∂ ]pjv]n-°p∂ kky-ßfpw
hr£-ßfpw F√mw Imem-h-ÿ-bnse am‰-Øns‚ kqN-\-I-fm-Wv.
Db-cp∂ Xm]-\ne : Imc-W-߃
Db-cp∂ Xm]-\n-e°v apJy-Im-c-Ww, a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS Db¿∂, A\p-Zn\w Db-
cp-∂, PohnX \ne-hm-c-Ønse Pohn-X-{I-a-߃ Xs∂. Imdp-Iƒ, ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ,
sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\ tI{µ-߃ F∂nh ]´n-I-bnse Nne LS-I-߃ am{Xw. ta¬]-
d™ GsX-¶n-ep-samcp t^mkn¬ C‘-\-as√ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. AXm-b-Xv, {]Ir-Xn-
hm-X-Iw, s]t{Sm-fnbw D¬]-∂-߃ I¬°cn F∂n-h. Cu hkvXp-°ƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-
°p∂ {]tZ-iØv \n∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Zn°n-te-t°m, AYhm AXn-\n-S-bn¬ GsX-
¶nepw hn[-Ønse ip≤o-I-c-W-Ønt\m sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]mepw, aotY≥,
Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv XpS-ßnb hmX-I-߃ A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v FØn-t®-
cp-∂p. IqSmsX, D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ thf-bn¬ BIs´ ]e-Xcw ]pI-°p-g-ep-I-fn-eqsS
Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv t]mep≈ hmX-Iß - ƒ A¥-co£ hmbp-hn-te°v tNcp∂p.
15
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Cßns\ LS-\-am-dnb A¥-co-£-am-Is´ cm{Xn thf-I-fn¬ `qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-
Ønse (a-\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-hpw, A√m-ØXpw Bb) ]e hkvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-
tØ°v FØm≥ {ian-°p∂ temwKv thhv lo‰v tdUn-tb-js\ XS-™p-\n-dp-Øn,
troposphere se (Xm-gsØ A¥-co-£-Øn-se) Xm]-\n-esb (Hcp {Ko≥lu-kn¬
F∂ t]mse) sNdnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw {Ia-am-bn, XpS¿®-bmbn Db¿Øp-∂p. C{]-
Imcw icm-icn Xm]-\ne Db-cm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ hmX-I-ß-ft{X lcn-X-Krl hmX-
I-߃ AYhm {Ko≥lukv hmX-I-߃ (]-´nI 2).
]´nI ˛2 {][m\ lcn-X-Krl-hm-X-I-߃
C\w t{kmXkv

Im¿_¨ ssU ‘acn®’C‘-\-߃ IØn-°p-tºmƒ ˛ Jc-am-en-\y-߃,

HmIvsskUvv, (CO2) hr£ A-s√-¶n¬ kky-`m-K-߃, ac-km-[-\-߃ IØn-
°p-tºmƒ ˛ kna‚ v \n¿Ωm-W-Ønse cmk-{]-h¿Ø-
\߃ ˛ CwKme k∑oI-cWw cm{Xn-bn¬ \S-°m-Ø-Xp-
sIm-≠v.
FÆ, {]Ir-XnhmX-Iw, I¬°cn F∂n-h-bpsS Dev]m-Z-
antY≥, (CH4)
\w, {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v, I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ Abhnd-°p-tºmƒ
s\¬h-b-ep-Iƒ, Jc-am-en\yw No™-fn-bp-tºmƒ ˛ CO2
hnt\-°mfpw 20 aSßv Zqjyw sNøp-∂p.

ss\{Skv hyh-km-bi
- m-eI
- f
- n-epw, Irjn-bn-Sß - nepw \n∂v ˛ ‘acn®’
- f
HmIvsskUv (N2O) C‘-\-ß-fpw, Jc-am-en-\y-ßfpw IØn-°p-tºmƒ.

^vfqdn≥ Ie¿∂ \n¿Ωn-X-hm-X-I-ß-ƒ˛ hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn-emWv IqSp-X-

hmX-I-߃ embn D¬`-hn-°p-∂Xv ˛ tXmXv Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw AXy-
[nIw hn\m-i-Im-cn-bm-Wv.

1750 ¬ XpS-ßnb hyh-kmb hnπ-h-Øn\v tijw \S∂ a\p-jy-{]-h¿Øn-Iƒ

BWv, XmgsØ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ NqSv XS-™v\n-dp-Øp∂ lcn-X-`m-h\ hmX-I-ß-
fpsS Afhv {Iam-Xo-X-ambn Db¿Øn-b-Xv. Npcp-°n-]-d-™m¬ C∂sØ A¥-co-£-
Ønse hmX-I-ß-fpsS LS\ BIs´ 1750 s\ At]-£n®v hfsc hyXy-ÿ-am-Wv.
t^mkn¬ C‘-\-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-KØnse h¿≤-\, \K-c-h¬°-c-Ww, ]pXnb Irjn-
bn-S-߃ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ th≠nbp≈ h\-\-io-I-cWw F∂nh Npcp-°-Øn¬ `qan°v
Hcp \ho\ ‘Iºfw’ BWv kΩm-\n-®-Xv. Cßns\ amdnb A¥-co-£-hm-bp-hns‚
LS-\-bmWv C∂sØ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øn¬ `qansb FØn-®-Xv.
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w \ΩpsS ap≥]n¬ \n∂pw C\n amdp∂ {]iv\-an-√. Cu
\q‰m-≠n¬ 2˛4o C hsc Xm]-\ne Db-cp-a-t{X. Ign-™p-t]mb 10000 h¿j-ß-fn-te-Xn-
t\-°mfpw hfsc IqSp-X-et{X C∂sØ Ah-ÿ.

16
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Aan-X-amb Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\sØ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc ]nSn®v \ndp-Øm≥,
thKX Ipd-bv°m≥, lcnXKrl hmX-I-߃ D¬`-hn-°p-∂Xv Imcy-ambn Ipd-t°≠n
hcpw. ]t£ CXv hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ thKX Ipdbv-°m≥ am{Xw D]-I-cn°pw F∂mWv
\nK-a-\w. Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p∂ taJ-e-I-fpsS A]-I-S-Øns‚
kz`m-h-ßfmWv ]´nI 3˛¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]´nI {i≤n-®m¬, a\p-jys‚
\ne-\n¬]ns\ C{X-I≠v Bg-Øn¬ {Kkn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ Hcp hn]Øv thsdm-
∂n√- F∂v a\- n-em°mw

]´nI ˛ 3 Imem-hkvYm hyXn-bm\w:

A]-I-S-s∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ ˛ BtKm-f-X-eØn¬
taJe A]-I-S-Øns‚ kz`mhw
Bhmk hyhÿ 60% tØmfw {]tZ-i-߃ \mi-Øns‚ h°n-em-Wv. DZm:
a≤y Gjy-bnse Admƒ IS¬ ˛ ap≥Ime Imem-hÿ
hyXn-bm\w sIm≠v Ahmk hyhÿ ]pXnb {]tZ-i-ß-
fn-te°v amdn-˛-a-\pjy {]h¿Øn sIm≠v apdn™p Ij-W-
ß-fmb Bhm-kh - y-hÿ
- I
- ƒ £bn®v t]mb-Xn-\m¬, apIf-
fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®X - p-t]mse ]pXn-b{- ]-tZ-it- Ø°v (Zone) amdp-
∂n-√. am{X-a√ \in®p t]mhp-Ibpw sNøpw.
Pe-ta-Je 500 Zi-e£w a\p-jy¿ A¿≤-Du-jc {]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw 200
Zi-e£w a\p-jy¿ Duj-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw BWv Xmakw
˛ Ch-cpsS Pe-e-`yX Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ {]iv\ ]qcn-X-a-t{X-
˛-a-en-\-Pe amIs´ Ch-cpsS Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fn-te°v aSßn
FØp-∂p˛Irjn CSß-fn¬ \n∂pw hm¿∂p hcp∂ Pehpw
IqSn sh-≈sØ aeo-akw B°p-∂p˛ 2050 BIp-tºmƒ
Dt±iw 42 % a\p-jy¿ Pe-Z-cn{Z {]tZ-i-ß-fn-emhpw hkn-
°p-I˛ Xm]-\ne Db¿∂v acp-{]-tZiw Bhp∂ klmd≥
B{^n-°-bnse 30 Zi-e£w a\p-jy¿ \mSp-hn-t´m-Spw.
\Kc {]tZ-i-߃ 1900-˛¬ Dt±iw 160 tImSn AYhm 20% P\-߃ BWv \K-
c-ß-fn¬ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂Xv ˛ C∂v 330 tImSn AYhm 50%
Bfp-Iƒ \K-c-hm-kn-I-f-t{X˛ F∂m¬ 2050 BIp-tºmƒ
H´pan° Bfp-Ifpw (A-Xm-bXv 900 apX¬ 1000 tImSn hsc)
Xma-kn-°pI \K-c-ß-fn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
]uc kaqlw Imemh-ÿm- am-‰w, hnjm-Zw, t£m`w, am\-kn-I-`mcw F∂n-
(Civil Society) hsb Imcy-am-bn´v Db¿Øpw˛ Xnßn ]m¿°p∂ ]´-W-{]-
tZ-i-ß-fnse {Ia-k-am-[m-\sØ ta¬∏-d-™h kmc-ambn
_m[n-°pw˛ a\p-jy¿ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c sshc-Øns‚
Afhp Db-cpw.
17
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

taJe A]-I-S-Øns‚ kz`mhw

hnt\mZ k©mcw temI-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ 10% hcpw hnt\mZ k©m-c-Øns‚

]¶v-˛-Hcp SqdnÃv {]Xn-Zn\w 900 en‰¿ sh≈-amWv t\cnt´m
A√msXtbm D]- t bm- K n- ° pI ˛ ]e- c m- P y- ß - f p- s Sbpw
{][m\ dh\yq hcp-am\w hnt\mZ k©m-c-Øn¬ \n∂p-am-
Wv˛ s]mXpsh XWpØ tZi-ß-fnse Xm]-\ne Db-cp-∂-
Xn-\m¬, th\¬ {]tZiw At\z-jn-°p∂ hnt\mZ k©m-
cn-I-fpsS Imcy-ambn amdn adn-bp∂Xp sIm≠v, Ct°m
Sqdnkw taJ-e-X-I-cpw˛ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ `mKØv Zp -l-
amb Xm]-\ne hcpw.

F√m Poh-Pm-eß- ƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb {]IrXn hn`-hß - s- fbpw kuI-cy-ßs

- fbpw
BWv CXv am‰nadn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-Xv. Cu hn]Øv BZyw Zriy-am-Ip-∂Xv kap-{Z-P-e-
\n-c-∏ns‚ Db¿®-bn-em-Wv. Ht∂m ct≠m Un{Kn sk¬jykv Xm]-\ne icm-icn
Db-cp-tºmƒ c≠v Imcy-߃ kw`-hn°pw. H∂v kap-{Z-Øns‚ D]-cn-X-e-Ønse sh≈-
Øns‚ hym]vXn IqSpw ˛ AXm-bXv NqSp-sIm≠v ]Zm¿∞-߃°p-≠m-Ip∂ volu-
metric hnIm-kw. CXv kap-{Z-\n-c-∏ns\ Db¿Øpw. IqSmsX {[ph-ß-fnse a™p-]m-fn-
Iƒ {Ko≥em‚nse a™p-]m-fn-Iƒ, lnam-e-bw, B¬hvkv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse lnam-
\n-Iƒ, DcpIn ipjvIn®v Ah-bnse Pew kap-{Z-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cpw. c≠pw tNcp-
tºmƒ kap-{Z-\n-c∏v Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km\w ao‰-dp-Iƒ Db-cmsX \n¿hm-l-an-√.
C¥y-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ XocØv GXm≠v {]Xn-h¿jw 1.0 [Link] F∂ tXmXn¬ Pe-
\n-c∏v Db-cp-∂-Xmbn tUm. DÆn-Ir-jvW\pw Iq´-cpw, ‘Id‚ v kb≥kv’ (2006) F∂
tP¿W-en¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hcp teJ-\-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®p. (C-t±lw tUm. ]®-ucn
A≤y-£-\mb IΩn-‰n-bnse Hcp AwK-hpamWv). Ing-°≥ Xoc-Ønse tXmXv
0.75 [Link] At{X.
Cßs\ Pe-\n-c∏v Db-cp-tºmƒ, tIc-f-Øns‚ {]tXyI kml-N-cy-Øn¬
(]-´nI 4) tIcf Xoc-{]-tZ-ih- m-kn-Isf Imcy-ambn _m[n-°pw. Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ IS¬Xo-
c-Øns\ sXms´m-cpΩn At\I e£w P\X BWv A¥n-bp-d-ßp-∂-Xpw, PohnXw
sI´n-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xpw.
ChnsS IS-em-{I-aWw F√m a¨kq¨ ImeØpw P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Xmf-\ne
Xmdp-am-dm-°p-∂p. Pe-\n-c∏v Db¿∂m¬ IS¬-˛-Ic th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ tcJ Ing-t°m´p
amdpw. AXm-b-Xv, 100 ao‰¿ Pe-hn-Xm\w Db-cp-tºmƒ, Cu tcJ 100 ao‰¿ D≈n-te°v
(In-g-t°m-´p) amdpw F∂t{X {]kn-≤-\mb Prof. Brunn, \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu
Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Fs¥ms° Xc-Øn-emWv Xoc-tZ-isØ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ apX¬ P\-
Po-hnXw hsc amdp-∂Xv F∂v Hcp \nanjw Btem-Nn®v t\m°q. ]´nI 5˛¬ hnh-cn-
®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw AX-\p-k-cn®v \ΩpsS \mSns\ apgp-h≥ (A-Xm-bXv ae-\m-Sv, CS-\m-Sv,
Xoc-tZiw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse Pohn-X-{I-asØ Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w sIm≠v D≠m-
18
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

]´nI ˛ 4 tIcfw: Nne `uXnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

(-A-h-ew_w: {Xnhn-{I-a-Pnbpw A\n-cp-≤-\pw, (1991)

hnkv{Xo¿Æw : 38,836 N.-In.-an.

P\-kwJy : 31.8 Zi-e£w (sk≥k-kv, 2001)
hy‡n-KX NXp-c-Øns‚ hiw = 32 ao‰¿
P\km{µX : N.-In.-ao-‰-dn¬ 798 Bƒ
ae-\mSv : (Dbcw 75.0 ao. apI-fn¬) = 18696 N.-In.-ao, AYhm samØw
hnkvXo¿Æ-Øns‚ 41.76%
Xoc-tZiw : (D--bcw 7.5 ao‰-dn\v Xmsg)
a. XmW Xoc-{]-tZiw = 2992 N.-[Link]
b. Db¿∂ Xoc {]tZiw = 980 N.-[Link]

°p∂ Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e-bpw, AXn-\m¬ amdp∂ ag-°m-ew, th\¬°m-ew, kap-{Z-P-

e-\n-c-∏ns‚ Db¿®-bpw) {Kkn-°p∂ Hcp hn]-ØmWv Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\w. Cu
hn]-Øn\v Hcp {]tXy-I-Xsb D≈q. CXv “C∂v C√mØ {]iv\w” BWv AXm-bXv
Hcp absent problem. AXp Xs∂-bmWv \ΩpsS s]mXp kaqlw Cu hn]-Øns\
{i≤n-°m-Ø-Xpw, CXns\ \n m-c-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xpw. F∂m¬ Cu A]-I-SsØ
ap∂n¬ I≠v, ASpØ Xe-ap-dsb c£n-°m-\mbn imkv{X-temIw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬
{iaw Ft∂ XpS-ßn-°-gn-™p.
1990-˛92 ¬ Xoc-tZ-iØv kap-{Z-\n-c∏v Db-cp-∂Xv D≠m-°m-hp∂ \jvS-Øns‚
hen∏w Hcp kmºnƒ k¿t∆-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, tI{µ ]cn-ÿnXn a{¥m-e-b-
Øns‚ [\-k-lm-b-Øn¬ s{]m^. Fkv. A\n-cp-≤\pw Rm\pw tN¿∂v Xn´vs]-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≠v. A∂sØ hne-\n-e-hmcw am{Xw B[m-c-am°n tIc-f-Ønse Db¿∂
Xoc-tZ-iØpw (A-Xm-bXv 7.5 ao‰-dn\v ta¬) XmW Xoc-{]-tZ-iØpw (A-Xm-bXv 7.5
ao‰-dn\v Xmsg) tN¿∂v samØw 8337 tImSn cq]-bpsS hkvXp-\jvSw D≠m-tb°pw
F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-tN¿∂p. R߃ CXn-te°v C∂sØ IS¬-Ic tcJ-
bn¬ \n∂pw 500 ao‰¿ Ic {]tZ-isØ Hcp kmºnƒ k¿t∆ BWv \S-Øn-b-Xv. kap-
{Z-\n-c∏v 1.00 ao‰¿ Db¿∂m¬ F¥m-bn-cn°pw \jvSw F∂ tNmZy-amWv D∂-bn-®-Xpw.
AXm-bXv tUm. ]®u-cn- IΩ-‰n-bpsS BZysØ dnt∏m¿´v hcp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v BWv
Cu ]T\w \S-Ø-W-sa∂v Xocp-am\w h\w ]cn-ÿnXn a{¥m-ebw FSp-Ø-Xv. Cu
Kth-jWw \S∂ ImeØv Xs∂bt{X CØcw ]T\w \S-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏´ {io.
cmPo-hvKm-‘n, Zmcp-W-ambn sIme-s∏-´-Xpw.
CØcw hn]-Øns‚ BLmXw Ipd-°m-\pw, Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚
thKX Ipd-°m-\pw, imkv{X-temIw Hcp Xo{h-]-cn-{i-a-Øn-em-Wv, H∏w \nc-h[n hy‡n-
I-fpw, {Kq∏p-Ifpw a‰pw.
19
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

]´nI ˛ 5 Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ `mK-t[bw

(Ah-ew_w ˛ {Xnhn-{IwPn, 2008, tIc-f-]-cn-ÿnXn tIm¨{K- n¬
D]-N¿®-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn® Ipdn-∏v)

ae\mSv CS-\mSv Xoc-tZiw

Dbcw 75.0 ao‰-dn\v ta¬ 7.5 ˛ 75.0 ao‰-dn\v CS-bn¬ 7.5 ao‰-dn\v Xmsg

Im¿jnI ssPh Im¿jnI ssPh Im¿jnI ssPh

sshhn≤yw sshhn≤yw sshhn≤yw
Db¿∂ Xm]- \ n- e , \o≠ Db¿∂ Xm]- \ n- e , \o≠ XÆo¿ØS-ß-fpsS
hcƒ® F∂nh hm¿jnI hcƒ® F∂nh hm¿jnI hnkvXrXn IqSpw ˛ ]t£
A¿≤ hm¿jnI Irjn, A¿≤ hm¿jnI Irjn, ehW Afhv Db¿∂
AXnse hcp- a m\w F∂n- AXnse hcp- a m\w F∂n- ssPh-hy-h-ÿsb
hsb Npcp-°pw. Zo¿L-Ime hsb Npcp-°pw. Zo¿L-Ime _m[n°pw ˛ ]gb C\-
hnfIfnse BZmbw hnfIfnse BZmbw ߃°p ]Icw ]pXnb C\-
Ipdbpw £p{Z-Po-hn-I-fpsS Ipdbpw £p{Z-Po-hn-I-fpsS ߃ hcpw.
B{I- a Ww Dbcpw ]t£ B{I- a Ww Dbcpw ]t£
Ah-bpsS Poh-N{Iw amdn- Ah-bpsS Poh-N{Iw amdn-
tb-°pw. tb-°pw.
Pe sshZypXn
ag-Ime-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw Ipd™ ag- b n¬ `qP- e - \ n- Km¿lnI sshZypXn D]-
Db-cp-∂Xp sIm≠v Pe-ssh- c∏v Xmgp∂Xn\m¬, tbmKw h¿≤n-°pw.
ZypXn Dev ] mZ- \ Øns‚ Irjn°pw IqSn-°m\pw IqSp-
Afhp Ipdbpw ˛ ]t£ X¬ Bg- Ø n¬ \n∂pw
Xm]- \ ne Db¿∂- X n- \ m¬ sh≈w ]ºv sNtø≠n
Id‚ns‚ D]-t`mKw \t∂ hcpw. AXn-\m¬ sshZypXn
IqSpw. ^m\p- I ƒ, [Link] D]-tbmKw Db-cpw.
Iƒ F∂nh IqSp- X ¬
kabw D]- t bm- K n- t °≠n
hcpw.
a\pjy kaqlw
ae-\m-Sn¬ \n∂pw a‰v {]tZ- ]c-kv]c s]cp-am-‰-Øns‚ ]c-kv]c s]cp-am-‰-Øns‚
i-tØ°v amdn-Øm-akw XpS- `mhw amdpw ˛ IqSp- X ¬ `mhw amdpw ˛ IqSp- X ¬
ßpw. tcmjw, hnjm-Zw, kwL¿jw tcmjw, hnjm-Zw, kwL¿jw
F∂nh IqSpw. F∂nh IqSpw.
kzm`m-hnI h\-߃
Im´pa-c-ßfpsS C\-Øn¬ aÆn- e pw hmbp afi- e - XmW-Xo-c-tZ-itØ _o®p-I-
KWy- a mb Ipdhv ˛ Ipd- Øns‚ Nph-´nepw Xm]\ne fpsS hnkvXo¿Æw Ipdbpw
bp∂ ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw ˛ Db-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ aÆnsebpw, ˛ H∏w hoSp-Iƒ, Irjn-Iƒ
AXn- \ m¬ Pohn- hmbp- h n- s ebpw Pemwiw F∂n-hbv°pw \jvSw hcpw˛
sshhn≤yhpw Ipd- b pw˛ \t∂ Ipd- b pw˛ Im¿jnI IS-em-{I-aW ImeØv Db-

20
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

ae\mSv CS-\mSv Xoc-tZiw

Dbcw 75.0 ao‰-dn\v ta¬ 7.5 ˛ 75.0 ao‰-dn\v CS-bn¬ 7.5 ao‰-dn\v Xmsg

\nXy- l - c nX h\- ß - f psS ssPh sshhn≤yw cp∂ kap{Z\nc- ∏ n- \ m¬

kzm`m-hn-IX iqjvIn-°pw˛ i q j v I n - ° p w ˛ \jvS-߃ ]e-a-Sßv Db-
\o≠-h-cƒ®Imew Gew, d∫¿]mens‚ hm¿jnI cpw˛ Xoc-tZi tdmUp-Iƒ,
{Kmºq, tXbn- e , Im∏n Dev]m-Z\w \t∂ Xmgpw ˛ Pe- h n- X - c W°pg- e p- I ƒ,
F∂n- h - b psS Dev ] m- Z - \ - H∏w Krl- ] - c n- k - c - t Xm- ´ - km\n-t´-j≥ kuI-cy-߃
tijn Ipd-bv°pw. ßfpw hcfpw ˛ £oc-I¿j- F∂n-h-bn¬ `qP-e-Øn¬
I¿°p≈ hcp- a m\w A[n-I-tXm-Xn¬ Ie-cp∂
Ipdbpw ˛ a‰p `£y-hn-f- D∏p- s h≈w _e- £ bw
Iƒ°pw Dev]m-Z\ tijn- D≠m-°pw.
Ip-dbpw.

aÆpw, aÆnse t]mjI

hkvXp-°fpw
i‡n Gdnbh¿j-]m-X-hpw, Db- c p∂ h¿j- ] mXhpw ˛ kap- { Z- \ n- c ∏v Db- c p- ∂ - X p-
\o≠- h - c ƒ®bpw A[n- I - \ofp-∂-h-cƒ®bpw sIm≠v sIm≠v XoctZ- i - ` q- P - e -
asÆmen-∏n-\pw, t]mj-I-h- aÆns‚ kØv \jvS-s∏Spw Øns‚ kz`mhw amdn, D∏p-
kv X p- ° - f psS \jv S Ø- ˛ Irjn kº-Øn-s\-km-c- c- k - a p≈Xmbn- Ø ocpw ˛
Øn\pw hgn- s bm- c p°pw ˛ ambn _m[n°pw ˛ KpW sI´n- S - ß ƒ, Iep¶p- I ƒ,
aÆns‚ KpW- t a∑ Npcp- ta∑ Gdnb aÆns‚ ]me- ß ƒ F∂n- h - b psS
ßpw. hnkvXo¿Æw Npcp-ßpw. ^ut≠j- \ p- I ƒ°v Ime-
{I- t aW IqSp- X ¬ thK-
Øn¬ _e-£bw hcpw.

tabv 5˛mw XobXn ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb \yqkvho°v Gjy≥ ]Xn-∏nse apJy D]-

\ymkw Xs∂ “How They Govern Green” F∂m-Wv. kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-I¿ temI-saßpw
Db-cp∂ Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ Bi-¶m-Ip-e-cm-b-t∏mƒ, Ah-cpsS t\Xm-°-fpw, Cu {]iv\w
IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em°n “lcn-X-h≠n” bn¬ CSw tXSp∂p; H∏w CXp-hsc amdn-\n∂
{io. tPm¿Pv _pjpw.
IqSmsX CtX \yqkvho°v e°-Øn¬ Fs∂ BI¿jn® ˛ “\ΩpsS `qansb
c£n-°m≥ ]Øv \n¿t±-i-߃” ˛ Rm≥ \nß-fpsS ap∂n¬ \nc-Ømw. Hcp Nn¥m-hn-
j-a-am-bn-sb∂p food for thought Bbn am{Xw.
\n¿t±-i-߃ Ch-b-t{X. Anne Underwood BWv Cu \n¿t±-i-߃ kw{K-
ln®v Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv.
1. “kotdm ]mgvhkvXp-°ƒ” t]∏¿, πmÃn-°p-Iƒ, Aep-an-\nbw F∂n-h-bpsS re-
cycling AYhm ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw H∏w 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-s‚-bpw. em‚ v^n-√p-Iƒ
F∂v ]d-bp∂ knÃ-Øn-te°v FØn-t®-cp∂ F√m hn`-h-ß-fpw Fs∂-t∂-°p-
ambn \jvS-am-hp-∂p. Ah Hcn-°epw ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂n-√.
21
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
2. LED _ƒ_p-Iƒ
Cu _ƒ_p-Iƒ IØp-tºmƒ ]IpXn Id‚ v am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≈q; tkh\
Ime-Øn\v F´v aSßv ssZ¿Lyw D≠v; CXn¬ sa¿°pdn eh-teiw t]mepw
C√. 40 hm´v _ƒ_ns‚ {]Imiw Xcp∂ Hcp LED _ƒ_n\v GI-tZiw US$
40.00 AYhm 1600 cq] hne sImSp-°-Ww. hne Ipd-°m≥ D≈ Kth-jWw
]Wn-∏p-c-bn¬ BWv. Clinton Climate Initiative-w, Lennis Lighting F∂ Iº-
\nbpw tN¿∂v temIsØ 40 {][m\ ]´-W-ß-fn¬ Cu _ƒ_v FØn-°m≥
D≈ {iaw Bcw-`n-®p-I-gn-™p.
3. “lcn-Xm`” Gdnb tKmƒ^v tImgvkp-Iƒ
IqSnb Af-hn¬ IoS-\m-in-\nbpw sh≈hpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂ A]-JymXn
tKmƒ^v tImgvkp-Iƒ t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. Hmtcm tKmƒ^v tImgvkn-sebpw 22 G°¿
ÿew Hcp-Xcw “ssh¬Uv sse^v Bhmkw” B°n am‰p-Ib - mWv ]pXnb ]≤Xn
IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-°p-I, hocyw Ipd™ IoS-\m-in\n D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-I. CXmWv ]pXnb coXn.
4. Hcp Xcw ]d-Øp∂ “]´w” sI´nb I∏-ep-Iƒ, C‘\ D]-tbmKw Ipd-°pw. DZm-
l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp henb I≠-bn-\¿ I∏¬ Hcp Ata-cn-°≥ Kme≥ C‘\w
sIm≠v 37 ASn Zqcw BWv IS-°p-I. AXm-bXv 200 tImSn _mc¬ s]t{Sm-fnbw
BWv Hcm-≠n¬ jn∏nwKv hyh-kmbw Hcp cmPy-am-sW∂v Icp-Xn-bm¬, Im¿_¨
Fan-j-\n¬ Ggmw ÿm\w t\Spw. AXp-sIm≠v henb Hcp ]´w ˛ Hcp ^pSv_mƒ
^o¬Uns‚ hen∏w ˛ b{¥-k-lm-b-tØmsS Db¿Øp-Ibpw XmgvØp-Ibpw sNø-
W-sat∂ D≈q ]co-£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp P¿Ω≥ Iº\n Cu kwhn-[m\w
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
5. πmÃnIv tkmfm¿ sk√p-Iƒ I\w Ipd-™-Xpw, hne \t∂ Ipd-™Xpw Bb
\qX\ tkmfm¿ sk√p-Iƒ, Im¿_¨ Fan-j≥ Imcy-ambn Ipd-°pw. km‚m
_m¿_-d-bn¬ Imen-t^m¿Wnb bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse ^nknIvkv s{]m^-k-
dm-b, Ae≥ loK¿ (2000-˛¬ sIan-kv{Sn-bn¬ t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v)
CØcw I\w Ipd™ πmÃnIv tkmfm¿ sk√p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI
hnZy Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. Cu hne-Ip-d™ t^mt´m thmƒS-bn¬ \mt\m
Nn∏p-Iƒ, πmÃnIv ^nen-an¬ X\nsb “H´n-∏n-Sn°p” as{X. CØcw ^nen-ap-Iƒ
lm≥Uv_m-Kn¬ t]mepw ]Xn-°mw. KpWtam Aßns\ e`n-°p∂ Id‚ v
samss_¬ t^m¨ Nm¿Pv sNøm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. k©m-c-th-f-bn¬
t]mepw.
6. Imem-hÿ kwc-£n-°p∂ D]-t`mK hkvXp-°ƒ am{Xw hmßpI D]-tbm-Kn-
°pI climate [Link] F∂ website ]cntim-[n-®m¬ \mw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°v
Cu bXv\-Øn¬ Fßns\ ]s¶-Sp°mw F∂v hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
7. B]v{Sm (Aptera) F∂ sNdnb Imdv ssl{_nUv C‘\w D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp Ata-
22
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
cn-°≥ Kme≥ C‘-\-Øn¬ 300 ssa¬ k©-cn-°p-∂p. US$ 30,000. {IqUn\v
US$ 120 Bbm¬ t]mepw Cu Im¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv AXy¥w em`-I-c-am-Wv.
Imen-t^m¿Wn-b-bnse Aptera Motors BWv \n¿Ωm-X-°ƒ.
8. P\-e-£-߃°v \ho\ ASp-∏p-Iƒ
GXm≠v 200 tImSn Bfp-Iƒ Blmcw thhn°p∂Xv Hcp-Xcw {]mIrX ASp-∏p-
I-fn-em-Wv. AXm-bXv an°-hmdpw NqSv ]m{X-Øn¬ X´msX ]cn-k-c-tØ°v
]mbp∂p. Imcy-£-a-amb ASp-∏p-Iƒ, Im¿_¨ Fan-j≥ Ipd-°pw, h\-\-io-I-
c-Whpw.
hnPbv tamUn F∂ sImfw-_nb bqWn-th-gvkn‰n F≥Pn-\o-b¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv,
Hcm-≠n¬ 5 AwK-ß-fp≈ IpSpw_w icm-icn 3 S¨ hndIv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
Ch¿ B≠n¬ Hcp S¨ hndIv em`n-®m¬ Hcp SÆn¬ IqSp-X¬ CO2 Fan-j≥
Ipd-°mw.
sImf-dm-tUm-bnse Envirofit International F∂ Iº\n aq∂p tamU-ep-Iƒ CXn-
\-\p-k-cn®v Itºm-f-Øn¬ FØn®p Ign-™p. sj¬ ^ut≠-j≥ (Shell Foun-
dation) US$ 2.5 tImSn Cu ASp∏v C≥Uy, B{^n-°, em‰n≥ Ata-cn° F∂n-
hn-S-ß-fnse Hcp tImSn hoSp-I-fn¬ FØn-°m-\m-bn.
9. “]gb hnf--Iƒ°v ]pXnb thcp-Iƒ” (New roots for old crops)
hm¿jnI kky-ß-tf-°mfpw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-at{X ÿnc (perennials) kky-߃
ss\{S-P≥ hfm-[n-jvSn-X-amb \ho\ Irjn-co-Xn, \ΩpsS P\-kwJy 1960 se 300
tImSn-bn¬ \n∂pw, C∂sØ 660 tImSn-bn¬ FØm≥ klm-bn-®p. F∂m¬
Cu Irjn-coXn `qP-ew, D]-cn-X-e-P-ew, aÆv F∂n-hsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-
®p. IqSmsX tImSn IW-°n\v ta¬a-Æv, B≠n¬ H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ {]mhiyw
Dgp-I-bpw, hnf-sh-Sp∏v \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-I≠v \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AXn-\m¬ Im≥kkv tÉnse Land Institute ¬, related wild varieties Ifp-ambn
cross breeding \S-Øn, corn, wheat, sorghum, sunflower F∂n-hsb perennial
kky-ß-fm°n Kth-jWw XpS-ßn-°-gn-™p. hnP-bn-®m¬ G‰hpw A[nIw
kt¥m-jn-°p-∂Xv `qan-Xs∂ At√.
10. “lcnXw P\-]-£-Øn¬” (Democratisation of green) kaq-l-Ønse sNdnb
kº∂ hn`m-K-Øns‚ am{Xw Bh-iy-߃°m-bn, {Ko≥ products \n∂m¬ henb
{]tbm-P\w H∂pw `qan°v D≠m-hm≥ km[y-X C√. AXn-\m¬ Seatchi & Seatchi
F∂ Iº-\n-bpsS temI kn.-C.-H. Bb Adam Werbach, {]apJ D¬]m-Z-I-cp-
ambn kl-I-cn®v Ah-cpsS {_m≥Up-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ green Bbn s]mXp-k-aq-l-
Øn¬ FØn-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p, klm-bn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v NqSn\v ]Icw
XWpØ sh≈-Øn¬ Ae-°m≥ ]‰nb tkm∏p s]mSn Xs∂. Ata-cn-°-bn¬
am{Xw Cu coXn D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬, tIymt´m e£y-ß-fpsS 8% Ata-cn° ssIh-
cn-°p-a-t{X.
23
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Npcp°w
Cu D]-\ymkw Cßns\ D]-kw-l-cn-°mw.
1. Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w \ΩpsS ]Sn-°-se-Øn. C\n \ap°v CXns‚ B°w
Ipd-°p-I-bpw, thKX Ipd-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ am{Xta ]‰p-I-bp≈q.
2. AXn\v th≠n \ΩpsS PohnX \ne-hm-c-Øn\v tIm´w hcm-sX, Pohn-X-ssi-en,
{]tXy-In®pw t^mkn¬ C‘\ D]-tbmKw, h\h¬°-c-Ww, F∂n-h-bn¬
{i≤n®v Im¿_¨ Fan-j≥ Ipd-°p-I.
3. Cßns\ ]pXnb ssien kzoI-cn-®m¬ am{Xta hcpw-X-e-ap-dbv°v kt¥m-j-I-c-
ambn Pohn-°m≥ Ah-kcw Dd-∏m-Iq.
4. AXn-\m¬ Im¿_¨ Fan-js‚ D¤-hw, Fßns\ Ipd-°mw, AXn\v Hmtcm
]uc-s‚bpw [¿Ω-˛-I¿Ω-߃ F¥mWv F∂ Imcy-߃°v h≥ {]N-cWw
\¬tI≠n hcpw.
5. CXn\v ap≥ssI k¿°m-cpw, PRI Ifpw BWv FSp-t°-≠-Xv. Znh-khpw Hcp
{]mh-iy-sa-¶nepw \m´p-Imsc Cu {]-iv\-Øns‚ hi-ßsf∏‰n Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°m≥
Hcp ]≤Xn Xøm-dm°n \S-∏m-°p-I.

24
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Im¿_Wpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\hpw

tUm: Ia-em-£≥ sIm°¬
{]n≥kn-∏¬ kbn‚n^nIv Hm^o-k¿
tIcf kwÿm\ imkv{X-k-t¶-XnI ]cn-ÿnXn Iu¨-kn¬

BapJw
Imem-h-ÿ-bpw, Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Xs∂ AwKo-
I-cn-°p-Ibpw `hn-j-Øp-Isf t\cn-Sm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ N¿®m-hn-j-b-ambnØocpI-
bpw C¥ybS°w ]e cmPy-ß-fpw H´-\-h[n I¿Ω ]≤XnIƒ Xø-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-
bm-Wv. kmº-ØnI hf¿®bpw a‰pw hf-sc-b-[nIw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv CØcw
sh√p-hn-fn-Isf F{X-am{Xw Imcy-£-a-X-tbmsS t\cn-Sm-\p≈ Bkq-{XW I¿Ω-]-≤-
Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ Hmtcm cmPy-Øn-\pap≈ Ign-hn-s\-bm-Wv. Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w Hcp kXy-am-sW-∂n-cns° Poh-t‚-bpw, Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-tSbpw
\ne-\n¬∏n\v `ojWn krjvSn-°p∂ Cu h≥hn]-Øns\ Fßs\ Imcy-£-a-ambn
t\cn-Smw? BtKmf `£y kpc-£-bpw, s]t{Sm-fnbw DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS A\n-b-{¥n-X-
amb hne h¿≤-\bpw a‰pw sIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\ ]c-º-c-Iƒ temI-Øm-I-am\w
{Kkn-®n-cn-°p∂ C∂sØ ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Ftßm-t´-°mWv t]mtI-≠-sX-∂-dn-
bmsX cmPy-X-{¥-⁄-∑m¿ hsc A¶-em-∏n-em-Wv. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-sØ-°p-
dn®v ]Tn-°p∂ A¥m-cmjv{S kan-Xn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v {]Imcw Xoc-tZi {]tZ-i-ß-ƒ,
F°¬a-¨ {]tZ-i-߃, Ime-h¿jw, Chsb F√mw Xs∂ CXv Imcy-ambn _m[n-
°p-sa-∂mWv Nq≠n-°m-´n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. A¥-co£ Xm]-\n-e-bn-ep≈ h¿≤-\hv `£y-
£m-atØbpw cq£-am-°pw.
lcnX Krl-hm-X-I-߃
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂v han-°p∂ Aƒ{Sm-h-b-e‰v civan-Iƒ `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ ]Xn-
®-Xn\p tijw C≥{^msdUv civan-I-fmbn {]Xn-^-en®v A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Xncn-s®-
Øp-I-bmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fmb
Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvssk-Upw, aotX≥, ss\{Skv HmIvssk-Uv, Cu¿∏w, Hmtkm-¨
XpS-ßnb hmX-I-ß-fpsS A¥-co-£-Ønse B[nIyw `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂v
25
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
{]Xn-^e - n-s®-Øp∂ C≥{^m-
sdUv civan-Isf IqSp-Xe - mbn
BKo- c Ww sNøp- I bpw
A¥-co-£-Øns‚ _mly-`m-
K- t Ø°v t]mIp- ∂ Xv XS-
bpIbpw, XZzmc A¥-co-£-
Øn¬ Dujv a - h ¿≤- \ hv
D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a\p-
jys‚ Im¿jnI hymh-km-
bn- I - a mb {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ
aqew A¥-co-£-Øn¬ lcn-
X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃
D≠mIp∂p. `qan°v {]IrXym
Xs∂ Dujva hyXn-bm-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb Hcp hyh-ÿnXn D≠v.
icm-icn kqcy-\n¬ \n∂v `qan-bn-te°v ]Xn-°p∂ hnIncW-ß-fpsS 1/3 `qan-bn¬
]Xn-°p-I-bpw, {]Xn-^-en®v Xncn®v iq\ym-Im-i-tØ°v t]mIp-I-bpamWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
_m°n 2/3 `mKw kap-{Z-ß-fpw, `qanbpw hen-s®-Sp-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
hymh-km-bnI hnπ-h-Øn\v ap≥]v A¥-co-£-Ønse Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvssk-
Uns‚ tXmXv 280 mg/l Bbn-cp∂p F¶n¬ C∂v AXns‚ tXmXv 375 mg/l Bbn
Db¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. 1960 \v tijw hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ hyXn-bm-\-߃ Ds≠-¶n-
epw, A¥-co-£-Ønse Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUpw {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn Db¿∂p-h-
cp-∂-Xm-bmWv \nco-£n-W-^-e-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CO2 s‚ A¥-co-£-Ønse
h¿≤-\-hn-\-\p-k-cn-®v, Dujvam-hns‚ h¿≤-\hpw kw`-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. 2005 se hni-I-
e\w A\p-k-cn®v t^mkn¬ C‘-\-ß-fpw, kna‚ v DXv]m-Z-\hpw, Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-
km-b-ß-fp-amWv CO2s‚ {][m-\- t{kmX- p-I-fmbn Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. hnI-knX
cmjv{S-ß-fpsS h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ Du¿÷m-h-iy-߃ ÿnXn IqSp-X-embn hjfm°p-
∂p- ≠ v . icm- i cn Hcp
C¥y≥ ]ucs‚ Btfm-
lcn Du¿tPm- ] - t bm- K -
Øns‚ 34 Cc-´n-tbm-f-
amWv Hcp Ata-cn-°≥
]uc\v Bh- i y- a mbn
hcp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw
hnI- k nX cmjv { S- ß ƒ
A¥-co-£-Ønse lcn-
X- Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS
h¿≤- \ - h n\v {][m\
]¶mWv hln- ° p- ∂ Xv
F∂v a\- n-em-°mw.

26
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
`qan-bpsS D¤-h-Øn-\p-tijw ]e Ime-L-´-ß-fn-em-bn, {]Ir-Xym-ep≈ Imc-W-
ß-fm¬ Xs∂ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ CO2 s‚ tXmXn¬ h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-hp-I-bpw, B\p-]m-
Xn-I-ambn A¥-co£ Dujvam-hn¬ hyXn-bm-\-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-
≠v. lnamkwlXn (Glaciation) Bhn¿`m-h-hpw, CS-°m-e-Øp≈ a™p-cp-Iepw Nm{In-
I-am-bn´v XpS-cp∂ {]{In-b-I-fm-sW-∂mWv a\- n-em-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
A¥-co-£-Øn¬ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ CO2 s\ Fßs\ \o°w sNømw?
]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ imkv{Xmt\z-j-W-
߃ \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CO2 s\ BKn-cWw
sNøm≥ Ign-hp≈ Im¿_¨ kw`-cWnI-
fp≠v. {]Ir-Xym-ep-≈X - pw, Ir{Xn-aa
- m-bX
- p-amb
c≠p hn[Øn-ep≈ kw`-c-Wn-I-fmWv (Sinks)
{][m-\-s∏-´-h. {]IrXn hn`-h-ß-fmb h\-
ßfpw kap-{Z-ßf - pw, aÆp-amWv {][m-\a - mbpw
A¥-co-£-Ønse CO2 s\ hen-s®-Sp-°m≥
Ign-hp≈ kw`-c-Wn-I-fmbn KWn-°-s∏-´n-´p-
≈Xv. A¥-co-£-Ønse CO2 s\ hr£-
߃ hen-s®-Sp-Øv, {]Im-i-kw-t«-j-W-Øn-
eqsS h\-Øn-t‚-bpw, XZzmc aÆn-t‚bpw `mK-
ambn am‰-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cßs\ {]Xn-h¿jw
\o°w sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv
60 Zi-e£w SÆn-te-sd-bm-Wv. AXp-t]mse
Xs∂ kap-{Z-߃°pw CO2 s\ Bhm-ln-
s®Sp-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠v. {]Xn-h¿jw kap-
{Z- ß ƒ A¥- c o- £ - Ø n¬ \n∂pw \o°w
sNøp∂ Im¿_¨ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS Afhv
2000 Zi-e-£-Øn-te-sd-bm-Wv. aÆn¬ Aen-
™p-tN-cp∂ hr£-ß-fp-tS-bpw, kky-ß-fp-tSbpw Ah-in-jvS-ß-fpsS henb Hc-fhpw
Im¿_¨ kwbp-‡-ßfpw A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂v \o°w sNøp-∂p-≠v. ^mIvS-dn-I-
fn¬ \n∂pw, _ln¿K-an-°p∂ CO2 s\ Ir{Xn-a-am¿§-Øn-eqsS kap-{Zm-¥¿ `mK-tØ°v

27
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
]ºp-sNbvXv `uaX-Sm-I-߃ D≠m-°p∂
coXn-Ifpw ]co-£-W-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. AXp-
t]mse CO2 s\ `uam-¥¿`m-K-tØ°v ]ºp-
sNbvXv inem-kvX-c-ß-fn¬ tiJ-cn-°-s∏-
Sp∂ coXnbpw {]mcw` Zi-I-fn-em-Wv. Ddh
h‰nb FÆ-°n-W-dp-I-fpw, FÆ-∏m-S-ßfpw
D∏v Pe-`r-X-ß-fpw, Ipgn-s®-Sp-°m≥ ]‰mØ
I¬°cn kv X c- ß - f pw, Im¿_¨ ssU
HmIvssk-Uns\ kw`-cn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb taJ-e-I-fm-Wv. AXp-t]mse Im¿_¨
AS-ßnb hmX-I-ß-sf, Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ Im¿_-tW‰v [mXp-°-fmbn (Np-Æm-ºp-I-
√v) ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂ coXnbpw ]co-£-W-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. DjvW-ta-Jem
{]tZ-i-Øp≈ h\-h-XvI-c-Ww, BtKm-f-Xm-]-\sØ sNdp-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-sa∂v
a\- n-em-bn-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ kap-t{Zm-]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep≈ πhI kky-ß-
fpsS Ir{Xn-a-amb DXv]m-Z\ h¿≤-\-hn-eq-sS, {]tXyIn®v ss\t{S-‰v, t^mkvt^-‰v,
knen-°, Ccpºv s]mSn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb t]mj-I-{Z-hy-ß-fpsS {]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS kap-
{Z-߃°v Im¿_¨ kwbp-‡-ßsf IqSp-
X- e mbn A¥- c o- £ - Ø n¬ \n∂pw BKn-
cWw sNøm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂pw a\- n-em-
bn-´p-≠v. A¥-co-£Ø - n¬ \n∂pw Im¿_¨
kwbp-‡ß - sf \o°w sNøm-\p≈ aÆns‚
Ignhv h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ \new Dgp-Xp-ad
- n-°m-Xncn-
°¬, ]pX-bn-S¬, kqcy-{]-Imiw aÆn¬
G¬°m-sX-bp≈ Irjn-co-Xn, hnf-Nw-{I-
aWw XpS- ß nb ssPh- I r- j n- c o- X n- I fpw
klm-bn-°pw.
tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hml-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw han-°p∂ ]pI-]-S-e-
ß-fmWv A¥-co£ KpW-\n-e-hm-csØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ {][m\ LS-
Iw. hymh-km-bn-I-am-bp≈ hf¿®m-\n-c°v tIc-f-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw hml-\-ß-
fpsS _mlpeyw hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ A¥-co-£-hm-bp-hns\ kw_-‘n-®-SptØmfw {]Xn-
k‘n D≠m°p-∂p. CO2, Cubw, SO2, IØn-Øo-cmØ sslt{Um Im¿_¨k,v
ss\{S-P≥ HmIvssk-Up-Iƒ, A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Xßn \n¬°p∂ s]mSn-]-S-e-߃
XpS-ßn-b-hbmWv hmbphnse {][m-\-s∏´ aen-\o-I-cW hkvXp-°ƒ. Zn\w-{]Xn 47
S¨ SO2, 38 S¨ s]mSn]S-e-ß-fpw, 323 S¨ sslt{Um-Im¿_¨ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv
hml-\-hyq-l-߃ ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂-Xv. HutZym-KnI IW-°p-{]-Imcw tIc-f-Ønse h\-
hn-kvXrXn samØw hnkvXo¿Æ-Øns‚ 28.9% BWv. tZiob ]cn-ÿnXn \b-{]-
Imcw \ΩpsS cmPysØ h\-k-ºØv 2012 BIp-tºm-tg°pw, 33 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-
∏n-°m≥ \mw {]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-cm-Wv. tIymt´m DS-ºSn {]Imcw IqSp-X-embn h\-tam,
kky-k-ºtØm D≈ cmPy-߃°v CO2 ]pd-Øp-hn-Sm-\p≈ Af-hns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬

28
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Cf-hp-Iƒ Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. 1 e£w slIvS-dn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn hr£-ssØ-Iƒ \´v h\-h-
XvI-cWw km≤y-am-°p-I-bmsW¶n¬ {]Xn-h¿jw Hcp Zi-e£w S¨ Im¿_¨
A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂pw \o°w sNøm-\p≈ tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ ]‰pw. tIymt´m
A¥m-cmjv{S DS-ºSn{]Imcw CXn¬ H∏p-sh® cmPy-߃ lcn-X-Krl hmXI߃
]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ tXmXn¬ \n¿_-‘-]q¿h-am-bn-´p≈ Ipdhv hcp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v. DS-º-Sn-
bn¬ H∏p-sh® cmPy-߃ 2008 apX¬ 2012 hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ 1990 ASnÿm-\-
h¿j-ambn lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI߃ 5.2% F∂ tXmXn¬ Ipd®p sIm≠p-h-cm≥ _m≤y-
ÿ-cm-Wv. BtKm-f -Im¿_¨ hn]-Wn-bn¬ tIymt´m DS-ºSn {]Imcw Hcp \nb-a-
Øns‚ N´-°q-Sp-≠m-°n-s°m≠v BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS ]pd-
¥-≈¬ Ipd-bv°m≥ {iaw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ G‰hpw IqSnb
Af-hn¬ Ch ]pd-¥-≈p∂ cmPy-amb Ata-cn-°, Xß-fpsS hymh-km-bnI hnI-k-\-
Øn¬ Cu DS-ºSn Hcp XS- -amIpw F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ CXp-hsc H∏p-h-®n-´n-√.
BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS ]pd-¥-≈¬ Ipd-bv°m≥ {iaw \S-°p-
I-bm-Wv.
Im¿_¨ hym]mcw
A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cWw \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-°m-\p≈ Hcp `c-W-]-c-amb kao-
]-\a
- mWv CXv. CXp-{]-Imcw aen-\o-Ic- W hkvXp-°sf ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂Xv Ipd-®p-sIm≠p
hcp-∂X - ns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ib- pw, kmº-ØnI B\p-Iq-ey-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p-≠v. Cu ]≤-Xn-{]-Imcw Hcp tI{µ AtXm-dn‰n aen-\o-I-cW hkvXp-°ƒ ]pd-¥-
≈p-∂-Xn¬ ]cn[n G¿s∏SpØp-∂-Xm-Wv. Iº-\n-I-fpw, a‰p hn`m-K-ßfpw ]pd-Øp-hn-
Sp∂ aen-\o-I-cW hkvXp-°ƒ°v tXmXv \n¿Æ-bn-°p-I-bpw, Cu tXmXn-t\-°mƒ
h¿≤n-°msX t\mt°-≠-Xp-amWv. GsX-¶nepw Iº-\n-Iƒt°m a‰p hn`m-K-߃t°m
aen-\o-Ic- W hkvXp-°f - psS Cu tXmXv h¿≤n-∏n-t°-≠X - p-s≠-¶n¬ Ipd™ tXmXn¬
Ch ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ Iº-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw an®-ap-≈Xv s{IUn‰v Bbn hmßm-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. Cßs\ Im¿_¨ s{IUn-‰ns\ hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bmWv Im¿_¨
hym]mcw (Carbon Trade) F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. AXm-bXv Im¿_¨ s{IUn‰v hmtß≠n
hcp-∂-h¿ aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn\p ]ng sImSp-t°≠n hcn-Ibpw hn¬°p∂ Iº-\n-Iƒ
aen-\o-I-cWw Ipbv°p-∂-Xn\v {]Xn-^ew t\Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp s{IUn‰v F∂-
XpsIm≠pt±-in-°p-∂Xv lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS Af-hn-ep≈ Hcp S¨ Ipd-hm-Wv.
Im¿_¨ s{IUn‰v hym]m-c-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp∂ cmPy-ßsf lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃
hn ¿÷n-°p-∂-Xns‚ tXmXv Ipd-®p-sIm≠p hcp-hm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bpw,
AØcw cmPy-߃°v kmº-Øn-I-amb {]Xn-^-e-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xp-hgn Hmlcn
hn]Wn t]mse-bp≈ BtKmf hmWnPycwK-ßfn¬ CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ Ah-kcw krjvSn-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷-t{km-X- p-I-fmb kutcm¿÷w, Im‰v,
XpS-ßn-bh hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bpw, D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Iº-\n-Iƒ°v t^mkn-
en-‘-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Iº-\n-I-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ t\´-߃ sImøm≥ ]‰pw.
tIc-f-Øns‚ BsI hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS GI-tZiw 29% h\-hpw, 39% tXm´hn-f-Ifpw

29
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
BsW-∂n-cns° samØw 68% kkym-h-cWw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v CO2 A¥-co-
£-Øn¬ \n∂v \o°w sNøm-\p≈ CXns‚ tijnsb Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øn, A¥m-cmjv{S
Im¿_¨ hn]-Wn-bn¬, Im¿_¨ hym]m-c-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm\p≈ km≤y-X-bp-ap-≠v.
BtKmf ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\-amb 2008 Pq¨ ˛ 5 \v \ΩpsS Im¿_¨ Ipd™ kºØv-
hyh-ÿ-bv°p-th≠n ioe-߃ am‰m-\mWv sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ \sΩ t{]cn-∏n-
°p-∂X - v. B[p-\nI a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X\
- n-eh
- m-ch
- pw, Im¿_¨ kwbp-‡ß - f- psS DXv]m-
Z-\hpw lcn-XK- r-lh
- m-XI
- ß
- f
- psS A¥-co-£Ø - n-te°p≈ \n¿§-a\
- h
- pw XΩn¬ At`-
Zy-amb _‘-ß-fps≠∂v a\- n-em-°p-I-bpw, {]IrXn hn`-h-ßsf A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn
NqjWw sNbvXpw, kky P¥p sshhn[ytØbpw, Bhmk hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS
\ne\n¬∏nt\bpw Xs∂ A]-I-S-Øn-em°pw hn[w ]cn-ÿn-Xn-tim-jWw kw`-hn-
°p-I-bpw, Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w BtKm-f-Xm-]\w XpS-ßnb `hn-jy-Øp-I-fn-te°v
\Ωƒ {]bmWw \S-Øp-IbmWv F∂v a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXn\v XS-bn-Sm-
\mbn \Ωƒ h¿Pn-t°-≠p∂ ioe-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \sΩ t_m[-hm≥am-cm-°m-\pw,
sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ {ia-߃ Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v F∂p-≈Xv
Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-P-\-I-am-Wv. \mw A\p-h¿Øn-t°-≠p∂ kz`m-h-ß-fn¬ ]ca {][m\w
]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-te°v X≈n-hn-Sp∂ Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhp Ipd-bv°m≥ {]Xn-⁄m-_-
≤cmhpI F∂Xm-Wv. Cub-Sp-Ø-Im-eØv am¿®v 29 \v temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ 24 ]´-W-
߃ 1 aWn-°q¿ t\cw sshZypXn _‘-߃ hnt—-Zn®v Earth Hour BtLm-jn®
Imcyw kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv. \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Im¿_¨ D]-t`m-K-hpw,
Im¿_¨ kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS ]pd-¥-≈epw XΩn¬ Hcp k¥p-e\mhÿ ssIh-cn-
t°-≠-Xp≠v. CXn\p ]pdta \mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ F{X-tØmfw `mK-
`m-°m-Ip∂p F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp Bfl ]cn-tim-[\ \S-tØ-≠Xpw AXym-h-iy-
amWv. hy‡n-I-fpw, kvIqƒ, _nkn-\ v ÿm]-\-߃, hyh-km-b-߃ XpS-ßn-b-
hbv°pw CØ-c-Øn¬ BUn-‰p-Iƒ \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. h≥InS kwcw-`-߃ ]pdØp
hnSp∂ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS tXmXv \nb-{¥n-°m-\mbn ]cn-]m-e\ am¿§-߃
Ah-ew-_n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \mw FhnsS \n¬°p∂p. \Ωƒ F{X I≠v lcn-X-Kr-l-
hm-X-I-߃ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂p, F∂ Adnhv Ch Ipd®p sIm≠phcm-\p≈ {ia-
Øns‚ {]mcw` \S-]-Sn-bm-bn´v FSp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Im¿_¨ ]pd-¥-≈¬ Ipd-bv°m-\mbn \mw ssIs°m-t≈-≠p∂
\S]SnIƒ
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´n´p≈ A]-I-S-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw,
Ahsb t\cn-Sm-\p≈ X{¥-߃ sa\-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw I¿Ω-]-≤Xn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-
Sp-°p-Ibpw thWw. \ΩpsS hoSp-I-fn-epw, _nkn\ v ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw Du¿t÷m-]-
tbmKw 10 iX-am\w sh®v Ipd-bv°m≥ {ian-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Imcy-£-a-amb coXn-bn-
ep-≈ Du¿t÷m-]-tbm-Kw, hoSv, Im¿, Iºyq-´¿, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-߃ XpS-
ßn-b-h-bpsS Imcy-£-a-amb D]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS \ap°v Du¿÷-hpw, ]W-hpw,
Im¿_¨ ]pd-¥-≈epw henb Hcfhp hsc Ipd-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C∂sØ sI´n-

30
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
S-\n¿ΩmW ssien-sb√mw GI-tZiw 40% tØmfw CO2s\ ]pd-¥-≈p∂ coXn-bn-ep-
≈-XmWv. Bh-iy-an-√mØ ka-b-ß-fn¬ ^m≥, sse‰v, tamt´m¿, Iºyq-´¿ XpSßnbh
Hm^v sNøpI XpS-ßn hfsc efn-X-amb am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS Du¿÷ \jvSw ]cn-l-cn-
°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. Desk Top Iºyq-´d
- p-Iƒ°v ]Icw Lap Top D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I, CRT Screens
\v ]Icw LCD D]-tbm-Kn-°pI XpS-ßn-b-hbpw Du¿÷ kwc-£-W-Øn\v DX-Ip-∂-
h-bm-Wv. ]pXnb sSen-I-Ωyq-Wn-t°-j≥ am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ ktµ-i-hn-\n-abw ]Ip-
Xn-tbmfw bm{Xm-sN-e-hpw, AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ Im¿_¨ ]pd-¥-≈epw Ipd-
bv°p-∂p. sshZyp-Xn-bpsS 15˛20% hsc D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv sse‰p-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°m-
\mWv. Incandescent Bulb Iƒ°v ]Icw CFL _ƒ_p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ GI-tZiw
75% tØmfw sshZypXn em`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ipd™ Af-hn¬ Im¿_¨ ]pd-¥-≈p∂ Du¿÷ t{imX- p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-I. I¬°cn D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Dut÷m-Xv]m-Z\w GI-tZiw kutcm-¿t÷m-Xv]m-
Z\tØ°mƒ 6 aSßpw, Im‰n¬ \n∂v sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ 40
aSßpw, Pe-Øn¬ \n∂v sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ 200 aSßpw aen-\-
hm-X-I-߃ ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂-Xmbn ]T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. C∂v ]e cmPy-ß-fnepw
sNdp-InS kwcw-`-߃°pw a‰pw kutcm¿÷w, Nh-dp-Iƒ XpS-ßnbhbn¬ \n∂pw
Nnehp Ipd-™-Xpw, {]Ir-Xn-°n-W-ßp-∂-Xp-amb coXn-bn¬ sshZyp-tXm-Xv]m-Z\w \S-
Øp-∂p-≠v. hml-\-ß-fnepw a‰pw C∂v s]t{Sm-fn\p ]I-cw, {]IrXn hmX-Iw, F¬.-
]n.-Pn. XpS-ßn-bh D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. h¿≤n® C‘-\m-hiyw t\cn-Sp∂Xn\mbn
hnhn[ssPh C‘\ t{imX- p-Iƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-߃ cmPy-sa-ºmSpw
\S-°p-∂p-≠v. hoSp-I-fnse sshZypXn Bh-iy-߃ kutcm¿÷-Øn-eq-sS-bpw, a‰pw
t\Sp-I hgn \mw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Im¿_¨ Ipd-™, Imcy-£-a-amb Du¿÷-hn-\n-
tbm-K-Øn¬ `mK-`m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ioe-߃ am‰p-∂-Xn-epw, Im¿_¨ Ipd®p sIm≠p≈ {]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-°p-∂X- nepw \Ωƒ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Im¿_¨ Ipd®p sIm≠p
hcm≥ hy‡n-I-tfm, kwcw-`-ßtfm \S-Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \ap°pw ]¶mfn-I-
fm-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. aen-\o-I-cWw Ipd™ Du¿t÷m-Xv]m-Z-\w, Ipd™ Du¿÷-D-]-
t`m-Kw, h\-h-Xv°-cWw XpS-ßnb am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sStbm Im¿_¨ BKn-cWw \S-
Øp-∂-Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
\ΩpsS hymh-km-bnI cwK-ß-fn¬ 3 ‘R’ s‚ (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) AXm-
bXv Ipd™ D]-tbm-Kw, ]p\-cp-]-tbmKw, ]p\xNw{I-aWw F∂ aq∂p hmIy-ß-fn¬
A[n-jvTn-X-ambn DXv]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS \ap°v DXv]m-
Z-\-£-aX ssIh-cn-°m\pw , [\-\jvSw Ipd-bv°m-\pw, Du¿÷-Øns‚ Aan-tXm-]-
tbmKw Ipd-bv°m\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]cn-ÿn-Xn-°n-W-ßp∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ km[-\-߃ hn¬°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bpw, hmßp-
∂-Xv t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°pI hgn Im¿-_¨ Ipd™ hymhm-bn-I-cwKw krjvSn-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. C∂v AØcw DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS hn]Wn°v hfsc henb km[y-X-I-fm-Wp-

31
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
≈-Xv. Hcp DXv]-∂-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn¬ Xs∂ A\p-tbm-Py-amb
coXn-bn-ep≈ am‰-߃ hcp-Øn-bpw, DXv]-∂-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-Im-e-b-fhv Iq´nbpw
]cn-ÿn-Xn°v tZmj-ap-≠m-ImØ Xc-Øn-ep≈ DXv]-∂-߃ D≠m-°p-∂-Xp-h-gnbpw
hyh-kmb kwcw-`-I¿°v CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tI{µ
h\ ]cn-ÿnXn a{¥m-ebw 2008 temI ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v AwKo-I-
cn® “CO2 icn-bm-bXv sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I” F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iyhpw, “kpÿn-cX
- b
- nte°pw
hf¿®-bn-te-°pw” F∂ apJy hnj-bhpw Imen-I-amb {]iv\ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v DNn-X-am-
bXv Xs∂-bm-Wv.
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\sØ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw, lcn-X-Krl-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS ]pd-
¥-≈¬ Ipd-®p-sIm≠p hcp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Kh-s◊‚ v ÿm]-\-
߃°pw, Kh-s◊‚n-Xc ÿm]-\-߃°pw, hy‡n-Iƒ°pw Hcp-an®v {]h¿Øn-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]e temI cmPy-ß-fnepw CØcw kwL-Sn-X-amb {ia-ß-fn-eqsS Im-em-
hÿm hyXn-bm-\w t\cn-Sm≥ Xøm-sd-SpØp Ign-™p.
C¥y Imem-hÿm am‰sØ t\cn-Sm-\p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ XpSßn Ign-™p.
C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a{¥n Imem-hÿm hyXy-bm-\sØ t\cn-Sm-\p≈ Hcp I¿Ω ]≤-
Xn(Action Plan) 2008 Pq¨ 30\v ]p-d-Øn-d-°n. h¿≤n®p hcp∂ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚
Du¿÷ Bh-iy-ßsf ap∂n¬ I≠p-s°m≠v Imemhÿ hyXn-bm-\-Øn-\p-ta-ep≈
C¥y-bpsS {]Xn-I-cWw hy‡-am-°p∂ tcJ-bm-Wn-Xv. {]kvXpX IcSv tcJ ]pd-
Øn-d-°p∂ thf-bn¬ F√mXpd-I-fn-ep-ap≈ hnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn {i≤-tbm-sS Zo¿L-
Im-e-b-f-hn-te°v X{¥-߃ sa\-bm\pw AtX kabw P\-߃°pw Ah-cpsS Pohn-
X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn\pw tIm´-߃ D≠m-°m-Ø-co-Xn-bn¬, Cu X{¥-߃ \S-∏n¬ hcp-
Øp-hm\pw B-lzm\w sNø-Xn-´p-≠v. -C-¥ybpw ssN\bpw lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃
]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ap≥-]-¥n-bn¬ Xs∂ \nev°p-∂-sh-¶nepw, C¥y {]Xn-
k-‘nsb t\cn-Sp-hm≥ BZy NphSvshbv∏p-Iƒ h®v Ign-™p. C¥y-bpsS kao-]\w
hnhn[ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-ambn kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w
e£y-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXn¬ hnhn[ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS KWy-amb
D-ev]m-Z\ h¿≤-\-hn-\p-]-cn- Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Ønep≈ Db¿®-bmWv e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.
\-ΩpsS P\-Xbv°v Db¿∂ Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏m-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ IpSn-sh-≈-Øn-
\mbn ip≤-P-ehpw, ip≤-hmbpw Pohn-°m≥ lcn-X-`q-anbpw e£y-an-Sp-∂p.
cmPy-hym-]-I-ambn kpÿn-c-]mcn-ÿn-XnI kwc-£Ww e£y-am°n Ft´mfw
tZiob ka{K I¿Ω ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Cu IcSv tcJ-bn¬ FSpØp ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ]mc-º-
tcy-Xc Du¿÷-t{km-X- p-Iƒ, ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-Ww, aen-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ tXmXv
Ipd-bv°¬, Du¿÷-ti-jn-bp≈ sI´nS \n¿Ωm-Ww, kmaq-lnI h\-h-Xv°-c-W-a-S°w
GXm≠v 6000 tImSn sNehv hcp∂ I¿Ω ]≤-Xn-I-fmWv {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. Cu
I¿Ω ]≤-Xn-tc-J-bn-eqsS Du¿÷-£-a-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \ho-\-amb I≠p-∏n-Sn-
Ø-ßfpw kutcm¿÷sØ IqSp-Xe - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßfpw, ]p\-cp-]tbmK-
ti-jn-bp≈ Du¿÷ Dd-hn-S-߃ Is≠ØpI F∂n-hbv°v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂p≠v.

32
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

hnhn[ anj-\p-Iƒ°p Iogn¬

\S-∏m-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ ]≤XnIƒ
l tZiob kutcm¿P anj≥: kutcm¿P D¬]m-Z-\w, kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZym
ssIam-‰w, ]Xn-s\m∂pw ]{¥≠pw ]≤-Xn-°m-e-Ømbn \K-c-˛-]-´W taJ-
e-I-fn¬ 80% kutcm¿P hym]vXn.
l h¿[nX Du¿P tijn anj≥: hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-bnse Du¿P-tijn
h¿[-\, {]IyXn kulrZ C‘-\-ß-fpsS D]-t`mKw h¿-[n-∏n-°¬.
l kpÿnc `h-\-˛s-- I-´nS \n¿amW anj≥: Xma-k-Øn\pw hmWnPy Bh-iy-
߃°p-ap≈ sI´n-S-ß-fpsS Du¿P D]-t`m-K-tijn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°¬,
]´-W-ß-fn-sebpw \K-c-ß-fn-sebpw Jc-am-en\y kwkvI-c-Ww.
l tZiob Pe-an-j≥: D]-cn-Xe Pe t{kmX v hnI-kn-∏n-°¬, \o¿ØS
taJ-e-bpsS kwc-£-Ww, \o¿ØS taJ-e-bpsS kwc-£-Ww, \o¿ØS
Bhmk hyh-ÿI - f- psS {]m[m-\y-sØ-∏‰n t_m[-h¬°-cW
- w, \nb-aß
- ƒ
I¿i-\-ambn \S-∏m--°¬.
l kpÿnc lnam-e-b≥ Bhmk hyh-ÿm-an-j≥: \o¿adn {]tZi hnI-k-
\hpw imkv{Xo-b-`qan D]-tbmK coXn-Ifpw \S-∏m-°¬, kpÿnc Sqdnkw
hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, ae-\n-c-I-fn-te-°p≈ hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-Øn\p \nb-
{¥-Ww.
l lcnX C¥y anj≥: kmaq-lnI h\-h¬°-c-Ww, h\-\-ioI-cWw XS-
b¬, ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-Ww, Im´pXo XS-bm-\p≈ Zo¿L-Ime \S-
]--Sn-Iƒ.
l tZiob kpÿnc Im¿jn-I-an-j≥: Dujc taJem Irjn-hn-I-k-\w, kmº-
ØnI klm-bw, C≥jq-d≥kv kwhn-[m-\-߃, Irjn-hn-⁄m\ hym]-
\w, ssPh-km-t¶-XnI hn-Zybv°p IqSp-X¬ t{]m’m-l-\w.
l Imem-h-ÿm-am‰ hn⁄m-\-an-j≥: Imem-h-ÿm-am‰]T-\w, hnhc tiJ-c-
Ww, a\p-jy-tijn hnI-k-\w.
tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kpÿnc lnam-e-b≥ Bhmk hyhÿm
anj\p ]Icw ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ Ie-hd
- b
- mb kpÿnc ]›n-aL
- ´ anj≥ Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. AXp-t]mse IS-temc taJe-bmb tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp Xoc-
tZi ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W anj≥ IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.
Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm\w Hcp BtKm-f-{]-Xn-`m-k-am-sW∂ kXyw a\- n-em-°n-
sIm≠v BtKmfmSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ a‰v cmPy-ßfpambn kl-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈
{ia-߃°p-am-{Xsa A\p-_-‘-{]-iv\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \ΩpsS tZisØ c£n-°m≥
]‰q.

33
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImfpw
A\¥cNn¥Ifpw
]n. {ioIWvT≥ \mb¿
Akn: F≥hb¨sa‚¬ kb‚nÃv,
tIcf kwkvYm\ aen\oIcW \nb{¥W t_m¿Uv

&
B¿. joeΩ
eIvNd¿ & \mjW¬ k¿∆okv kvIow t{]m{Kmw Hm^ok¿,
{io i¶cmNmcy kwkvIrX k¿∆Iemime

“apSßpw Imcysat∂m¿Øv XpSßoSmXncns°mem

]nSn°pw Zo\sat∂m¿Øv InS°mdns√mcpØ\pw”

BbncØm≠pIfmbn `mcXØnse KpcpIpe hnZym`ymkØns‚ _me-]m-T-ß-fn¬

\oXnamebnse Nne hcnIfmWnh. IrjvW]njmcSnbpw ]WvUnX sh¶n-S-cm-a-im-
kv{Xnbpw 1912 ¬ kwbpIvXambn {]knZv[oIcn® CXns‚ A¿XvYhym]vXn C∂pw
\ne\nev°p∂p. ImemhkvYmhyXnbm\ßsf th≠ coXnbn¬ \nb{¥n°m≥ th≠
\S]SnIƒ XpSßm≥ sFIycmjv{S k` Xocpam\n®Xv Hcp ]t£ ta¬∏d™
hm°pIsf A\z¿XvYam°pIbmWv.
sFIycmjv{S k`bpsS ImemhkvYm hyXnbm\ I¨sh≥j≥ (bpssW‰Uv
t\j≥kv s{^bnwh¿°v I¨sh≥j≥ Hm¨ ss¢a‰v sNbv©v UNFCCC) tIymt´m
t{]mt´mtImfneqsS Imemhkv Y m hyXnbm\Ønt∑epff a\pjycminbpsS
{]XnIcWsØ iIv X ns∏SpØpIbp≠mbn. aq∂maXv tIm¨^d≥kv Hm^v
]m¿´nbpsS Unkw_¿ 2007 se ktΩf\Øn¬ AwKoIcn® {]tabØn¬ \nba
{]m_eytØmsSbpff hmXI _ln¿Ka\ tXmXpIfpw Dƒs∏Sp∂p≠v. 2002
BKtÃmsS `mcXw tIymt´m DSºSn AwKoIcn°p°bpw sNbvXn´p≠v. Cu
DSºSnsb°pdn®pw AXns‚ A\¥c ^eßsf°pdn®psams° \mw ChnsS N¿®

34
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
sNøptºmƒ F¥mWv Cu DSºSn, CXns‚ ]n∂nse Ncn{Xsa¥v F∂v XpSßn
]e Imcyhpw hniZamt°≠Xp≈XpsIm≠v Chtbmtcm∂pw khnkvXcw N¿®
sNøp-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.
F¥mWv tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImƒ ?
tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImƒ AYhm sFIycmjv{S k`bpsS ImemhkvYm hyXn-
bm-\-Øn-t∑-ep≈ I¨sh≥js‚ (UNFCCC) N´°qSn\IØv Hcp A¥mcmjv{S DS-
º-Sn-bm-Wv. bYm¿XvYØn¬ CXv UNFCC bpsS Hcp t`ZKXnbmWv. Cu DSºSn
AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ cmjv{S߃ - AhcpsS Im¿_¨ UtbmssIvsskUpw a‰v A©v
lcn-XK- rl hmXIßfpsS Dev]mZ\w Ipdbv°pItbm Dev]m-Z\w \ne\ndpØpItbm,
h¿Zv [ n∏n°pItbm sNøp∂ ]£w ChbpsS Dev ] mZ\ {Ib hn{Ibßfn¬
G¿s∏Smsa∂v A¥mcmjv{S kaqlØn≥ Dd∏p Xcp∂p. \ΩpsS ImemhkvYm
{]Xn`mkßfn¬ A]IS]camb CSs]SepIƒ am\pjnI {]h¿ØnIfm¬
D≠mIm\nSbpffXv XSbp∂Xn\v th≠n lcn- X - K r- l - h m- X - I - ß - f psS
A¥co£Ønepff Afhv Hcp \nivNnX tXmXnem°n \ne\ndpØI F∂XmWv
CXns‚ Dtt±iy e£yw. 1997 Unkw_dn¬ P∏m\nse tIymt´mbn¬ h®v
DcpØncn™ Cu DSºSn 1996 am¿®v 10\v H∏p tiJcWØn\mbn Bcw`n®v 1999
am¿®v 15\v Ahkm\n°pIbpw sNbvXp. 2005 s^{_phcn 16\v \nehn¬ h∂ Cu
DSºSn 2002 BKÃn¬ Xs∂ `mcXw AwKoIcn®n´p≠v. Atacn°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-
Ifpw Bkv t {Senbbpw Cu DSºSn AwKoIcn°pItbm hn´p \n¬°pItbm
sNøp∂n√ F∂Xpw Cu AhkcØn¬ Adn™ncnt°≠XmWv. AtXmsSm∏w
Xs∂ Pn-˛ 8 cmjv{SßfpsS 2005 PqWn¬ tN¿∂ ktΩf\Øn¬ `mcXØnse
{][m- \ - a {¥n tUm. a≥taml≥ knwKv hnIkzc cmjv { SßfpsS lcnXKrl
hmXIßfpsS {]Xnio¿j D¬]mZ\ \nc°v hnIknX cmjv{SßfptSXpambn X´n®p
t\m°ptºmƒ hfsc sNdnb Hcp Awiw am{XamsW∂v Nq≠n°m´pIbp≠mbn.
F∂ncp∂mepw s]mXp XXzØn¬ Dd®p \n∂p sIm≠pw th¿Xncn°s∏´
DØchmZnXzØn¬ Nph-Sp-d∏ - n®p sIm≠pw hfsctbsd \mfmbn A¥co£Ønte°p
[mcmfambn D¬]m- Z n- ∏ n®p hn´ncn°p∂ Im¿_¨ hmXIßfpsS Dev ] mZ\w
\nb{¥nt°≠ {][m\ Npa- X e hnIknX cmPy߃°msW∂pw At±lw
Adnbn°pIbp≠mbn. t\sc adn®v , A[nIcn°s∏´ Xo{h hymhkmbnI
]ptcmKXnbpw kmºØnI hf¿®bpw IW- ° n- s e- S p- ° p- t ºmƒ C¥ybpw
AtXmsSm∏w ssN\bpw BWv lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS {][m\ Dev]mZI¿ F∂v
Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIƒ a‰p ]m›m- X y- c m- P y- ß - f p- a mbn tN¿∂v
A`n{]mbs∏SpIbp≠mbn. AXn\m¬ tIymt´mbpsS A\¥c ^esØ°pdn®p
Nn¥n°ptºmƒ Chsb√mw \mw IW°nseSpt°≠Xp≠v.
tIymt´m t{]mt´mt°mfnse LSI߃ Fs¥√mw?
Cu DSºSn AwKoIcn°p∂ cmjv{S߃ Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUns\
IqSmsX aossY≥, ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv, sslt{Um ^vfqtdm Im¿_WpIƒ, s]¿

35
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
^vfqtdm Im¿_WpIƒ, kƒ^¿ slIvkm ^vfqssdUv F∂nhbpsS A¥-co-£-
Øn-te-°p≈ ]pd¥≈¬ Ipdbv°m≥ _m≤yXs∏´ncn°p∂p. 2012˛HmsS 1990 se
Dev]mZ\Øns‚ 5.2% Ipdhv hcpØWsa∂XmWv e£y\n¿t±iw. Cu DSºSnbn¬
]¶mfnIfmbn´p≈ cmjv{S߃°v \n›nX Afhn\∏pdw Dev]mZ\amIp∂]£w
e£yw t\Sn°gn™n´p≈ ]¶mfn cmjv { Sßfpambn Im¿_¨ {Ibhn{Ibw
\SØm\pw Cu DSºSnbn¬ \n¿t±iap≠v.
Imemhÿm hyXnbm\sØ°pdn®v D¬°WvT F¥n\v?
Imemhÿm hyXnbm\Ønt∑ep≈ D¬°WvTbmWt√m ChnsS {][m\ambpw
\ngen°p∂Xv? At∏mƒ temIcmjv{Sßsf√mw Htc kzcØn¬ Nn¥n®v Htc coXn-
bn-ep≈ \S]SnIƒ°v XømdmIptam C√tbm Cs√¶n¬ \aps°¥m Fs∂m-s°-
bmhmw Nn¥Iƒ. At∏mƒ Hcp A¥mcmjv{S DSºSnbpsS ^e{]m]vXnsb°pdn®v
Bi¶bp≠mIpI XnI®pw kzm`mhnIamWt√m? CØcw Bi¶bv°v ASn-ÿm-\-
apt≠m Ds≠¶n¬ F¥mWXn\v ImcWw Fs∂ms° hniIe\w
sNbv X tijamImw Cu DSºSnbpsS A\¥cNn¥Ifnte°p≈ N¿®Iƒ.
BbXn\m¬ \ap°v A¬]w ASnÿm\ hnjbßfnte°v {i≤ Xncn°mw.
F¥mWv BtKmf Xm]\w?
a\pjys‚ A\nb{¥nX {]h¿Ø\ßfm¬ `qafieØns‚ icmicn Dujvamhv
Dbcp∂ {]hWXsbbmWv BtKmf Xm]\w sIm≠v hnh£n°p∂Xv. Ncn{XmXoX
Imew apX¬ B\pImenIw hscbp≈ ISensebpw Icbnsebpw Dujvamhv Af∂p
Xn´s∏SpØpIbpw D]{KlßfneqsS e`yambn´p≈ hnhcßsfbpw ASn-ÿm-\-
s∏-SpØn X´n®pt\m°ptºmƒ BtKmfXm]\w F∂Xv AwKoIcn°s∏´ hkvXp-
X-bm-Wv. ISense Npcpßp∂ a™p]mfnIƒ, DcpInsbmen°p∂ lna]mfnIƒ,
hwi\miw kw`hn°pItbm as‰mcnStØ°v k©mcam¿Kw I≠p]nSn°pItbm
sNøp∂ Poh-Pm-e-߃ F∂nhsbms° CXns‚ {]Xn^e\߃ am{Xw.
F¥mWo lcnXKrl {]`mhw?
`utam]cnXeØnse A[nIcn°s∏´ NqSv A¥co£Ønte°v FØn-t®-cp-
∂n√ F∂Xn\m¬ `qafieØn¬ BtKmfXm]\Øn\v CXv ImcWamIp∂p. Npcp-
°-Øn¬ lcnXKrlhmXIßfmb Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUpw aossY\pw
kutcm¿÷sØ IS∂phcm≥ A\phZn°p∂ps≠¶nepw NqSns\ ]pdtØ°v
t]mIm≥ A\phZn°p∂n√ F∂XmWv lcnXKrl{]`mhw.
a\pjys‚ Fs¥ms° {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv BtKmfXm]\Øn\v
CSbm°p∂Xv?
B[p\nI kaqlhpambn _‘s∏´ GsXmcp {]h¿Ønbpw F∂v Npcp°Øn¬
]dbmsa¶nepw \ΩpsS hml\߃ ]pdØphnSp∂ Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv,
I¬°cn D]tbmKn®p≈ sshZypXn Dev]mZ\w, I∂pImen kwc£WimeIfnse

36
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
AXn`oaamb aossY≥ ]pd¥≈¬, h\\ioIcWw F∂nhsbms° Ahbn¬
NneXp am{Xw. A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv hen-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw
HmIvknP≥ ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-Ibpw ]I¬kabßfn¬ sNøm-dp≠t√m. AXp-sIm≠v
h\\ioIcWw BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn\v Hcp {][m\LSIw Xs∂bmWv.
Imemhÿm hyXnbm\w sIm≠v Fs¥ms° kw`hn°mw?
l a™p]mfnIƒ hfsc s]s´∂v DcpIn HgpImw F∂XpsIm≠v a\pjy\pw
kky߃°pw P¥p°ƒ°pw F∂pth≠ XpS¿®bmbn Pew e`y-am-tI-≠-h-
bvs°ms° th≠nbp≈ ip≤Pew \jvSamhp∂p.
l Xm]\ne hyXnbm\߃°v hfscs∏s´∂v {]XnIcn°p∂ kkyßfpsSbpw
P¥p°fpsSbpw hwi\mihpw k©mcam¿Kw Is≠Øm\p≈ Ignhv \in-°-
epw.
l DjvWtaJeIfnse IoSßfpsS sXt°m´p≈ k©mchpw AXphgn atednb
XpSßnb tcmKßfpsS hym]\hpw.
l Xmgv∂ {]tZißfpw cmjv{Sßfpw ISen\Snbn¬ s]´pt]mIpI.
l NnebnSßfn¬ h¿≤n® tXmXnep≈ t]amcnbpw sImSp¶m‰pw a‰p Nne-bn-S-
ß-fn¬ AXypjvWhpw sImSpw hcƒ®bpw.
l {[ph IcSnIƒ t]mep≈hbv°v Bhmkhyhÿ \jvSamI¬.
l hn`hkamlcWØnt∑ep≈ am’cyw \nanØw a\pjy¿°nSbn¬ h¿≤n-®p-
h-cm-hp∂ X¿°ßƒ.
Imemhÿm hyXnbm\w XSbm≥ \ap°mIptam?
C√, \mw a\ nem°nbncn°p∂ BtKmfXm]\ne h¿≤\ \q‰m≠pItfmfw
XpS¿∂psImt≠bncn°pw. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ th≠ kabØv \mw th≠ coXnbn¬
{ian®m¬ BtKmfXm]\ h¿≤\hns‚ \nc°n¬ Ipdhv hcpØm\pw AXneqsS
h∂p kw`hn°m\nSbp≈ B]ØpIfpsS Xo{hX Ipdbv°m\pw Ignt™°pw.
C{Xbpw ASnÿm\]cambn N¿® sNbvXp Ign™ ÿnXn°v C\n \ap°v
ho≠pw tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImfnte°v Xs∂ hcmw. tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImfns\
GsXm-cmƒ°pw c≠p tImWn¬ \n∂v ho£n°mhp∂XmWv. AXmbXv \ne-\n-
ev°mØp Hcp {]iv\Ønt∑ep≈ AXy[nIw Nnethdnb ]cn-lm-c-\n¿t±iw Ft∂m
AXpa√ BtKmfXm]\w F∂ ssSw t_mw_n¬ \n∂v `qa-WvUe - sØ c£n°m\p≈
G‰hpw \√ D]m[n Ft∂m Hs° AXns\°pdn®v ]dbmw. GXmbmepw tIymt´m
t{]mt´mtImƒ Imemhÿm hyXnbm\sØ kw_‘n°p∂Xm-sW∂ hkvXpX
AXpas√¶n¬ `qafieØnse BtKmf Xm]\ne h¿≤\hns\ AXv A`n-ap-Jo-I-
cn-°p∂p F∂pw ]dbmw. tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImfn\v CXns\ ^e{]Zambn t\cn-Sm-
\m-Iptam F∂Xv C∂pw X¿°hnjbw Xs∂bm-sW-∂Xpw as‰mcp hkvXpXbmWv.

37
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

At∏mƒ Imemhÿ amdpIbmtWm?

GXmbmepw sFIycmjv{S k`bpw Imemhÿm \nco£W imkv{X⁄cpw
Aßns\ Xs∂ hnizkn°p∂p. 2007 s^{_phcnbn¬ IPCC ]pdØnd°nb
dnt∏m¿´n¬ a\pjy{]h¿ØnIƒ BtKmfXm]\Øn\v CSbmIp∂Xmbn Nq≠n-°m-
´p-∂p. CXv IqSmsX Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬ Nne {]hN\ßfpap≠v. 2100˛mamt≠mSpIqSn
`qanbnse icmicn Xm]\ne 1.80 apX¬ 40 sk‚nt{KUv hsc Dbcpsa∂pw \q‰m≠ns‚
Ahkm\tØmsS kap{Z Pe\nc∏v 17.8 apX¬ 58.4 sk:ao‰¿ hsc Dbcpsa∂pw
CXn¬ ]d™ncp∂p. {[phßfnse a™p]mfnIƒ DcpIp∂Xv XpS¿∂m¬ 9.9 apX¬
19.8 sk:ao‰¿ hsc Pe\nc∏n¬ Db¿®bp≠mImsa∂pw I≠ncp∂p. 2001 se
dnt∏m¿´n¬ icmicn Dujvamhv 1900 \p tijw 0.60 h¿≤n®n´p≈Xmbpw 1990 ¬ Cu
kwh’cØnse G‰hpw Db¿∂ Xm]\ne D≠mIpsa∂pw ]d™ncp∂p. 1960 IfpsS
Ahkm\tØ°mƒ 10% a™p]mfnIƒ Ipd™n´ps≠∂pw DØc{[phØnse
\ZnIfpw XSmIßfpw c≠mgv N bn¬ IqSpXep≈ Imebfhn¬ Dd™
a™p]mfnIfpsS km∂n≤y°pdhv 1960s\°mƒ A[n- I - a m- s W∂ CXn¬
Nq≠n°m´p∂p. 20˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ {[ph{]tZi߃ A√msXbp≈ `mKßfnse
]¿∆X\ncIfnse a™p]mfnIfpsS Afhn¬ {it≤bamb Ipdhp≠msb∂pw
kap{ZPe \nc∏v 0.1 apX¬ 0.2 ao‰¿ hsc 1900 t\°mƒ Db¿s∂∂pw IPCC dnt∏m¿´n¬
]dbp∂p.
Zo¿LIme Imemhÿm {]hN\߃ Fs¥ms°?
hfscb[nIw sh≈s∏m°ßƒ, sImSp¶m‰pIƒ, DjvW°m‰pIƒ, hcƒ®
F∂nßs\ ]eXpw IPCC {]hNn°p∂p. hnIkzc cmjv{SßfpsS ÿnXn hfsc
Zb\obam°ns°ms≠∂hÆw `uaDujva h¿≤\ {]hN\Ønepƒs∏Sp∂p.
BtKmf Xm]\Øn\v \nZm\sa¥mWv?
A¥co£Ønse 99%hpw c≠phmXI߃ AXmbXv 78% hcp∂ ss\{SP\pw
21% hcp∂ HmIvknP\pamWv. Ch bYm¿∞Øn¬ Imemhÿsb _m[n°p∂n√.
F∂m¬ BtKmfXm]\Øn\v ImcWamIp∂psh∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂ 6 hmXI߃
IqSn-t®¿∂v 1% am{Xta hmbphnse km∂n≤yap≈q. CØcØn¬ s]Sp∂ hmX-I-
ß- f m- W t√m Im¿_¨ ssU HmIv s skUns\ IqSmsX aossY≥, ss\{Skv
HmIvsskUv, sslt{Um ^vfqtdm Im¿_WpIƒ, s]¿^vfqtdm Im¿_WpIƒ,
kƒ^¿ slIvkm ^vfqssdUv F∂nh. lcnXKrlhmXI߃ kqcyIncWßsf
`qanbpsS A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂v Xmtg°v hcphm≥ A\phZn°p∂p. CXn¬ Hcp
`mKw `qan BKncWw sNbvXtijw a‰p≈hsb XncnsI {]Xn^en∏n°p∂p.
ChnsSbmWv {]iv\Øns‚ XpS°w. lcnXKrlhmXIßfpsS IW߃ Cu
tdUntbj\pIsf BKncWw sNbvXv Du¿÷w t\Sn A¥co£ Dujvamhv Db¿Øp-
∂p. lcnXKrl hmXIßfpsS A[nIcn°s∏´ km∂n≤yw h¿≤n® Afhnep≈
Du¿÷ BKncWØn\pw AXneqsS Db¿∂ Xm]\nebv°pw ImcWamIp∂p.

38
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

tIymt´m DSºSn Bhiys∏Sp∂sX¥v?

1997¬ \n¿t±in°s∏´ tIymt´m DSºSnbpsS {][m\ Bhiyw lcnXKrl
hmX-I-ß-fpsS Dev]mZ\Ønepw A¥co£Ønte°p≈ ]pd¥≈enepw Ipdhp
hcp-Øp-Ibpw BbXneqsS BtKmfXm]\sØ t\cnSpI F∂XpamWv. CXns‚
e£y Imemh[nbmb 2012˛mw amt≠msS Imemhÿm hyXnbm\ {]iv\߃ ]cn-
l- c n- ° m- s a- ∂ √ t\sc adn®v Hcp {]Ya Im¬shbv ] v \SØm\mWv CXv
Dt±in®n´p≈Xv. 1990 se \nehnep≈Xnt\°mƒ 5.2% lcnXKrl hmXIßfpsS
A¥co£Ønte°p≈ ]pd¥≈en¬ Ipdhp hcpØm≥ Hcp \nivNnX ]≤Xn
CXnep≠v. 2010 HmsS CXnepw Ipd™ e£yØnseØmsa∂v Nne dnt∏m¿´pIƒ
]dbp∂pap≠v.
tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImƒ F√m cmPyßsfbpw Hcp t]mse ImWp∂n√. DZm-l-
c-W-Øn\v Im\U 6% Ipdhv hcpØm≥ Xocpam\n®ncn°p∂p. Atacn°≥ sFIy-\m-
Sp-I-fnepw 7% Ipdhmbncp∂p. ]s£ 2001 ¬ Atacn°≥ {]knU‚ v tPm¿Pv U_vfyp
_pjv Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIsf tIymt´mbn¬ \n∂v ]n≥hen°m≥ Btem-Nn-
®p. tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImƒ Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIƒ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-Xn\v
ImcWw AXv Atacn°≥ kºZv hyhÿsb tZmjIcambn _m[n-°p-sa-∂-Xn-
\mepw C¥ybpw ssN\bpw t]mep≈ h≥InS hnIkzc cmPy߃ tIymt´m
t{]mt´mtImfns‚ ]cn[nbn¬ hcp∂n√ F∂Xn\mepamsW∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-
b-s∏-´n-´p-ap-≠v. Nne hymhkmbnI cmjv{Sßsf lcnXKrl hmXIßfpsS ]pd-¥-
≈n¬ bmsXmcp Ipdhpw hcpØmXncn°m\pw tIymt´m A\phZn°p∂p≠v F∂p
am{Xa√ 1990 teXnt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ ]pd¥≈¬ A\phZn°p∂hbpw Dƒs∏´n´p≠v.
djybpsSbpw \yqknem≠ns‚bpw lcnXKrlhmXI ]pd¥≈¬ e£yw 1990
teXnt\msSm∏w \ne\ndpØp∂p. sFkvem‚n\v 1990 teXnt\°mƒ 10% IqSpX¬
]pd¥≈¬ A\phZn°p∂p. hnIkzc cmjv{S߃°v CØcØn¬ bmsXmcp Ipdhpw
\n¿t±in°p∂n√. tIymt´m \n¿t±i߃ \S∏m°m≥ th≠p∂ ]Ww `qhn\ntbmKw
sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\pw Zcn{Z cmjv{SßfpsS hnIk\ Xmev]cy߃°pw {]tbm-P-
\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Gsd DØasa∂pw Nne¿ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂Xp IqSn CØ-cp-W-
Øn¬ Hm¿t°≠Xp≠v.
lcnXKrlhmXIßfpsS ]pd¥≈¬ e£ysaßs\km≤yam°mw?
CXv ]ehn[Øn¬ km≤yamWv. G‰hpw kphy‡amb am¿Kw lcnX Krl-hm-
X-I-ß-fpsS Dev]mZ\hpw AXneqsS ]pd¥≈epw Ipdbv°pI F∂Xp Xs∂bmWv.
IqSpX¬ C‘\£aXbp≈ hml\߃, I¬°cnbneqsSbp≈ sshZypXn
Dev]mZ\w IpdhpsNø¬ XpSßnbh IqSmsX a‰p aq∂p am¿K߃ IqSn tIymt´m
\n¿t±-in-°p∂p.
cmjv{S߃°v ]pd¥≈¬ s{IUn‰pIƒ hmßmhp∂XmWv. kz¥w lcn-X-Kr-
l-hm-XI ]pd¥≈¬ Izm´m Bhiyan√mØ cmjv{Sßfn¬ \n∂v a‰p≈h¿°v CXv
hmßmhp∂XmWv. kmºØnI k©e\ØneqsS Hcp cmjv{SØn\v at‰sXmcp

39
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
]¶mfn cmjv{SØnepw h\h¬°cWw t]mep≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ \S∏nem°n CØcw
s{IUn‰pIƒ hn{Ibw \SØmhp∂XmWv. hnIkzc cmjv{Sßfnte°v ]cnÿnXn
kulrZ kmt¶XnIhnZy ]I¿∂v \¬Ip∂ ip≤ hnIk\ k{ºZmbhpw (Clean
Development Mechanism) BImhp∂XmWv . tIymt´m t{]mt´mtImƒ
AwKcmjv{S߃ tIymt´m DSºSn e£y߃ ssIhcn°m≥ kzbtahbp≈
am¿K߃ Is≠Øm≥ _m≤yXs∏´ncn°p∂p. AØcw AwKcmPyßfpsS
]pd¥≈¬ Afhv 200/2012 e£y߃°v hnt[bambncn°pw.
tIymt´m e£yw t\Snbns√¶n¬ Hcp cmjv{SØns\¥v kw`hn°pw?
tIymt´m DSºSnbn¬ Hmtcm cmjv{SØns‚bpw ]ptcmKXnbpw {]h¿Ø\hpw
hnebncpØm\pff am¿§ßfpap≠v . AXn¬ ]ngbv ° pff \n¿t±ißfpap≠v .
BZysØ e£y Imebfhmb 2012˛¬ ssIhcnt°≠ lcnXKrlhmXI ]pd¥ff¬
e£yw t\Sm≥ IgnbmØ cmjv{S߃ ASpØ e£y Imebfhn¬, ap≥]v t\Sm≥
IgnbmØ Afhnt\msSm∏w 30% A[nIcn® ]ng F∂ IW°n\pff e£yhpw
t\Sm≥ _m[yXs∏´ncn°p∂p. Im¿_¨ {Ibhn{Ib߃°pff B cmjv{SØns‚
AhImihpw \ndpØem°s∏Sp∂XmWv.
BtKmf Nn¥bpw {]mtZinI {]h¿Ø\hpw
lcnXKrl hmXIßfpsS ]pd¥ffen¬ \nivNbZm¿VytØmsSbpff NphSp
hbv]pIƒ°pw AXneqsS am\h cminbpsS \∑bv°pw th≠nbpff `mcX k¿°m-
cns‚ \S]SnbmWt√m tIymt´m DSºSn AwKoIcn°¬. BbXn\m¬ Xs∂ \mw
Hmtcm `mcX ]uc\pw \ap°v BImhp∂ hn[Øn¬ lcnXKrl hmXIßfpsS
]pd-¥-≈-en¬ Ipdhp hcpØm\mbn {iant°≠Xv B¿j `mcX kwkv°mcØns‚
A¥ Øbv°v tN¿∂XmWv. F¶n¬ Hcp ]ucs\∂ \nebn¬ \ap°v F¥v
sNøphm\mIpsa∂v t\m°mw.
1. bm{X sNøptºmƒ
l kzImcy hml\ßfpsS D]tbmKw ]camh[n Ipdbv°pI. XWp-Øn-cn-°p-
tºm-gmWv ImdpIƒ A[nI hmXI߃ ]pd¥ffp∂Xv. Hcp BgvNbnse
kzImcy bm{XIƒ ]camh[n Ipdbv°m\mbn Hmtcm BgvNbntebv°pw
th≠ Imcy߃ ap≥Iq´n Xømdm°pI.
l \nßfpsS hml\ßfn¬ \n∂pff AXymhiy `mcw Hgnhm°pI. CXneqsS
C‘\£aX IqSp∂tXmsSm∏w hmXIßfpsS ]pd¥ff¬ Ipdbv°pIbpw
sNømw.
l SbdpIfnse a¿±w IrXyambn \ne\ndpØp∂XneqsS C‘\£aX Dd∏p
hcpØmw.
l Ignbp∂nStØmfw s]mXp bm{Xm kwhn[m\w (]ªnIv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v
knÃw) D]tbmKn°pI.

40
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
l kz¥w Imdn\v ]Icw Hcp h¿jw s]mXp bm{Xm kwhn[m\w D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂X- n-eqsS A¥co£ØnseØp∂ amen\yßfn¬ Hcp S¨ hsc Ipdhp
hcp-Ømw.
l s]mXp bm{Xm kwhn[m\ØneqsS Hcp _ n\v 40 a‰v hml\ßsf tdmUn¬
\n∂v am‰n \ndpØm≥ Ignbpw. Aßs\ Hcp h¿jw sIm≠v B Hcp _ n\v
9 S¨ amen\y߃ A¥co£ØnseØp∂Xv XSbm\mIpw.
l HmSp∂ Hcp hml\sØ At]£n®v Ãm¿´m°n \ndpØnbn´ncn°p∂
F©n≥ Cc´n amen\y߃ ]pdØp hnSp∂p. CXv Hgn-hm-°p-I.
2. hoSpIfn¬
l Bhiyan√mØ CeIv{SnIv D]IcW߃ Hm^m°pI. Ãm≥Uv ss_ Bbn
\ndpØnbnSp∂ D]IcW߃ Bhiyan√msX Du¿÷w ]mgm°p∂p.
l Fb¿ I≠oj\dpIƒ BhiyØn\v am{Xw D]tbmKn°pI. \nßfpsS
sX¿tamÃm‰v Ht∂m ct≠m Un{Kn XmgvØn sk‰v sNøp∂Xp Xs∂ Du¿÷
D]t`mKw hfscb[nIw Ipdbv°pw.
l Ignbp∂nStØmfw F√mw Xs∂ ]p\cp]tbmKw \SØpI. ]pXnb Akw-
kvIrX hkvXp°ƒ tXSn D]tbmKtbmKyamb ]Zm¿∞߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-
∂-Xn\p th≠ Du¿÷sØ At]£n®v ]p\cp]tbmKw hfsctbsd {]tbm-
P\w sNøpw.
l D]tbmKn°mØt∏mƒ Iºyq´¿ Hm^m°pI.
l CFL s‚ D]tbmKw ioeam°pI. km[mcW In´p∂ {]Imiw In´m≥ th≠n
CFL D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ 75% Du¿÷w Ipd®p aXn F∂v am{Xa√ CXv
a‰p≈Xnt\°mƒ ]Ønc´n A[nI kabw \¬Ip∂XpamWv.
l Blmcw ]mNIw sNøptºmƒ aqSn sIm≠v ASbv°p∂Xp sIm≠v 20%
Du¿÷w em`n°msa∂v am{Xa√ ]mNI kabw Ipdbv°m\pw Ignbpw.
3. Hm^okv/ sXmgn¬ ÿew
l Bhiyan√mØ kabßfn¬ sse‰pw ^m\pw Hm^m°pI.
l Im¿_¨ Dev]mZ\w Ipdbv°m\p≈ kwhn[m\߃ G¿s∏SpØm≥
tae[nImcnIsf t{]cn∏n°pI.
4. ]qt¥m´Øn¬
l NhdpIƒ IØn°p∂Xn\v ]Icw ItºmÃv hfw \n¿Ωn°pI.
l aÆnc ItºmÃpw ]co£n°mhp∂XmWv.
5. Blmc ]Zm¿∞߃
l {]mtZinIambn e`yambn´p≈ ]®°dnIƒ D]tbmKn®v ioen°pI. hnZqc

41
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
ÿeßfn¬ \n∂pw hcp∂ km[\߃°v am¿°‰p≠m°nbm¬
d{^nPtdj≥ apXembhbv°mbn [mcmfw Du¿÷w th≠n hcpw.
l amwkmlmcw \ncp’mls∏SpØpI. I∂pImenIsf [mcmfambn hf¿Øp-
hm-\n-S-bm-bm¬ (amwkØn\v th≠n IqSn) S¨ IW°n\v aossY≥ A¥-
co-£-Øn-te°v FØn°pIbmbncn°pw ^ew.
Cu ]d™Xn¬ \ns∂ms° Hcp Imcyw hyIv X amWv . a\pjy≥ Xs∂
Xocpam\nt°≠nbncn°p∂p Ah\pw Ahs‚ hcpw XeapdIƒ°pw kpJ kar≤n
]q¿Æamb PohnXw Bhiyapt≠m, F¶n¬ BbXntebv°p th≠ {]hrØnIƒ
Aev]w hnjatØmsSbmsW¶nepw \mw Gs‰Spt°≠nbncn°p∂p, F√mw \√Xn\p
th≠n.

“Bbpx I¿Ω N hnØ© hnZym \n[\tah N

]mss©tX \∑ Iev]t¥ K¿`KtXz\ tZln\mw”

Bbp pw hym]mchpw sFizcyhpw hnZybpw acWhpw K¿` ]m{XØn¬ \n∂p

Xs∂ Iev]n°p∂XmIbm¬ a\pjy¿°v iIvXn hnjba√.

42
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw
lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ßfpw
tUm. C.-sP. kJ-dnb
`ua-imkv{X ]T\ tI{µw

`qanbpsS icm-icn Xm]-\n-e-bn-ep-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ h¿≤-\hv C∂n-t∏mƒ

kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn t_m≤y-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. A¥-co£ Xm]-\n-e-bn-epw, kap-
{Z-P-e-Øns‚ NqSn-epw, kap-{Z-\n-c-∏nepw D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ h¿≤-\hpw, a™p-
]m-fn-I-fpsS Dcp-Iepw Hs° imkv{X-k-aqlw Zim-_vZ-ß-fmbn \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-
°p∂ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ Hcp `bm-\I bmYm¿∞y-ambn amdp-∂-Xmbn s]mXp kaq-
lsØ t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Bbn-cØn sXm≈m-bn-cØn sXmÆq-‰©p apX¬ c≠m-
bn-cØn Bdp-h-sc-bp≈ ]{¥-≠p-h¿j-߃°p-≈n-em-bn-cp∂p Ign™ \q‰≥]-
Xn¬]cw sIm√-߃°p-≈nse G‰hpw NqtS-dnb ]Xn-s\m∂p sIm√hpw!
“AtΩm! CXp t]msemcp NqsSs‚ Pohn-X-Øn-en-Xp-hsc I≠n-´n√!” Fs∂mcp
hr≤-{Km-ao-W≥ ]d-™m¬ ]p—n®p Nncn-°-cp-Xv. AsXmcp ]t£ kXy-am-bn-cp-t∂-
°mw.
imkv{X-Øn\v F¥nepw Imcy-Im-cW _‘-ß-fpsS Hcp km[q-I-cWw Bh-iy-
am-Wv. AØ-c-samcp km[q-I-cWw e`n-°p-∂Xp hsc \nco-£-W-ßsf AXv kwi-b-
Zr-jvSn-tbmsS t\m°pw. C∂n-t∏mƒ `ua-Xm-]-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ {]mZp¿`m-h-߃ ]c-
kv]-chpw, Xm]-\-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn {]h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ a\pjy t{]cnX LS-I-ß-
fp-ambpw AØ-cs - amcp Imcy-Im-cW
- _
- ‘w sXfn-™p-hc- p-∂p. AXv am‰-ßf
- psS s]mXp
kz`m-h-Øn¬ am{X-a√ Ah-bpsS am\-Øn-ep-ap-≠v.
Imem-h-ÿm-kw-_-‘n-bmb A¥-co-£-L-S-I-ß-fpsS imkv{Xob \nco-£-W-
߃°v \q‰≥]-Xn¬]cw sIm√-ß-fpsS Ncn-{X-ta-bp-≈q. F¶nepw Cu imkv{X-
imJ CXn-\Iw ssIh-cn® t\´-߃ Akq-bm-h-l-am-Wv. {]K-¤-cmb Bbn-c-°-W-
°n\v imkv{X-⁄cpw, AXn-tesd AXn-k-¶o¿Æ-amb \nco-£-tWm-]-I-c-W-ßfpw
At\-I-Zi D]-{K-l-ßfpw C∂v `qan-tbbpw AXnse Imem-h-ÿ-tbbpw D‰p-t\m-°n-

43
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. temI-Ønse G‰hpw i‡n-tb-dnb Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ C∂v Imem-
hÿm am‰-Øns‚ km≤y-X-I-sf-∏‰n ‘Nn¥n®v Xe ]pI-bv°p-∂p.’ Cu anI-hmWv
C∂v Imem-hÿm am‰-sØ-∏‰n imkv{X-k-aqlw \¬Ip∂ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ°v hnizm-
ky-X-tb-Ip-∂-Xpw.
Imew sX‰nb ag-bpw, hgn-am-dn-t∏m-hp∂ Ime-h¿j-hpw, Ien-Xp-≈p∂ Npg-en-
°m-‰pw, aSn-®p-\n¬°p∂ lna-]m-X-hpw, Db-cp∂ kap{Z-\n-c-∏pw, Dcp-Ip∂ a™p-]m-
fnbpw F√mw Imem-hÿm am‰-Øns‚ _ln¿`m-h-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Hcp-]t£ C∂v temI-P-\-X-sb-bmsI BImw-£-`-cn-X-cm-°p∂ G‰hpw henb
{]iv\w CXp Xs∂-bm-Wv. bp.F≥.F^[Link].-kn. (UNFCC) bpw, sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. (IPCC)
bpw, tIymt´m t{]mt´m-t°mfpw (Kyoto Protocol), tè dnhyqhpw (Stern Review)
Hs° C∂v km[m-c-W-°m¿°v ]cn-Nn-X-ß-fmb t]cp-I-fm-Wv. temI-cm-jv{S-ß-fm-
Is´ Imem-hÿm am‰-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-sØ-∏‰n Btcm-]W {]Xym-tcm-]-W-ß-
fpsS hgn-bn-em-Wv. P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p∂ Gjy≥ cmPy-ß-fmWv Imem-
hÿm am‰-Øn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ F∂v Ata-cn° Btcm-]n-°p-tºmƒ FÆ-Øn¬
ipjvI-cmb ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]uc≥am-cpsS B¿Øn-bmWv CXn-s\√mw Imc-W-sa∂v
adn-®pw. Cu `qanbpw AXnse hn`-h-ßfpw am\-h-hw-i-Øn-s‚-bmsI D]-t`m-K-Øn-\p-
≈-Xm-sW∂ Nn¥m-KXn ]pe-cpw-hsc CXp XpS¿t∂-°pw.
Imc-W-߃
Imem-hÿm am‰-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn {]h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xpw C∂n-t∏mƒ
s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xp-amb ImcWw A¥-co-£-Ønse lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-
ß-fpsS Af-hn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ h¿≤-\-bm-Wv. Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv (Carbon diox-
ide - CO2), aotY≥ (Methane - CH4), ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv (Nitrous Oxide - N2O) XpS-
ßn-b-h-bmWv {][m\ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃. lcn-X-Krl (greenhouse) sa∂Xv
XWpØ Imem-hÿ \ne-hn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse IÆm-Sn-Nn-√p-Iƒ sIm≠p-≠m-
°nb sI´n-S-ß-fm-Wv. Ch-bnse Xm]-\ne ]pd-tØ-Xn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°p-
sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ]®-°-dn-Ifpw a‰pw hf¿Øm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. CXn-\p-≈nse
Xm]-\ne IqSm≥ ImcWw D≈n¬ IS-°p∂ kutcm¿÷w ]p\¿hn-In-cWw hgn
\jvS-s∏-SmsX XSp-Øp-\n¿Ø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. CXmWv lcn-X-Kr-l-{]-`mhw
(greenhouse effect). CXn-t\mSv kam-\-amb coXn-bn-emWv A¥-co-£-Ønse lcn-X-
Kr-l-hm-X-I-ßfpw s]cp-am-dp-∂-Xv. `qan-bnse kzm`m-hnI Du¿÷ t{kmX- p-I-sf√mw
Xs∂, Pntbm-sX¿a¬ (geothermal) F\¿Pn HgnsI F√mw kqcy-\n¬ \n∂pw e`n-
°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Aƒ{Sm-h-b-e‰pw (ultraviolet), kqcy-{]-Im-i-ambn \mw ImWp∂ hnhn[
h¿Æ-{]-Im-ihpw (visible light), Xm]-hn-In-c-W-ßfpw (Infra red), tdUntbm Xcw-K-
ßfpw F√mw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hnZypXv Im¥nI Xcw-K-t{i-Wn-bm-bmWv kutcm¿÷w
e`n-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ Aƒ{Sm-h-b-e‰v Xcw-K-ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-™Xpw, Xm]-hn-In-c-W-
߃ Xcw-K-ssZ¿Lyw IqSn-b-Xp-amb hnIn-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. hnhn[ hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw,
hmX-I-ß-fp-sSbpw X∑m-{X-Iƒ {]tXyI Xcw-K-ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ hnIn-c-W-ßsf BKn-

44
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
cWw sNøp-∂p. Cu {]tXyI Xcw-K-ssZ¿Ly-߃, a\p-jy-cpsS hnc¬Xp-ºsØ
hnc-e-S-bmfw t]mse, Hmtcm X∑m-{X°pw kzX-kn-≤-am-bp-≈Xpw Ahsb Xncn-®dn-
bm≥ D]-tbm-K-s∏Spwhn[w khn-ti-j-hp-am-Wv. \ΩpsS lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃°v
Xm]-hn-In-cW t{iWn-bn¬ (Infrared radiation) i‡-amb BKn-cW tijn-bp-≠v.
F∂m¬ Ahbv°v Aƒ{Sm-h-b-e‰vhnkn-_nƒ t{iWn-I-fn¬ ]d-b-Ø° BKn-c-W-
ti- j n- s bm- ´ n√ Xm\pw. CXp \nanØw kqcy- \ n¬ \n∂pw `qan- b n- s e- Ø p∂
kutcm¿÷w `uam-¥-co-£-Øn-eqsS Imcy-amb XS- -sam-∂p-an-√msX `utam-]-cn-X-
e-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.
iq\ym-Im-i-Øn-te°v XncnsI {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sXm-gn-sI-bp≈ Du¿÷w
`utam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse hnhn[ hkvXp-°-ƒ BKn-cWw sNøp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS Xm]-
\ne Db-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu NqSv Xm]-hn-In-c-W-ß-fmbn ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
Aßs\ D]-cn-Xew XWp-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu Xm]-hn-In-c-W-ßsf A¥-
co-£Ø - nse lcn-XK - r-lh
- m-XI
- ß
- ƒ BKn-cWw sNøp-Ib - m¬ Cu Du¿P-Øn\v `uam-
¥-co£w hn´v ]pdØv t]mIm-\m-hp-∂n-√. Npcp-°n-]-d-™m¬ A`n-a-\yp-hn-s\-t∏mse
A¥-co-£-am-Ip∂ ]fl-hyqlw t`Zn®v AI-Øp-I-S∂ kutcm¿÷-Øn\v ]pd-tØ°v
IS-°m-\m-hmsX Ipg-ßp-∂p. ^ew `uam-¥-co-£-Øns‚ XWp-°¬ XS-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
NqSv Db-cp-Ibpw BWv. Cß-s\-bmWv lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃ `ua-Xm-]-\-Øn\v Imc-
W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. F∂p-h®v lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃ hn√≥am-scm-∂p-a-√. `qan Pohn-hm-k-
tbm-Ky-am-bXv A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Ah D≠m-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. kqcy-\n¬ \n∂pw `qan-
bn-te°pw N{µ-\n-te-°p-ap≈ icm-icn A-Iew GXm≠v XpeyamW-t√m. F∂n´pw
`qan-bnse Xm]-\ne GI-tZiw ]Xn-\mep Un{Knbpw (14oC) N{µ-\n-teXv ]qPy-Øn\pw
A≥]-Xp-Un{Kn Xmsgbpw (-50oC) BWv. Nt{µm-]-cn-X-e-Ønse icm-icn ]I¬NqSv
107oC BWv. icm-icn cm{Xn-Xm-]-\n-e-bm-hs´ -150oC Dw. CXn¬ \n∂pw hn`n-∂-
ambn `qan-bn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ ‘ka-io-tXm-jvW-amb’ Imem-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-hm≥ ImcWw
`uam-¥-co-£hpw AXnse lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fp-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬
`qan-bnepw ITn-\-amb Xm]-hy-Xn-bm-\-ß-fp-≠m-hp-Ibpw X∂n-anØw Poh≥ Xs∂
Akm-≤y-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvtX-s\. F∂m¬ kao-]-Im-e-Øv, AXm-bXv Ign™
\q‰≥]Xp h¿j-߃°p-≈n¬, A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Ch-bpsS tXmXv Db-cm≥ XpSßn.
icm-icn ]d-™m¬ hc≠ (dry air) A¥-co-£-hm-bp-hns‚ 78.1% ss\{S-P\pw (Ni-
trogen - N2), 20.9% HmIvkn-P\pw (Oxygen - O2), 0.93% B¿KWpw (Argon - Ar) BWv.
Ch-b-{Xbpw IqSn 99.93 iX-am-\-am-bn. _m°n F√mw IqSn 0.1% Ønepw Xmsg-bm-
Wv. CXn-\p-≈n-emWv lcn-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I. C{X sNdnb Af-hn-\p-
≈n¬ D≠mb hyXn-bm-\-ß-fmWv C∂v \sΩ BImw-£m-`-cn-X-cm-°pw hn[Øn-ep≈
Imem-hÿm am‰-Øn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv.
t\csØ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse {][m\ lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-߃ Im¿_¨Utbm-
Ivssk-Upw, aotY-\pw, ss\{Skv HmIvssk-Up-am-Wv. {][m\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Ch-
bpsS Xm]-\-Øn-\p≈ Ignhpw (GWP - Global Warming Potential), A¥-co-£-Ønse
Ct∏m-gsØ tXmXpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øn-´m-Wv. lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ßfpsS Xm]-\-tijn

45
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
(GWP) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Ahsb Im¿_¨Utbm-Ivssk-Up-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-´m-Wv. AXm-bXv Im¿_¨Utbm-Ivssk-Uns‚ Xm]-\-tijn H∂v (1) Bbn IW-
°m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. CXn\v Cu hmX-I-Øns‚ A¥-co-£-Ønse Pohn-X-Imew (Atmo-
spheric residence time) IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. AX-\p-k-cn®v aotY-\ns‚ Xm]-
\-tijn Ccp-]-sØm∂pw (21) ss\{Skv HmIvssk-Un-t‚Xv Ccp-∂q-‰n-∏Øpw (210)
Bbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.
Im¿_¨Utbm-IvsskUv (CO2 )
CO2 , Im¿_¨ AS-ßnb hkvXp-°-fpsS Zl\ (combustion) ØneqsS D≠m-
hp-∂p. s]t{Sm-fn-bw, I¬°-cn, {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-Iw, hndIv F∂p th≠ H´p-an° F√m
C‘-\-ßfpw (B-Wh C‘-\-hpw, ssl{U-P\pw Hgn-®v) Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv
D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. CXv km[m-cW Dujvam-hnepw a¿±-Ønepw Hcp hmX-Ia
- m-Wv. Db¿∂
a¿±-Øn¬ XWp-∏n-®m¬ {Zh-am-bpw, Jc-ambpw am‰m-sa-¶nepw Pe-Øn¬ \∂mbn
ebn-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ kap-{Z-P-e-Øn¬ CXns‚ hen-sbmcp tiJ-c-ap-≠v. AXn-\m¬
kap-{Z-P-e-Øns‚ NqSv Db¿∂m¬ AXn¬ ebn-®n-cn-°p∂ Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv
h≥tXm-Xn¬ A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-sa∂ `bhpw imkv{X-⁄¿°p-
≠v. kky-Pm-e-߃ CXns\ Pe-Øn-s‚bpw, kqcy-{]-Im-i-Øn-s‚bpw (photosynthe-
sis) klm-b-tØmsS Blm-c-am°n am‰p-∂p. Aßs\ A¥-co-£-Ønse Im¿_¨
Utbm-Ivssk-Uns‚ G‰hpw apJy D]-t`m-‡mhv kky-Pm-e-߃, {]tXy-In®pw h\-
ta-J-e-I-fm-Wv. A¥-co-£-Ønse Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Uns\ am‰n-h-bv°p-∂-Xn\v
(carbon sequestration) imkv{X-⁄¿ ]d-bp∂ apJy D]m-[nbpw h\-h¬°-c-W-amWv.
aotY≥
ssPhhkvXp-°-fpsS Nob¬ BWv aotY-\ns‚ {][m\ t{kmX- v. HmIvkn-
Ps‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ (Anarobic bacteria) BWv Cu
hmX-I-Øns‚ apJy DXv]m-Z-I¿. Zl\ kz`mh-ap≈ (combustible) Cu hmXIw Hcp
\√ C‘-\-hp-am-Wv. _tbm-Kym-knse apJy-L-SIw (D-t±iw 65%) Bb Cu hmXIw
{Zho-I-cn-°pI Ffp-∏-a-√. IS-en-\-Sn-bn¬ aotY≥ sslt{U‰v (Methane hydrate) ]c-ep-
I-fmbn aotY-\ns‚ h≥ \nt£]w D≠v. kap-{Z-P-e-Øn¬ Aen-™p-tN¿∂ \ne-
bnepw aotY≥ tiJcw kap-{Z-Øn-ep-≠v. Pem-i-b-߃ {]tXy-In®pw ip≤-P-em-i-b-
߃ aotY-\ns‚ D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p.
Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bmWv ss\{Skv HmIvssk-Uns‚ apJy t{kmX- v. ]mIy-P-\-I-
a-S-ßnb cmk-hf {]tbm-K-tØm-sS-bp≈ Xo{h-Ir-jn, Cu hmX-I-Øns‚ D¬∏m-Z-\-
Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. C‘\ D]-tbm-K-amWv as‰mcp {][m\ LS-Iw.
Ch-bpsS tXmXn¬ {it≤-b-amb am‰-ap-≠m-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv hymh-km-bnI
hnπ-h-Øns‚ XpS-°-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. Bbn-cØn Fgp-∂q‰n A≥]-Xn¬ 0.7 ppm (Z-i-
e-£-Øn-sem-cwiw ˛ Parts per million) Bbn-cp∂p aotY-\ns‚ A¥-co-£-Ønse
tXmXv. F∂m¬ Bbn-cØn sXm≈m-bn-cØn sXmÆq-s‰´v Bb-t∏mtg°p-aXv 1.75

46
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
ppm Bbn Db¿∂p. CtX Ime-b-f-hn¬ ss\{Skv HmIvssk-Uns‚ tXmXv 0.27 ppm
¬ \n∂pw 0.314 ppm Bbn Db¿∂p. Im¿_¨U-tbm-Ivssk-Um-hs´ 280 ppm ¬
\n∂pw 377 ppm Bbn Db¿∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse Ahÿ
lcn-XK - r-lh
- m-XI
- ß
- f
- psS ]pd-¥≈
- ¬ Imem-hÿ
- b
- n-ep-≠m-°p∂ am‰-߃ Xt±-
io-b-ambn (Local) IW-°m-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Ch A¥-co-£-Øn¬ hfsc thKw hym]n-
°p-sa∂XpsIm≠v Ch-bp-≠m-°p∂ Imem-hÿm am‰-߃ BtKm-fm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
hni-I-e\w sNtø-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m-emWv CØcw hmX-I-ß-fpsS ]pd-¥-
≈¬ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v tIymt´m t{]mt´m-t°mƒ XpS-ßnb A¥m-cmjv{S DS-º-Sn-
Iƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xpw.
lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Imem-h-ÿm-am‰w {]mtZ-in-I-ambn IW-
°m-°m-\m-hn-s√-¶nepw Ch-bpsS D¬∏m-Z-\hpw ]pd-¥-≈epw kw_-‘n® {]mtZ-
inI IW-s°-Sp-∏p-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ sk‚¿ t^m¿ F¿Øv
kb≥kv ÃUo-kn¬ (Centre for Earth Science Studies - CESS) Cu lcnXKrl-hm-X-I-
ß-sf-∏‰n ]T-\-߃ \S-°p-∂p-≠v. kao-]-Im-eØv Cu lcn-XKrl-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS
{]mtZ-inI D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-ep-≠mb G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ IuXp-I-I-chpw IqSn-bm-Wv.
ap≥ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvssk-Uns‚ apJy-t{km-X v C‘-
\-ß-fpsS {]tXy-In-®pw, s]t{Sm-fnbw C‘-\-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-am-Wv. Ch-bpsS hymh-
km-bnI D]-tbm-K-tØ-°mƒ KXm-KX cwKsØ D]-tbm-K-Øn-emWv kao-]-Im-eØv
h≥ h¿≤-\hv D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v. \ΩpsS tdmUp-Iƒ Xnßn-\n-d™v Cg™p \oßp∂
hml-\-\nc ]pd-¥-≈p-∂Xv Zi-e-£-°-W-°n\v S¨ Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Um-
Wv. CXn\v apJy-Im-cWw kzImcy hml-\-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ h¿≤-\-
bm-Wv. A\p-_-‘-ambn tN¿Øn-´p≈ {Km^p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Cu h¿≤-\hv {]I-S-am-
W-t√m. hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ ]pd-¥-≈p-∂-Xns‚ \men-c-´n-tbm-f-amWv hml-\-ß-fn¬
\n∂p≈ Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv F∂p am{X-a-√, h¿jw-tXmdpw Ch c≠n-ep-ap-
≠m-hp∂ h¿≤-\-bpsS tXmXpw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. hml-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Im¿_¨
Utbm-IvsskUv AXn-thKw IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ÿnXn khn-tij {i≤
A¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. hml-\-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn-ep-≠m-hp∂ A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb h¿≤-
\-hv, s]mXp KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ icn-bmb hnI-k-\-Øn-eqsS XS-bm-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. CXp-aqew Cu taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv Ipd-bv°m-
sa∂p am{X-a-√, A{Xbpw IqSn C‘-\-߃ \ap°v hymh-km-bnI D¬∏m-Z\ taJ-e-
I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-Ibpw sNøpw.
tIc-f-Øn¬ {][m\ taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp∂ aotY-\ns‚ Ahÿ
Iptd-°qSn ck-I-c-am-Wv. aotY-\ns‚ {][m-\-t{km-X- p-Iƒ Pem-i-b-ß-fpw, s\¬Ir-
jn-bpw, I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø-epw, C‘\ D]-t`m-Khpw BWv. CXn¬ ]e-Xnepw kao-
]-Im-eØv Ipdhv h∂n-´p-s≠-∂Xv Hcp Xc-Øn¬ Bizm-k-Øn\p hI Xcp-∂p-s≠-
¶nepw Ah-bpsS Imc-W-߃ A`n-am-\-I-c-a-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v s\¬Ir-jn-bn¬

47
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
h∂n-´p≈ h≥Ip-d-hv, s\¬Ir-jn-bn¬ \n∂pw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ aotY-\ns‚ Af-
hn¬ h≥Ip-dhv hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]t£ AXv \ΩpsS apJy-`-£-W-amb Acn°v
a‰v kwÿm-\-ßsf B{i-bn-t°≠ Ah-ÿbpw kwPm-X-am-°n. CXp Xs∂-bmWv
I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø-en¬ \n∂pw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ aotY-\n-s‚bpw ÿnXn. Cu
taJ-e-bnepw h≥ Ipd-hmWv kao-]-Im-eØv D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\v \ΩpsS I∂p-
Imen ]cn-]m-e-\-Øn-ep-≠mb ta≥a-tb-°mƒ, I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn-ep-≠mb
Ipd-hmWv apJy-Im-c-Ww. A\p-_-‘-ambn tN¿Øn-´p≈ {Km^p-Iƒ Cu hyXn-bm-
\sØ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
aot-Y\ns‚ as‰mcp {][m-\-t{km-X v Pem-i-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ch-bn¬ ip≤-P-em-i-
b-߃ Xoc-tZ-iØ- p≈ D∏p-ckw Ie¿∂ Imb-ep-It- f-°mƒ Db¿∂ Af-hn¬ aotY≥
]pd-¥-≈p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Pem-i-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aotY≥ D¬∏m-Z-\-sØ-∏‰n sk n¬
(CESS) \S∂ ]T-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kao-]-Im-e-Ømbn \ΩpsS Xoc-tZi Imb-
ep-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aotY≥ \n¿K-a-\-Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂m-Wv. CXn-
s\mcp Imc-W-ambn a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv Imb-ep-I-fn¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ sXm≠-gp-°¬ apX-
emb {]{In-b-I-fn¬ h∂ Ipd-hm-Wv.
aotY≥ D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ a‰p t{kmX- p-I-fmb s]t{Sm-fnbw C‘-\-ß-fpsS
D]-t`m-K-hpw, Jc-am-en\y \nt£-]-hpw h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv ap≥ ]d™ Ipd-
hp-Iƒ°v Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc aß-te¬∏n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.

tIc-f-Ønse Nne Imb-ep-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aotY≥ \n¿§-a-\-Øns‚ tXmXv

48
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

tIc-f-Øn¬ I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø-en¬ \n∂pw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ aotY≥ (Methane)

tIc-f-Øn¬ s\¬Ir-jn-bn¬ \n∂pw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ aotY≥ (Methane)

49
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

tIc-f-Øn¬ hml-\-߃ ]pd-¥-≈p∂ Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv (Carbon dioxide)

tIc-f-Øn¬ hyh-kmb ime-Iƒ ]pd-¥-≈p∂ Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv (Carbon dioxide)

tIc-f-Øn¬ \n¿K-an-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS samØ-Øn-ep≈

Afhv IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pI Xs∂-bm-Wv. Fs¥-¶nepw Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ Xs∂
AXv DXv]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ taJ-e-I-fn-em-Wv.

50
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqew

Pe-hn-`h taJe t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-߃
tUm.- C.-sP. Pbnwkv

A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v lcnX Krl-hm-X-I-ß-ƒ Db¿∂ Af-hn¬ ]pd-¥-≈n-bm¬

BtKmf A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne 1990 ˛ 2100 Ime-b-f-hn¬ 2.5 \pw 5.8oC \pw CSbv°pw,
Xmgv∂ Af-hn¬ ]pd-¥-≈n-bm¬ 1.4 -\p 3oC \pw CSbv°pw Db-cm≥ km≤yXbps≠-
∂mWv ]T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. CusbmcpIme-b-f-hn¬ Xs∂ icm-icn kap{Z
\nc∏v 9cm\pw 88cm\pw CSbv°pw Db-cm≥ km≤yXbp-≠v. (Mall et al, 2006 )
A¥-co-£-Ønse Xm]-\ne IqSp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v _mjv]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Afhp
IqSp-I-bpw, `qan-bnse Pe-N{Iw hfsc {ZpX-KXnbnem-hp-Ibpw sNøp-w. A¥-co-£-
Øn¬ \S-°p∂ sX¿tam-ssU-\m-an°v {]{In-b-I-fpw, Xm]-\n-e IqSp-∂-Xn-\\p-k-
cn®v A¥-co-£-Ønse Cu¿∏-Øn-epw, s]øp∂ ag-bpsS Af-hnepw Imcy-amb am‰-
ßfmWv D≠m-Im≥ t]mIp-∂Xv. ag-bpsS Xo{h-Xbnepw AXns‚ Bh¿Ø-\-
coXnbnepw AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ÿmen-I-hpw, Imen-I-hp-amb agbpsS tXmXnepw
Imcy-amb hyXn-bm\hpw kw`-hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Pe-N{Iw i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂Xn\pk-cn®v \ΩpsS \Zo-X-S-ßfnepw
\ZnIfpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-isØ Pe-k-¥p-e-\-Ønepw am‰w kw`-hn-°p-I-bpw, AXv
\ΩpsS K¿ln-I-hpw, hymh-km-bn-I-hp-amb Pe-Øns‚ hnX-c-W-tØbpw, Pe-tkN-
\-tØbpw, PesØ B{i-bn®v \ne-\n¬°p∂ hnhn[ Bhm-kh - y-hÿ
- I- f
- psS Btcm-
Ky-tØbpw Imcy-ambn _m[n-°p-as{X. ag-bpsS Xo{h-X-bnepw, Bh¿Ø-\-Ønepw
D≠m-Ip∂ hyXn-bm\w sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn-t‚-bpw, hcƒ®-bp-tSbpw ImTn\yw Iq´p-I-
bpw, \Zn-bn-eqsS Hgp-In-t∏m-Ip∂ Pe-Øns‚ ka-bs
- sZ¿Ly-Øn-t\bpw, Af-hn-t\bpw
_m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-w. ssiXy-Im-eØv ag-bpsS Afhp IqSm-\pw, th\¬Im-eØv
CXv Ipd-bm\pw km[y-X-bp-≠v. Cu Ipdhv 2080 BIp-tºmƒ 30 ˛ 50 iX-am\w hsc-
bmImw F∂v ]T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn \Zn-bpsS Hgp-°n-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰w {][m-\-s∏´ F√m Pe
Bhm-kh
- y-hÿ
- I- t- fbpw _m[n-°pw. ]pg-bpsS Hgp°p Ipd-bp∂ Ah-kc
- ß
- ƒ h¿≤n-

51
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
°pw. AW-s°-´p-I-fn¬ kw`-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Pe-Øns‚ hnXm\w Ipd-bp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v,
Pe-tk-N-\w, sshZypXn DXv]m-Z-\w, Km¿ln-Ihpw, hymh-km-bn-I-hp-amb Bh-iy-
߃°pth-≠n-bp≈ Pe-hn-X-cWw F∂n-hsb Imcy-ambn _m[n-°pw. apI-fn¬ ]d-
™-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ am‰-߃ A¥-co£ Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ kw`-hn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
aÆnse Cu¿∏w Ipd-bp-I, Pew Dugv∂n-d-ßp-∂Xv Ipd-bp-I, `qK¿` Pe-\n-c∏v Ipd-
bpI XpSßn ]e ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ßfpw D≠m-Ipw. CØcw {]iv\-߃ hc≠
{]tZ-i-ßsfbmbn-cn°pw IqSp-X¬ _m[n-°pI.
H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ h¿j-ß-fn-te°v hym]n°p∂ hcƒ® IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-hp-I-
bpw, Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ {]iv\-߃ t\cn-Sp∂ Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ cq£-amb
{]iv\-ß-ƒ t\cn-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. hcƒ®-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v D≠m-Ip∂ i‡-amb
th\¬°me-ßfnse {]iv\-߃ G‰hpw IpSp-X¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-SpI DjvW-ta-J-e-bn-
ep≈ `qJ-fi-ß-fnse Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv. henb ag-bpsS G‰-°p-d-®n¬sIm≠pw
{]h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ Db-cp∂ kap-{Z-Pe \nc∏paqehpw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kln-°p-
hm≥ t]mIp-∂Xv sNdnb Zzo]p-I-fpw, Xoc-tZi taJ-e-bp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cßs\ amdn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Pe-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬, Nne h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ Pohn-Iƒ (species)
h¿≤n°p-I-bpw a‰p Nneh \in®p t]mIp-Ibpw sNøp-w. Pe-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-
tØbpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w Imcy-ambn _m[n-°pw. IS¬t∏m-®-Iƒ IqSp-X-
emIpw. CXp-aq-ew IqSp-X¬ aÆv \Zo-ap-J-ß-fn¬ h∂-Sn-bm\pw km≤y-X-bp-≠v.
Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-hpambn _‘-s∏´ Nne {]iv\-߃ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p.
l Pe-hn`hØn-epw, Pe-t{kmX- p-Ifnepw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-߃ D≠m-
°m-hp∂ am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v C\nbpw ]e A\n-›n-X-Xz-߃ \n¬°p-∂p-≠v.
l IqsS°qsSbp≠m-°p∂ AXn-Xo-{h-amb {]Ir-Xym-ep≈ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-߃
{]h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
l Pe-kw-_-‘-amb tcmK-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-epw, ]S-cp-∂-Xn-epw, AXp-t]mse
Xs∂ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Ønepw Imcy-amb am‰w kw`-hn-
°mw.
l Imem- h ÿm hyXn- b m- \ - h p- a mbn s]mcp- Ø - s ∏- S pI F∂Xv AXy- [ nIw
{]tbmktadnb Hcp Imcy-am-Wv.
XpS-sc-Xp-S-sc-bp-≠m-Ip∂ i‡n-tb-dn-b, sh≈-s∏m-°w, hf-cƒ®, Pe-N-{I-Øn-
\p-≠m-Ip∂ am‰w XpS-ßnb {]Xn-`m-k-ß-tfm-sSm∏w P\-s∏-cp-∏w, \K-c-h-Xv°-c-Ww,
`qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn-ep≈ am‰-߃, Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS \io-I-cWw F∂n-h-bmWv
Pe-]-cn-]m-e-\p-ambn _‘-s∏´p {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿ t\cn-tS≠n hcp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-
Iƒ. `qan-bnse _mjv]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ tXmXpw, ag-bpsS tXmXpw {Iam-\p-K-X-a-√.
AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Imem-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰w sIm≠v \ap°v e`y-amb D]-cn-
X-e-Øn-te-bpw, `qK¿`-Øn-tebpw ip≤-P-e-t{im-X- p-I-fn¬ D≠m-Im-hp∂ am‰-߃
{]h-N-\m-Xo-X-am-Wv. hnhn[ {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´p InS-°p∂ A\n-›n-X-Xz-
ßsf a\- n-em-°pI F∂-XmWv Pe-]-cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-
h¿ BZy-ambn sNtø≠ Imcyw.
52
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

\nco-£-W-߃
BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p∂ kwL-S-\-
bmb Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change s‚ (IPCC) dnt∏m¿´v {]Imcw Imem-
h-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ sNdn-b-am‰w t]mepw IqsS IqsS-bp-≠m-Ip∂ {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-
k-ß-fn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ henb am‰w hcp-Øm-≥ t]m∂-h-bm-Wv.
CubSpØ Ime-Ømbn Xm]-\n-e-bnepw AXp-t]mse a‰p≈ {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fnepw
D≠mb am‰-߃ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p:
l Ign™ \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØ G‰hpw NqSp≈ 9 h¿j-߃ D≠m-bXv Cub-
SpØ 14 h¿j-ß-fn-em-Wv.
l B¿IvSnIv taJ-e-bnse icm-icn Xm]-\ne 1968 apX¬ t\m°n-bm¬ 5oC
hsc Db¿∂n-´p-≠v.
l Hcp taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂pw, as‰mcp taJ-e-bn-te°v Nen-°p∂ A¥-co£ Xm]-
X-cwKw h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p; CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ At\Iw ac-W-ß-fpw ÿnco-
I-cn-°s∏´n´p-≠v; AXp-t]mse IoS-ß-fpsS B{I-a-W-hpw, tcmK-ß-fpw, Irjn-
\-jvShpw CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-K-ß-fnepw D≠m-Ip-∂p-
≠v.
l CØcw -Xm-]-X-cw-K-߃ kmº-ØnI \jvS-hpw, Poh-\-jvShpw D≠m-°p-∂p.
l e`y-amb IW-°p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1994 BWv G‰hpw NqSp IqSnb
h¿jw. 200 h¿j-Øn-\n-Sbv°v G‰hpw IqSnb hm¿jnI Xm]-am\w hnb-∂-
bn¬ A\p`hs∏´p. 1950 \v tijw G‰hpw NqSp-Iq-Snb Pqsse tlw_¿Kn¬
D≠m-bn. Cw•-≠n¬ 336 h¿j-Øn-\n-Sbv°v G‰hpw NqSp-Iq-Snb \hw-_¿
amkw I≠p.
l ktl¬ ag-°m-e-Øv, B{^n-°-bpsS `qcn-`m-Kw {]tZ-iØpw km[m-cW ag-
bp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ 120%,tØmfw IqSp-X¬ ag e`n-°p-I-bp≠mbn.
l H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-tijw G‰hpw Xo{h-amb hcƒ® 1994 ¬
Bkvt{X-en-b-bn-ep-≠m-bn.
l 1948\p tijw 1996-˛¬ G‰hpw Cu¿∏-am¿∂ h¿j-amWv Im\-U-bn¬ D≠m-
bXv.
l hS-°p-In-g-°≥ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ AXn-i-‡-amb th\¬ ag D≠m-bn; hS-°p-
In-g-°≥ taJ-e-bn¬ 102 h¿j-Øn-\n-Sbv°v AXn-i-‡-amb ag e`n-°p-I-bpw
sNbvXp.
l ssN\-bn¬ 50 h¿j-Øn-\n-Sbv°v D≠mb alm {]f-b-Øn¬ 1000 tØmfw
t]¿ acn-°p-I-bpw, 20 Zi-e£w P\-߃°v ]cn-°p-Iƒ ]‰p-I-bpw, h≥ kmº-
ØnI \jvSw t\cn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

53
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
l temI-am-I-am\w 44 {]f-b-Øn¬ 1996 ¬ \jvS-s∏-´Xv 6850 Poh-\p-I-fm-Wv.
l Cw•-≠n-epw, shbn¬knepw 1766\p tijw D≠mb G‰hpw hc≠ h¿jw
1996 embn-cp-∂p.
l El-nino Southern Oscillation F∂ IS¬ Xm]-X-cwKw 1990 apX¬ 1995 hsc
\o≠p-\n¬°p-I-bpw, as‰m∂v 1997˛¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
IPCC bpsS \nK-a-\-{]-Im-cw, sXfn-hp-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂Xv BtKmf Imem-h-ÿ-
bn¬ a\p-jys‚ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb kzm[o-\-hp-ap-≠m-bn-´p≠v F∂m-Wv.
Ct∏m-gsØ {]h-W-X-Iƒ Npcp-°-Øn¬:
l Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne
l i‡-amb ag
l ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb hc-≠-Im-em-h-ÿ-
l Xp-S-scXpSsc-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Npg-en-°m-‰v.
\nK-a-\-߃
`mhn-bnse Imcy-߃ {]h-Nn-°p-tºmƒ Nne A\n-›n-X-Xz-߃ t\cn-Sp-∂p-≠v.
Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´h Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.
l 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse hnhn[ Zi-I-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Im\n-Sbp≈ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-
I-ß-fpsS _ln¿K-a-\-Øns‚ tXmXv e`y-a-√.
l `mhnbnse kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnI, \b-]-c-am-b, am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈ Adn-
hp-Iƒ ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.
l h¿j-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw h¿j-ß-fn-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ Imem-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-
Ip∂ am‰-߃ {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-am-Wv.
F∂m¬ Imem-hÿm tamU-ep-I-fn¬ (General Climate Models (GCM)) D≈
hnizm-kyX h¿≤n-®n-´p≠.v IqSmsX {]Xym-Lm-X-ßsf Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hni-Zo-I-cn-
°m\pw Ahbv°v Ign-bp-∂p≠v. CØcw Imem-hÿm tamU-ep-I-fn¬ agsb kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂ hnhcw ]cn-an-Xa
- m-Wv. I\-Øa
- g e`n-°p∂ Ime-bf - hpw hfsc Ipd-hm-Ws√m.
]e-t∏mgpw Cu tamU-ep-Iƒ°v {]mtZ-in-I-amb hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-hm≥ km[n-°p-
∂n√. {]mtZ-in-I-amb hnh-c-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ tamU-ep-Iƒ Ãm‰n-
Ãn-Ivkns‚ klm-b-tØmsS cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-s{X. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ IrXy-X-bp≈
{]mtZ-inI Imem-hÿm tamU-ep-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂X - n-\mbn Dynamic Downscaling klm-
bn-°pw.
hnhn[ hi-߃ hne-bn-cpØn IPCC A\n-›n-X-Xz-ßsf FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-≠v.
IPCC bpsS dnt∏m¿´v {]Imcw, C∂v ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw, `mhn-bn¬ D≠m-Im≥ km[y-
X-bp-≈-Xp-amb Db¿∂ IqSnb NqSpw, IqSnb NqSp≈ Zn\-ßfpw \ΩpsS Pe-k-º-

54
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Øn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø-°-Xmb am‰-߃ D≠m-°pw. DØ-cm¿≤-tKm-f-Ønse ]e-`m-
K-ßfpw t\cn-Sm≥ t]mIp-∂X - mb AXn-i‡
- a
- mb h¿j-]m-Xw, IqsS-Iq-sS-bp≈ sh≈-
s∏m-°-Øn-\v hgn-sX-fn-°pw. th\¬°m-eØv `qJ-WvU-ß-fn-se Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
hcƒ® IqSpw. DjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Npg-en-°m-‰n-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-≠m-Ip∂
i‡-am-bXpw, Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep-≈-Xp-amb h¿j-]mXw C¥y-bn¬ sh≈-s∏m-°-
Øn\pw a‰pw Imc-W-am-Ipw. ]T-\-߃ {]Imcw C¥y-bn¬ D]-cn-Xe Xm]-\ne IqSm≥
km[y-X-bp-≠v. Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ag IqSp-∂-Xp-aqew {]fbw A\p-`-h-s∏-Spw. ag-
bn¬ hcp∂ h¿≤\-sIm-≠p≈ D]-tbmKw Aßns\ \jvS-am-Ipw.
{Ko≥em‚ v, A‚m¿´nIv F∂nh Ign-™m¬ temI-Ønse aq∂m-asØ lna-
]mXw lnam-e-b-Ønem-Wv. Ch GI-tZiw 12 iX-Z-i-e£w L\-ao-‰¿ ip≤-Pew
tiJ-cn-®p-sh-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Ch-sb√mw C∂v hfsc thK-Øn¬ Dcp-In-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-Ib- m-Wv. lnam-eb- Ø
- n-te-bpw, Imc-t°mdw taJ-eb
- n-epsas√mw a™p-ae
- I
- ƒ hfsc
thKw Dcp-In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v ]T-\-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv. AXm-bXv
h¿j-Øn¬ icm-icn 18 ao - 20 ao hsc ]n≥amdn sIm≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]e ]T-\-
ßfpw lnam-e-b-Ønse Pe-k-º-Øns‚ IW-°p-Iq´nbn´p≠v. CXv GI-tZiw 500
L\-In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv.
2007-˛ se IPCC dnt∏m¿´v {]Imcw temI-Ønse F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw Pe-k-º-
Øn-epw, ip≤-Pe Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn-epw, Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqew hn]-co-
X-^-e-ß-fmWv D≠m°p-∂-Xv. \oscm-gp-°p-Ip-dbpw F∂v {]h-Nn-®n-´p≈ ÿe-ß-
fn¬ AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Pe-hn-`-h taLe hgn e`n-°p∂ tkh-\-߃ Ipd-bpw.
\oscm-gp°p IqSp-∂Xp aqew Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ KpW-I-c-amb ^e-߃
a‰p Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ hn]-coXcoXn-bn-ep≈ ^e-߃ Df-hm-°pw. Aan-X-amb ag,
\oscm-gp-°n-ep-≠m-°p∂ hyXn-bm\w aqew Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ {]Xn-k-‘n,
Pe-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-߃ AXpt]mse Xs∂ sh≈-
s∏m°w F∂nhbn¬ Iem-in-°pw.
Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm\w aqew tIc-f-Ønse Pe hn`-h-ß-fn¬
D≠m-Im≥ km[y-X-bp≈ {]iv\-߃
600 Intemao‰tdmfw \of-hpw, icm-icn 50 Intemao‰-tdmfw hoXn-bpap≈ tIcf
kwÿm\w ]Sn-™mdp `mK-sam-gn®v _m°n F√m ÿe-ß-fnepw Ic-bm¬ Np‰-s∏´p
InS-°p-∂p. ]Sn-™mdp`m-KØ- mbn e£-Zzo]v hym]n®p InS-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ - n¬ G‰hpw
Ipd-™Xv 15 Intem-ao-‰¿ \of-Øn-epw, G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ 250 Intem ao‰dnt\m-S-SpØ
\of-Øn-epap≈ 44 \Zn-Iƒ Hgp-Ip-∂p. Cu \Zn-I-sf√mw a¨kq-Wns\ B{i-bn®v
\ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xpw, sNdp-Xpw, IpØ-s\-sbm-gp-Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv. CXn¬ ]Sn-™mdv `mK-
t- Øms´m-gp-Ip∂ \Zn-If
- n¬ 20 Intem-ao-‰t- dmfw D≈n-te°v IS-en¬ \n∂pw D∏psh≈w
IS-°p-∂-Xmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tIc-f-Ønse Pe-hn-`-h-ß-fn¬ D≠m-
Im≥ km[y-X-bp≈ {]iv\-ß-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂-Xv:

55
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
kap{Z Pe-\n-c∏v Db-cp-∂-Xp-aqew Xoc-tZi XÆo¿XS Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fmb
thº-\mSv ˛ tImf,v AjvS-ap-Sn XpS-ßnb dmwkm¿ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hfsc Kuc-h-ap≈
{]XymLm-X-߃ D≠m-Ipw.
l Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \Zn-I-fn¬ Hmcpsh≈w X≈n-I-bdpw; CØcw Xmgv∂
{]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv ]´-W-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Pe-hn-X-cW kwhn-[m-\-߃ {][m-
\-ambpw ÿm]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
l Xoc-tZ-i-ß-fn¬, kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c∏v Db-cp-∂-Xp-aq-e-ap≈ IS-seSp-∏pw, IqsS-Iq-
sS-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Npg-en-°m-‰p-Ifpw {]h-Nn-°s∏-´n´p-≠v.
l Db¿∂ P\-km-{µ-X-bpw, sI´n-S-k-ap-®-b-ßfpw D≈ `mK-߃ sh≈-s∏m-°-
Øn¬ \na-·-am-Im≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v.
l ÿnc-X-bn-√mØ a¨kq-Wns‚ hchpw, ag-bn¬ ÿe˛ImenI hyXn-bm-\-
ßfpw aqew Pe-Øns‚ e`y-X-bn¬ Ipdhp ht∂°mw.
l Imem-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hyXymkw D]-cn-X-e, `qK¿` Pe hn`-h-ß-fpsS
e`y-X-bn¬ Ipdhp hcp-Øm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Wv.
l C∂sØ Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-Iƒ°v Ah-bpsS e£y-ß-fmb Pe-tk-N-\w, Pe-hn-
X-c-Ww, sshZypX DXv]m-Z\w F∂nh \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ Imcy-£-a-a-√m-sX-
bm-Ipw.
l PesØ B{i-bn-®p≈ Sqdn-k-tØ-bpw, hnt\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-tfbpw _m[n-
°pw.
l Bhmk hyh-ÿ-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ A\mtcm-Ky-Icamb am‰-߃ Pohn-X-\n-e-
hm-csØ _m[n-°pw.
l Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ß-tf-bpw, AXp-Iq-SmsX P\-
s∏-cp-∏w, \K-ch
- X
- v°c
- W
- w, `qhn-\ntbm-KØ
- n-ep≈ am‰-߃ XpS-ßn-bh
- t- bbpw
t\cn-Sm≥ IqSp-X¬ Pe-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bp-≠m-Ipw.
l \Zn-Iƒ, XSm-I-߃, XÆo¿Ø-S-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS _mly-L-S-\-bnepw,
\Zo-ap-J-ß-fn¬ ASn-bp∂ aÆns‚ Af-hnepw am‰-߃ kw`-hn-°mw.
l Pe-Kp-W-\n-e-hmc {]iv\-ß-fpw, ]cn-ÿnXn timj-Whpw h¿≤n-°pw.
l Pe-kw-_-‘-amb ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ IqSm-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-≠v.

am‰-ßsf t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-߃

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßsf t\cn-Sm≥ Xmsg ]d-
bp∂ \n¿t±-i-߃ klm-b-I-c-am-Wv:
l F√mhi-ß-tfbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠pw, a\- n-em-°n-s°m-≠p-ap≈ Pe-
hn-`-h-]-≤-Xn-I-fpsS Bkq-{X-Ww.
56
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
l ]cn-ÿnXn {]Xym-JymXw IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ Ct∏m-gp-≈-Xn\p ]pdsa hcm-
\n-cn-°p∂ {]Xym-Jym-X-ßsf IqSn IW-°m-°p-I.
l ka{K \Zo-XS ]cn-]m-e-\-hpw, Xoc-tZ-i-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw IW-°n-se-SpØp
sIm≠p≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°p-I.
l Pe-hn-`h
- Ø
- ns\-°p-dn®pw , ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sb°p-dn®pap≈ Kth-jW
- ß- sf hym]n-
∏n-°p-Ibpw ‘hot spots’ Isf Xncn-®-dn-™v {]tXyIw {i≤n-°p-Ibpw thWw.
l Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqew Pe-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ am‰w
kq£va-ambn \ocn-£n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
l {]iv\-ßsf ap≥Iq´n ImWm-\pw, {]h-Nn-°m-\p-ap≈ kmt¶-XnIX hnI-kn-
∏n-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
l Pe-e-`y-X-bn¬ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-º-
ØnI BLmXw a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
l Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w sIm≠v ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw, P\-߃°pw, hymh-km-
b-Øn\pw A[n-I-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Bh-iy-߃ t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn \ΩpsS \b-
ß-fnepw, \nb-a-ß-fnepw am‰w hcp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.
l bYm¿∞ Pe D]-t`m-‡m-°fn¬ Pe-kw-c-£-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-
dn-®pw, AXn-\mbn kzoI-cn-t°≠ am¿§-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw, \ΩpsS Pe-k-ºØv
C∂v t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw \s√mcp Ah-t_m[w D≠m-t°-≠-Xp-
≠v.
Pe-hn-`-h-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øns‚ Bkq-{X-W-L-´-ß-fn¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ Imcy-߃
IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v:
l Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb kzm[o\w Cs√-¶n¬ AsXmcp
LS-I-ambn IW-°m-t°-≠-Xn-√.
l Imem-h-ÿ-bp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ LS-I-߃ henb kzm[o\w ImWn-°p∂p-
sh-¶n¬ Ahsb Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°-cp-Xv.
l G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kzm[o\w Imem-h-ÿbv-°m-Wp-≈-sX-¶n¬ AXns\ Hcp
LS-I-ambn IW-°m-°mXn-cn-°-cp-Xv.
Ah-ew_w
sF.-]n.-[Link] 2007. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A¥¿ k¿°m¿
IΩn-‰n-bpsS hme≥kn-b, kvs]bn-\n¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb dnt∏m¿´v.
sF.-bp.-kn.-F≥. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Pe-hn-`h ]cn-]m-e-\-
Øn¬ hcp-tØ-≠p∂ A\p-cq-]o-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Z ]k-^n°v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
{]kn-≤o-I-cn® Imem-h-ÿbpw Pehpw F∂ dnt∏m¿´v.

57
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Im_Øv ]n., jƒkv B¿.-C., sl¬aØv Fw.-C, hmcm´v sP.-F, 2002. Imem-
hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw, Aÿnc Imem-h-ÿbpw aqew D≠m-Im-hp∂ B]Øv,
Pe-hn-`-h-ta-Je t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v.
amƒ B¿.-sI, A`n-tjIv Kp]vX, c≥Pn-Øvkn-Mv, B¿. knMv, F¬.-Fk
- v. cmtØm¿
2006, C¥ybnse Pe hn`-h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pw, Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-sØ-°p-
dn®pw Id‚ v kb≥kn¬ (hmeyw 90, \º¿ 12, Pq¨ 2006) {]kn-≤o-I-cn®
teJ\w.

58
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

BtKmf Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\hpw

tIcf-Ønse h\-ßfpw
tUm. tPmkv I√-d-°¬
tIcf h\-Kt- h-jW C≥Ãn-Syq-´v
]o®n ˛ 68065, Xriq¿, tIcf

`utam-]-cn-XeØnse Ic-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ GI-tZiw 30 iX-am-\-tØmfw h\-\n-_n-

V-am-Wv. h\-ß-fn-epw AXnse Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn-ep-ambn Zi-e-£-°-W-°n-\p≈
Poh-Pm-e-߃ ]c-kv]-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂Xp hgn-bpw, Ah hmbp, Pew,
aÆv F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-h-gnbpw a\pjy Pohn-X-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb
F√m ASn-ÿm\ hkvXp-°fpw e`n-°p-∂p. h\-ß-fnse kky-Pm-e-ß-fnepw aÆn-ep-
ambn 1200 ssKKmS¨ Im¿_WmWv \nt£-]n-®ncn-°p-∂-Xv. A¥-co-£-Øn¬ 762
ssKKm-S¨ am{Xw Im¿_¨ D≈-t∏mƒ, h\-߃ Im¿_-Wns‚ F{X hen-sbmcp
Ie-h-d-bm-sW∂p \ap°v A\p-am-\n-°mw.
h\-ßf- psS LS-\b- pw, Bhm-kh
- y-hÿ
- b
- pw, Ah-bpsS a‰p kz`m-hß
- fpw \n¿W-
bn-°p∂ G‰hpw {][m\ LSIw Imem-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-
tØmsS BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ne GI-tZiw 40C hsc Db-cm-\p≈ km[y-X-bmWv IPCC
2007-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® \mem-asØ Ah-tem-I\ dnt∏m¿´n-ep-f-f-Xv. ASp-Ø-Imew
hsc \mw h\-ßsf I≠n-cp-∂Xv Km¿ln-I-˛-hy-h-kmb Bh-iy-߃°v XSn D¬]m-
Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ k¿°m-cns‚ dh\yp h¿[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp D]m-[n-
bm-bn-´mWv. h\-߃ {]mtZ-inI taJ-e-I-fnse Imem-h-ÿsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂hbm-
sW-∂pw, Pe-Øns‚ h≥ t{kmX- m-sW∂pw \man-t∏mƒ IqSp-X-embn a\- n-em°n
hcn-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬, BtKmf Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w F∂ {]Xn-`mkw aqew
\ΩpsS h\-ßfpw AXns\ {]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂
kaqlw apgp-h\pw hen-sbmcp `ojWn t\cn-Sm≥ t]mI-bm-Wv. Cu `oj-Wn-sb-°p-
dn®pw AXp-aqew tIc-f-Ønse h\-߃°v Fs¥ms° kw`-hn-°m≥ km[y-X-bp-
s≠-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw imkv{Xo-b-amb Hcp hni-I-e-\-amWv Cu teJ-\-Øn-eqsS
Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. IqSm-sX, Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-sa∂ {]Xn-`mkw aqew D≠m-Im-\n-

59
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
S- b p≈ \mi- \ - j vS- ß - f n¬
\n∂pw h\- ß sf Fßs\
kwc- £ n- ° m- s a∂pw ChnsS
{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. BtKmf
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w tIc-
f-Ønse h\-ßsf GsXms°
coXn- b n¬ _m[n- ° p- s a∂v
\ap°p t\m°mw. Imem-hÿm
hyXn-bm\w `qan-bpsS hnhn[
taJ-e-Isf hfsc hyXy-ÿ-
amb coXn- b n- e m- b n- c n°pw
_m[n-°pI F∂p≈ Imcyw
Cu {]Xn- ` m- k sØ hfsc
k¶o¿W-am-°p-∂p. AXn-s\-°p-dn®v Nne- A\n-›n-Xm-h-ÿ-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-
\m¬ k¶¬]-ßsf (scenarios) B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv {]h-N-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. DZm-
l-c-WØn\v, A2 k¶¬]sØ B[m-c-am-°n-bm¬ C¥y-bn¬ 4.20C hsc Xm]-\ne
Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-tØmsS Db-cm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. AtX-k-a-bw, B2 k¶¬]-
Øn¬ CXv 2.90C hsc am{X-am-Wv. B2 k¶¬]-a-\p-k-cn®v ]›naL´-Øn-¬ 2.40 C
hsc am{XamWv Xm]-\ne Db-cm-\p≈ km[y-X. CtX k¶¬]-Øn¬ ag-bpsS Afhv
C∂-tØ-°mƒ 376 an.-ao. F√m h\-ta-J-e-I-fnepw IqSm-\mWv km[y-X. C¥y-bnse
h\-ta-J-e-I-fpsS Hcp XmcXay ]T\w \S-Øn-bm¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Xm]-\n-e-bn-
emWv G‰hpw Ipd™ hyXymkw D≠m-Im-\p≈ km[y-X. AXn-\m¬ tIc-f-Ønse
h\-߃°v Imcy-amb \mi-\-jvS-߃ D≠m-Im≥ CS-bn-s√∂v \ap°p tXm∂n-tb-
°mw. F∂m¬ bYm¿∞Øn¬ Cu Xm]-hy-Xn-bm\w \ΩpsS h\-ß-fpsS LS-\-sb-
bpw, D¬∏m-Z-\-sØbpw AXn-\p-≈nse ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-sØbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-
°m-\n-S-bp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, hf-sc-b-[nIw ssPh sshhn-[y-ap≈ tIc-f-Ønse
Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-I-fn¬ 35 iX-am-\-tØmfw Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-tØmsS \nXy-
l-cnXh\-ß-fm-Ip-sa-∂mWv {]h-N-\w. CXv ag-bpsS Afhpw Xm]-\n-ebpw Db-cp-∂-
Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. imkv{X-RvP-∑m-cpsS \nK-a-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ hyXymkw hcm≥
t]mIp∂ C¥y-bnse h\߃ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse \nXy-l-cnX h\-ßfpw Xoc-{]-tZ-
i-ß-fnse I≠¬°m-Sp-I-fp-am-Wv.
Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ \ΩpsS h\-߃ Imen-ta-®n¬, hnd-Ip-ti-J-c-Ww, Nhdv tiJ-
cWw apX-em-b-h-bn¬ \n∂pw \miw t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pI-bm-Wv. Imem-hÿm hyXn-
bm-\-Øns‚ ]¶p-IqSn CXn-t\m-sSm∏w hcp-tºmƒ h\--\-io-I-cWw ]Xn-∑-Sßv h¿≤n-
°m-\mWv km[y-X.
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqew kw`-hn-°m≥ km[y-X-bp≈ as‰mcpImcyw h\-
ß-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bmWv (Net Primary Prductivity - NPP).tI-cfØnse h\-ß-
fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-£-aX H∂c aSßv h¿≤n-°p-sa-∂p tI´m¬ AXn-ibw tXm∂mw.

60
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Uns‚ A¥-co-£-Ønse km{µX IqSp-∂Xp sIm≠m-WnXp
kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. Ce-I-fnse {]Imi kwt«-jWw hgn-bmbn IqSp-X¬ Im¿_¨
Utbm-IvsskUv Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Ce-I-fn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw AXv Jc-]-Zm¿∞-
ß-fmbn amdp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ F√m C\w sNSn-Ifpw Cu coXn-bn¬ IqSp-
X¬ D¬∏m-Z\w \S-Ø-W-sa-∂n-√. Ign-™-Im-e-ß-fnse Kth-j-W-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-
®m¬ \ap°p ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv Nne sNSn-I-fn¬ {]Imi kwt«-jWw A¥-
co£ Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Uns‚ Afhv IqSp-tºmƒ, Ipd-bp-∂-Xmbn ImW-s∏-
Sp-∂p. tIc-fØnse hr£bn\-߃ GXp coXn-bn¬ C°mcyw sNøp∂p F∂-Xn-
s\-∏‰n \ap°v IqSp-X¬ Adn-hn-√.
]e h\-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw C∂sØ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw amdn as‰mcp
Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn-tebv°v t]mIm-\p≈ km[y-X-bmWv F√m ]T-\-ß-fnepw ImWp-
∂-Xv. CXp-sIm≠v {]tXy-In®v henb {]iv\-ß-sfm-∂p-an-s√∂p tXm∂p-sa-¶n-epw,
]e-Po-h-Pm-e-ßfpw Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-tØmSv ]e hn[-Øn¬ {]-Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-
Xn-\m¬ Hcp ]s£ CXns‚ BLmXw \mw {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-
X¬ B-bn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, F√m C\w ac-ßfpw {]Imi kwt«-jWw hgn
IqSp-X¬ hf¿® IqSp-X¬ Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Uns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ {]m]n-°-
W-sa-∂n√ F∂v ]e ]T\ßfpw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. Nne hr£-ß-fn¬ CXv Ipd-bp-
I-bm-sW∂v ]T-\-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Aßs\ t\m°n-bm¬ Nne C\w hr£-
߃ ]q¿Æ-ambpw A{]-Xy-£-am-tb-°mw. At∏mƒ Ahsb B{i-bn-°p∂ a‰p
Poh-Pm-e-߃ Fßs\ {]Xn-I-cn°pw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v A[nIw ]T-\-߃ \S-
∂n-´n-√. Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘-߃ A{Xbpw k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv.
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Imem-hÿm hyXnbm\w aqew D-S-se-Sp-°p∂ ]pXnb
]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-am-bp≈ A\p-cq-]o-I-c-Ww (adaptation) hfsc {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ CXn\p th≠n \mw {i≤n-t°≠ Nne Imcy-߃ Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.
1. h\-kw-_-‘-amb \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øn\v Hcp
{][m\ ÿm\w sImSp-°p-I.
2. h\w Xp≠p-I-fmbn apdn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.
3. kwc-£nX h\-߃, tZio-tbm-Zym-\-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS hnkvXrXn Iq´m≥
{ian-°p-I.
4. tXm´-ta-J-e-bn¬ GI-bn-\-tXm-´-߃°p]Icw ]e-P-\p- p-I-fn-ep≈ hr£-
߃ hf¿Øp-I.
5. Im´qXo ]q¿Æ-ambn XS-bp-I.
6. IqSp-X¬ BLmXw D≠m-Im≥ km[y-X-bp≈ Poh-Pm-e-߃°v th≠-co-Xn-
bn-ep≈ kwc-£Ww Dd-∏m-°p-I.
A\p-cq-]oIcWw am{X-a√
- , Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\sØ eLq-Ic
- n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-
߃°pw \mw ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°-Ww. h\-߃ Im¿_-Wns‚ hen-sbmcp Ie-h-d-
61
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
bm-sW∂v BZyw ]d-™-t√m. h\-ß-fn¬ _‘n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Cu Im¿_¨
A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Umbn t]mIm-sX, AXns\ Ahn-sS-
Øs∂ kq£n-°p∂ {]{Inb-bv°mWv Im¿_¨ koIz-kvt{S-j≥ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
IqSp-X¬ h\-߃ h®p]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xphgn Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv Cu coXn-bn¬ IqSp-
Ibpw A¥-co-£-Ønse Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Uns‚ Afhv Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøpw.
{]Imi kwt«-jWw hgn hr£-߃ A¥-co-£-Ønse hmX-I-amb Im¿_¨
Utbm-Ivssk-Uns\ Ah-bn¬ Xs∂ Jc-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Im¿_-Wmbn kq£n-°p-
∂p. C∂sØ Imem-hÿmhyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, Hcp ]s£ CXm-bn-
cn°mw h\-߃ \ap°p \¬Ip∂ G‰hpw henb tkh-\w.
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\sØ eLq-I-cn-°m≥ h\-\-io-I-cWw ]msS \n¿Ø-em-
°p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ h\-߃ h®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv \Ωp-sSbpw `mhn-X-e-
ap-d-bp-sSbpw \ne-\n¬∏n\v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. hnI-kz-c-˛-A-hn-I-knX cmPy-߃°v
Cu Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn bp.-F≥. t\Xr-Øz-Øn¬ D≠m-°nb Hcp IcmdmWv tIymt´m
t{]mt´m-t°mƒ. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ D≠m-°nb ‘¢o≥ Uh-e-]vsa‚ v sa°m-
\nkw’ (CDM) F∂ ]≤Xn hgn-bm-bn, hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-߃ A¥-co-£-Øn-tebv°p
X≈p∂ lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-߃°p kam-\-amb A{Xbpw Im¿_¨ hnI-kz-c-˛-A-
hn-Ik- nX cmPy-ßf- n¬ h\-ßf
- m-tbm, Du¿÷-hn-Ik
- \
- Ø
- ns‚ `mK-amtbm am‰n hbv°p-
∂p. CXn-\p≈ sNehv hnI-knX cmPy-߃ hln-°-Ww. C∂v Cu ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em-
°m≥ At\Iw IS-º-Iƒ IS-°-W-sa-¶nepw 2012-˛\p tijw Hcp ]s£ Cu ]≤-Xn-
bpsS \S-Øn∏v IqSp-X¬ efn-X-am-tb-°mw. `mhn-bn¬ \mw h\-ß-fmbpw tXm´-ß-
fmbpw kq£n-°p∂ Im¿_-Wn\v hyh-km-b-h¬°-cWw \S-Øp∂ cmPy-߃ ]Ww
\¬t°-≠-Xmbn ht∂-°mw. AXn-\m¬ \mw h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Hmtcm hr£hpw
A¥-co-£Ø - nse Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Uns‚ Afhv Ipd-bv°p-sa-∂d - n-bp-I. hr£-
߃ hf¿Øp-∂-h¿ BtKmf Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\sØ eLq-I-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-
jy-Ip-e-Øn\pw \¬Ip∂ henb tkh-\-am-Ip-∂p.

62
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Imem-hÿm hyXnbm-\hpw
Im¿jnI taJ-ebpw
tUm. Fw. kp{_-“Wy Aø¿
s{]m^-k¿, aÆpw Im¿jnI ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw
tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-ime, sh≈-mbWn

Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\hpw Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnse ]cn-WnX ^e-ßfpw Cu \q‰m-

≠n¬ am\-h-cm-inbpw Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw t\cn-Sp∂ ISpØ ]cn-ÿnXn sh√p-hn-fn-bm-
Wv. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ Cu {]Xn-`mkw ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´p hcn-I-
bm-Wv. hyh-kmbnI cmPy-߃ h¿≤n® tXmXn¬ ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp∂ CO2, CH4 (ao-
tY≥), ss\{Skv HuIvsskUv F∂n lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-ß-fn¬ CO2 BWv BtKmf
Xm]-\-Øn\v apJy Imc-Ww. BtKmf Xm]\w Irjn \nb{¥n°p∂ kml-N-cy-ß-
fmbn A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne, ag, ag-°m-c-Whpw a™p-cp-I¬ ImcWambp≈ sh≈-
∏m-®n¬, sh≈-s°-´v, asÆmen∏v F∂n-hsb hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[n-bv°p-∂p.
\nb-{¥-Wm-Xo-X-amb Cu am‰-߃ ssPh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]pw, Dev]m-
Z\ tijnbpw £a-Xbpw a\p-jy\pw hf¿Øp-ar-K-߃°pw a‰pw th≠ `£y-h-
kvXp-°-fpsS e`y-X-sbbpw {]XnIq-e-am°n-tb-°p-sa-∂mWv ap∂-dn-bn-∏v. Db¿∂ CO2
tXmXv hnf-I-fn¬ {]Xn-Iq-ehpw A\p-Iq-e-hp-amb am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°pw.
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ D≠m-°n-tb-°m-hp∂ am‰-߃-
Ah-bpsS Iq´n˛Ingn-°n-e-\m-[m-c-am-bmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ß-fpsS imkv{Xob Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øepw
hne-bn-cp-Øepw ap≥Iq´n Adn-bm\pw am‰-߃°v A\p-kc - n-®p≈ kwc-£W ˛ aps∂m-
cp-°-߃ Bhn-jv°-cn®v \S-∏n-em-°m\pw klm-b-I-am-Wv. Aßs\ Im¿jn-tIm¬]m-
Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-am-Ipw. AXyp-ev]m-Z\ tijn-bp≈ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb hnØn-\-߃,
P\n-X-I-am‰w hcp-Øp∂ ssPh-k-t¶-X-߃, sa®-s∏´ Pe-tk-N\ kuIcyw F∂n-
ßs\ F¥p Xs∂-bp-≠m-bmepw C∂pw Irjn Imem-hÿm am‰-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Hcp
NqXm-´-ambn Xs∂bmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ aÆns‚ Dev]m-Z-\-

63
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
ti-jnbpw {]IrXym ImWp∂ kIe Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw (kq-£vam-Wp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS)
amdp∂p.
BtKmf Imem-hÿ LS-I-ß-fn-se-am-‰-ß-tf-°mƒ {]mtZ-inI am‰-ß-fmWv
Irjnsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v am‰-߃ Xn´-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw hne-bn-cp-
tØ-≠Xpw {]tZ-in-I-ambn Xs∂-bm-h-Ww.
BtKm-f-X-e-Ønse Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w BtKmf `£y hym]m-c-sØbpw
`£y-kw-c-£-W-sØbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-°p-sa∂-Xp-sIm≠v X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.
‘kb≥kv’ F∂ amkn-I-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ ]T-\-^-e-߃ Nq≠n-°m-
Wn-°p-∂Xv 2030 BIp-tºm-tg°v Z£n-Wm-{^n-°b
- nse {][m\ hnf-bmb tNmf-Øns‚
Dev]m-Z\w 30% I≠v Ipdbp-sa-∂m-Wv. IqSmsX C¥y-bpƒs∏´ Z£n-tW-jy-bn¬
{]tZ-inI `£y D¬]-∂-ß-fmb Acn, sNdp-[m-\y-߃, tNmfw F∂n-h-bn¬ ‘10%
I≠p Ipd-hp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂mWv’ kqN\
sF.-]n.-kn.-kn.-bpsS (IPCC Intergovernmental Pauel of Climate Change (1995)) 2007
se BtKmf Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\ hne-bn-cp-ج 3˛mw dnt∏m¿´n¬ Zcn{Z cmPy-
ß-fmWv IqSp-X¬ \jvSw G¬t°≠n hcnI F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. DjvW-ta-Jem
˛ ka-io-tXm-jvW-ta-Je {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Pe-tk-N\ Pe-Zu¿e-`yhpw ]pXnb IoS-˛-
tcmK B{I-a-Whpw ImcWw hnfhv Ipd-bpw. AXn-Po-hn-bv°mhp∂ Xm]-\n-e-bpsS
ASp-sØØn \n¬°p∂ hnf-I-fn¬ sNdnb hyXn-bm-\w-t]mepw hnfhv IpØs\
Ipd-bm≥ hgn-bm-Ipw. 21˛ \q‰m-≠n¬ samØw `t£ym¬]m-Z\w 30% I≠p Ipd-bp-sa-
∂mWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Nne `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ a’y-k-ºØnt\bpw hyh-km-
btØbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°pw.
lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-ß-fm¬ hnf-I-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ Hmtcm {]tZ-iØpw
sht∆-sd-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]mIn-ÿm-\nse s]mXp Dev]m-Z\w 50% I≠p Ipd-bp-tºmƒ
bqtdm-∏nse tNmf-ap-ev]m-Z\w 25% I≠v h¿≤n-°m≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v.
hnf-hnse A\p-Iqe am‰-߃ A[n-I-cn® {]`m-Ie\w sIm≠p≈ hnf h¿≤-
\hpw Imcy-£-a-amb Pe-tk-N\ D]-tbm-Khpw sIm≠m-Wv. hnf-bpsS hf¿®-°mew
Ipd-bp-∂-Xpw, Pe-Zu¿e-`yhpw timjn® sh¿W-sse-tk-j≥ {]Xn-`m-kw F∂nh
sIm-≠p-amWv hnfhp Ipd-bp-∂-Xv.
Zo¿L-Imem ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w Im¿jnI taJ-esb
]e-co-Xn-bn¬ _m[n°pw:
l Xq°Ønepw KpW-Øn-ep-ap≈ Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX Ipdhpw am‰hpw
l Pe-tk-N\w, If-\m-in-\n, IoS-\m-in-\n, hfw F∂n-hbpsS hyXn-bm-\-Øm¬
hcp∂ Irjn-co-Xn-I-fnse am‰w
l aÆnse A[n-Ic- n® \o¿∆m¿®-bm-ep≈ ss\{S-P≥ \jvSw, asÆm-en-∏v, ssPh-
sshhn≤y \jvSw F∂n-h-bm-ep≈ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI am‰-߃

64
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
l Irjn-`q-an-bpsS Xs∂ \jvShpw em`-hpw, `qhn-\ntbmK am‰n-a-dn-°¬, B¿{Z
Pe-e`yX Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bnse am‰w Irjn-ÿ-e-an-√m-bva°v Imc-W-am-
Ipw.
l ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fnse ]cn-Wm-a-]-c-ambn Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-ep≈
am‰-߃, a\p-jy-cmin, `£y AXym-h-iyØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]Xn-
tcm-[-ti-jn-bp≈ IqSp-X¬ s\√n\ßfn-te-°p≈ ]c°w ]m®n¬.
IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ bmYm¿∞y-߃ C\nbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am°n a\- n-em-
t°≠nbn-cn-°p-∂p. ]e-am-‰-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n-®p-≈ imkv{Xo-b- hnh-c-߃, Xn´-
s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ, hne-bn-cpØ-ep-Iƒ, am¿§ßƒ {]tZ-inI Xe-Øn¬ C∂v Xptemw
Ipd-hm-Wv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬, kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS ^e-ambn
B-tKm-f-`£y Dev]m-Z\tijn-bnse am‰-߃, bYm¿∞ BtKmf `£y Bh-iy-
ßfpw ÿnXn, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°-\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy\pw a‰p Poh-Pm-e-߃°p-ap≈ \ne-
\n¬]ns‚ bYm¿∞ hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bn¬ ap≥hn-[n-bv°p≈ km[yX sXfn-
bn-°m-\m-bn-´n-√, ]q¿Æ-ambpw \mfn-Xp-h-sc.
Imem-h-ÿ-bnse {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-amb hym]I Zpc-¥-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw Im¿jn-I-
ta-Je t\cn-tS≠n hcp-I. Imem-h-ÿ-bnse kmh-[m-\-amb NphSp am‰-߃ AXn-
Po-hn-°m≥ Im¿jnItaJ-eb - nse hnhn[ ssPh kaq-lØ - n\v kabw e`n-°p-sa∂mWv
imkv{X-⁄¿ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂X - v. C∂sØ kml-Nc - y-ßf- n¬Øs∂ tami-amb aÆpw
Imem-hÿm am‰-ßfpw t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ cmPy-ß-ƒ°p, i‡-amb Imem-hÿ
am‰-ß-fpw Zpc-¥-ßfpw AXn-Po-hn-°m-\m-hn-√.
1996 ˛ 2003 Imem-L-´-ß-fn¬ BtKmf `t£ym-ev]m-Z\w 1800 aney≥ S¨ Bbn-
cp-∂p. 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ h¿j-ß-fn-embn XpS¿®-bmbn Dev]m-
Z\w Ipd-bp-I-bm-Wv.
1970 \p tijw ]Øn¬ H≥]Xv h¿j-ß-fnepw XpS¿∂pw BtKm-f-Xm]w h¿≤n-
°p-I-bm-Wv.
BtKmf `t£ym-ev]m-Z\ Ipdhv Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿P\ {]hr-Ø-\-ßsf XInSw
adn-°psa-∂p-sh-∂mWv `bw, {]tXy-In®v C¥y-sb-t∏m-ep≈ hnI-kn-°m≥ sshº¬
sIm≈p∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬.
Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\w-sIm-≠p-≠m-Ip∂ Im¿jn-I-ta-Je Zpc-¥-߃ AXn-Po-
hn-°m≥ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, aps∂m-cp-°-߃ Dƒs∏´ Im¿jnI \bw Xs∂ s]mfn-
s®-gp-X-Ww.
Imem-hÿ {]h-N-\hpw Im¿jnItaJ-e-bnep≠mhp∂ am‰-߃ ap≥Iq´n Imcy-
£-a-ambn C∂pw {]h-Nn-°m-\m-Ip-∂n-√. {]h-N-\-߃ ]mfp-∂p. tKmX-ºv, tNmfw,
s\√v, tkmbm-_o≥ F∂n-h-bn¬ ]e imkv{X amXr-I-Ifpw Imem-hÿ am‰w {]h-
Nn-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-sb√mw ]e-t∏mgpw A°m-Z-ao-b-X-e-Øn¬ am{Xw
HXp-ßp-∂Xmbn-Im-Wp-∂p-≠v.
65
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
BtKmf Xm]\w hnf-bpsS hf¿® L´-ß-sf-am‰n adn-°p-∂p. {lkz-Ime hnf-I-
fn¬ DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tNmf-Øn¬ Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne 1˛4 BgvN-I-tfmfw XpS¿∂m¬
hf¿®m Ime-b-fhv Npcp-ßn, Ffp∏w aq°msX Xs∂ aqs∏-Øp-∂p, hnf-bnse Xs∂
apf-bv°p-∂p.
A¥-co-£-Ønse Db¿∂ CO2 \ne hnf-I-fpsS hf¿®sb kmc-ambn _m[n-
°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ A¥-co-£-Øns‚ CO2 Afhv GI-tZiw 380 ppmhpw O2 BsW-
¶n¬ 2,10,000 ppm hcpw. hnf-IfpsS CO2 hni∏v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ IqSp-X-em-Wv.
A[n-I-amb am‰w IqSp-X¬ C3 kky-amb tKmX-ºn-emWv C4 kky-amb tNmf-sØ-
°mƒ IqSp-X-embn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ImcWw C3 kky-߃°v CO2 Ipdhv AXn-
Po-hn-bv°m-\p≈ tijn Ipd-hm-Wv. Xm]-\nebpw A¥-co£ B¿{Z-Xbpw \nb-{¥nX
tXmXn-ep≈t∏mƒ CO2 tXmXv Cc-´n-bm-bm¬ hnfhv 36 iX-am\w I≠p h¿≤n-°pw.
hnfhp¬]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-tØbpw CXv _m[n-°pw. a‰p Nne-]-T-\-߃
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv C3 kky-ß-fn¬ A[n-I-cn® ImbnI hf¿®-bp-≠m-Ip∂Xp ImcWw
[m\y- D¬]mZ\w Ipd-bp-sa-∂mWv.
A[n-I-cn® CO2 tXmXv C3 C\Øn-ep≈ If-Iƒ h¿≤n-°m-\n-S-bm-°pw.
Acn thIp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ DXn¿∂-h-bm-bn- amdpw. t]mjI {][m-\-amb Ccp-
ºn-s‚bpw \mI-Øns‚bpw Afhv Ipd-bpw. Xm]-\n-ebpw CO2 tXmXpw h¿≤n-°p-I-
bm-sW-¶n¬ t{]m´o\pw Ipdbpw, ss\{S-P≥ Afhpw Ipd-bpw.
ta®n¬]p-d-ß-fnse kky-ß-fnse t{]m´o≥ Ipdhv sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-I-fpsS ]m¬
D¬]m-Z-\-tijn Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xmbn ]T-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]m¬ D¬]m-Z-\sØ
\nb-{¥n-°p∂ Bam-ib kq£vam-Wp-°-fpsS hf¿®, ss\{S-P≥ Ipd-hp-sIm≠v Ipd-
bp-∂XmWnXn\p Imc-Ww.
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w IqSp-X¬ Irjn-ÿew e`y-am°pw
Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse a™v, BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øm¬ DcpIn IqSp-X¬ Irjn-
ÿew e`y-am-°pw. `qhn\n-tbm-K-Øse am‰w, hcƒ® t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cnI F∂nh a‰p
Nne {]Xn-Iq-e-am-‰-ß-fm-Wv.
kap-{Z-\n-c∏v Dbcpw
2100 BIp-tºm-tg°pw kap{Z \nc∏v 1 ao‰-tdmfw Db-cp-sa-∂mWv IW-°m-°-
s∏´ncn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Xoc-{]-tZ-iØpw Xmgv∂ {]tZ-iØpw D≈ Irjn-`qan \jvS-
Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ipw. {]tXy-In®v C¥y-bpƒs∏´ Z£n-W-]q¿t∆jy≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬.
asÆm-en∏v, then-tb‰w, Xoc-{]-tZi sh≈s∏m°w `qK¿`-P-e-Øn¬ D∏p-sh≈w
Ib-dpI F∂o am‰-ß-fm¬ Xoc-{]-tZ-isØ Irjn \mi-Øn\pw hgnsXfn°pw.
asÆm-en∏pw aÆns‚ ^e-`q-bnjvTXm Ipdhpw
BtKm-f-Xm]\w ^e-`q-bn-jvS-amb Irjn-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS \mi-Øn\p hgn-sX-fn-
°pw. aÆns‚ hf-°qdv Xosc Ipd-bpw, F∂m¬ CO2 tXmXv h¿≤-\hv aÆnse

66
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
\n›nX C:N A\p-]mX {]Xn-`mkw ImcWw IqSp-X¬ s\t{S‰v t]mjIw aÆn-ep-
≠mIp-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-hpw. hnf-hv h¿≤n-°pw. Aßs\ ss\{SP≥ hf-ß-fpsS D]-
tbmKw anX-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.
h¿≤n-® ag IqSp-X¬ asÆm-en-∏p-≠m-°pw. i‡-amb ag Cs√-¶n¬ Pe-tk-N-
\-Øn\v ag klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ ssPhmwiw aÆn¬ hf-scthKw Ipd-bpw.
CXn\m-ep≈ aÆnse t]mj-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS h¿≤n® A]-£bw aÆns‚ hf-°q-
dns\ IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°pw. A¥-co-£-Ønse CO2 tXmXv h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ
aÆnse ssPhmwiw h¿≤n-°m-\p-X-Ipw.
BtKm-f-Im-em-hÿm hyXn-bm\w IoS-ß-fn¬, tcmKm-Wp-°-fn¬, If-
I-fn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-߃
_lp-`q-cn-]£w If-Ifpw C3 kky-ß-fm-b-Xp-sIm≠v If-I-fpsS ieyw A[n-I-
cn®v hnf \in-°pw. Xm]-h¿≤\ Nne-t∏mƒ If-\m-in-\nIfpsS Imcy-£-aX A\p-Iq-
e-ambn h¿≤n-∏n-t®-°mw.
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ag IqSm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p, A¥-co£
B¿{ZX h¿≤n-°pw, ag-°mew/\\-hp-Imew \ofpw. Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-ebpw Cu
ÿnXnbpw XpS¿∂m¬ hnf-Isf IqSp-X¬ Ipanƒtcm-K-߃ _m[n-°pw. AXp-t]mse
Xs∂ IoS-ß-fpsSbpw a‰pw FÆw {Iam-Xo-X-ambv s]cp-Im≥ Imc-W-am-Ipw.
a™p-cp-Iepw a™p-ta-Je C√m-Xm-Iepw
th\¬Im-eØv a™p-cpIn In´p∂ sh≈w B{i-bn®p Pohn-°p∂ a™p-{]-tZ-
i-ß-fn¬, BtKm-f-Xm-]\w XpS¿∂m¬ a™p-ta-Je Xs∂ DcpIn C√m-Xm-Im≥
Imc-W-am-Ipw. Pe-Zu¿e`yhpw Pe-tk-N\ sNehp IqSpw hnfhpw Ipd-bpw.
C¥y-bn¬ am{Xw a™p-cpIn KwK-bn¬ FØp∂ sh≈-sØ B{i-bn®v 500 Zi-
e-£Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ Pohn-°p-∂p-≠v.
\ΩpsS lnam-e-b≥ a™p-a-e-Iƒt]mepw 2035 BIp-tºm-tg°pw C√m-Xm-Ip-sa-
∂mWv kqN-\. Np‰p-ap≈ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ Xs∂ XInSw adn-bpw.
Hmtkm¨ timjWw
A¥co£-Ønse A[n-I-cn® CO2 D≠m-°p∂ Hmtkm¨ timjWw ImcWw
ssPh-k-º-Øns‚ \mi-Øn\v hgn sXfn-bn-°p∂, Aƒ{Sm sshbn-e‰v civan h¿≤-
\-hn\v Imc-W-am-Ipw. CXv Im¿jn-I-ta-J-esb kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw. CXv hnf-I-
fnse ]c-s°-bp≈ ayqt´-j≥ Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ ]cn-Wma am‰-߃°p Imc-W-am-Ipw.
hnf-I-fpsS ]cm-KW kz`m-h-Øn¬ Xs∂ am‰w hcmw. F∂m¬ \mfn-Xp-h-sc-bp≈
]T-\-߃ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃ Hmtkm¨ timjWØn\p Imc-W-am-Ipsa∂p
]q¿Æ-ambn ÿnco-I-cn®n-´n-√.

67
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

BtKm-f-Xm-]\w
BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ne 1995-˛2006 hsc-bp≈ Ign™ 11 h¿jw Dƒs∏sS Ign™ Hcp
\q‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬ 0.7oC h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Ign™ 11 h¿jsØ (1995-˛2006) Xm]-\ne AXn¬ G‰hpw A[n-I-cn-®-Xp-am-Wv.
ioX-Im-esØ Xm]-\ne h¿≤n®Xn\m¬ a™p-cp-I¬ XpScp∂p. th\¬Im-esØ
Xm]-\ne h¿≤n-®p. Aßs\ Akm-[m-c-W-ambn Xm]-\n-ebpw kqcy-{]-Imi e`y-
Xbpw h¿≤n-®p.
BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ne 10C I≠v h¿≤n-®m¬ F¥p kw`-hn-°pw
l DjvW-ta-J-e-bn¬ [m\y Dev]m-Z\ Ipdhpw, at’ym-ev]m-Z\hpw Ipd-bpw, ka-io-
tXm-jvWtaJe-bn¬ Irjnbpw hnf-bp-ev]m-Z-\hpw h¿≤n-bv°pw.
l ioX-Imew Npcp-ßp-Ibpw Cu¿∏-ta-dn-b-Xp-am-Ipw.
l hcƒ® A[n-I-cn® th\¬°mew \ofpw.
l [m\y D¬]m-Z\w IpØs\ Ipd-bpw.
l B¿{Z- X - t b- d nb taJ- e - b nse A¥- c o£ B¿{ZX t\ctØXnt\- ° mƒ
h¿≤n-°pw. DW°v ap≥]sØ°mƒ A[n-I-cn-°pw.
l AXy-[nIw a™p-cp-I-en\p hgn-shbv°pw
Imem-hÿm am‰w Irjnsb Fßs\ _m[n°pw
1. aÆnse am‰-߃
aÆns‚ Dev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-tbbpw Im¿jnI `qhn-\n-tbm-K-sØbpw aÆnse Pe-e-`yX
kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw.
DW-°-aÆv IqSp-X¬ DWßn A[n-I-cn® Pe-Zu¿e-`y-ap-≠m°pw
\\-hp≈ aÆn¬ IqSp-X¬ sh≈-tadn sh≈-s°-´v sh≈-s∏m-°-ap-≠mIpw
A[n-I-cn®v DW°pw B¿{Z-Xbpw Imew amdn XpS-cpw.
\\hp IqSp-X¬ D≈ taJ-e-bn¬ Nne-t∏mƒ ag-Ip-d™v sh≈-s∏m-°hpw asÆm-
en∏pw Ipd-bpw.
2. hnf-I-fn¬
`qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ kmc-amb am‰w D≠mIpw/]pXnb hnf-bn-\-߃ AXym-h-iy-ambn
hcpw. ]e hnf-I-fpsSbpw Irjn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Spw.
s]mSp-∂s\ D≠m-Ip∂/Aÿm-\Øpw AIm-e-Ønepw D≠m-Ip∂ Imem-hÿ
am‰ßƒ:˛
l th\¬°m-e-ß-fnse A[n-I-cn® ag
68
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
l ag-°m-esØ Xosc Ipd™ ag
l th\¬°m-esØ Xm]-\n-e-bnse Ipdhv, i‡-amb ag, sh≈-s∏m°w
l ag-°m-e-sØ-bpw, ioX-Im-esØ Xm]-\n-e-bn-sebpw h¿≤\-hv.
l Pe-tk-N\ Bhiyw IqSpw
l sh≈-s∏m-°-\n-hm-cWw A\n-hmcyamIpw
Imem-hÿ
- m- hy-Xn-bm\Øns‚ \nc-¥c tZmj-^e߃ tXm´-hn-fI
- ƒ Dƒs∏´ Zo¿L-
Ime hnf-I-sf-bm-Wv IqSp-X¬ XpS¿∂pw _m[n°p-∂-Xv.
l Dev]m-Z-\hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Ipd-bpw.
l {lkz-Ime ]®-°-dn-Isf Imem-hÿbnse Xm]-hy-Xn-bm\w kmc-ambn _m[n-
°pw, Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bpw.
l _o≥kv, D≈n, tNmfw F∂n-hbv°v A[n-I-cn® Xm]-\ne \√ hnfhp Xt∂-
bv°pw.
l Pe-Zu¿e-`y-Xbpw/AIm-esØ agbpw ^e h¿§-ßf
- p-sSbpw ]®-°d
- n-bpsS Dev]m-
Z-\hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Ipd-bv°pw.
3. ]pevta-Sp-Ifpw I∂p-Imen hf¿Øepw
l Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e, A[n-I-cn® ioX-Im-ew, ]I¬/cm{Xn Xm]w hyXn-bm\w Ipd-
hp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse am‰w, ]p¬ta-Sp-I-ƒ XI-cm\pw I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ coXn-
Ifn¬ Xs∂ kmc-ambn am‰w hcm\pw Imc-Wa - m-Ipw. Irjn km≤y-Xbpw kºØpw
Ipd-bpw.
l ]∂n, tImgn-h-f¿Ø¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ A[n-I-cn® Xm]-\n-e-bn-ep≈ BLmXw,
Dev]m-Z\w Xosc Ipd-bm≥ Imc-W-am-Ipw.
l tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS h¿≤n® hf¿®m tXmXp ImcWw I∂p-Im-en-I-fnse tcmK
hym]\w h-fsc thKw h¿≤n-°pw. \nb-{¥-Wm-Xo-X-amImw. tcmKw ]I¿Øp∂
tcmKm-Wp-hm-ln-I-fmb IoS-߃ IqSp-X¬ i‡n-bm¿÷n-°pw.
l Cu taJe-bnse Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-csØbpw kw`-c-W-{i-a-ß-sfbpw
kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw.
4. If-Iƒ, IoS-߃, tcmK-߃
l If-Iƒ, \nb-{¥-W-am¿§-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°m-\p≈ Icp-Øm¿Pn®v \jvSw h¿≤n-
∏n-°pw.
l Npcp-ßnb Bbp-kp≈ If-Iƒ, hnØp hgn-bn-√msX hym]n-°p∂ If-Iƒ F∂nh
hf-sc-thKw hf¿∂v h¿≤n® \miw hnX-bv°pw.
l If-I-fnse AXnthK-X-bn-ep≈ ]cn-Wma am‰w DW°v A[n-I-cn®, hc≠ kml-

69
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Ncyap≈ h¿j-ß-fn¬ cmk-\n-b-{¥W am¿§-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂Xv km[m-
cW ImgvN-bmbn amdpw.
l {]tZ-in-I-ambn ]pXnb ]pXnb IoS-߃, C\-߃ cq]-s∏-Spw.
hcp∂ 2050 hsc-bp≈ Imem-hÿm am‰w sIm≠v Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ D≠m-tb-
°m-hp∂ am‰-߃
CO2 \ne-hn-ep≈ 360 ppm ¬ \n∂v 450 - 600 ppm I≠v h¿≤n°pw. hkvXp-\n-jvS-
ambn ]d-™m¬ s]mXpsh hnf-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n® {]`m-I-e\ {]{In-b-hgn
IqSpw, XZzmc Pe D]-tbmKw Ipd-bpw.
kap{Z \nc∏v Dbcpw
kap-{Z-\n-c∏v 10-˛15 sk.-ao. hsc Nne-`m-K-ß-fn¬ (Z-£nWm¿≤ tKmf-Øn¬) Dbcpw
DØ-ctKmf-Øn¬ Xmgpw. Cu am‰-߃°p≈ km≤yX hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv.
X¬^e-ambn ˛ Nne `qta-J-e-Iƒ sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-emIpw. As√-¶n¬ a-sÆm-en∏pw
sh≈-s∏m-°hpw aqew \jvS-s∏-Spw.
l Ic-{]-tZ-itØbv°p≈ D∏p-Pe then-tb‰w `qK¿` PeØn¬ D∏p-sh-≈-tadn
Irjn-`qan \jvS-am-°pw.
Xm]-\ne h¿≤-\hv
Xm]-\n-e-IqSpw: 1-20C h¿≤\ D≠m-Ipw. ioX-Imew th\¬ Ime-sØ-°mƒ NqtS-
dpw. DjvW-°m-‰ns‚ km≤yX h¿≤n-°pw. th\¬°m-eØv A[n-I-cn® ag-bp≠mIpw.
l Irjn-°mew thK-Øn-em-Ipw As√-¶n¬ Npcpßpw, ap≥Iq´n Xs∂ ]cy-h-km-\n-
°pw. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ DØcm¿≤ tKmf-Ønse Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v
Irjn km≤y-Xbpw `qhn\n-tbm-Khpw IqSpw. Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne/Pe Zu¿e`yw/
_mjv]o-I-c-Ww sIm≠v Nne-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hnfhp Ipd-bpw.
ag
l ag-b-fhv 10 iX-am-\-tØmfw Gdnbpw Ipd-™p-an-cn°pw. Cu am‰-߃-°p≈
km≤yX ]q¿Æ-ambn kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´n-√. hcƒ®, aÆnse ]Wn Zpcn-X-am-°pw,
sh≈-s∏m°hpw Irjn-\m-ihpw, Pe-tk-N\ Pe-Zu¿e`yhpw Irjn-\m-ihpw D≠m-
Ipw.
sImSp-¶m‰v
l Im‰ns‚ thKX h¿≤n-°pw. DØ-cm¿≤ tKmf-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ A[n-I-cn®, AIm-
e-Ønse ag D≠m-hmw. X¬^-e-ambn asÆm-en-∏v, \o¿hm¿®-°p-d-hv, sh≈-s°´v
F∂n-h-bm¬ hnf-\m-i-ap-≠m-Imw.
Xm]-\n-e, ag, Im‰v, _mjv]o-I-c-Ww, kqcy-{]-Imiw F∂n-h-bn¬ {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-amb
am‰-߃ D≠m-Imw. Im¿jnI {]IrXn Zpc-¥-km≤yX IqSp-XemIpw. I\¬°m-‰v,
70
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
AXn-ssi-Xyw, a™p-d-b¬, hcƒ®, sh≈-s∏m-°w F∂nh hnf-tb-bpw Im¿jnI
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw.
2007 se sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 4˛mw dnt∏m¿´v A\p-k-cn®v BtKmf Xm]-\ne 1.80C-4.00C
I≠v 2100 BIp-tºm-tg°pw h¿≤n-°pw (l-cn-X-Kr-l-hm-XIw ]pd-¥-≈p-∂-X-\p-k-cn-
®v). kap{Z \nc∏v 0.18-˛0.59 ao‰¿ I≠v Db-cpw.
C¥y-bnsebpw tIc-f-Øn-tebpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ne Ign™ Hcp \q‰m-≠n¬ 0.74oC I≠v h¿≤n-®p, C¥y-bn-tebpw
tIc-f-Øn-tebpw ÿnXn CXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-ÿ-a-√. (Nn{Xw 1)
Warmest 12 years:
1998,2005,2003,2002,2004,2006,
2001,1997,1995,1999,1990,2000

1. Cu tXmXv Ign™ 13 h¿j-

ßfnepw IqSp- X ¬ BWv .
(1990, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
2007)
2. NptS-dnb Zn\-߃, cm{Xn-Iƒ,
I\¬Im‰v F∂nh IqSp-X¬
Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p.

Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

Nn{Xw 1
3. A[n-I-cn®, AIm-e-Øn-se ag-Zn-\-߃ h¿≤n-®p. C-¥y-bn¬ Ign™ 50 h¿j-ß-
fn¬ an° `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw CXv Xs∂-bmWv ÿnXn. (Nn{Xw 2)

anX-amb ag (5 - 100 [Link])

A[n-Ic - n® i‡-amb ag
(> 10 [Link])

hfsc i‡-amb ag (> 10 [Link])

Ah-ew_w: sF.-sF.-‰n.-Fw., tKmkzm-anbpw Iq´cpw 2006;

Nn{Xw 2 S
143 Afhp
fr
ÿe-ß-fpsS BhrXn

71
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
4. BtKmf icm-icn kap-{Z-\n-c∏v 1.8 mm {]Xn-h¿jw I≠v h¿≤n-°p-∂p. 1961 ˛
2003 hsc-bp≈ IW°pIƒ CXv ÿnco-I-cn-°p-∂p.
`mhnbnse Imem-hÿ NptS-dn-b-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. 2100 ¬ Xm]-\ne 1.8 to 4oC As√-
¶n¬ AXn-¬ IqSp-Xepw BImw. (Nn{Xw 3) C¥y-bn¬ CXv kn‘p-˛-KwKm \Z-X-S-ß-
fm-hpw.

Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

Nn{Xw 3

21 ˛--- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xm]w/hcƒ® DØc£mw£ taJ-e-bnse `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSp-

X¬, agbpw Nne taJ-e-I-fn¬ \\hpw a‰p taJ-e-I-fn¬ hcƒ®bpw IqSpw.
(Nn{Xw 4)
Winters (Dec-Feb) Monsoon (Jun-Aug)

Nn{Xw 4 Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

72
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
]´nI 1. C¥y Dƒs∏sS Z£n-tW-¥y≥ cmPy-ß-fnse Ime-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

Xm]-\ne oC ag %
Ime-b-fhv BZy c≠mw BZy c≠mw
hnf-Imew hnf-Imew hnf-Imew hnf-Imew
2010-2039 1.17 0.54 -3 5
2040-2069 3.16 1.71 0 13
2070-2099 5.44 3.13 -16 26

A¥-co£ CO2 se am‰w

CO2 \ne 2020-˛¬ 393 ]n.-]n.-Fw.; 2050-˛¬ 543 ]n.-]n.-Fw.; 2080˛¬ 789 ]n.-]n.-Fw.
(Nn{Xw 5)

Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

Nn{Xw 5

Cu IW°pIq´-ep-Iƒ ]ng-°ptam C√tbm F∂p Dd-∏n-√.

l DjvW-ta-Je {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Npgen sImSp-¶m‰v i‡n {]m]n°pw, ag h¿≤n°pw.
a™p-cpIpw/ a™p-]m-fn-Iƒ Npcp-ßpw.
l A[n-I-cn® hcƒ®/I\¬Im‰v, ag F∂nh IqSp-X¬ Bh¿Øn-°pw.
l kap-{Z-\n-c∏v 0.18 - 0.59 ao‰¿ I≠v Dbcpw.
IqSp-X¬ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃ ]pd-¥-≈-∂-Xv. Ata-cn-s°-sb-t∏m-ep≈ hyh-km-
bnI cmPy-ß-fmWv. (Nn{Xw 6)

73
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

30
USA and Canada

25
tons of CO2 eq/capita

Japan, Australia
20 and New zealand

15 Europe
Middle East
Latin America
10
East Asia Africa South Asia
5

0
Region

Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

Nn{Xw 6

CO2 ]pd-¥-≈p-∂Xv C¥y-bnse hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂v (Nn{Xw 7)

Energy Land use

61% changes
1%

Agriculture
28%
Wastes Industrial
2% processes
8%

Nn{Xw 7 Ah-ew_w: C¥ybpsS BZy tZiob

Imem-hÿm IΩo-j≥ 2004

Du÷- t a- J e 61%; Irjn 28%; hrh- k mbw 8%; amen\yw 2%;

{Zh-\n-tbmKw am‰w 1%

74
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
C¥y-≥ Im¿jn-I -ta-Jebn¬ \n∂pw CO2 (Nn{Xw 8)

Manure Rice cultivation

m anagem ent 23%
Crop residues
5%
1%

Em ission from
soils
12%
Enteric
ferm entation
59%

Ah-ew_w: C¥ybpsS BZy tZiob

Nn{Xw 8 Imem-hÿm IΩo-j≥ 2004

Enteric Fermentation hgn 59%; s\¬Irjn 23%; aÆn¬\n∂v 12%; hf-ß-fn¬ 5 %

]m›mXy GP≥kn-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn-s\-°mƒ C¥y-bnse s\¬Ir-jn-bn¬
\n∂p≈ aotY≥ ]pd-¥-≈¬ Ipd-hm-Wv. (Nn{Xw 9)

40 EPA
Methane emission, Tg/year

30

IPCC
20

10
MITRA MOEF IARI IARI
0
1990 1995 1998 2004 2004 2006
Year

Nn{Xw 9
75
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
GP≥kn-Iƒ tXmXv
EPA (1990) 38 Tg/yr
IPCC (1995) 20 Tg/yr
IARI (2004) 3 Tg/yr
IARI (2006) 2 Tg/yr
C¥y-bnepw tIc-f-Ønepw hcm-hp∂ am‰-߃ (Nn{Xw 10)

Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

Nn{Xw 10

1. [m\y-D-ev]m-Z-\-£-aX Ipdbpw (Xm-]-h¿≤\/Pe-Zu¿e`yw Imc-Ww)

2. BtKm-f-I-W°v 2100-˛¬ Im¿jn-tIm¬]m-Z\w 10 - 40% I≠v Ipd-bp-sa-∂mWv.
3. c≠m-hn-fbmWv IqSp-X¬ _m[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Xm]-\n-ebnse 1oC h¿≤\ tKmXºv
D¬]m-Z\w 4-5 S¨ Ipd-bv°pw. ka-b-_-‘n-X-amb Irjn-bn-d-°n-bm¬ Ipdhv 1-
2% Bbn Ipdbv°mw.
hcƒ®bpw sh≈-s∏m-°hpw IqSpw. Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bpw. kq£-am-Wp-Iƒ, IoS-߃,
tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ F∂n-hbv°v ]cn-Wma am‰-߃ D≠m-Ipw.
BtKmf Xe-Øn¬ `£y-hym-]mcw Ak-¥p-en-X-am-Ipw. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
sIm≠p≈ A\p-Iq-e-km-l-Nmcyw bqtdm∏v, hS°v Ata-cn° t]mep≈ cmPy-߃°v,
{]Xn-Iqew C¥ybpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Z£n-W-]q¿t∆-jy≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-em-bn.

76
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
hnf-bp-ev]m-Z\w DjvWta-Jem {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw ka-in-tXmjvW taJ-e-bnepw Ipdbpw
F∂m¬ Db¿∂ `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ h¿≤n-°p-hm≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v.
C¥y-bn¬ / tIc-f-Øn¬ Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne hnf-I-fpsS, hf-Øns‚ Bhiyw A[n-
I-cn°pw (t\-csØ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Dev]m-Z\w t\Sm≥ t]mepw hf-߃ IqSp-X¬
th≠n hcpw)
kap-{Z/ \Zn-P-e- Db¿∂ Xm-]-\ne a’y-{]-P-\-\sØbpw Ah-bpsS k©m-csØbpw
Dev]m-Z-\-sØbpw -{]Xn-Iqeambn _m[n-°pw.
2030 BIp-tºmƒ ]hn-g-]p-‰p-Iƒ A{]-Xy-£-am-Im≥ XpS-ßpw.
I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ taJ-ebn¬ Pew, sXmgp-Øv, Du¿÷w F∂n-h-bpsS Bhiyw
h¿≤n-°pw. ]m¬ Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bpw.
AXn-ssi-Xy-Øm¬ D≠m-Ip∂, D≈n Irjn \miw Ipdbpw Dcp-f-In-gßv, ]b-dv, ISpIv
F∂n-hbv°v A\p-Iq-e-amIpw. a’y hf¿Ø-en¬ ]pXnb sh≈-s°´p {]tZ-i-߃
e`n-bv°m≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v.
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\sØ Fßs\ AXn-Po-hn-°mw ?
1. Imem-hÿ A\p-tbmPy Im¿jnI Kth-jWw i‡-am-°-Ww.
]pXnb C\-߃, Irjn/`qhn-\n-tbm-K -co-Xn-Iƒ/hn`h kwc-£W kmt¶-XnI
hnZy-Iƒ, IoS Pm{KX am¿K-߃ Is≠-ØWw.
2. \b-ß-fnse am‰w
l hn`-h-kw-c-£W / Dev]m-Z\ t{]m’m-l\w (hnf/sh≈w/ Du¿÷w) \¬I-
Ww.
l hn`-h-D]-tbmKw/Imcy-£-aX sa®-s∏-Sp-ØWw
l hn`-h-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞ hne ]cn-ÿnXn \ne-\n-ev]n-\m-[m-c-ambn IW-°m°n
kwc-£n-°-Ww.
l am‰-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ kmº-Øn-I-k-lm-bw \¬IWw.
l ]cn-]m-e-\-Øn\v th≠ kwhn-[m-\-߃°v IqSp-X¬ kmº-ØnI \o°n-bn-
cn∏v Icp-X-Ww.
l Irjn°p IqSp-X¬ C≥jp-d≥kv kwc-£-Ww \n¿_-‘-am-°Ww.
l F√m- {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw, ka-b-_-‘nX Imem-hÿ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ°v Imcy-
£-a-amb kwhn-[m\w/ {]h¿Ø\w thWw. XpS¿ tamWn-´-dnwKv / hne-bn-cp-
ج \n¿_-‘-ambpw D≠m-h-Ww.
l Im¿jnI A\p-_-‘-ta-J-e-bn¬ P\-߃°v IqSpX¬ kwc-£nX Poh-t\m-
]m[n am¿K-߃ Is≠Øn \¬I-Ww.

77
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Fßs\ lcnX Krl hmX-I-ß-fpsS ]pd-¥-≈¬ Ipdbv°mw?
1. s\¬]m-S-ß-fnse Pe-Øn-s‚bpw hf-Øns‚bpw Imcy-£-a-amb ]cn-]m-e-\w hgn
ss\{S-P≥ hmX-I-\jvSw Ipd-bv°m\p≈ am¿K-߃ hgn, Bh-iy-Øn\v am{Xw
hf-{]-tbmKw hgn.
2. aÆnse ssPhmwiw Iq´pI ˛ ssPh hf {]tbmKw hgn
3. CS-bn-f°v Bh-iy-Øn\v aXn, Ipd-bv°pI.
4. hnf Ah-in-jvS-ß-ƒ Imcy-£-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww, ]p\xNw-{I-aWw sNø-Ww.
5. Imcy-£-a-amb Du¿÷ hn\n-tbmKw Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ ˛ ]pXnb b{¥-kw-hn-
[m-\-߃/ a‰p Du¿÷ kwc£W am¿K-߃ F∂nh hgn
BI-bm¬
l Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w Hcp bmYm¿∞y-amWv F∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww.
l C¥y-bn-tebpw tIc-f-Øn-sebpw Irjn-ta-Je A[n-I-cn®v {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-amb
Imem-hÿ / hcƒ® / Pe-tk-N\ Zu¿e`yw F∂nh ImcWw \jvS-߃
t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cpsat∂m¿°Ww.
l \b-߃ / aps∂m-cp-°-߃ / AXn-Po-h-\kw-hn-[m-\-߃/ am¿K-߃ hgn
\mi-\-jvS-߃ Hcp ]cn[n hsc Ipd-bv°m-\m-hpw. AXn\v bp≤-ImemSnÿm-
\-Øn-ep≈ Kth-jW - hpw, \b-]c - n-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°epw thWw. CXn\p th≠n
hcp∂ sNehv {]h-Nn-°m-\m-hn-√. F¥m-bmepw IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw. H∂pw
sNømsX Ccn-°p∂ A\-ßm-∏m-d-\bw IqSp-X¬ \mi-\-jvS-ß-fn-te°pw Zpc-
¥-ß-fn-te-bv°v hgn-sX-fn-°pw.
AXn\v cmjv{Sobt`Z-at\y C—-i-‡n-tbmsS Ip‰-a‰ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ cq]n-I-cn®v \S-
∏m-°pI Xs∂ thWw.
C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ \S∂ (2004, 2007) Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\ ktΩ-f-\-߃ hne-
bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv Cßs\-bmWv:˛
1. Kth-jWw, \b-cq-]o-I-c-Ww, kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw F∂n-h-bn¬ kl-I-cWw IqSp-
X¬ im‡n-I-co-°Ww ˛ tZio-b- X-e-Ønepw A¥¿ tZiob Xe-Ønepw
2. ÿm]\kwhn-[m-\-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-ØWw bp≤-Im-em-Sn-ÿm\Øn¬
3. `qhn-\n-tbmK/ hn`hhn\n-tbmK \b-߃ sa®-s∏-SpØn \S-∏m-°-Ww.
4. Imem-h-ÿ-map-∂-dnbn∏v kwhn-[m-\-߃ hym]n-∏n°-Ww. Imcy-£-a-am-°-Ww.
5. Imem-h-ÿ-hy-Xn-bm\sØ°p-dn-®p≈ km£-cXm {]Nm-cWw F√m-X-e-ß-fnepw
hym]n-∏n-°-Ww.

78
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Imem-hÿm am‰hpw
Xoc-tZ-i-˛-k-ap{Z ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw
tUm. F. _nPpIpam¿
AIzm-´nIv _tbm-fPn & ^nj-dokv hn`m-Kw,
tIcf k¿∆-I-em-im-e, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ˛ 695581

Pohs‚ sshhn[yw AXns‚ aq¿Ø-`m-h-ß-fn¬ Zriy-am-hp∂ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-

fmWv Xoc-{]-tZ-ihpw kap-{Z-ß-fpw. a\p-jys‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sIm≠p≈ lcn-X-
Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS D¬k¿÷\w `qansb NqSp-]n-Sn-∏n®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Ime-L-´-
Øn¬ AXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ Gsd A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Ip-∂Xpw {]kvXpX Bhm-
k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn¬ Xs∂. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w sIm≠p≈ Imem-hÿ am‰hpw kap-{Z-P-
e-\n-c-∏nse h¿[-\bpw Cu \q‰m-≠nse G‰hpw cq£-amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-
ambn hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.
1961 ˛ 2003 Ime-b-f-hn¬ kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏nse h¿[\hv {]Xn-h¿jw 1.8 an.-ao.
BWv. Ign™ Hcp Zi-I-Øn¬ CXns‚ Afhv 3.1 an.-ao. BsW-∂Xv `mhn-bn¬
BtKm-f-Xm-]-\w `qan-bn¬ Pohs‚ \ne-\nev]v A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-sa∂ kqN\ \¬Ip-
∂p. F∂m¬ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Imem-hÿm hyh-ÿsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂ {][m\
LSIw kap-{Z-ß-fm-Wv. kap-{Z-ß-fpsS Xm]-P-U-Xz-hpw (heat capacity) Xm]-˛-[m-cn-
Xbpw (thermal inertia) Imem-h-ÿm-am-‰-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p. kap-
{Z-ß-fnse Xm]-h¿[\ a™p-cp-I-en\pw Ah-bpsS hym]vXw h¿[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Imc-
W-am-hp-∂p. a\p-jy-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ sIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvssk-
Uns‚ 50 iX-am-\hpw A¥-co-£Ø - n¬ \n∂v BKn-cWw sNbvXp am‰p-∂X - pw, Aßs\
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w Ipd-bv°p-∂Xpw kap-{Z-ß-fm-sW-∂-XmWv kXyw.
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w sIm≠p≈ a™p-cp-I¬ {[ph-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n ]mcn-
ÿn-XnI {]iv\-߃°v Imc-W-am-hp-∂p. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w ImcWw temI-i-cm-i-cn-
sb-°mƒ c≠n-c´n thK-X-bn¬ DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn¬ NqSv h¿[n-°p-∂p-h-t{X. Hmtcm
th\-enepw B¿´nIv kap-{Z-Ønse lnam-h-cWw IqSp-X¬ C√m-Xm-Ip∂p sh∂p-am-
{X-a-√, \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-h-bpsS I\hpw Ipd™p hcp-∂p. a™n-s\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬

79
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Xmt]m¿÷w kap-{Z-Pew BKn-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ a™p-a-e-Iƒ thK-Øn¬

Dcp-In-Øo-cp-∂p. 1980 apX¬ bqtdm-∏nse B¿´nIv taJ-e-bnse 20-˛30 iX-am\w lnam-
h-c-Whpw C{]-Imcw \jvS-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-h-t{X. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn XWp-Øp-d™p InS-
∂n-cp∂ B¿´nIv taJ-e-bnse ÿnc-Xp-jm-c-`qan (Permafrost) \in-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-
cn-°p-∂p. {Ko≥em≥Un-sebpw, A‚m¿´n-°-bn-sebpw a™p-a-e-Ifpw {]Xo-£n-®-Xn-
s\-°mƒ thK-X-bn¬ C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w {[ph-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse am{Xw
{]iv\-a-√, adn®v temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ kap-{Z-ß-fp-sSbpw Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw `ua,
`uXn-I, ssPh kz`m-h-ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n®v {]kvXpX Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-
fpsS ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-amb LS-\-sbbpw [¿Ω-ß-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°m≥ sIev]p≈
H∂m-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw CXv Imem-hÿm hyh-ÿ-sbbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-
°p-∂p. BtKmfXm]\w Xoc-{]-tZ-iß - f
- nepw kap{Z Bhmkhyh-ÿI - f
- nepw krjvSn-
°p∂ {]iv\-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
sh≈-Øn-em-hp∂ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-߃
kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏nse h¿[\ kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏n¬ Xmsgbpw, A[nIw Db-c-Øn-e-
√m-sXbpw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Xoc-{]-tZißsfbpw Zzo]-k-aq-l-ß-sfbpw sh≈-Øn-\-
Sn-bn-em-°pw. {Ko≥em≥Un-tebpw, Z£n-W-{[p-h-Øn-tebpw a™p-a-e-Iƒ Dcp-In-Øo-
cp-∂-XmWv kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c∏v Db-cp-∂-Xn\v {][m-\-Im-c-Ww. temI-P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS 60
iX-am-\hpw IS-en¬ \n∂v 100 In.-ao. hsc-bp≈ Ic-`m-K-Øm-sW-∂-XmWv G‰hpw
80
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Bi-¶-bp-f-hm-°p-∂-Im-cyw. temI-P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS 20 iX-am\w am{Xw hcp∂ hyh-
km-b-h¬IrX cmPy-ß-fmWv lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-ß-fpsS 59 iX-am-\hpw ]pd-Øp-hn-
Sp∂sX¶nepw aq∂mw temI-cm-Py-ß-fmWv kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c∏v Db-cp-∂-Xns‚ `hn-jy-
Øp-Iƒ Gsdbpw G‰p hmßp-∂-Xv. CØcw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-߃ G‰-hpw-a-
[nIw D≠m-Im-\n-S-bp≈ 27 cmPy-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv `mc-X-sa∂v sFIy-cmjv{S ]cn-
ÿnXn kwL-S\ (UNEP) hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. GXm≠v 8000 In.-ao. P\-km-{µ-X-tb-dnb
IS¬Øo-chpw {]Ir-Xn-k-º-Øns\ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bp-ap≈ `mc-
X-Øn¬ `mhn-bn¬ kap-{Z-Pe \nc-∏nse h¿[\ hen-sbmcp ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Zpc-¥-
Øn\v hgn sXfn-t®-°mw.
DØ-c-`m-c-X-Ønse alm-\-Zn-I-fnse Agn-ap-J-tØmSp tN¿∂ Xpcp-Øp-I-fn¬
(deltas) BWv cmPyØv G‰-hp-a-[nIw s\√p-ev]m-Z\w \S-°p-∂-Xv. Ct∏mƒ Xs∂
Hmcp-sh-≈-Øns‚ X≈n-°-b‰w {]iv\-amb CØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Imcy-߃ `mhn-
bn¬ IqSp-X¬ Kpcp-X-c-am-hp-sa-∂mWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. (Hmcp Pe-Øn¬ hf-
cm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb s\√n-\ß - sf krjvSn-
s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ hym]r-X-cm-hp-I-bmWv Hcp
Iq´w imkv{X-⁄¿!). kap-{Z-\n-c∏ - n-s\-°mƒ
Xmgv∂p-In-S°- p∂ tIc-fØ- nse Ip´-\m-Sn-s‚
KXnbpw adn-®m-hm-\n-S-bn-√. CXn-t\m-sSm∏w
D≠m- I m≥ km[y- X - b p≈ ip≤- P - e - £ m-
aamWv k¿°m-cp-Isf Ae-´p∂ as‰mcp
{]iv\w. tIc-f-Øn-epƒs∏sS temI-Øns‚
]e-`m-KØpw Sqdnkw hyh-kmbw Xg-®p-h-
f-cp-∂Xv Xoc-k-ap{Zßsfbpw A\p-_‘
Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-tfbpw B[m-c-am-°n-bm-
Wv. kap-{Z-- Pe\nc-∏nse h¿[\ Sqdnkw
hnI-k\ - Ø
- n-\pw `oj-Wn-bmbn amdn-s°m-≠n-
cn-°p-∂p. IS¬Xo-c-Ønse sI´n-S-߃°pw
a‰v B¥-cnI kwhn-[m-\-߃°pw BtKm-
f-Xm-]\w Hcp `ojWn Xs∂-bm-Wv. CtXm-
sSm∏w h¿[n-®p-hc - p∂ IS-em-{I-aW `ojWn
Iq\n-t∑¬ Ipcp F∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv.
Imem-h-ÿm-am-‰hpw, kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏nse h¿[-\bpw, Im¿jn-I-am-‰-ßfpw c≠m-
bn-cnØn F¨]-Xm-am-t≠mSp IqSn temIsaºmSpw 150 Zi-e£w ]mcn-ÿn-XnI A`-
bm¿∞n-Isf krjvSn-°p-sa∂v temI `£y Im¿jnI kwL-S\ (FAO) hne-bn-cp-Øp-
∂p. Db-cp∂ kap-{Z-Pew {][m\ `oj-Wn-bm-hp-∂Xv Zzo]vhmkn-Iƒ°mWv. CXn-
\m¬ Xs∂ hm\p-BXp (Vanuatu) F∂ ]k-^nIv Zzo]-ka - plØnse Xt±-iobhmkn-
Isf ]q¿W-ambpw Hgn-∏n-t°-≠n-h∂ - p. `mc-XØ- n¬ kpµ¿_≥ Xpcp-Øn-t\mSp tN¿∂
]e sNdp-Zzo-]p-Ifpw sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-bn-´p-≠v.

81
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
{[ph-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xt±-iob kaq-l-߃ \ne-\n-ev]n-\p-th-≠n- t]mcm-Sp-∂p.
\mep-e£w Xt±-io-b-k-aq-l-߃ Dƒs∏sS 4 Zi-e£w a\p-jy-cpsS Bhm-k-`q-an-
bmWv B¿´nIv taJe. Irjn°v henb km[y-X-bn-√msX Cu taJ-e-bn¬ \mbm´v,
a’y-_-‘-\w, DØ-c-{[p-h-{]-tZ-i-I-e-am≥ (reindeer) hf¿Ø¬ XpS-ßnb sXmgn-ep-
I-fmWv P\-ß-fpsS {][m\ Poh-k-‘m-cW am¿§-߃. XWp-Øp-d™ \Zn-I-fnepw
lna-°-´-I-fnepw IqSn am\p-Isf ta®p-\-S-∂n-cp∂ Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ°v a™p-cp-I¬
Poh-k‘m-cW am¿§w Xs∂ C√m-Xm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ÿnc-Xp-jm-c-`qan hym]-I-
ambn Dcp-Ip-∂Xv sI´n-S-߃°pw, Pe-hn-X-cW Ipg-ep-Iƒ°pw tdmUp-Iƒ°pw a‰v
B¥- c n- I - k w- h n- [ m- \ - ß ƒ°pw
Imcy-amb \mi-߃ D≠m°-p-
∂p. Imem-h-ÿm-am‰w ImcWw
P\-߃°v ioX-Ime tdmUp-I-fn-
eqsS hf-sc-Ip-d-®p-Imew am{Xta
bm{X-sN-øm-\m-hp-∂p-≈p. NqtS-dn-
b, {]h- N - \ - k m- [ yX C√mØ
a™p-Imew Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬
Im´p-Xobv°pw Imc-W-am-hp-∂p.
{[qh-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ am{X-a√ `mcXw t]mep≈ aq∂mw temI cmPy-ß-fnepw
kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏nse h¿[\ P\-ß-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]ns\ _m[n-°m-\n-S-bp-≈-Xmbn
]T-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp k¿∆-I-em-ime 1993-˛¬ \S-Ønb
]T-\-a-\p-k-cn®v kpc£m kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ `mc-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-
isØ kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c∏v Hcp ao‰¿ Db¿∂m¬ AXv 5,763 [Link].-ao. Xoc-{]-tZ-i-sØbpw
7.1 Zi-e£w P\-ß-sfbpw _m[n-°pw. Xoc-{]-tZ-isØ Irjn-tb-bpw, hnt\m-Z-k-
©m-c-tØ-bpw, FÆ ]cy-th-j-W-sØbpw CXv {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-sa-¶nepw
Ic-`mKw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv G‰-hp-a-[nIw kmº-Øn-I-\jvSw cmPy-Øn\v
D≠m-Im≥ t]mIp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm {]tZ-i-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ \jvSw IW-°m-°p-∂Xv tIhew
`uXn-I-amb am‰-߃ am{Xw IW-°n-se-Sp-Ø-√, adn®v {]kvXp-X-{]-tZ-isØ kmº-
Øn-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ IqSn Dƒs°m-≈n-®m-Wv. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ kap-{Z-P-e-
\n-c∏v Hcp ao‰¿ Db-cp-tºmƒ `mc-X-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw kmº-Øn-I-\jvSw D≠m-Im-
\n-S-bp≈ Pn√ apwss_ (G-Xm≠v 2,287 _ney¨ cq]) BsW∂v sSdn (TERI) bpsS
dnt∏m¿´n¬ ]d-bp-∂p. tIc-fØ - n¬ sIm®n \K-cØ
- n-\mhpw kap-{Z-Pe
- \
- n-c∏
- nse h¿[\
G‰-hp-a-[nIw `oj-Wn-bm-hp-∂-Xv.
Xoc-tZi Bhmk hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ 2080 BIp-tºm-tg°pw 20 iX-am\w Xoc-tZi XÆo¿X-S-
߃ (coastal wetlands) kap-{Z-\n-c∏v Db-cp-∂Xp sIm≠p am{Xw \jvS-am-hp-sa-∂mWv
\nK-a-\w. am{X-hp-a√ kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n-t\-°mƒ XmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ip≤-Pe XÆo¿X-
S-ßfpw, NXp-∏p-Ifpw, Hmcp-Pe Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fm¬ ]p\-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-t´-°mw.
kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏nse h¿[\ am{X-a-√, Db¿∂-tXm-Xn-ep≈ agbpw sImSp-¶m‰pw CXn-

82
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
\p-Im-c-W-°m-cm-hmw. A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-[yw, {]tXy-In®v \o¿]-
£n-I-fpsS sshhn-[yw, {]I-S-am-hp∂ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv XÆo¿X-S-߃. XÆo¿
XS-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ am‰w ssPh-ssh-hn-[ysØ am{X-a√ ip≤-Pe e`y-X-tbbpw XI-
cm-dn-em-°p-∂p.
Xoc-{]-tZ-isØ as‰mcp kp{]-[m\ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv I≠¬°m-Sp-Iƒ.
I≠¬Im-Sp-Ifpw NXp-∏p-I-fpw IS-ense ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fp-a-S-ßp∂ Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv kap-
{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏nse h¿[\ D≠m-°p∂ {]iv\-߃ IS-em-{I-aWØn\pw Ic-kr-jvSn-°-
s∏-Sp∂ {]Xn-`m-k-Øn\p-k-cn®v {]mtZ-in-I-ambn hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°pw. Dbcp∂ IS-
en-\-\p-k-cn®v Ic-bn-te°v \oßm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp∂ I≠¬sN-Sn-Iƒ s]s´∂v
\in®p t]mhmw. F∂m¬ Dud¬ (sedimentation) ]{Inb IqSp-Xepw, A]-c-Z-\w
(erosion) Ipd™pw Ccn-°p∂ Xmgv∂ Zzo]p-I-fnse I≠¬Im-Sp-Iƒ°v ]nSn®p
\n¬Im≥ km[n-°pw. `mc-X-Ønse ]e-`mKßfnepw kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏nse h¿[\
I≠-ep-I-fpsS \mi-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv FØp-∂-sX∂v ]T-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
kap-{Z-\n-c∏v Hcp ao‰¿ h¿[n-®m¬ Xs∂ temIsØ G‰hpw henb I≠¬°m-Smb
kpµ¿_≥kv sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-hp-a-t{X. CXv _wKmƒ ISp-h-I-fpsS am{X-a√ Cu
{]tZ-isØ ssPh kº-∂Xsb B{i-bn®p Pohn-°p∂ a\p-jy-scbpw Gsd _m[n-
°pw.
ag-°mSpItfm-sSm∏w Xs∂ ssPh-k-ºØv Gsd-bp≈ Xoc-k-ap-{Z-
ß-fnse Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv ]hn-g-∏p-‰p-Iƒ
an°-hmdpw DjvW-ta-J-em-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse kap-{Z-ß-fn¬ am{Xw ImW-s∏-Sp∂
]hn-g∏- p-‰p-If
- psS \ne-\n-ev]ns\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ {][m\ LS-Iß - ƒ sXfn™ Pehpw,
Xm]-\n-e-bp-am-Wv. kap-t{Zm-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Xm]-\ne Hmtcm EXp-°-fn-ep-ap≈ ]c-am-
h[n Af-hn-s\-°mƒ Hcp Un{Kn h¿≤n-®m¬ Xs∂ ]hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fpsS \ne-\nev]v
A]-IS- Ø- n-em-hpw. Xm]-\ne aq∂p Un{Kn-bnepw A[n-Ia- mbn Ipd-®p-Imew \ne \n∂m¬
AXv ]hng Pohn-I-fpsS ac-W-Øn¬ Iem-in-°p-a-t{X. Xm]-\ne Db-cp-tºmƒ ]hn-g-
Po-hn-I-fpsS ico-c-Øn¬ kl-Po-hn-bmbn h¿Øn°p∂ ‘kqkm-¥s√’ (Zooxanthel-
lae) F∂ B¬K-Iƒ \in®p t]mhp-Ibpw AXv ]hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fpsS ªo®n-ßn\v (Coral
bleaching) Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu {]Xn-`mkw am∂m¿ Dƒ°-S¬, B≥U-
am≥,. e£-Zzo]v IS-ep-Iƒ F∂o-hn-S-ß-fn¬ hym]-I-am-hp-∂-Xmbn ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-
Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. {]kvXpX {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e-bp≈ Znh-k-߃
h¿[n-°p-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v ]hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fpsS ªo®n-ßns‚ tXmXpw Db-cp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. CXn-\p-]p-dta A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Uns‚
Afhv h¿[n-°p-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v IS-enepw AXns‚ Afhv Db-cp-∂p. CXv kap-{Z-P-e-
Øn¬ h≥tXm-Xn¬ Im¿t_m-WnIv Aæw cq]-s∏-Sm\pw AXp-hgn ]hn-g-Po-hn-Iƒ
NpÆmºv D]-tbm-Kn-®p-≠m-°p∂ ]pd-t¥m-Sp-Iƒ Zp¿_-e-am-hm\pw Ah cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xns‚ thK-X-Ip-d-bm\pw CS-bm-hp-∂p. IqSmsX iwJp-Iƒ, I°-Iƒ, Ubm-‰-ap-Iƒ
(diatoms) XpSßn kap{Z Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw ]pd-t¥mSv cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns\ kap-{Z-P-e-
Ønse Cu cmk-am‰w {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°mw. samØ-Øn¬ Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-
83
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
ebpw Im¿_¨U- t bm- I v s sk-
Uns‚ km∂n-[yhpw ]hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-
fnse ssPh-hn-[ysØ kmc-ambn
Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw, ]cm-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw,
tcmK-ßf - p-sSbpw Afhv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-
Ibpw sNøpw. hmWnPy {]m[m-\y-
ap≈ kap-{Z-a’ - y-ßf - p-sSbpw, sNΩo-
\p-I-fp-sSbpw \s√mcp iX-am\w
{]P- \ - \ - Ø n- \ mbn I≠¬Im- S p- I -
sfbpw ]hn-g∏ - p-‰p-Is
- f-bp-amWv B{i-
bn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bpsS \miw kap{Z
Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsb am{X-a√ a’y-
_-‘\w \SØn Poh-k‘ - m-cWw \S-Øp∂ Zi-e£
- °
- W
- °
- n\v a\p-jy-tcbpw _m[n-
°p-sa-∂Xv Ahn-X¿°-amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.
Xoc-k-ap-{Z-ß-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ as‰mcp Bhm-k-hy-h-
ÿ-bmWv IS¬]p-√p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kap-{Z-`mKw. Db¿∂ \nc-°n-ep≈ Dud-epw,
Pe-Xm-]\n-e-bnse h¿[-\-hpw, Pe-
\n-c-∏p-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ Bgw IqSp-∂Xpw
IS¬]p-√p-I-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-
sbbpw, ^nkn-tbm-f-Pob {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-sfbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw.
IS¬]p-√p-Isf B{i-bn®p Pohn-
°p∂ a’y-ß-sfbpw hwi-\m-i-
Øns‚ h°n¬ \n¬°p∂ IS¬
]ip-hn-s\bpw (dugong ) Cu am‰-
߃ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°pw.
H∏w, ÿnc-X-bp≈ Xoc-k-ap-{Z-߃
]e Zzo]p-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ kmº-ØnI kpÿn-c-Xbpw A]-I-S-Øn-
em-hp-∂p.
kap-{Z-ß-fnse {]iv\-߃
Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kap-t{Zm-]-cn-Xe Xm]-\n-e, Im‰ns‚ thK-X, t]mj-
I-ß-fpsS e`y-X, kqcy-{]-Imiw F∂n-h-bnse am‰-߃ kky-π-h-I-ß-fpsS (phy-
toplankton) hnX-c-Whpw kap-{Z-ß-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-£-aXbpw am‰n-a-dn-°pw. A¥-co-
£-Ønse Im¿_¨U-tbm-Ivssk-Uns‚ h¿[\ kap-{Z-P-e-Ønse pH aqeyw Ipd-
bv°p-Ibpw AXns\ IqSp-X¬ Aæ-X-bn-te-s°-Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. IS-ense kvXc-
hn-\ymkw (Stratification) IS-ens‚ ASn-Ø-´n¬ \n∂v {][m\ t]mj-I-߃ D]-cn-X-
e-Øn-se-Øn-°p-∂Xv XS-™m¬ kap-t{Zm-]-cn-X-e-Ønse t]mj-I-e-`yX Ipd™p
hcpw. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ ssPh {]{In-b-Iƒ hgn Im¿_¨ ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-
84
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
∂Xpw IS-ens‚ D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw Ipd™p hcpw. F∂m¬ {]Im-i-Øns‚
km∂n[yw IqSp-X-ep≈ CØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ D¬∏m-Z-\-£-aX Gdn-bn-cn-°pw.
temIØv ]e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw amc-I-amb hnjmw-i-ap≈ B¬K-I-fpsS ªqap-Iƒ
(blooms) Ct∏mƒ ASn-°Sn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ IS¬°d F∂ t]cn¬
CXv Ip{]-kn-≤-am-bn-´p-≠v. BtKm-f-Xm-]\w kap-{Z-ssP-h-ssh-hn-[ysØ Imcy-ambn
_m[n-°p-sa∂p am{X-a-√, \ne-hn¬ hwi-\mi `oj-Wn-bn-emb \nc-h[n Pohn-I-fpsS
`mhn IqSp-X¬ Ccp-f-S-™-Xm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Hcp ]t£ BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øns‚
`ojWn G‰-hp-a-[nIw G‰p-hm-ßp-∂Xv lna-°-cSn (polar bear) Ifm-hmw. Ch Cc
]nSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw bm{X-sN-øp-∂-Xn\psams° IS-ense lnam-h-c-W-sØ-bmWv B{i-
bn-°p-∂-Xv. K¿`n-Wn-I-fmb s]¨I-c-Sn-Iƒ I´n-Iq-Snb lnam-h-cWw D≈ {]tZ-i-ß-
fn-emWv Xß-fpsS a™p-Ime ‘hkXn ’ (den) D≠m-°p-∂Xpw, Ip™p-ßsf {]k-
hn®p hf¿Øp-∂-Xpw. 5 apX¬ 7 amkw hsc Ign™v hk-¥-Im-eØv Ip™p-ß-fp-
ambn ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ s]¨I-c-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw, Ip™p-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-\nev]v C°m-
eØv IS-en¬ I\-Øn-ep≈ lnam-h-c-WsØ B{i-bn®p \n¬°p-∂p. Dcp-In-Øo-
cp∂ lna-]m-fn-Iƒ ÿncw ImgvN-bmb B¿´nIv taJ-e-bn¬ ]pXp-bmbn P\n-°p∂
lna-°-c-Sn-I-fpsS, FÆ-Ønepw Xq°-Ønepw KWy-amb Ipdhv imkv{X-⁄¿ Is≠-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS th\¬Im-eØv {[phtaJ-e-I-
fn¬ lnam-h-cWw _m°n-bp-≠m-hn-s√∂v Imem-h-ÿm-am‰w ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂
Nne tamU-ep-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. kap{Z Bhm-khy-h-ÿ-bpsS `£y-irw-J-e-bn¬
G‰hpw apI-fn¬ \n¬°p∂ lna-°-c-Sn-I-fpsS \miw \nc-h[n ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-
߃°v hgn-sX-fn-°p-sa∂v \n w-ibw ]d-bmw.
BtKmfXe-Øn¬ a’y-k-º-Øns‚ XI¿®bv°p ImcWw Aan-X-amb a’y-
_-‘-\-am-sW-¶nepw, Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-߃ ]e-a-’y-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw P\-kw-
Jy-Im-cy-ambn timjn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. sh≈-Øn¬ t]mj-I-aq-ey-Øn¬ hcp∂ am‰-߃
πh-I-ß-fpsS hf¿®-tbbpw, AXp-hgn a’y-ß-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]n-t\bpw kzm[o-\n-
°p-∂p. kap-{Z-Øns‚ Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn¬ h∂ am‰w ]e-bn-S-ßfnepw a’y-_-‘-
\-Øns‚ Xs∂ XI¿®bv°v Imc-Wa - m-bn-´p-≠v. ]e-a’
- y-ßfpw Xm]-\n-eb
- nse sNdnb
hyXn-bm-\-ß-fn¬ am{Xw Pohn-°m≥ A\p-Iq-e\w t\Sn-b-h-b-t{X. Pe-Xm-]-\n-ebn¬
hcp∂ h¿[\ Pe-Øn¬ {]mW-hm-bp-hns‚ Afhv Ipd-bv°pw. Xm]-\ne IqSn-b-P-e-
Øn¬ a’y-߃ thKw hf-cp-sa-¶nepw Ah-bpsS hep∏w sNdp-Xm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw
{]Xyp¬∏m-Z-\-£-aX Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøpw. Xm]-\ne Db-cp-∂-tXmsS Ch Bg-°-S-
en-te°v \oßm-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-ap-≠v. NqSp≈ sh≈-Øn¬ tcmK-P-\-I-∑mcpw, ]cm-
Z-ßfpw IqSp-X¬ k{In-b-am-hp-∂p. {]Xn-tcm-[-hy-hÿ £oWn-°p-tºmƒ a’y-߃
tcmK-߃°v s]s´∂v ASna-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.
`mc-X-Øn¬ tI{µ kap{Za’y Kth-jW tI{µw (CMFRI) \S-Ønb Nne ]T-\-
߃ CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {it≤-b-am-Wv. cmPy-Øn¬ G‰hpw km[m-c-W-bmbn ImW-
s∏-Sp∂ aØn (Oil Sardine) sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ XocØp \n∂pw IqSp-X-embn hS°p
]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-tØ°pw hS-°p-In-g-°≥ Xoc-tØ°pw \oßm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-
∂p-h-t{X. IqSmsX Abe (Indian mackeral) Xoc-{]-tZ-iØp \n∂p XWp-∏p≈ Bg-

85
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
k-ap-{Z-ß-fn-te°v \oßp-tºmƒ t{Smf-dpIfn¬ Ah ]nSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv IqSp-X-embn
hcp-∂p. Nne-a-’y-߃ Ah-bpsS {]P-\-\-Imew XWp∏p IqSnb amk-ß-fn-te°v
am‰p-∂-Xmbpw {i≤-bn¬ s]´n-´p-≠v. BtKm-f-Xm-]-\w, F¬-˛-\n-t\m, em˛-\n\ XpS-
ßnb {]Xn-`m-k-߃ a’y-e-`y-X-bn¬ Imcy-amb hyXn-bm-\-߃ hcp-Øp∂p-≠v.
\ne-hn¬ ]e {][m\ a’y-Pm-Xn-Ifpw Aan-X-Nq-j-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-sW∂ kXyw
IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Imem-hÿm am‰-߃ {]iv\w IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-
°m-\mWv km[y-X, 2015 HmSp IqSn BtKmfXe-Øn¬ {]Xn-io¿j a’y-e-`y-X-bn¬
GXm≠v 15 iX-am\w Ipd-hp-≠m-Ip-a-t{X.
kap-{Z-ssP-h-ssh-hn-[ysØ s]mXp-hmbn A]-{K-Yn-®m¬ Imem-h-ÿm-am‰w kap-
{Z-ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ _mlp-ey-Ønepw, hnX-c-W-{I-a-Ønepw A\p-Iq-ehpw {]Xn-
Iq-e-hp-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-∂Xv ImWm-\m-hpw. kap-t{Zm-]-cn-Xe Xm]-\n-e-b-\p-k-
cn-®v, Db¿∂ A£mw-i-ß-fn¬ {]tXy-In-®pw, ssPh-hn-[y-Øn¬ am‰w hcmw. Nqc
(tuna) t]mse tZim-S\w \S-Øp∂ a’y-ß-tfbpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-߬
_m[n-t®-°mw. henb IS¬ kkvX-\n-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw ]£n-I-
fp-sSbpw, `£y-irw-J-e-tbbpw Imem-hÿm am‰w _m[n-°p-∂p. IS-em-a-I-fpsS enwK-
\n¿Wbw A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\n-esb B{i-bn-®m-Wv. IStemcØp \nt£-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂
ap´-Iƒ hncn-bp-tºmƒ Xm]-\ne 28 Un{Kn-bn¬ IqSp-X-em-sW-¶n¬ s]¨ Ba-Iƒ
am{X-amhpw ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xv. Xm]-\n-e-bnse h¿[\ XpS¿∂m¬ Ct∏mƒØs∂
hwi-\m-i-`o-j-Wn-bn¬ Bbn-cn-°p∂ IS-em-a-Isf AXv F{]-Imcw _m[n-°p-sa-∂Xv
\nivN-b-an√. tIcf XocØv Ct∏mƒ ASn-°Sn Iq´-tØmsS {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ he-I-
Sn-b≥ (Lagocephalus inermis) F∂ a’y-hpw, saUqk (medusa) Ifpw IS-ense
ssPh, cmk, `uXnI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-I-fn¬ h∂n-cn-°p∂ am‰hpw XΩn¬ _‘-apt≠m
F∂v hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Xoc-tZ-i, kap{Z Bhm-khyh-ÿ-Ifpw, Imem-h-ÿ-bp-ambn ]e-X-c-Øn¬ _‘-
s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-P\
- k
- w-Jy-bn¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn-e[
- n-Ihpw kap-{Z-tØmSp tN¿∂ {]tZ-
i-ß-fn¬ A[n-h-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]pXnb \q‰m-≠n¬ a\p-jy≥ `£-W-Øn-
\pw, Huj-[-Øn\pw a‰v Dev]-∂-߃°p-ambn kap-{ZsØ hf-sc-tbsd B{i-bn-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fm¬ Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ `oj-Wn-bn-em-bn-cn-
°p∂ Xoc-tZ-i, kap{Z Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°v Imem-h-ÿm-am-‰hpw BtKm-f-Xm-]-
\hpw k¶o¿Æ-amb \nc-h[n ]pXnb {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p. aq∂mw temI-cm-
Py-ß-fnse Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-∏ns‚ h¿[\ G‰-hp-a-[nIw {]iv\-
߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. H∏w, Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS Poh-k-‘m-c-W-am¿§-
ßfpw kº-Zvhy-h-ÿbpw Imem-h-ÿ-tbmSv Gsd _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Irjn, a’y-
_-‘-\w, arK-]-cn-]m-e\w XpS-ßn-b-hsb B[m-c-am-°n-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ Imem-
hÿm hrXn-bm-\-߃ XS-bm-\p≈ A¥m-cmjv{S {ia-߃s°m∏w {]mtZ-in-I-am-
bp≈ {]h¿Ø\-߃°pw IqSp-X¬ Du¿÷-kz-eX ssIh-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.
`mc-Øn¬ FÆ Cd-°p-aX - n, hmbp-ae
- n-\o-Ic
- W
- w F∂nh KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°m\pw
Du¿÷ D]-t`m-K-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-aX ssIh-cn-°m\pw F√m ]≤-Xn-I-fnepw

86
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w {]tbm-K-X-e-Øn¬ FØn-°m\pw Hcp Iq´w \b-ßfpw I¿Ω-]-
≤-Xn-Ifpw Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠X - p-≠v. H∏w amdp∂ Imem-hÿ
- b
- v°\
- p-kc
- n®v s]mcp-
Ø-s∏-Sm≥ (adaptation) hy‡n-I-sfbpw kaq-l-sØbpw {]m]vX-cm-°p-Ibpw thWw.
H∏w Imem-hÿm am‰-Øns‚ Xo{hX Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿∆-am-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ (mitigatory) \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw thWw. `mc-Xw, ssN\, {_ko¬ XpS-ßnb
cmPy-ß-fnse kº-Zvhy-hÿ temIØv G‰hpw thK-Øn¬ hf¿∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p-
∂-h-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ aq∂mw temI-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ lcnX Krl-
hm-X-I-ß-fpsS D¬k¿÷\w kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ hyh-km-b-h¬IrX cmPy-ß-fp-tSXn-
t\-°mƒ h¿[n-°m≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\-Øns‚
am¿§-߃ \mw Bcm-bp-I-bpw DS-\Sn \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw thWw. H∏w Imem-hÿ
am‰-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-߃ IqSp-X¬ hy‡hpw hyXn-cn-‡hp-ambn a\-kn-em-
°m≥ Kth-j-W-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw \S-∏n-em-°-Ww. Xo¿®-bmbpw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-
fn-sem-s° Xoc-{]-tZ-i-߃°pw, kap-{Z-߃°pw {]tXy-I-]-cn-KW\ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
ImcWw Imem-h-ÿbpw, `qan-bpsS `mhnbpw kap-{Z-ßsf B[m-cam-°n-bmWv \ne-
\n-ev°p-∂Xv.

87
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Jc-am-en-\y-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw
tUm: B¿ AP-bvIp-am¿ h¿Ω
FIvkn-Iyp-´ohv Ub-d-IvS¿, ipNn-Xz-an-j≥

{ZpX-K-Xn-bn-ep≈ \K-c-h-XvI-c-Whpw, amdp∂ PohnX coXnbpw, ioe-ßfpw amen\y

DXv]m-Z\w h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tIcfw P\-km-{µ-
X-tb-dn-b-Xpw, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-≈-Xp-amb {]tZ-i-amWv. ChnsS
Ipan-™p-Iq-Sp∂ amen-\y-߃ {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS kzmwio-I-c-W-ti-jn°pw
\ne-hn-ep≈ amen-\y-kw-kvIcW kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS tijn°pw IqSp-X-embn amdn-
bn-cn-°p∂p. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw amen\y \n¿Ωm-÷-\-bn-S-ß-fnepw Ip∂p-Iq-Sp∂
amen-\y-߃ AXXv ÿe-ß-fn¬ InS∂v Agp-Ip∂ ÿnXn ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw \ne
\nev°p-∂p. Nne-ÿ-e-ß-fn-se-¶nepw Nh¿ Iqºm-c-߃ Xo ]nSn-°p∂tXm, Xobn-Sp-
∂tXm Bb ÿnXn-bp-ap≠v. kmt¶-XnI ta∑ C√m-Ø, amen\yw IØn-°p∂ C≥kn-
\-td-‰d
- p-Iƒ ]e Bip-]{- Xn-If - nepw, ÿm]-\ß- f- nepw, Nne Xt±-ik
- z-bw-`c
- W ÿm]-
\-ß-fnepw {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Uv,
aotY≥ XpS-ßnb hmX-I-ß-fpsS DZy-a\w h¿≤n-°p∂Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂p F∂-Xn-
\m¬ BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn\pw, Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-Øn\pw B°w Iq´pw. AtXm-
sSm∏w aÆv-˛-P-ew˛-hmbp aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\pw, ipNn-Xz-an-√m-bva-°pw, \nc-h[n Btcm-
Ky-{]-iv\-߃°pw, A`w-Kn°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Ip∂p-Iq-Sp∂ Jc-am-en-\yhpw A-hn-
S-hnsS sI´n-In-S-°p∂ {Zh-am-en-\yhpw {]iv\-c-ln-X-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp-∂Xv
a\p-jy-cm-in°v sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn amdn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
Jc-am-en\yDXv]m-Z\w
C¥y≥ \K-c-ß-fnse {]Xn-io¿j-am-en\y DXv]m-Z\w 1˛1.4 iX-am\w I≠v Hmtcm
h¿jhpw h¿≤n-°p∂p F∂mWv IW°v. πmÃnIv hkvXp-°fpw ]mt°-PnwKv ]mgp-
Ifpw 1960 Isf At]-£n®v 70 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[nIw h¿≤n-®n-´p≠v F∂v IW-°p-Iƒ
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse sNdp-]-´-W-ß-fn¬ t]mepw s]mXpkc-Wn-bn-se-Øp∂
amen-\y-Øns‚ tXmXv hfsc Db¿∂XmsW-∂mWv IW-°v. hnhn[ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-
88
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
\-ßfpw k¿°m-cnXc kwL-S-\-Ifpw \S-Ønb ]T-\-߃ kam-l-cn®v Xøm-dm-°nb
tIc-f-Ønse amen\y DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Nn{Xw ]´nI ˛ 1 ¬ ImWp-I.

]´nI ˛ 1
tIc-f-Ønse amen\y DXv]m-Z\w (S¨/Zn\w)
2001 2006
{]Xn-io¿j Zn\w-{]Xn {]Xn-io¿j- Zn\w{]Xn
taJe amen\y DXv]m-Zn-∏n- am-en\y DXv]m-Zn-∏n-
DXv]m-Z\w °p∂ DXv]m-Z\w °p∂
{Kmw/hy‡n amen\yw {Kmw/hy‡n amen\yw
/Zn\w (S¨/Zn\w) /Zn\w (S¨/Zn\w)

5 tIm¿∏-td-j≥ 435 1069 465 1183

53 ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n 250 683 268 758
999 {Kma-]-©m-bØv 175 4126 187 4565
BsI 5878 6506

ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ πmÃnIv XpS-ßnb AssP-h-am-en-\y-߃ Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p F∂-

Xn-\m¬ \K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ Jc-am-en\yw Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ hym]-I-ambn D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ssPh-hn-L-S\w kw`-hn-°mØ amen-\y-߃ h¿≤n-®-tXmsS
ap\n-kn-∏¬ amen-\y-߃ Irjn°p]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn Hs´ms° C√m-Xmbn F∂p
ImWmw. F∂m¬ Hcp {]tZ-i-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-ß-f-{Xbpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw
kwkvI-cn-°p∂Xn\p-ap≈ tijn \ΩpsS \K-c-ß-fn-en√ F∂-Xp-am-{X-a√ AØ-c-
Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-ambpw tI{µo-Ir-X-amb kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ tijn ASn-°Sn Db¿Øp-
∂Xpw {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw ZpjvI-c-hp-am-Wv. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ s]mXp-ÿ-e-
ß-fnepw, \nc-Øp-I-fnepw amen-\y-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-bm-Up-I-fnepw amen\yw Ip∂p-Iq-Sp∂
ÿnXn cq£-amWv. amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW kwhn-[m\w ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-
amb ÿe e`y-X-Ip-dhv tIc-f-Ønse Hcp {][m\ {]iv\-amWv. D≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-
ß- f - [ n- I hpw ssPh- a m- e n- \ y- a m- b - X n- \ m¬ Ah s]s´∂v Agp- I p- ∂ - X n- \ mepw
Xmakwhn\m kwkvI-c-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. 140 e[nIw Znh-k-߃ ag-
e-`n-°p∂ {]tZisa∂ \ne-bnepw \K-c-˛-{Kma XpS¿®-bpsS {]tXy-I-Xbpw amen-\y-
kw-kvI-c-W-Øns‚ k¶o¿ÆX h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p.
Imem-h-ÿm- hy-Xn-bm-\hpw Jc-am-en-\y-kw-kvI-c-Whpw
C‘-\-apƒs∏sS hnhn-[-h-kvXp-°ƒ IØn-°p-∂Xp aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Im¿_¨
Utbm-Ivssk-Uv, ssPh hkvXp-°ƒ Agp-Ip-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ aotY≥, cmk-h-f-{]-
tbm-K-Øm-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ss\{Skv HmIv sskUv XpS-ßnb lcnXKrlhmX-I-߃

89
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
A¥co-£-Xm-]-\n-e-D-b¿Øp-∂-Xn\v ImcWamIp-∂p. Db-cp∂ A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\n-e,
{Iaw-sX-‰n-b-a-g, temI-Øns‚ hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ hoin-b-Sn-°p∂ sImSp-¶m‰v Ch
Imem-hÿm am‰-Øns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. Ign™ Hcp \q‰m-≠n¬ `utam-]-cn-
X-e-Ønse icm-icn Xm]-\ne GI-tZiw 0.74oC Db¿∂p F∂pw, 21˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬
BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ne 1.4 - 5.8oChsc h¿≤\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂pamWv imkv{X-]-T-\-
߃ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. CXns‚ ^e-ambn D≠m-Ip-sa∂v {]h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ a™p-
cp-Iepw, kap{ZPe-hn-Xm\ h¿≤-\bpw h≥]m-cn-ÿn-XnI BLmXw D≠m-°m≥ ]cym-
]vX-am-Wv.
lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS, Im¿_¨ Utbm-Ivssk-Un\p kam-\-ambn DZz-a\w
]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 80.5 iX-am\w Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUpw, 17.5 iX-am\w aotY-
\pw, 2 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg ss\{Skv HmIvssk-Up-am-sW-∂mWv GI-tZi IW-°v.
Im¿_¨ Utbm-IvsskUv DZz-a-\-Øns‚ {][m\ t{kmX v C‘-\-߃ IØn-°p-
∂-Xm-sW-¶nepw amen-\y-߃ IØn-°p-∂Xpw, C≥kn-\-td-‰¿ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw
ImWm-Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. Im¿jn-I-aÆpw, s\¬]m-S-ßfpw, sXm≠-gp-°epw aotY≥
DZz-a-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂p F¶nepw Cu hmX-I-Øns‚ 75 iX-am-\hpw Agp-Ip∂
amen\yw Imc-W-ap-≠m-Ip∂p F∂mWv IW-°v. Hcp S¨ ap\n-kn-∏¬ ssPh-am-en\yw
56 Intem {Kmw aotY≥ hmXIw DZz-an-°pw. cmk-hf D]-tbmKw aqew Im¿jnI
aÆn¬ \n∂v \n¿§-an-°p∂ ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv Af-hn¬ Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw
ssPhIrjn coXn-bn-epsS Hgn-hm-°m-hp-∂X
- m-Wv. aotY-s‚bpw, ss\{Skv HmIv sskUn-
t‚bpw BtKmfXm]-\-tijn Im¿_¨ UtbmIvsskUns\ At]-£n®v bYm-{Iaw
21 aSßpw 311 aSßpw IqSp-X-em-sW-∂Xv icn-bmb amen-\y-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øns‚ {]k‡n
h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.
A\p-tbm-P\ kao-]\w
BtKm-f-Xm-]\ h¿≤-\bpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-{]-Xn-`m-khpw C∂v imkv{X-
k-aqlw s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. CXp kw_-‘n® {]h-N-\-߃°\p-kr-X-amb
am‰-߃ {]Xy-£-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm\pw XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Cu
{]Xn-`m-k-tØmSv A\p-tbm-P\w sNbvXv aptºm´p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kao-]\w kzoI-
cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. BtKmfXm]-\hpw, Imem-h-ÿm-am-‰hpw aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ `uXn-I-˛-
ssPh ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-ßfpw Ipdbv-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ I¿Ω ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \ΩpsS hnI-
k\ ]cn-t{]-jy-Øn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn®p hcp-∂p-≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w BtKm-f-Xm-]\w
Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ lcnX Krl-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS DZz-a\w Ipd-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb
Jc-am-en-\y-]-cn-]m-e\ coXn-Iƒ hym]-I-ambn \S-∏n-em-°pI F∂Xv CØ-cp-W-Øn¬
AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw amen-\y-]-cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-
߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v \nc-h[n A\p-Iqe LS-I-ß-fp-≠v. CXn-sem∂v Nne-ta-J-e-
Iƒ tI{µo-I-cn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS amen-\y-]-cn-]m-e-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°m-sa-

90
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
∂-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse {][m-\ -am-en\y t{kmX- p-I-fpsS Nn{Xw ]´n-I˛ 2 ˛¬
ImWp-I. Km¿lnI taJ-e, tlm´¬, I√ym-W-a-WvU-]-߃, ÿm]-\-߃, N¥-Iƒ
Ch tI{µo-I-cn-®p≈ hntI-{µo-IrX amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW kwhn-[m-\-߃ hym]-I-
ambn {]N-cn-∏n-®m¬ s]mXp kwhn-[m-\-Øn-\p-ta-ep≈ kΩ¿±w eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw
Ah-bpsS Imcy-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-Ipw.

]´nI ˛ 2
\K-c-ß-fnse {][m-\-am-en-\y-t{km-X- p-Ifpw
amen-\y-D-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ icm-icn Afhpw
amen\yt{kmX- p-Iƒ amen\y DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚
icm-icn Afhv (%)
1. Km¿lnIw 49
2. hym]m-c-ÿm-]-\-߃ 10
3. tlm´¬, I√ym-W-a-fi-e-߃ 12
4. N¥-Iƒ 6
5. kvIqƒ, s]mXpÿm]-\-߃ 5
6. Biq-]-{Xn-Iƒ 2
7. tdmUv XqØvIq-´p-∂h 9
8. \n¿Ωm-W-ta-Je 6
9. Adhvime-Iƒ 1

tIc-f-Ønse hmk-co-Xn-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-bmb Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn\v kz¥w hoSpw

hf∏pw F∂ ÿnXn Hmtcm ho´n-ep-ap-≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-߃ Ahn-S-hn-sS-Xs∂ Nne-
hp-Ip-d™ coXn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°p∂Xn\p-≈ kwhn-[m-\-ßsfmcp-°p-∂-Xn\v ]cym-
]vX-am-Wv. Cu Bibw hym]-I-am-Ip-∂-tXmsS Xs∂ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw ssPh-am-en\yw
t{kmX- n¬ Xs∂ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ coXn \S-∏n¬ hcpw. CXn\v klm-b-I-am-
Ip-∂-Xn\pXIp∂ coXn-bn-emWv tIc-f-Ønse Jc-am-en-\y-L-S\ F∂Xpw {i≤n-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse ap\n-kn-∏¬ Jc-am-en-\y-ß-fpsS LS\ ]´n-I-˛3 ¬ ImWp-I.
\K-c-ß-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ 70-˛80 iX-am\w ssPh-am-en-\y-ß-fm-I-
bm¬ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmXw Ipd-hp≈ ssPh kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn
Ahsb kwkvIc - n-°p∂Xn\pw, kwkvIc
- n-s®-Sp-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ Im¿jn-I˛- K
- m¿lnI
Bh-iy-߃°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ss\{Skv HmIvssk-Un-t‚bpw Im¿_¨UtbmIv
sskUn-t‚bpw DZz-a\w Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw klm-bn-°pw. CXv BtKm-f-Xm-]-\sØ
Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn°pw F∂-Xn\v X¿°-an-√.

91
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

]´nI ˛ 3
\K-c-am-en\yLS\ (%)
amen-\y-L-S-I-߃ Afhv (%)
1. ssPh-h-kvXp-°ƒ 71 ˛ 82
2. t]∏¿ 4˛8
3. πmÃnIv 3˛6
4. sa‰¬, •mkv, tXm¬, d∫¿ 4˛5
5. Nmcw, aÆv XpS-ßn-bh 5 ˛ 12
6. A]-IS Km¿ln-I-am-en\yw 0.2 ˛ 0.9

]p\-cp-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂Xpw, ]p\x-Nw-{I-aWw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xp-amb amen-\y-L-S-

I-߃ ]cn-]m-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ i‡-am-t°-≠-
Xp-≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ A]-IS- I - c
- a
- mb ap\n-kn-∏¬ amen-\y-߃, s]m´n-b_
- ƒ_v,
Syq_v, D]-tbm-Ky-a-√mØ acp∂pIƒ XpS-ßnbh kpc-£n-X-ambn \n¿Ωm-÷\w sNøp-
∂-Xnt\m DXv]m-Z-Is‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ CXv XncnsI FSp-°p-∂-Xnt\m
D≈ kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw i‡-am-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
D]-kw-lmcw
Jc-am-en\y]cn-]m-e\w ]cn-ÿnXn]cn-]m-e-\-Øn\v Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn amdn-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]tXy-In®v BtKm-fX
- m-]\
- Ønt‚bpw, Imem-hÿ - m-hy-Xn-bm-\Ø
- n-t‚bpw
]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Cu sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\v IqSp-X¬ ipjvIm-¥nbpw ka¿∏-
Whpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse amen-\y-L-S-\bpw t{kmX- p-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-
Ifpw hoSpw ]d-ºp-a-S-ßp∂ hmk-co-Xnbpw, t{kmX- n¬ Xs∂ amen\yw hf-am-
°ntbm hmX-I-am-°ntbm am‰m-hp∂ A\p-Iq-e-ÿnXn {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. CXv {]tbm-
P\s∏Sp-Øn-bm¬ s]mXp-k-c-Wn-bnep≈ amen\yw KWy-ambn Ipd-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]p\-
cp-]-tbm-K-˛-]p-\-Nw-{I-aW km[y-X-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw km[n-°pw. Cu km[y-X-
Iƒ ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bpw, ]cn-]m-e-\-km-[yXIpd-hp≈ amen-\y-߃°p
Imc-W-am-Ip∂ hkvXp-°ƒ°v ]I-c-°msc Is≠-Ønbpw DXv]m-Z-Is‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-
Xz-߃ \n¿∆Nn®v \S-∏n-em-°nbpw amen-\y-ap‡ tIcfw F∂ k¶ev]w km[y-am-
°m-\m-Ipw. Cu ISa \mw Hmtcm-Øcpw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

92
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

aÆnse Im¿_¨ kw`-cWw

tUm. _me-tKm-]m-e≥
tIcf h\-Kt- h-jW C≥Ãn-Syq-´v
]o®n ˛ 68065, Xriq¿, tIcf

{]IrXn-bnse hne-s∏´ kº-Øp-°-fn¬ H∂mWv aÆv. `qan-bpsS hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ aÆv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu hne-s∏´ kºØv At\-Im-bncw
h¿j-߃ sIm≠v ]e kq£va {]{In-b-Iƒ aptJ-\-bmWv D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Hmtcm
{]tZ-iØpw ]e LS-I-ß-sfbpw B{i-bn-®mWv aÆns‚ ^e-`q-bn-jvT-X-bpw, LS-\-
bpw Ah-ÿbpw Ccn-°p-∂-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw AXnse ssPhmw-isØ B{ibn-®m-
Wv. hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ aÆv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
aÆnse G‰hpw {][m\ LS-I-amb ssPhmwiw ]e cq]-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. ]pXn-
b-Xmbn tN¿°-s∏-Sp-∂-h, ]e-X-´p-I-fn¬ hnL-Sn-°m-Øh apX¬ ]q¿Æ-ambpw hnL-
Sn-®h F∂n-h-b-S-ßp-∂-XmWv aÆnse ssPhmw-iw. {][m-\-ambpw aÆns‚ D]-cn-X-
e-X-´p-I-fn-emWv ssPhmwiw IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv. CXp IqSmsX [mXp-]-S-e-ß-f-S-ßnb
X´p-I-fnepw ssPhmwiw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ CXns‚ Afhv Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-
hm-Wv. aÆnse ssPhmwiw D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂Xpw Npcp-ßnb Ime-b-
fhv apX¬ At\-Im-bncw h¿jw hsc \o≠p-\n-ev°p-∂ {]{In-bsb B{i-bn-®m-Wv.
ssie-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {]tXy-I-km-l-Ncyw aqew ]pXp-Xmbn tN¿°-s∏-Sp∂
ssPhmwiw apgp-h-\mbn hnL-Sn-°msX ASn-™p-IqSn D≠m-Ip∂ D]-cn-X-e-ap-≠v.
CXns\ ‘]o‰v’ As√-¶n¬ ‘a°v’ F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu D]-cn-Xew ssPhmwiw
hfsc IqSp-X-ep≈ {]X-e-am-sW-¶nepw Xmc-X-tay\ ^e-`q-bn-jvTX Ipd-™-h-bm-
Wv. ChnsS Pemwiw hfsc IqSp-X-embn sI´n-\n¬°p-∂Xv aqew CsXmcp \ocp-d-h-
bmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. CXn\v ]pdsa acp-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Im¿_¨ hnhn[ Im¿_-
tW‰v [mXp-hns‚ cq]-Øn¬ kw`-cn-°p-Ibpw aÆns‚ Xmsg-bp≈ X´p-If- n¬ ASn™v
IqSp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
kky-߃ D≈ {]tZ-i-ßfpw C√m-Ø-hbpw XΩn¬ Im¿_¨ kw`-c-W-ti-
jn-bn¬ hfsc hyXymkw D≠v. C√mØ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kky-߃ hf¿∂v hcp-

93
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
tºmƒ AhnsS {]tXy-I-Xcw D]-cn-Xew cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXmWv aÆnse Im¿_¨
kw`-c-W-Øns‚ ]c-º-c-bn¬ {]Y-a-ÿm-\Øv \n¬°p∂ LS-Iw. kky-ß-fpsS
XpS¿®-bm-bp≈ hf¿®, kkym-h-in-jvS-ß-fpsS hnL-S\w XpSßn hnhn[ {]{Inb
aqew aÆns‚ ssPhmwiw Hcp kpÿn-c-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. aÆnse
ssPhmw-i-Øn-emWv Im¿_¨ D≈Xv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v ssPhmw-i-Øns‚ tXmX-\p-
k-cn®v Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
Hcp Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bnse Im¿_¨ kw`-cWw aÆv, ssPh km{µX F∂n-
h-bnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Af-hns\ B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂X
- v. BsI-bp≈ Im¿_-Wns‚
Afhv Hmtcm Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bnepw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Cu Afhv k¥p-en--Xm-h-ÿ-
bn-em-bm¬ am{Xta B Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ°p \ne-\n-ev∏p-≈q.
BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Im¿_¨ ]cn-hrØn-bn¬ aÆn\v hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m-\y-ap-
≠v. `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn-ep≈ am‰-߃ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°pI
am{X-a√ AXnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Af-hn-s\bpw Ahÿm hnti-j-sØbpw _m[n-
°p-∂p. Irjn `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Ønse am‰-߃ aqew GI-tZiw 20 apX¬ 50% hsc
aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhp Ipd-bp-∂p. Cu Im¿_¨ kw`-cWw aÆn-te°v
tN¿°p∂ ASn-Ø-´n-sebpw apIƒ`mKsØbpw ssPh-km-{µ-X, Cu¿∏w, Dujvam-hv,
aÆn-te°v tNcp∂ hnf-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-Øns‚ inYn-eo-I-c-Whpw, aÆv Dgp-Xp-a-dn-
°p-tºmƒ D≠m-hp∂ De-®n-epw, aÆns‚ kw{K-l-Øn-ep≈ Ipd-hpw, asÆm-en-∏n-
s\bpw B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Irjn-bn-S-ß-fnse h\-h-XvI-cWw aptJ\ aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv IqSp-
hm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v ]T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. ASpØ ImeØv A¥-co-£-Øn¬
Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ t^mkn¬ C‘-\-߃ IØn-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-hp∂ Im¿_¨ ssU
HmIvssk-Uns\ BKn-cWw sNøm-\p≈ aÆns‚ Ign-hns\ Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\-߃°v
hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\y-ta-dn-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\ ]T-\-ßsf hf-
sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-°p-∂p.
aÆnse Im¿_¨ tiJcw temI-Øn¬ BsI-bp≈ 4.1 _ney¨ slIvS¿
h\-ß-fm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu h\-߃ Hmtcm h¿jhpw 9.4 aney¨ slIvS¿ F∂
tXmXn¬ \in-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib
- m-Wv. Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xp aqew Hmtcm h¿jhpw
1.6 - 1.7 Pg Im¿_¨ A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v tNcp-∂p.
h\-ßfpw AXnse aÆpw tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv 1240 Pg BWv.
CXn¬ Xs∂ 37% A£mwi tcJ-bpsS Xmsgbpw 14% a[y `mKØpw 49% Db¿∂
{]tZ-i-Øp-amWv D≈-Xv. `qX-e-Øn-ep≈ sNSn-I-fnse Im¿_-Wns‚ km{µX G‰hpw
IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv DjvW taJem {]tZ-i-ß-fnse h\-ß-fn-em-Wv. CXv Hcp slIvS-dn¬
GI-tZiw 120-194 Mg BWv.
ta¬°m-Wn® Im¿_-Wns‚ aq∂n¬ c≠v `mKw aÆn¬ BWv D≈-Xv. aÆn-
tebpw, sNSn-I-fn-tebpw Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv 0.9-1.2 F∂ tXmXn-em-Wv.

94
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
h\-ß-fnse aÆn-ep≈ Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv 0-50% F∂ tXmXn-em-Wv. F∂m¬
`qcn-`mKw aÆnepw Cu Afhv 0.3- 15.5% hsc-bm-Wv. DjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-i-ß-
fnse h\-߃ \mam-h-in-jvS-am-hp-∂Xv aqew 1.6 apX¬ 1.7 Pg Im¿_¨ A¥-co-£-
Øn¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw tNcp-∂p.
aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Af-hn-s\bpw km{µ-X-tbbpw B{i-bn-°p∂ LS-Iß-
fn¬ Imem-hÿ Hcp {][m\ ]¶p hln-°p-∂p. CXn¬ Xs∂, ag-bpsS Af-hv,
aÆn¬ \n∂pw \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ Cu¿∏w, Ch XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw F∂n-h-bmWv
{][m\ LS-I-߃. CXv IqSmsX `qan-bpsS sNcn-hv, Pe-\n¿§-a-\w, aÆns‚ kz`m-
hhpw LS-\-bpw, khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv \n›-bn-°p-∂p.
h\-ßf - nse aÆn-ep≈ Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv {]Ir-Xn-ZØ
- hpw, am\p-jnI {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-sfbpw B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Im´p-Xo, hcƒ®, IoS-߃, tcmK-߃ F∂n-h-
bmWv {][m-\-ambpw {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb LS-I-߃. am\p-jnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ {][m-
\-ambpw h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw AXp-aqew D≠m-hp∂ {]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpamWv. acw apdn®v
\o°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv aqew GI-tZiw 50 iX-am-\-tØmfw aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv
BZysØ 20 h¿jw sIm≠v Ipd-bp-∂p. AXn\p tijw Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv IqSp-
∂p-s≠-¶nepw BZy-Ime Af-hns‚ ASp-sØm∂pw FØp-∂X - mbn ImWp-∂n-√. {i≤m-
]q¿∆w acw apdn®v \o°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf hfsc
Ipd®v am{Xta _m[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. X≥\n-anØw aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ kw`-cW
tijnsb hfsc-°p-d®v am{Xta CXv _m[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.
h\-ta-J-e-bn¬ D≠m-hp∂ Im´pXo BWv aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Af-hns\
hfsc Ime-tØ°v _m[n-°p-∂-Xv. Im´pXo aqew aÆnse Dujvamhv IqSp-Ibpw
sh≈-Øns‚ Afhv Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hf{]tbmKw aqew aÆns‚ ^e-`q-bn-
jvTX h¿≤n-°p-∂p. CXp-aqew Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX IqSp-Ibpw aÆn-te°v tNcp∂ hr£-
`m-K-ß-fpsS Afhv IqSp-Ibpw Im¿_-Wns‚ kw`-cWw h¿[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
h\-h-Xv°-cWw aqew aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv h¿[n-°p-∂p. CXv IqSmsX
Irjn-bn-S-ßfpw Xcniv `qan-Ifpw sNSn-Iƒ h®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-∂Xp aqew B {]tZ-i-ß-
fnse aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv IqSp-∂p. h\-h-Xv°-cWw aqew aÆnse Im¿_-
Wns‚ Afhv Hmtcm h¿jhpw slIvS-dn¬ 0.8 Mg IqSp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.
A¥-co-£-Ønse Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvssk-Uns‚ Afhv 0.4% F∂ tXmXn¬
IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXv 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cc-´n-bm-Ip-sa-∂mWv IW-°m-°n-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cß-s\-bp≈ h¿[-\hv Zqc-hym-]-I-am-bn-´p≈ `hn-jy-Øp-°ƒ D≠m-
°p-sa∂v ]T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. CXp aqew Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w kw`-hn-°p-
Ibpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-X, aÆnse
kq£va-Po-hn-I-fpsS Afhv F∂nh Ipd-bpIbpw sNøp-∂p. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
aÆns‚ LS-\-sbbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw _m[n-°p-∂p. CXv aÆns‚ Im¿_¨
kw`-c-W-ti-jnsb _m[n-°p-∂p.

95
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv apIƒØ-´n-ep≈ 15cm¬ hym]r-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂
XesØ B{i-bn-®m-Wv. hnI-knX hyh-kmb cmPy-ß-fn¬ Im¿_¨ kw`-cWw
2010 HmsS Hmtcm h¿jhpw 101Tgbpw 2040 HmSp IqSn 505Tg Dw BIp-sa-∂mWv
IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv h\-ta-J-e-bn¬ 69Tgbpw 200Tgbpw BsW-∂mWv
IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw, Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw, Dev]m-Z-\hpw
h¿[n-∏n-°p-hm≥ th≠n ]e kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw hnI-kn-∏n®v sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu
Ime-L-´-Øn¬ IqSp-X-embn Im¿_¨ kw`-c-W-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-t°-≠Xv hfsc
Bh-iy-am-Wv. IqSmsX A¥-co-£-Ønse Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvssk-Uns‚ Af-
hns\ Ipd-bv°p-∂p. aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ kw`-c-Ww, h\-]-cn-]m-e-\w, Im´pXo
\nb-{¥-Ww, h\-h-XvI-c-Ww, cmk-hf {]tbmKw XpSßn ]e LS-I-ß-tfbpw aÆnse
Im¿_¨ kw`-cWw B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. h\-\-io-I-cWw aÆnse Im¿_¨ kw`-
c-W-ti-jnsb Ipd-bv°p-∂p.

96
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Imemhÿbpw Btcm-Kyhpw ˛
Nne ka-Im-enI Nn¥-Iƒ
tUm. kn.-B¿. tkma≥
Ub-dI
- Sv ¿
sl¬Øv BIvj≥ t^m¿ ]o--∏nƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

\mw Pohn-°p∂ `qan-bpsS ta¬ a\p-jy¿ B[n-]Xyw t\Sn-bn´v Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bncw

h¿j-߃ IS-∂p-t]m-bn. kzbw Xobp-≠m-°m≥ \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ ]Tn-®-t∏mƒ
sXm´mWv B[p-\nI kwkv°m-c-Øn-te-°p≈ Ahs‚ {]bmWw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. BZyw
I√p-sIm≠pw ]n∂oSv acw D]-tbm-Kn®pw AXn\p tijw teml-߃sIm≠pw Bbp-
[-߃ \n¿Ωn® a\p-jy≥ Btbm-[-\-I-e-bn-eqsS Cu `qap-J-Øp≈ as‰√m P¥p-°-
fp-sSbpw ta¬ B[n-]Xyw t\Sn. h\m-¥-c-ß-fn¬ Ae™p \S∂v Kpl-Iƒ°p-
≈n¬ \nim-hn-{iaw tXSn-bn-cp∂ BZn-a-a-\p-jy≥ GXm≠v ]Xn-\m-bncw kwh-’-c-
߃°p tijw ^e-`q-bn-jvSa - mb \Zo-XS- ß
- fn¬ kaq-la
- mbn ]m¿Øv C∂p ImWp∂
B[p-\nI kwkv°m-c-Øn\v XpS-°-an´p. kar-≤n-bmb `t£ym¬]m-Z-\-Øn-eqsS am\-
h-cm-in-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏v GXm≠v Dd-∏m-b-t∏mƒ Krl-\n¿ΩmWw, Krtlm-]-I-c-W-
߃, k©m-cm-h-iy-߃°p≈ D]-I-c-W-߃, hnt\m-Z-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ F∂nh \n¿Ωn-
°p-∂-Xn-eqsS a\p-jys‚ Iem-hn-cpXpw \n¿Ωm-W-ssh-`-hhpw ad \o°n ]pd-Øp-h-
∂p. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ^e-ambn Ign™ c≠v \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ hyh-km-bnI hnπ-h-Øn-
eqsS a\p-jy≥ t\Snb Akq-bm-h-l-amb ]ptcm-KXn krjvSn kwlm-c-ta-J-e-I-fn¬
Ah\v AP-øamb Hcp ÿm\w t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.
Akq-bm-h-l-amb Cu t\´w kzmb-Ø-am-°nb a\p-jy≥, Ahs‚ hnP-b-Km-Y-
bp-sS A{X-Xs∂ Bim-h-l-a-√mØ A\-¥-c-^-e-߃ A\p-`-hn®p XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. bmsXmcp \nb-{¥-W-hp-an-√mØ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Nqj-Whpw, a\p-jys‚ \ymb-
amb Bh-iy-߃°v th≠-Xns‚ ]Xn-∑-Sßv D]-t`m-K-h-kvXp°ƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥
th≠n-bp≈ hymh-km-bnIh¬°-cW - h
- p-sa√mw IqSn ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS kpÿn--cX
- bv°v
h≥ `ojWn Db¿Øp-∂p. 1980 Ifn¬ BZy-ambn A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS apI-fn¬ Z¿in®
Hmtkm¨ kpjncw sNdp-Xm-sb-¶nepw {I-taW Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne

97
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
ap≥]p≈ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-ep-≈-Xn-t\-°m-tfsd i‡-amb Npg-en-°m-‰p-I-fpsS A{]-Xo-
£n-X-amb B{I-aWw, AIm-e-Øp≈ h¿j-]mXw, F¥n\v, temIw Z¿in-®Xn¬
G‰hpw i‡-amb kp\m-an, Cßs\ Zpc-¥-ß-fpsS Hcp XpS¿°-Y-bmWv \ap°v
C∂v ]d-bm-\p-≈-Xv.
]mcn-ÿn-XnI hyXn-bm-\-߃s°√mw Xs∂ a\p-jys‚ Btcm-Ky-hp-ambn _‘-
ap-≠v. Cu `qap-J-Øp≈ as‰√m Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw a\p-jy-\p-am-bp≈ k¥p-en-X-amb
_‘-Øn¬ De-®n¬ X´ptºmƒ a\p-jys‚ \ne-\n¬]n-\p-Xs∂ `ojWn Db-cp-∂p.
Gh-sbms°bmWv Imem-h-ÿ, ]cn-ÿnXn F∂n-h-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ \Ωn¬
ASn-t®¬∏n-°p∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-߃ F∂p t\m°mw. G‰hpw Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬
Pew, aÆv, hmbp F∂n-h-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ a\p-jys‚ Btcm-KysØ Imcy-
ambn kv]¿in-°p-∂p. Ch-sb-∏‰n Npcp°n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I-bmWv Cu teJ-\-Øn¬
tIc-f-Øns‚ {]tXyI A\p-`-h-߃ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ]cm-a¿i hnj-b-am-Ipw.
Pew
A{]-Xo-£n-Xa- mb ag i‡-ambn XmWvUh - a- m-Sp-tºmƒ a\p-jys‚ Btcm-KysØ
AXv {]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. I\Ø ag XpS¿®-bmbn s]øp-
tºmƒ A¥-co£ Dujvam-hn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb Ipdhv Ip´n-I-fn¬
{]tXy-In®pw izmk-tIm-i-tcm-K-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂p F∂Xv A\p-`-h-߃ sXfn-
bn-°p-∂p. I\Ø sh≈-∏m-®n-en¬ sXcp-hp-I-fpsS hi-Øp≈ HmS-Iƒ Ihn-s™m-
gpIn ]e-t∏mgpw ip≤-P-e-t{km-X- p-Iƒ aen-\-am-Ip-∂p. ]mN-Im-h-iy-Øn-\pw, Zml-
i-a-\-Øn\pw \ap°v Ahiyw th≠ Pew tcmKm-Wp-°ƒsIm≠pw aÆn¬ Ie¿∂n-
cn-°p∂ IoS-\m-in-\n-IƒsIm≠pw a‰pw aeo-ak
- a- m-Ip-tºmƒ hb-dn-f°-tcm-Kß
- ƒ {Iam-
Xo-X-ambn h¿≤n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ Ct∏mgpw Adp-]-Xp-i-X-am-\-Øn-tesd IpSpw-_-
߃ InW-dp-I-sf-bmWv Km¿ln-Im-h-iy-ß-ƒ°p th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. km[m-c-
W-°m-cpsS ho´p-ap-‰-Øp≈ InW-dp-I-fn¬ Hcp \√ ]¶pw Np‰p-a-Xn¬ sI´n kwc-£n-
°m-Ø-h-bmWv F∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ tIc-f-Ønse an° Pe-t{imX pIfpw Cu sImssf
(e-coli) t]mep≈ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ sIm≠v aeo-a-k-am-b-XmWv F∂ ]{X dnt∏m¿´p-I-
fn¬ A¤p-X-s∏-tS-≠. Ign™ ]Øp ap∏Xp h¿j-ß-fmbn Pe-P-\y-tcm-K-ß-fn¬
Imcy-amb Ipdhv A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-´p-≠v F∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-®p-sIm-≠√ CXv Fgp-Xp-
∂-Xv. F¶n¬Ø-s∂bpw A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb ag ]pXnb Zpc-¥-߃°v Imc-W-amIpw
F∂v Nq≠n-°m-´pI am{X-amWv ChnsS sNøp-∂-Xv.
£Wn-°msX hcp∂ sImSpw-ag `£y-kp-c-£n-X-XzsØ Fßs\ _m[n°pw
F∂-Xns‚ ZrjvSm¥w tXSn ae-bmfn as‰ßpw t]mtI≠ Imcy-an-√. C°-gn™
amkw tIcfw Z¿in® th\¬ ag Xs∂ DZm-l-cWw. Ip´-\m-´nepw ]me-°m-´p-sa√mw
hnf-sh-Sp-∏n\p ImØp-\n∂ ap‰nb s\¬°-Xn-sc√mw \nc-¥-c-amb h¿j-]m-X-Øns‚
^e-ambn {]tbm-P-\-iq-\y-am-bXpw s\√-cn-bpsS hne-bn¬ AXp-≠m-°nb {]Xym-
Lm-X-ßfpw ad°m≥ ka-b-am-bn-´n-√-t√m. tIcfw ]t≠ `t£ym¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ ]nd-

98
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
tIm-´m-Wv. B Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb ag D≈ I™n-bn¬ ]m‰
hoWp F∂ {]Xo-Xn-bmWv ae-bm-fn-bn¬ P\n-∏n-®-Xv.
\ne-bv°mØ h¿j-]mXw AXn-`o-a-amb coXn-bn-ep≈ asÆm-en-∏n\pw `qan-bpsS
^e-`q-bn-jvSX Imcy-ambn Ipd-bv°p-hm\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. `t£ym¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬
Ipdhv hcnI CXns‚ Hcp {]Xym-Lm-X-amWv. Dcpƒs]m-´epw X∑q-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ \mi-
\-jvS-ßfpw Poh-lm-\nbpw Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßfpw tIc-fo-b¿°v A]-cn-Nn-X-a√.
AIm-e-Øn¬ sNdnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw ag s]øp-tºmƒ tIcfw t]mse-bp≈
kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Ah a‰v BtcmKy {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p. Ign™ GXm\pw
h¿j-ß-fmbn tIcfw t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb `ojWn sImXpIpP\y sshd-¬tcm-
K-ß-fpsS IS-∂m-{IaWamWv Nn°p≥Kp-\n-bbpw sU¶n-∏-\nbpw, Fen-∏-\nbpw a‰pw
tIc-fo-b-cpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ ]Zm-h-en-bn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-
∂p. CuUnkv sImXp-ImWv C∂p tIc-fo-b¿t°-‰hpw kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb sImXpIv.
]≠p \mw `b-s∏-´n-cp∂ At\m-^n-en-kn-s\-bpw, Iyqse-Ivkn-s\bpw F√mw IS-Øn-
sh-´n-s°m≠v CuUnkv sImXpIv tIc-fo-b-cpsS k¥-X-k-l-Nm-cn-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. CS-bv°nsS s]øp∂ ag CuUn-kn\p s]‰p-s]-cp-Im≥ X°-h-Æ-ap≈ e£-
°-W-°n\p Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ e`y-am-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ]Øp-Zn-h-khpw ]pXp-X-e-apd
F∂ coXn-bn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\p sImXp-Ip-Iƒ ap´ hncn™v A¥-co-£-Øn-
te°v ]d∂v t]mIp-∂p. ^etam? ag-°m-e-Øns‚ hc-thmsS \hm-K-X-cmb Nn°p≥Ip-
\n-bbpw sU¶n-∏-\nbpw a‰p ]e tcmK-ßfpw \sΩ th´-bm-Sp-∂p.
]pXp-sh-≈-∏m-®n-en¬ \ΩpsS tXmSp-I-fnepw ]e \Zn-I-fn-ep-ap≈ Hmcp-sh-≈-
Øn\p ]Icw ip≤-P-ew-sIm≠v \nd-bp-∂p. Fen-∏-\n°p Imc-W-amb se]vt‰m-kvss]-
d-bpsS hwi-h¿≤-\-hn\v G‰hpw ]‰nb kml-N-cy-am-Wn-Xv. ag-°m-e-am-hp-tºm-tg°pw
Fen-∏\n h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw as‰m-∂-√.
A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb hcƒ® BtcmKy {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp≠m°p-∂p F∂-Xn\p
kwi-b-an-√. Pe-tk-N-\-Øns‚ klm-b-am-h-iy-ap-≈ Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ `t£ym¬]m-
Z\w Imcy-ambn Ipd-bm≥ CXv Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy-\p≈ `£Ww Ipd-bp∂p
F∂-Xn-\p-]-cn- I-∂p-Im-en-Iƒ°p≈ ]p√p-t]mepw In´m≥ _p≤n-ap-´p≈ kml-N-cy-
Øn¬ [m\y-`-£-W-߃ Ipd-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ ]mep¬]m-Z-\hpw Ipd-bp-∂p.
B[p-\nI Pohn-X-ssien tcmK-ßsf sNdp-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ]®n-e-°-dn-I-fp-tSbpw,
ae-°-dn-I-fp-tSbpw, ]g-ß-fp-tSbpw D¬]m-Z\w Imcy-ambn Ipd-bp-∂p. ^ew t]mj-W-
\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ XI¿®-bm-Wv. CXv G‰hpw Imcy-ambn _m[n-°p-∂Xv kaq-
l-Ønse A\y-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn°p∂ hn`m-K-ß-sf-bmWv F∂v {]tXyIw ]d-tb-
≠-Xn-√-t√m.
sNdp-Xm-sb-¶nepw {ItaW BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ne h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂p F∂v \ap-°-dn-
bmw. AØcw h¿≤-\hv IS¬sh-≈-Øns‚ hnXm\w h¿≤n-°p-hm\pw IS¬Øo-c-
Øp≈ D]-cn-Xe `qK¿`-Pew Hmcp-sh-≈-am°n am‰p∂Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. ip≤-
P-e-Øn\v InW-dp-Isf B{i-bn®p h∂n-cp∂ e£-°-W-°n\v D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v

99
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
temdn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p hnX-cWw sNøp∂ PesØ B{i-bn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. Ipfn-
°m\pw IpSn-°m\pw Bh-iy-Øn\p sh≈w In´m-Xn-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hb-
dn-f°w t]mse-bp-≈ Pe-P\y tcmK-ßfpw _mly-ip-Nn-Xz-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´
XzIvtcmK-ßfpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ {[ph-ln-a-°-´-Iƒ DcpIn IS-ense
Pe-hn-Xm\w h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ ta¬ kqNn-∏n® Zpc-¥ß
- ƒ hfsc Xo{ham-Ip∂p IS¬∏p-
‰p-Iƒ°v AXn-`o-a-amb hwi-\miw hcp-∂Xp apX¬ a‰p]e IS¬Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw
\ne-\n¬∏v Xs∂ Aÿn-c-am-Ip-∂p. IS¬sh-≈-Øns‚ AæX h¿≤n®v ]e Pohn-
Iƒ°pw hwi-\m-i-`o-jWn Xs∂ D≠m-Ip-∂p. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn tIcfw t]msebp≈
kwÿm-\-߃ t\cn-Sp∂ `oj-Wn-b√ CXv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ {]tXyI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \mw t\cn-Sp∂ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-
߃ {][m-\-ambpw D¤-hn-®Xv C\n-bp≈ {]h¿Øn-Iƒ sIm≠m-Wv.
i) Aan-X-amb h\-\-io-I-cWw
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ 41% sImSpw h\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ tIc-f-Øn¬
Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏m-tg°pw h\-hnkvXrXn 20%Øn¬ FØn-
\n¬°p∂p. D≈ h\-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcp \√ iX-am\w FtÃ-‰p-I-fmWv. h\-\-
io-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ ^e-amWv Hmtcm h¿jhpw tIcfw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ sh≈-s∏m-
°hpw asÆm-en∏pw At∏m-g-t∏mƒ s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-Sp∂ Dcpƒs]m-´-ep-sa√mw,
Ign™ \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ h¿j-Ønse F√m Znh-k-ß-fnepw Pe-k-ar-
≤-amb ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\v Acp-hn-Iƒ, ag-°m-eØv am{Xw sh≈-ap≈ t{imX-
 p-I-fmbn Npcpßn. {]Ir-Xn-ZØ h\-ß-fpsS \io-I-c-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn
s]øp∂ ag-sb√mw 48 aWn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ sN∂phogp-∂ kml-
N-cy-amWv C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬. AXns‚ ^e-ambn `qK¿`-P-e-Øns‚ hnXm\w
KWy-ambn Ipd-™p. th\-em-Ip-tºm-tg°pw ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\v InW-dp-Iƒ
hc≠p t]mIp-∂p. ssZ\w Zn\m-h-iy-߃°v P\-߃ _p≤n-ap-´p-∂p.
ii) \Zn-I-fnse aW¬hm-c¬
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® Zpc-¥-߃°v B°w \¬Ip∂ {]h-W-X-bmWv \nb-{¥-W-an-
√mØ aW¬hm-c¬. tIc-f-Øn¬ sI´n-S-\n¿ΩmWw A`q-X-]q¿h-ambn hf¿∂p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Adn™pw
Adn-bm-sXbpw ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\v S¨ aW-emWv \ΩpsS \Zn-I-fn¬\n∂v
Hmtcm Znh-khpw Du‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. XXv^-e-ambn `qK¿`-Pew Imcy-ambn Ipd-
bp-Ibpw hen-sbmcp ag h∂m¬ \Zn-I-fpsS KXn-Xs∂ amdn-sbm-gp-Ip∂ kml-
Ncyw D≠m-IpIbpw sNøp-∂p.
iii) hrØn-sI´ ]cn-kcw
hy‡n ipNn-Xz-Øn¬ AXo-h-X-Xv]-c-\mb ae-bmfn ]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn¬
temIØv H∂mw ÿm\w t\Sm≥ A¿l-X-bp-≈-h-cmWv F∂p ]d-™m¬ AXn-
i-tbm-‡n-bm-hn-√. Zp¿K‘w han-°p∂ amen-\y-°q-ºmcw \nd™ \nc-Øp-Iƒ,

100
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
{]h¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√mØ hgn-tbm-c-ß-fnse HmS-Iƒ, Ip≠pw, Ipgnbpw sIm≠v
kar-≤-amb \nc-Øp-Iƒ, ImSv ]nSn®p InS-°p∂ shfn-{º-tZiw ˛ Cßs\
t]mIp∂p ssZh-Øns‚ {]nb-\m-´nse \nXy Zriy-߃. CXns‚sb√mw ^e-
ambn Btcm-KysØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ _mly-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bmWv
Ct∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn¬. hnZym-`ymkw sIm≠pw, ta[m-i-‡n-sIm≠pw temIsa-
ºmSpw {]i-kvX-\mb ae-bm-fn°v sshIn-bm-sW-¶n-epw, hnth-I-ap-Zn-®m¬ Imcy-
߃ t\¿h-gn°v Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ km[n°pw F∂ Imcy-Ønepw kwi-b-an-√.

101
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

{]mNo\ Imem-h-ÿm hyXn-bm-\-߃

tUm. ]n. lcn-\m-cm-b-W≥
tIcf kwÿm\ imkv{X kmt¶-XnI ]cn-ÿnXn Iu¨kn¬

4600 Zi-e£w ]g-°-ap≈ `qan-bn¬ 4 henb lna-bp-K-߃ ˛ AYhm {]]©w apgp-

h≥ a™p-]mfn aqSn-In-S-°p∂ km¶¬]nI bpKw D≠m-b-Xmbn `ua-imkv{X ]T-\-
߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. CXn¬ BZy-tØXv 850 Zi-e£w h¿jw apX¬ 635 Zi-e£w-
h¿jw hsc-bp≈ (Proterozic) bpK-Øn-emWv G‰hpw henb lna-bpKw D≠m-bn-´p-
≈-Xv. Hmtcm lna-bp-K-Øn\pw XWp-Øp-d™= {]]-©hpw, ]n∂oSv AXypjvW-Im-
em-h-ÿbpw D≠m-b-Xmbn ]T-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°-p-∂p. `ua-imkv{X ]T-\-߃ hy‡-
am-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw HSp-hn-embn 10000-˛15-000 h¿j߃°v ap≥]mWv lna-kwlXn
(glaciation) D≠m-b-Xv F∂mWv. Ct∏mƒ `qan-bn¬ Interglacial Period AYhm c≠v
lna-kw-lXn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ DjvWIm-em-h-ÿ-bpsS Ime-am-Wv. ASpØ Hcp lna-
kw-lXn (glaciation) D≠m-tI-≠Xv 50,000 h¿j-߃°v tij-amWv F∂v IW-°m-°-
s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.
{]mNo\ Imem-hÿ imkv{Xw
`ua-imkv{XØns‚ Hcp ]T-\-imJ AYhm `qan-bnse {]mNo\ Imem-ÿ-sb-
°p-dn®v ine-I-fpw, t^mkn-ep-I-fpw, AXp-t]mse Xs∂ _mly-am‰w F∂n-h-bn¬
\n∂v sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ]T-\-߃
\S-Øp-∂p. `qan-bn¬ D≠m-b-Xmbn IW-
°m- ° p∂ ag- b p- s Sbpw a™n- s ‚bpw
Afhv AXp- a mbn Xmc- X - a y- s ∏- S pØn
D≠m-Ip∂ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw Imb-¥-
cn-Ii
- n-eI
- f
- p-sSbpw cq]o-Ic
- Ww, `qan-bpsS
]pdw ]mfn-bn¬ (Crust) D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-
߃ F∂nh ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bmWv
{]mNo\ Imem-hÿ - s - b-°p-dn®v a\-kn-em-
°p-∂-Xv. {]mNo\ Imemÿm hnZ-Kv≤¿
CØcw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-߃
102
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
]Tn®v `mhn-bn¬ D≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-tØbpw AXp-aqew D≠m-
Im-hp∂ am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw P\-߃°v ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. 20000 h¿jw
ap≥]p hsc-bp≈ Imem-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v IrXy-amb Adnhv e`n-°p-tºmƒ AXn\p
ap≥]p≈ ImesØ Imem-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-߃ hfsc hnc-f-am-sW-¶nepw
Ign™ 150000 h¿jsØ Imem-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ GI-tZi Imcy-߃ e`y-am-Wv.
AXn\p ap≥]p≈ Imem-h-ÿsb°pdn®v A\p-am-\-߃ am{Xta e`n-bv°p-∂p-≈p.
{]mNo\ Imem-hÿm kqN-\-Iƒ
{]mNo\ Imem-h-ÿsb a\-kn-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Poh-Pm-e-ßsf Hcp kqNn-I-
bmbn Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]hn-g∏p-‰p-Iƒ (Coral), antXmjvW-Im-e-sØ-bmWv kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ac-ß-fpsS heb߃ Imem-h-ÿ-bpsS hyXn-bm-
\sØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. I¬°-cn-Iƒ D≠mb Ime-L´w Cu¿∏-ap≈ (Humid)
ImesØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
lna-]m-X-ß-fpsS _m°n ]{X-amb Snsse‰vkv XWpØ Imem-h-ÿsb kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ kap{Z \nc-∏nse Ipdhv lna-kwl-Xn-Iƒ D≠mb
Ime-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
kqcys‚ civan-Iƒ `qan-bn¬ ]Xn-bv°p-∂-Xnse hyXn-bm-\-ßsf°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-
\-߃ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w Hcp \n›nX Ime-b-f-
hn¬ Xs∂ D≠m-Ip∂p F∂-Xm-
Wv. 100000, 40000, 25000
anem≥tImhn®v ssk°nƒ
(Milankovitch cycles) h¿j- ß -
fpsS Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ hyXn-bm-\-
߃ D≠m- b - X mbn ]T- \ - ß ƒ
hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Cu Ime-bf - h
- n¬
`uam- ¥ - c o- £ - Ø n¬ am‰- ß ƒ
D≠m-b-Xns‚ ^e-ambn lna-kw-
l-Xn-Iƒ°pw, kap-{Z-\n-c-∏nepw,
ag-bpsS tXmXnepw Imcy-ambn
hyXn- b m\w D≠m- b - X mbn
ImWmw. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ tπ‰v
sSIvtSm-WnIv Ne-\-߃ Imem-
hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øn\v hgn h®- anem≥tImhn®v ssk°nƒ
Xmbn ]T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
A¥-co-£-Ønse hmX-I-ß-fmb HmIvkn-P≥, Hmtkm¨, Im¿_¨ssU
HmIvsskUv F∂n-h-bpsS tXmXn-ep-≠mb am‰w Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øn\v klm-
b-I-am-bn. Im¿_¨ssUHmIvssk-Uns‚ Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ h¿≤-\hpw lcn-X-
Krlmhÿ D≠m-°n-b-Xmbn Nne ]T-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.

103
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
A·n ]¿∆-X-߃, D¬°-I-fpsS ]X-\w XpS-ßn-b-hbpw `qan-bn¬ Imem-hÿm
hyXn-bm-\Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. Znt\m-k-dp-Iƒ AS-°-ap≈ Nne kky P¥p
Poh-Pm-eß
- ƒ \mam-ht- i-ja
- m-Ip-∂X
- n\v CØcw hyXn-bm-\ß
- ƒ Imc-Wh
- pam-bn-´p≠v.
Imem-hÿm Ncn{Xw
4600 Zi-e£w h¿jw apX¬ 542 Zi-e£w hsc-bp≈ {]oIymw-{ºn-b≥ (Pre
cambrian) bpK-Øn¬ Imem-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v Imcy-amb ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ e`y-a-√.
CXn\p ImcWw Cu bpK-Øn¬ P¥p Pme-I-ß-tfm, Imb-¥-cnI ine-Itfm e`y-a-
√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ Nne lna-kw-l-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-b-Xmbn A\p-
am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{]oIymw-{ºn-b≥ bpKØns‚ XpS¿®-bmb ]mentbmtkmbnIv (Paleozoic) bpK-
Øn¬ (590 ˛ 240 Zi-e£w h¿jw hsc) c≠v lna-kw-l-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-b-Xmbpw
[mcmfw ssPh-ssh-hn[yw D≠m-b-Xmbpw ImWp-∂p. Ic-bn¬ kky-k-ºØv hym]n-
®-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øn\v B°w Iq´n-b-Xmbpw ]T-\-ßfn¬
\n∂v A\p-am-\n-°mw. ]men-tbm-tkm-bnIv bpK-Øn-emWv C¥y-bnse 98% Iev°-
cnbpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nt£]w D≠m-b-Xv F∂p-≈Xp Xs∂ [mcmfw kky-k-
ºØv `qan-bn¬ Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ D≠m-b-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv.
antkm-tkm-bnIv bpK-Øn¬ (Mesozoic Era - 240 - 65 Zi-e£w hsc) Znt\m-k-
dp-Iƒ AS-°-ap≈ Poh-Pm-e-߃ [mcm-f-ambn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. antkm-tkm-bnIv bpK-
Øns‚ BZy-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ AXm-bXv ss{Sbm-knIv (Triassic) ]nco-Un¬ hc≠
DjvW-Im-em-h-ÿ-bmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv F¶n¬ ]n∂oSv Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ Imcy-amb
hyXn-bm-\-߃ D≠m-b-Xmbn ]T-\-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ss{Sbm-knIv ]nco-Un¬
kap-{Z-Ønse Pe-\n-c∏v Xmc-X-tay\ hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ppdm-knIv (Ju-
rassic) ]nco-Un¬ kap-{Z-Øn\Sn-bn-ep≈ A·n-]¿∆-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ emhm-{]-hmlw
aqew kap-{Z-Ønse Pe-\n-c∏v Db-cp-Ibpw AXp-hgn ISpØ {]f-b-Øn-te°v hgn-sh-
®-Xmbn `ua-imkv{X ]T-\ß - ƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. C°m-eØv acp-`q-an-bnepw a‰p Xmgv∂
{]tZ-i-ß-fnepw {]f-b-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ D≠m-b-Xmbpw
ImWmw. s{It´jykv (Cretaceous) ]nco-Uns‚ Ah-km\ Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ Im¿_¨
ssU HmIvssk-Uns‚ tXmXv {Iam-[o-X-ambn h¿≤n-®-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Xm]-\ne
Db¿∂-Xmbn Nne ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Cu Ime-b-f-hnse ]T-\-cn-
t∏m¿´pIƒ ]eXpw hyXy-ÿ-amb coXn-bn-emWv Imem-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v {]Xn-_m-[n-
°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ henb D¬°-I-fpsS ]X\w Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øn\v hgn
Xpd-°p-Ibpw Znt\m-k-dp-I-f-S°w A\-h[n Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS \mi-Øn\p hgn
h®Xmbpw ImWmw. Cu Dev°m-{]-hmlw A¥-co-£-Øn¬ kqcys\ ad-bv°p-∂-X-c-
Øn¬ s]mSn-]-S-e-߃ Db¿Øp-Ibpw [mcmfw Im¿_¨ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ ]md-Iƒ
Dcp-Ip-Ibpw AXp-hgn Im¿_¨ssUHmIvsskUv ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-´-Xmbpw dnt∏m¿´p-I-
fn¬ ImWmw. F∂m¬ knt\m-tkm-bnIv (Cenozoic) bpK-Øn¬ (65 Zi-e£w apX¬
CXp-h-sc) [mcmfw lnakwl-Xn-If-- pw DjvW-Im-em-ÿbpw D≠m-b-Xmbn \ap°p
ImWmw. Cu bpK-Øn-emWv `qan-bpsS C∂sØ cq]m-¥cw D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. `qan-
104
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
bn¬ kkvX-\-Po-hn-I-fpsS Ime-L-´-am-bmWv knt\m-tkm-bnIv bpKw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv.
knt\m-tkm-bnIv bpK-Ønse BZy-`m-K-amb ]mentbmPo≥ (Paleogene) ImeØv
antXmjvW Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv IqSp-X-embn A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ CXns‚
XpS¿®-bmb \ntbm-Po≥ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ ssiXy-Im-em-h-ÿ-bmWv D≠m-
bn-cp-∂-Xv. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn lna-kw-lXn (Ice Age) cq]-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. CØ-
c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-km-\sØ lna-kw-lXn D≠m-bXv GXm≠v ]Xn-s\m-∂m-bncw h¿j-
߃°v ap≥]m-Wv.
Hcp lnakw-l-Xn-bp-sSbpw DjvW-Im-em-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw Imem-h[n 100000 h¿j-
ambn IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. knt\m-tkm-bnIv bpK-Øn¬ Ah-km-\-ambn 10700 h¿j-
߃°v ap≥]mWv lna-kw-lXn D≠m-b-Xv. AXm-bXv, Ct∏mƒ DjvW-Im-em-h-ÿ-
bpsS Ime-am-bmWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂p hcp∂ 50,000 h¿jhpw DjvW-
Im-em-hÿ BIpsa∂v ]T-\-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Bcw-`n® hyhm-k-mbh-Xv°-c-Whpw t^mkn¬ C‘-\-߃
AYhm sslt{Um Im¿_-Wp-I-fmb I¬°-cn, {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-Iw, s]t{Sm-fnbw XpS-
ßn-b-h-bpsS Pze\w, h\-\io-I-cWw F∂nh Aan-X-ambn Im¿_¨ Dƒs∏-sS-
bp≈ lcn-X Krlhm-X-I-ß-fpsS ]pd-¥-≈-en\v hgn h®p. IPCC ˛ bpsS Imem-h-ÿ-
sb-°p-dn-®p≈ 1900-˛s
- ebpw 1992-˛s
- ebpw imkv{X dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ct∏m-
gp≈ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw {]mNo\ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bm¬ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S¬ aqe-ap-≠mb am‰hpw, \mw Ct∏mƒ Pohn-°p-∂Xv
c≠v lna-kw-l-Xn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ Ime-L-´-Øn-em-b-Xn-\mepw (Interglacial Period)
Bb-Xn-\mepw BtKmf Xm]-Øn-ep-≠mb h¿≤-\hv as‰mcp lna-kw-lXn C√m-Xm-
°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kap{Z \nc-∏n¬ Imcy-amb h¿≤-\hpw D≠mIpw F∂mWv. CXv
Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Pohn-bv°p∂ P\-߃°pw Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw h≥ `oj-Wn-
bm-Wp-b¿Øp-∂-Xv.
Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\hpw `ua-im-kv{Xhpw
ine-Ifn¬ (]m-d-Ifn¬) {]mNo\ Imem-h-ÿ-bp-tS-bpw, hyXn-bm-\-ß-fp-tSbpw
AS-bm-f-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Imbm-¥-cnI ine-I-fn-emWv Imem-h-ÿ-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ Hmtcm hyXn-bm-\hpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
4600 Zi-e£w h¿jw {]mb-amb `qan-bn¬ lna-]m-Xhpw DjvWhpw amdn amdn
h∂-Xns‚ tcJ hy‡-ambn Xs∂ ine-I-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ign™ c≠v
iX-h¿j-߃°n-S-bn¬ D≠mb am‰-߃ Imb-¥c ine-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]T-\-߃
dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Cu ]T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v a\-kn-em-Ip-∂Xv 21000 h¿j-߃°v
ap≥]v `qan-bn¬ G‰hpw henb lna-]m-X-߃ D≠m-bn F-∂mWv. Hmtcm lna-]m-X-
Øn\pw XpS¿®-bmbn A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv h¿≤n-®-Xns‚ ^e-
ambn NqSv IqSp-Ibpw lna-]m-X-߃ C√m-Xm-Ip-Ibpw (Deglaciation) sNbvX-Xmbn
]T-\-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
105
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
F∂m¬ Hcp Ime-b-f-hn¬ am{Xw D≠m-tI≠ Im¿_-Wns‚ tXmXnse am‰w
a\p-jys‚ {]hrØnaqew hfsc s]s´∂v h¿≤n-®Xv h≥ hn]-Øn-te°v hnc¬
Nq≠p-∂p.
Hcp lna-]m-Xhpw XpS¿∂p-≠mb DjvWhpw `ua-{]-{In-b-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´p
InS-°p∂ {]Xn-`m-k-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw CXp-≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ am‰-߃ \mw a\-kn-
em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-\mbn `qan-bpsS Ncn-{XsØ Ipdn®v ]Tn-°p-Ibpw Hmtcm Ime-
L-´Ø- n-ep-≠mb hn]-Øp-Iƒ a\-kn-em°n Ct∏mƒ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ sIm≠p-
≠m-Ip∂ Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. {]mNo\Ime-
Øp-≠mb Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-Øn¬ kap{Z \nc-∏n-ep-≠mb hyXn-bm-\w, Poh-Pm-
e-߃°p-≠mb \mi-\jvSw F∂nh ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am°n Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w
sIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ B]-Øp-Isf Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.
2008 ˛ `ua-{KlsØ ASp-Ø-dn-bm-\p≈ h¿jw
`qansb ASp-Ø-dn-bpI F∂ e£y-hp-ambn 2008 `ua-{K-l-Øns‚ h¿j-ambn
U.N P\-d¬ Akwªn {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. temI-sØ-ºmSpw D≠m-bn-s°m-
≠n-cn-°p∂ B]-Øp-Iƒ Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\mbn {]tXy-In®v {]IrXn Zpc-¥-߃, a\p-
jys‚ {]h¿Øn aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Zpc-¥-ß-sf-°p-dn®v a\- n-em°n Chsb t\cn-Sp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ \S-ØpI F∂p-≈-XmWv `ua-h¿j-Øns‚ e£yw.
temIØv Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ hyXn-bm-\-߃ a\p-jys‚
{]h¿Øn-tbm-sSm∏w AX-√mØ taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-Ibpw Imem-
hÿm hyXn-bm-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ bYm¿∞ ]T-\-߃°pw `ua-h¿jm-N-cWw Dt≤-
in-°p-∂p.
Imem-h-ÿm- hy-Xn-bm\w aqew D≠m-Im-hp∂ B]-Øp-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\mbn
`ua-im-kv{XsØ IqSp-X-embn P\-ß-fn-te°v FØn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu hnjbw ]Tn-
°p-∂-Xn-\mbn IqSp-X¬ hnZym¿∞n-Isf BI¿jn-°p-∂Xpw `ua-h¿jw 2008
]≤XnIƒ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂p. Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ hyXn-
bm-\-hpw, AXp-sIm≠v `qan°v D≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ am‰hpw \mw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥
`ua-h¿j-Øn¬ \ap°v km[n-°-Ww. lna-kw-l-Xn, acp-h¬°-c-Ww, kap-{Z-\n-c-∏nse
hyXn-bm\w F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v `ua-h¿jw 2008 IqSp-X¬
Ah-kcw Hcp-°pw.

106
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

kutcm¿÷ km≤y-X-Iƒ
tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

FÆ-hne _mc-en\v 135 tUmf¿ Bb-tXmsS _Z¬ Du¿P-t{km-X- p-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈

Btem-N-\-I-ƒ°v ho≠pw NqSp-]n-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp-hn-[-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ hne
IqSn-bXp \∂m-bn. Fgp-]-Xp-I-fn¬ FÆ hne _mc-en\v Ggp tUmf-dn¬ \n∂v H‰-
b-Sn°v ap∏-Ø©p tUmf-dm-b-t∏m-gmWv hymh-km-bnI temIw sR´n-bp-W¿∂-Xv.
FÆbpw I¬°-cn-bp-sams° Xo¿∂p-t]m-Ip-∂, AXn-th-K-Øn¬ HSp-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-
°p-∂, C‘-\-ß-fm-sW∂pw HSp-ßmØ Du¿P-t{km-X- p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j-
W-hpw Kth-j-Whpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-sW∂pw D≈ hmZ-߃°p tIƒhn-°m¿
Gdn. ]e Kh-s◊‚p-Ifpw AXn-\mbn henb XpI-Ifpw am‰n-h-®p. AXns‚ ^e-am-
bmWv {_ko-en¬ Icn-ºn≥ \ocp hm‰n-bp-≠m-°p∂ Nmcmbw h≠n-tbm-Sn-°m≥ D]-
tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Imen-t^m¿Wn-b-bn¬ Im‰m-Sn-∏m-S-߃ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. kuc-
Xm-]-\n-e-b-ßfpw ]co-£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°-s∏´p XpS-ßn. tkmfm¿
t^mt´m thmƒ´-bnIv hnI-k-\-Øn\v B°w IqSn.
]t£ GXm\pw h¿j-߃°Iw FÆhne ho≠pw Xmgv∂p. ]gb \ne-hm-c-
Øn-tebv°p Xncn-®p-t]m-bn-s√-¶nepw Hcp ka-Xp-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øn. AtXmsS
k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS Xm¬]-cyhpw aßn. kmº-ØnI klmbw aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-bn. {_ko-
en¬ t]mepw B¬°-tlmƒ h≠nIƒ A]q¿h-am-bn. kutcm¿P-K-th-j-W-Øn\pw
Du¿Pw \jvS-s∏-´p. Im‰m-Sn-Iƒ am{Xw ]nSn®p \n∂p. A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬
]c-ºm-KX t{kmX- p-I-tfmSp a’-cn-®p-sIm≠p Xs∂ Ahbv°v hn]-Wn-bn¬ \ne-
\n¬°m≥ Ign-™p. AtXmsS Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-bn. “]pen hcpt∂! ]pen hcpt∂!”
F∂v hcm≥ t]mIp∂ FÆ-£m-a-sØ-°p-dn®v F{X-sbms° hnfn®p Iqhn-bm-epw,
BtKm-fX - m-]s
- Ø-°p-dn®pw Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\s- Ø-°p-dn®pw F{X-sbms° t_m[-
h-XvI-cWw \S-Øn-bm-epw, hn]-Wn-bnse FÆ hne IqSm-Øn-S-tØmfw Imew P\-
ßfpw k¿°m-cp-Ifpw H∂pw AXns\ Kuc-ha - m-bn-s´-Sp-°m≥ t]mIp-∂n-√. Cu BtKm-
f-h-XvI-c-W-°meØv a\p-jy\p a\- n-em-Ip∂ Htc-sbmcp `mj Itºm-f-Øn-t‚-Xm-
Wv. FÆ-hne _mc-en\v 135 tUmf¿ F∂p ]d-bp∂XmWv Itºm-f-Øns‚ `mj.
“Adn-bmØ ]n≈bv°p sNmdn-bp-sºm-g-dn-bmw” F∂p \m´-dn-hv.
107
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

kqcy-\mWp Xmcw
hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ Im‰pw agbpw sh≈-®m-´-ßfpw kky-k-ºØpw Ah-
bpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw F√mw kutcm¿PsØ t\cn´v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kmt¶-
Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-sf-bmWv kutcm¿P kmt¶-XnI hnZyI-fmbn ChnsS hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv.
Ah ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn c≠p-X-c-ap-≠v. kqcys‚ NqSv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂hbpw (tkm-
fm¿ sX¿a¬), kqcy-{]-Im-isØ t\cn´p sshZyp-Xn-bm°n am‰p-∂-hbpw (t^mt´m
thmƒ´-bn-Iv). CXp c≠pw IqSmsX kqcy-{]-Im-i-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v sh≈-Ønse ssl{U-
Ps\ th¿s]-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p∂ aq∂m-a-sXmcp kmt¶-XnI hnZy-IqSn Ds≠-¶nepw
AXn-t∏mgpw ssiih Zi-bn-em-Wv. BZysØ c≠p coXn-Ifpw hf-sc-tbsd hnI-
knXambn-°-gn-™p.
`qa-fie - Ø
- n¬ ]Xn-°p∂ kutcm¿P-Øns‚ Afhv NXp-c{- i-ao-‰d - n\v 1.366 Intem
hm´v F∂ tXmXn-e-t{X. A¥-co-£-Øn-eqsS IS∂v `qX-e-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ ]e-
hn[ hmX-I-ß-fmepw _mjv]-ß-fmepw s]mSn-]-S-e-ß-fmepw BKn-cWw sNø-s∏´pw
Nn∂n-®n-X-dnbpw AXv NXp-c{i ao‰-dn\v Hcp Intem-hm-´mbn t\¿Øp-h-cpw. DjvW-ta-
Jem {]tZ-iØv \´p-®bv°p kqcy≥ Xebv°p apI-fn¬ hcp-tºmƒ CXmWv kutcm¿P-
Øns‚ i‡n. Hm¿°m≥ Ffp-∏w. NXp-c-{i-ao-‰-dn\v 1 Intem hm´v. NXp-c-{i-Intem
ao‰-dn\v Zi-e£w Intem-hm´v; Bbncw saKm-hm-´v. samØw `qan-bpsS hnkvXo¿Æw
t\m°p-tºmƒ CXv AXn-`o-a-amb Hcp t{kmX- m-Wv. C∂p am\-h-cmin samØw D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]¥o-cm-bncw aSßp hcpw CXv. CXns‚ hfsc hfsc sNdnb
Hcp `mKw am{Xta \ap°p {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-Iq F∂p kΩ-Xn-®m¬t]mepw
\ΩpsS kI-eh - n[ Du¿Pm-hi
- y-ßfpw \nd-th-‰m≥ CXp aXn-bmIpw F∂v Cu IW°p
ImWn-°p-∂p.
AtX kabw Xs∂, Hcp NXp-c-{i-ao-‰-dn\v Hcp Intem-hm´v F∂Xv Xmc-X-tay\
Ipd™ Hcp Du¿P km{µ-Xsb Ipdn-°p∂p F∂Xpw kΩ-Xnt® Xocq. AXns‚
]Øp-i-X-am\w \ap°p sshZyp-Xn-bm°n am‰mw F∂p k¶¬]n-®m¬, Hcp Intem-
hm´p tijn-bn¬ sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ 10 N.-ao. ÿew th≠n hcpw. Hcp
saKm-hm-´n\v Hcp slIvS¿ ÿew. Bbncw saKm-hm-´p-ti-jn-bp≈ Hcp kq∏¿ sX¿a¬
tÃjs‚tbm AWp-i‡n \ne-b-Øn-s‚tbm Xpey-amb tijn°v Bbncw slIvS¿
AYhm 10 N.-In.-ao. ÿew th≠n hcpw. Xo¿®-bmbpw CsXmcp ]cn-anXn BWv.
F∂m¬ 780 sa.-hm. tijn-bp≈ CSp°n Pe-ssh-ZypXn \nebw 60 N.-[Link] h\w
sh≈-Øn¬ ap°n-bn-´p-s≠∂pw Hcp kq∏¿ sX¿a¬ I¬°cn \ne-bsØ {]h¿Øn-
∏n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb C‘\w J\\w sNøm\pw IS-Øm-\p-ambn At\Iw NXp-c{i
Intem-ao-‰¿ ÿew \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂pw IqSn ]d-™mte Cu Xmc-Xayw
]q¿Wam-hq. BWh C‘\w J\\w sNøm\pw BW-hm-h-in-jvS-߃ kwkvI-cn-
°m-\p-ambn th≠n-h-cp∂ ÿe-Øns‚ Afhpw sNdpX-√. kutcm¿Pw Bhm-ln-
s®-Sp-°m-\mbn ta¬°q-c-Ifpw, ]pd-tºm°pw, Xcn-ip-`q-anbpw, acp-∏-c-∏p-Ifpw, Pem-
ib D]-cn-X-ehpw hn\n-tbm-Kn°mw F∂ km≤y-Xbpw BI¿j-I-am-Wv.

108
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
]t£ kutcm¿P-Øns‚ as‰mcp ]cm-[o-\X Kpcp-Xcw Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]mXn-k-
abw (cm-{Xn) AXp e`y-a-s√∂p am{X-a-√, cmhn-sebpw sshIp-t∂-chpw AXns‚
km{µX Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøpw. {]Xn-Iqe Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv as‰mcp {]iv\w. AXp-
sIm≠v Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw t]mse `qa-≤y-tc-J-tbm-S-SpØp InS-°p∂ Hcp {]tZ-i-Øp-
t]mepw Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ In´p∂ samØw kutcm¿Pw NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰-dn¬
GXm≠v 1800 Intem-hm´v aWn-°q¿ (6480 saKm Pqƒ) am{Xta hcq. AXns‚ ]Øp
iX-am\w £aX IW°p Iq´n-bm¬ Hcp NXp-c-{i-ao-‰-dn¬ \n∂v Hcp h¿jØn¬
samØw In´m-hp-∂Xv 180 kwh. Hcp icm-icn a[yh¿K ho´n¬ amkw 120 bqWn-‰n\p
sshZypXn (B-≠n¬ 1440 kwh) Bh-iy-ap-s≠∂p IW-°m-°n-bm¬ AXn-\mbn Hcp-
t°-≠Xv GXm≠v ]Øp NXp-c-{i-ao-‰¿ hnkvXrXn-bn-ep≈ kutcm¿P ]m\-ep-Iƒ
Bbn-cn-°pw. AXp-am{Xw t]mcm. ]I¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Cu sshZypXn tiJ-cn®p
h®v cm{Xn Bh-iy-Øn\p e`y-am-°m-\mbn _m‰-dnbpw C≥h¿´dpw a‰v A\p-km-cn-
Ifpw th≠n-h-cpw. CXns‚sbms° sNehpw kutcm¿P sshZyp-Xn-bpsS A°u-
≠n¬ Xs∂ tN¿°-W-a-t√m.
CXn-s‚-sb√mw ASn-ÿm\w tkmfm¿ t^mt´m thmƒ´-bnIv ]m\¬ F∂ D]-
I-cWw BWv. Hcp \q‰m≠v apºv B¬_¿´v sF≥ssÃ≥ hni-Zo-I-cn® t^mt´m-
thmƒ´-bnIv C^IvSv BWv CXn\v ASn-ÿm-\-amb {]Xn-`m-kw. AXns‚ kmt¶-Xn-
I-X-I-fn-tebv°p IS-°msX kutcm¿PsØ t\cn´p sshZyp-Xn-bm°n am‰p∂ am{¥n-
I-{]-Xn-`m-k-am-WXv F∂p ]d-bmw. sshZyp-Xn-bp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn\v CXn-t\-°mƒ at\m-
l-c-amb Hcp hne \ap°v Btem-Nn-°m≥ t]mepw Ign-bn-√. Cu kmt¶-XnI hnZy
hymh-km-bn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn´pw GXm≠v Ac \q‰m-≠m-bn. ]t£
AXns‚ Db¿∂ sNe-hmWv XS- w. Bbn-c-Øn-sXm-≈m-bn-cØn Adp-]-Xp-I-fn¬
Hcp hm´v (Watt) tijn-bn¬ sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ th≠ PV (t^mt´m thmƒ´-
bn-Iv) sk√ns‚ hne GXm≠v 100 tUmf¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. _ln-cm--Im-ic - w-KØpw a‰pambn
AXns‚ D]-tbmKw Iq´n-bt- ∏mƒ DXv]m-Z\ - hpw h¿≤n-®p. AXns‚ ^e-ambn sNehpw
Ipd-™p. hm´n\v 20 tUmf-tdm-f-am-bn. F¨]-Xp-I-fn¬ ho≠pw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-
bnse apt∂-‰w-sIm≠v sNehp Ipd™v AXp 10 tUmf-dm-bn. ]ns∂ 5 tUmf-dm-bn.
Cu coXn-bn¬ sNehp Ipd™p h∂m¬ Xma-kn-bmsX AXv 1/Watt (hm-´n\v Hcp
tUmf¿) F∂ amPn°v \º-dn¬ FØp-sa∂pw AtXmsS km{º-Zm-bnI sshZyp-Xn-
bp-Xv]m-Z\ am¿K-ß-tfmSv InS-]n-Sn-°m-\m-hp-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-hm-bp≈ {]Xo-
£. ]t£ ]e-Im-c-W-߃ sIm≠pw PV sk√ns‚ hne $3.50/Watt F∂ Xe-
Øn¬ X´n \n∂p-t]m-bn. Iptd-°me-ambn AXv Ahn-sS-Øs∂ \n¬°-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
kucssh-ZypXn F∂ hmKvZm\w ssIsbØm Zqc-Øn-epw.
F∂m¬ 2007 se Hcp ]t£ G‰hpw \√ hm¿Ø F∂p ]d-b-s´, Unkw-_-
dn¬ $1/Watt F∂ kz]v\ hnebv°v kuc-]m-\-ep-Iƒ hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn. Ata-cn-°-
bnse \mt\m tkmfm¿ F∂ Iº-\n-bmWv Akm≤yw F∂p ]ecpw hn[n-sb-gp-Xn-
bn-cp-∂p, ]t£ kutcm¿P t{]an-Iƒ BImw-£-tbmsS D‰p t\m°n-s°m-≠n-cp∂
Cu IpXn-®p-Nm´w \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. a‰p ]e Kth-j-Icpw kuc-sk-√ns‚ Z£I

109
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
h¿≤n-∏n®v sNehp Ipd-bv°m≥ {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Ch¿ sNbvXXv AXns‚
DXv]m-Z\ kt¶-X-Øn¬ hnπ-h-I-c-amb Hcp ]co-£Ww \S-Øp-I-bm-Wv. hfsc I\w
Ipd™ teml-]m-fn-I-fn¬ A®-Sn-hn-Zy-bn-eqsS sk√p-Iƒ Bte-J\w sNøp-I-bm-
W-h¿. AXns‚ hni-Z-hn-h-c-߃ C\nbpw e`y-a-√. ]t£ I®-h-Sm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
hm´n\v Hcp tUmf¿ F∂ hnebv°v Ah¿ kuc ]m\-ep-Iƒ Ib‰n Ab®p XpS-ßn-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Cu hnebv ° v ]m\- e p- I ƒ e`y- a m- b m¬ \ne- h n- e p≈ Xm]- \ n- e - b - ß - f nse
sshZypXn hn¬°p∂ hnebv°p Xs∂ kuc sshZyp-Xnbpw hn¬°m≥ Ign-bpw.
Hmtcm hoSn-s‚bpw ]pc-∏p-dØp Xs∂ Hcp an\n ]h¿ πm‚ v. Hcp kuc-]-c-h-Xm\n
GXm≠v H∂c Intem-hm´p tijn-bn¬ sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-Ww. AXn-\p≈
]m\-en\v 1500 tUmf¿ (60,000 cq]). AXp kq£n®p hbv°m-\p≈ _m‰-dnbpw
C≥h¿´dpw tN¿∂ UPS kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v GI-tZiw 40,000 cq]. Hcpe£w cq] apS-
°n-bm¬ Hcp CS-Øcw hoSn\v sshZyp-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ kzbw kºq¿W-am-Imw.
thWsa-¶n¬, IqSp-X¬ tijn-bp≈ ]m\-ep-Iƒ ÿm]n-®v A[n-I-ap≈ sshZypXn
Ce-Iv{Sn-kn‰n t_m¿Uns‚ sse\n-tebv°p \¬Ip-I-bp-am-Imw. Aßs\ \mSns‚
\m\m-`m-KØp \n∂p-apev-]m-Zn-∏n®p \¬Ip∂ e£-°-W-°n\v DXv]m-Z-Isc kwtbm-
Pn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp {KnUn¬ tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Du¿P-kw-`-c-Wn-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬, Hmtcm
ho´nepw UPS ÿm]n-°p∂ sNehv Ipd-bv°m\pw Ign-bpw.

Du¿P-kw-`-c-Wn-Iƒ (Energy Storage)

sshZypXn kw`-cn®p kq£n®p hbv°m-\p≈ sNehp `oa-am-sW∂v F√m-h¿°pw
Adn-bmw. _m‰-dn-Iƒ°v Bcw-`-s®-ehp am{X-a-√, GXm\pw h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ am‰p-
Ibpw thWw. F∂m¬ sshZypXn Bh-iy-Øn-e-[nIw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ka-bØv
AXp-]-tbm-Kn®v Pew sshZypXn hnt«-jWw \SØn ssl{U-P≥ DXv]m-Zn-∏n®p
kq£n®p hbv°mw. ]n∂oSv Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw B ssl{U-P≥ F©n\p-I-fn-eq-
sStbm, ^yqh¬ sk√p-I-fn-eq-sStbm, sshZypXn DXv]m-Z-\-Ønt\m, hml-\߃
HmSn-°p-∂-Xnt\m D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. ssl{U-P≥ kq£n®p hbv°p-∂-Xn\v D∂-X-a¿±
knen-≠-dp-Iƒ, ioXo-I-cn®v {Zh-cq-]-Øn-em-°¬, sa‰¬ sslss{U-Up-Iƒ XpS-ßnb
kt¶-X-ßfpw BImw. ssl{U-P≥ F©n-\p-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ e`y-am-Wv. ^yqh¬
sk√p-Iƒ hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂p XpS-ßn. Hcp Du¿P-hmln (Energy
Carrier) F∂ \ne-bn¬ ssl{U-P\v hºn® km[y-X-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.
kutcm¿Pw tiJ-cn®p h®v ]n∂oSv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]tcm-£-amb Hcp
am¿Kw ]w]vUv tÃmtdPv (Pumped Storage) BWv. Unam≠p Ipd-hp≈ ka-bØv Pe-
ssh-ZypX \ne-b-߃ `mKnI tijn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-∏n-t°≠n hcp-tºmƒ AXns‚
Z£X hfsc Xmgpw. sshZyp-Xn-bp-Xv]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-∂Xn\p-k-cn®v Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw
Ipd-bn-√. CXp \jvS-am-Wv. AsXm-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp hgn-bmWv ]w]vUv tÃmtd-
Pv. Pe-ssh-ZypXn \ne-bsØ GXm-bmepw ]q¿W-ti-jn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°pI
At∏mƒ P\n-∏n-°p∂ A[n-I-ssh-ZypXn D]-tbm-Kn®v Xmgv∂ \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw (P-e-
110
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
ssh-ZypX \ne-b-Øns‚ \n¿K-a-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw) sh≈w ]w]p sNbvXv ho≠pw
Db¿∂ \nc-∏n-ep≈ Pem-i-b-Øn¬ Ib-‰p-∂p. ]n∂oSv Unam≠p IqSp-X-ep≈ ka-
bØv CtX Pew D]-tbm-Kn®v ho≠pw sshZyp-Xn-bp-Xv]m-Z\w \S-Ømw. `mKn-I-ti-
jn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-tºm-gp≈ Z£-X-°p-dhv ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS samØw
sshZypXn e`yX h¿≤n-°p∂p F∂p am{X-a-√, ]o°v Unam≠p ka-bØv IqSp-X¬
sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p≈ sh≈w e`y-am-°p∂p F∂ KpWw IqSn Cu coXn-
°p-≠v.
CtX X{¥w kutcm¿Pw tiJ-cn®p hbv°m-\p≈ Hcp ]tcm-£-am¿K-ambpw
D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v \ΩpsS CSp°n Pem-i-b-Øns‚ Imcyw FSp-°mw.
AXn\v 60 N.-In.-ao. hnkvXrXn Ds≠∂v apt∂ kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. AXns‚ aq∂n-
sem∂p `mKØv Nßm-S-߃ \ncØn Ah-bn¬ kuc-]m-\-ep-Iƒ ÿm]n®p F∂p
Icp-Xp-I. 20 N.-In.-ao. hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ ]Xn-°p-∂Xv 20,000 saKm-hm´v kutcm¿P-am-Wv.
kuc-sk-√p-I-fpsS Z£X 10% F∂p k¶¬]n-®m¬ 2000 saKm-hm´p sshZypXn ]I¬
ka-bØv AhnsS \n∂v DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bpw. tIc-f-Øn¬ ]I¬ ka-bØv
C{Xbpw sshZyp-Xn-bpsS Bh-iy-ap-≠m-Im-dn-s√-¶n¬ A[nI sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn®v
CSp-°n-bpsS \n¿K-a\ L´-Øn\v (aq-gn-bm¿) Xmsg bp‡-amb Hcp ÿeØp \n¿an-
°p∂ Hcp sNdp Pem-i-b-Øn¬ tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ sh≈w ]w]p sNbvXv ho≠pw
CSp°n Pem-ib - Ø
- n-se-Øn-°mw. k‘ym-ka - b
- Øv Unam≠p IqSp-Xe - p-≈t- ∏mƒ CtX
sh≈w (A-Xm-bXv CSp°n Pem-i-b-Ønse sh≈w) D]-tbm-Kn®v sshZypXn DXv]m-
Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNømw. CSp-°n-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ ÿm]n-X-tijn 780 saKm-hm´v Ds≠-
¶nepw h¿jw apgp-h≥ XpS¿®-bmbn Cu tijn-bn¬ sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥
Pem-i-b-Øn¬ tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ sh≈w aXn-bm-hn-√. ]w]vUv tÃmtdPv h∂p Ign-
™m¬ B {]iv\w D≠m-hn-√. am{X-hp-a-√, Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ ]pXnb SW-ep-Ifpw
s]≥tÃm-°p-Ifpw b{¥-ßfpw ÿm]n®v CSp°n ]≤-Xn-bpsS tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-
Ibpw sNøpw. ]I¬ ka-bØv kutcm¿Pw sIm≠v DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ sshZyp-Xn-
bn¬ \n∂v ]ºn-ßnse \jvShpw a‰p-ambn Iptd Du¿Pw tNm¿∂p t]mIp-sa-¶n-ep
Gsd-sa-®ß -- fpw km≤y-X-I-fp-ap≈ Hcp Du¿÷-kw-`cW X{¥-amWv ]w]vUv tÃmtd-
Pv. tIc-f-Øn¬ CXns‚ km≤y-X-Iƒ Kuc-h-_p-≤n-tbmsS ]Tn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

kuc-Xm-]-\n-e-b-߃
apI-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®-sX√mw tkmfm¿ t^mt´m thmƒ´-bnIv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-
bpsS Imcy-am-Wv. kqcys‚ NqSv D]-tbm-Kn®v sh≈w NqSm-°m-\pw, CXns\ km{µo-
I-cn-∏n®v (concentrate) \ocmhn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m\pw, B \ocm-hn-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v b{¥w
Nen-∏n-°m\pw sshZyp-Xn-bp-≠m-°m\pw Ign-bpw F∂Xv Hcp \q‰m-≠n-te-sd-bmbn
Adn-bm-hp∂ Imcy-am-Wv. hf-sc-b-[nIw ]co-£W \ne-b-ßfpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-´p-
≠v. FÆ IØn-°p∂ sshZyp-Xn ]h¿ πm‚p-I-tfmSp InS-]n-Sn-°p∂ hnebv°v
sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n®p hn¬°m≥ kuc-Xm] \ne-b-߃°pw {ItaW Ignbpw
F∂mWp {]Xo-£. F¶nepw hf-sc-b-[nIw b{¥-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw k¶o¿W kwhn-[m-

111
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
\-ßfpw D≈ Ch-bpsS sNehv \mS-Io-b-ambn Ipd-bm-\p≈ km[yX Ipdhm-Wv.
hnti-jn®pw ÿe Zu¿e-`y-ap≈ tIc-f-Øn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ h≥InS Xm]-\n-e-b-
Øns‚ km≤y-X-bpw AK-Wy-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ B hgn-sb-∏‰n ChnsS hnkvX-cn-°p-
∂n-√. cmP-ÿm≥ acp-`qan XpS-ßnb A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ CXpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-
s∏-Smw F∂p am{Xw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm-≈-s´.

tIc-f-Øn\v Hcp B£≥ πm≥

tkmfm¿ sk√nse ]pXnb kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ°v Xo¿®-bmbpw \ap°v hntZi
Iº-\n-Isf B{i-bn-t°≠n hcpw. ]t£ tIc-f-Ønse (C≥Uy-bn-se-bpw) kar-≤-
amb hn]Wn ap∂n¬ ImWn®p-sIm≠v tkmfm¿ sk√p-Iƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p≈
Hcp ^mIvSdn ChnsS XpS-ßm-\mbn \ap-°-hsc £Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-\p-
th≠n Bh-iy-amb kuP-\y-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xns\ Bcpw FXn¿°p-sa∂p tXm∂p-
∂n-√. KSEB bv°p Xs∂ Hmtcm h¿jhpw 100 saKm-hm-´ns‚ F¶nepw Hm¿U¿
\¬Im≥ Ign-bpw. (Hcp hm´n\v Hcp tUmf¿ F∂ \nc-°n¬ CXv 10 tImSn tUmf-dn-
s‚, AXm-bXv 400 tImSn cq]-bpsS Hm¿U¿ Bbn-cn-°pw.)
AtXm-sSm-∏-tam, AXn\p apºp Xs∂tbm Bbn tIc-f-Ønse kuc sshZypXn
hnI-k\ km≤y-X-Isf°pdn®v Hcp hnZKv[ ]T\w \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn¬ ssl{U-
P≥ DXv]m-Z\w, ]w]vUv tÃmtdPv XpS-ßnb kutcm¿P-kw-`-cW kt¶-X-ß-sf-°p-
dn®pw ]Tn-°mw. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v (e-£-°-W-°n\v?) hntI-{µo-IrX DXv]m-Z\ tI{µ-
ß-fn¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn-°p∂ sshZypXn tiJ-cn®p hnX-cWw sNtø-≠n-h-cp∂
{KoUns‚ ÿncX (stability) sb kw_-‘n-°p∂ {]iv\-ßfpw ]T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-
am-°-Ww.
tIc-f-Øns‚ Du¿P-`m-hn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bkq-{X-W-Øn¬ ]ca {]m[m\yw
A¿ln-°p∂ Hcp taJ-e-bm-WnXv F∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√.

112
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

imizX hnIk\w
s{]m^. Fw.-sI. {]kmZv
62, Kncn-\-K¿, sIm®n ˛ 6820202

hnI-k-\sa∂m¬ a\p-jy≥ `qanbnse hn`-h-ßsf Xs‚ A[zm-\w sIm≠pw, _p≤n

i‡n sIm≠pw, imkv{X kmt¶-XnI hnZy sIm≠pw cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-SpØn Bh-iy-
߃ \n-d-th-‰p∂ G¿∏m-Sm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu hn-I-k\w a\p-jy-cm-in-bn¬ F-{X-
t]¿°v {]tbm-P\w D≠m°n F∂v Btem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ a\- n-em-hp-∂-Xv, \mfn-Xp-h-
sc-bp-≠m-bp≈ hnI-k\w ka-Xz-]q-]q¿Æ-tam, \oXn-]q¿∆tam Bbn-cp-∂n√ F∂m-
Wv. Zcn-{Z¿ IqSp-X¬ Zcn-{Z-cm-hp-Ibpw kº-∂¿ IqSp-X¬ kº-∂-cm-hp-I-bpta D≠m-
bn-´p≈q hnI-k\w sIm≠v, F∂v ]ct° hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Im-cWw {]IrXn hn`-
h-߃ `qan-bnse Hcp sNdnb iX-am\w t]cpsS Iøn-em-sW∂pw _lp-`q-cn-`mKw
t]¿°pw AXv A{]m-]y-am-sW-∂Xpw Xs∂. At∏mƒ CtX-hsc \mw k¶¬]n-®n-
´p≈ hnI-k-\-Øn\v Ft¥m XI-cm-dp≠v F∂v A\p-am-\-Ønte°v \mw FØp-∂p.
hnI-k-\-amWv Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\v ]cn-lmcw F∂ XXzw ChnsS A´n-a-dn-
°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CXv Hcp-]mSv Ime-ambn Nn¥-Isc Ae´n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ hnj-
b-am-Wv.
hnI-k-t\m-∑p-J-amb hn`h D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ temIw Xs∂ c≠p X´n-em-Wv.
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn®psIm≠v h≥\n-e-bn¬ hnI-k\w {]m-]n® hnI-knX
cmPy-߃. Ahsb N¿®m-th-Zn-I-fn¬ “hS-°≥ ”cmPy-߃ F∂p ]d™p hcp-∂p.
hnI-k-\-Øn¬ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ cmPy-߃ Ahn-I-knX cmPy-߃ As√-
¶n¬ hnI-kz-c-cm-Pyß-ƒ ˛ Ah¿ “sX°≥ ” tNcn-bn¬. hnIknX “hS-°≥ ” tNcn
cmPy-ß-fnepw Zmcn-{Zyap-≠v. Ahn-I-knX “sX°≥ ” tNcn cmPy-ß-fnepw [\n-I-cp-
≠v. Cu sshcp≤yw `qan-bn¬ \n∂v XpS®p am‰m≥ {iaw XpS-ßn-bn´v \mtf-sd-bm-bn.
hnI-k\w Gdnb cmPy-ß-fnepw hnI-k\w Ipd™ cmPy-ß-fnepw a\p-jys‚ {]Ir-
Xn-bn-ep≈ CS-s]-S¬ sIm≠v ]cn-kc aen-\o-I-c-W-ap-≠m-bn. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ _lp-
apJ {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f mWv aen- \ o- I - c - W - a p- ≠ m- ° p- ∂ - X v . aen- \ o- I - c Ww am{X- a √
{]IrXnhn`h timj-Whpw D≠m-Ipw. Ahn-I-knX cmPy-߃ hnI-knX cmPy-ßsf

113
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
amXr-I-bmbn I≠p-sIm≠v sNøp∂ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ hn`h timj-W-Ønepw ]cn-kc
aen-\o-I-c-W-Ønepw sN-s∂-Øp-∂p. Aßs\ hnI-k\w F∂ {]{InbbpsS Xs∂
Hgn®p IqSm≥ ]‰mØ Hcp LS-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂p ]cn-kc Zqj-Ww. ]cn-k-c-Øp \n∂pw
]cn-t°¬°m-sXbpw hn`h-߃ hnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn FSp-Øp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv {]Ir-
Xn-bpsS \mi-Øn-\n-S-h-cm-sXbpw thWw hnI-k\w km[n-°m≥ F∂ Nn¥-bp-≠m-
bn. hn`-h-ß-fpsS ]cn-an-Xnbpw Bh-iy-°m-cpsS s]cp-∏hpw IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠-Xp≠v
F∂ t_m[-hp-ap-≠m-bn. ]e-t∏m-gmbn ]te-SØpw N¿-®-Iƒ \S-∂p. hnI-k-\-Øns‚
k¶ev]w Xs∂ amd-W-sa∂p A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-bn. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ t\´-߃
F√m¿°pw Hcp-t]mse A\p-`-hn-°m≥ IgnbWw, \oXn-]q¿-∆-Ihpw Xpey-hp-am-bn.
t\´-߃ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xn¬ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ XΩn¬ A¥cw ]mSn√ F∂ hnNm-chpw
s]m¥n h∂p. Aßs\ hnI-k\ k¶¬∏-Øn\v ]pXn-sbmcp \n¿∆-N\w Bh-iy-am-
bn-Øo¿∂p. Aß--s\-bmWv imizX hnI-k\w (k-kvsÃ-bn-\-_nƒ sUh-e-]vsa‚ v)
F∂ {]tbmKw \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-am-bmepw kmaqly hnI-k-
\-am-bmepw hnI-k\w \ne-\n¬∏p-≈-Xm-I-Ww.
temI-Øns‚ ap∂n¬ Xe-th-Z\ -- -bp-≠m-°p∂ {]iv\-߃ CXn\v DtØ-P-I-am-
bn. Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb hn`h D]-tbmKw sIm≠v A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-c-W-ap-≠m-hp-
∂p. A\m-kq-{Xn-X-ambpw Aan-X-ambpw hn`-h-߃ NqjWw sNøp-∂Xpw sIm≠v
hn`h timj-W-ap-≠m-hp-∂p. ssPh-hn-`-h-߃ ]p\-cm-hn-jvIm-c-ti-jn-bn-√m-Ø-h-bm-
I-bm¬ FSp°pw tXmdpw Xo¿∂p sImt≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ssPh hn`-h-߃ ]p\-cm-hn-
jvIm-c-ti-jn-bp-≈-hs-- b-¶nepw Aan-X-Nq-jWw Ah-tbbpw C√m-Xm-°p-∂p. Zmcn{Zyw
h¿≤n®p sImt≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ 1972-˛¬ tÃm°v-tlm-an¬ h®v
Hcp temI ktΩ-f\w \S-Øn. tÃm°vtlmw tIm¨^-d≥kv F∂v hnJym-X-amb
“bp F≥ tIm¨^-d≥kv Hm¨ lyqa≥ F≥h-tb¨sa‚ v”. henb Bthiapb¿Ønb
B tIm¨^-d≥kns\ dn®m¿Uv km‚ v {_qIv F∂ Nn¥-I≥ “[\n-Icpw Zcn-{Z-cp-
ambn _[n-c-∑m¿ \S-Ønb kwhmZw” F∂v ]cn-l-kn-s®-¶nepw B tIm¨^-d≥kv
a\pjy Nn¥m-a-fi-e-Øn¬ Ne-\-ß-fp-≠m-°n. aeo-a-k-amb temIw ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥
hyh-km-b-h¬IrX cmPy-ß-fnse k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Iq´mbn {ian-°-W-sa∂ t_m[-ap-
≠m-bn. aq∂mw temI-sa∂ sX°≥tN-cn-cm-Py-߃°p-≠mb t_m[w as‰m-∂m-bn-cp-
∂p. aen-\o-I-c-W-ap-≠m-bmepw hyh-km-b-߃ thWw. Ah-cpsS {]iv\w Zmcn-{Zy-am-
bn-cp-∂p. AXt√ tÃm°vtlmw tIm¨^-d≥kn¬ {]kw-Kn-°th Cµn-cm-Km‘n
Cßs\ ]d-™Xv : “ \mw t\cn-Sp∂ F√m aen-\o-I-c-W-Im-cn-I-fnepw h®v cq£-am-
bXv Zmcn-{Zy-am-Wv. \ap°v IqSp-X¬ hnI-k-\-amWv th≠-Xv ”. Cµn-cm-Km-‘nt°m
aq∂mw temI cmjv{S-߃t°m Hcp t\´hpw tÃm°vtlmw tIm¨^-d≥kn¬ \n∂pw
In´n-bn√ F∂ hna¿i-\-ap-≠v. (]s£ Cµn-cm-Km-‘n°v H-cp-]mSv Bthiw ]-I-cm≥
tIm¨^-d≥kn\p Ign-™p. C¥y-bn¬ aS-ßn-h∂v {]IrXn kwc-£W kwcw-`-
߃°v XpS-°-an-´p. Hcp ]s£ 1976˛¬ C¥ybn¬ aS-ßn-h∂v {]IrXn kwc£W
_‘n-bmb hIp-∏p-Iƒ FgpXn tN¿°m-\p≈ t{]cW CXp-X-s∂-bm-Imw.) hnI-k-
\-an-√mbva Zmcn-{Zy-ap-≠m-°p-∂X
- p-t]mse Xs∂ AanX hnI-k\ - hpw Zmcn-{Zy-ap-≠m°pw
F∂v hnI-k-\-hm-Zn-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ XpS-ßn.
114
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
BZyambn imizX hnI-k\w F∂ {]tbmKw 1980-- ˛¬ IUCN, UNEP, WWF
F∂o kwL-߃ tN¿∂v 1980-˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d° - nb “thƒUv I¨k¿th-j≥ {Ãm‰Pn”
bnemWv D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-sX-¶nepw imiz-X-amb hnI-k\ k¶¬∏hpw sFIy-cmjv{S
kwL-S-\-bpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-sW∂p ]d-bmw. 1983-˛¬ Hcp {]tXyI ktΩ-f\w hnI-
k\w ]c-am-h[n KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v D]-Im-c-am-hm≥, hnI-k\w aen-\o-I-c-W-Im-cn-
bm-hm-Xn-cn-°m≥, Zmcn{Zyw XpS-®p-am-‰m≥ DX-Ip∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°m≥ Hcp
I-Ωo-js\ \ntbm-Kn-®p. B IΩo-js‚ t]cv “thƒUv IΩo-j≥ Hm¨ F≥h-
tb¨sa‚ v B‚ v sUhe-]vsa‚ v” F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. IΩo-j≥ sNb¿t]-gvk-\mbn
{ioa-Xn. t{Km lm¿sew {_≠vem‚ns\ sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. ]Xn-s\´v AwK-cm-Py-ß-
fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw IΩoj≥ AwK-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p. 1987-˛¬ IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n-
®p. AXnse ip]m¿i-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn®v \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ Imcy-]-cn-]mSn Bkq-{XWw
sNøm-\mWv 1992-˛¬ dntbm D®-tImSn ktΩ--f\w \S-Øn-b-Xv. {_≠vem‚ v IΩo-j≥
dnt∏m¿´v (“A-h¿ tIma¨^yq-®¿ ”F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-ambn) BWv Hu]-
Nm-cn-I-ambn imiz-X-hn-I-k\w \n¿t±-in-®Xpw \n¿∆-Nn-®-Xpw. “C∂sØ Xe-ap-d-
bpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p∂Xnt\m-sSm∏w `mhn-Xeapd-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-
߃ km[n-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-Isf a-chn-∏n-°m-sX-bp≈ hnI-k-\-amWv imiz-X-
hn-I-k-\w”. F∂m-bn-cp∂p B \n¿h-N-\w. CXn¬ c≠v XXz-߃ ap∂n´p \n¬°p-
∂p-≠v. (H∂v) Bh-iy-߃ F∂ k¶¬∏w, {]tXy-In®v Cu tem-I-Ønse Zcn-{Z-
cpsS Bh-iy-߃. Ahbv°v ap≥K-W\ \¬IpI F∂-Xv. (c-≠v) sSIvt\m-f-Pnbpw
kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw ]d-bp∂ C∂-tØbpw \mf-tØbpw Bh-iy-ßsf \nd-th-
‰m≥ {]Ir-Xn-°p≈ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.
Cßs\-sbm-c-t\z-j-Whpw ]T-\hpw F{X-tØmfw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn-cp∂p
F∂v IΩo-js‚ Bap-J-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≠v. CXm CXv t\m°pI: IΩo-j≥
\nb-an-°-s∏-´Xv 1983-˛¬ AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´v {]kn-≤-s∏--Sp-Øp-∂Xv 1987 G{]n-en¬,
900 Znh-k-߃°v tijw. Cu sXm≈m-bncw Znh-k-߃°p-≈n¬ D≠mb Nne
AXym-ln-X-߃ t\m°q:
l B{^n°bn¬ hcƒ® aq-e-ap-≠mb Zpcn-X-߃ 3.5 tImSn P\-ßsf _m[n-
®p. ]Øp e£w t]¿ acn-®p.
l t`m-∏m-ense hmX-I-tNm¿® 2000 t]sc sIm∂p; 200,000 t]¿°v tcmK-ap-
≠mbn.
l saIvknt°m \K-c-Øn-ep-≠mb hmX-I-tNm¿® 1000 t]sc sIm-∂p. Bbn-
-c-߃°v InS-∏mSw \jvS-s∏-´p.
l sN¿tWm-_n¬ Zpc-¥w bqtdm-∏n¬ AWp-hn-In-c-W-[qfn ]c-Øn.
l kzn‰vk¿em‚n¬ Hcp Xo ]nSp-Ø-Øn¬ Im¿jnI cmk-h-f-ßfpw ckhpw
a‰pw ssd≥ \Zn-bn-te-s°m-gp-In. tImSn-°-W-°n\v a’y-߃ NsØm-Sp-
ßn. P¿a-\n-bnepw s\X¿em‚nepw IpSn-sh-≈-£maw t\cn-´p.
l 6 tImSn a\p-jy¿, `qcn-`m-Khpw Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ Utb-dnb aqew acn-®p. aen-\-amb
Pew D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xp-sIm-≠v.
115
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

a\pjycpw {]Ir-Xnbpw : ]cn-ÿn-Xob imiz-Xn-bm-h-ÿ

CXn-em-ZysØ kwKXn At\ym\yw B{in-X-Xz-am-Wv. a\p-jy¿ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS
Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Wv. {]Ir-Xnsb BXy-¥n-I-ambn B{i-bn-®mWv Ign-bp-∂-Xv. AXp-
sIm≠v \mw Ft∏mgpw {]Ir-Xnsb BXy-¥n-I-ambn B{i-bn-®mWv Ign-bp-∂-Xv. AXp-
sIm≠v \mw Ft∏mgpw {]Ir-Xnsb am\n-°-Ww. {]Ir-Xnsb am\n-°pI F∂v ]d-
™m¬ {]Ir-Xnsb Xmev]-cy-tØm-Spw, Ffn-a-tbm-Spw, Icp-W-tbmSpw IqSn kao-]n-
°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. {]IrXn hn`-h-߃ FSp-°p-∂Xv F{Xbpw Ipd-®m-Imtam A{Xbpw
Ipd®v am{Xw FSp-°p-Ibpw G‰hpw DNn-X-amb -co-Xn-bn¬ D]-t`mKw sNøp-Ibpw
thWw. CXn-\mbn ]c-º-cm-KX Adn-hp-Ifpw imkv{X hn⁄m-]-\hpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-Ømw. hn-`-h-ß-fpsS imiz-X-amb e`y-X-°m-bp≈ s]mXp \n¿t±-i-ßfpw \nb-{¥-
W-ßfpw ]men-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w AØcw Imcy-߃°v ]n≥XpW \¬IpIbpw
thWw.
F¥p hn-`-h-am-bm-epw, AXp a\p-jy¿°v D]-tbm-K-ap-≈tXm C√m-ØtXm BI-
s´, AXn\v {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ Hcp km¶-Xy-ap-≠mIpw F∂ t_m[w thWw. AXp sIm≠p-
X-s∂ Ahsb ]cn-jv°cn-°m-\p≈ IS-abpw a\pjy-\p-≠v. AXn-\mbn Ct°m-hyq-
l-ßsf kwc-£n-°pI F∂Xv F√m-Øcw Pohn-P-\p- p-I-fp-sSbpw Bhmk kwc-
£-W-am-hp-sa-∂-dn-b-Ww. Aßs\ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-kw-c-£Ww \-ap°p km[n-s®-
Sp-°mw. `qan°v `m-ca
- m-hmsX Pohn-°¬ as‰mcp tkh-\a
- m-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \mw Gev]n-
°p∂ Hmtcm t]md-en\pw t]mepw DØ-c-hm-ZnØw \mw Gs‰-Sp-°-Ww. ]c-ÿn-Xob
{]{In-b-Iƒ \n¿t_m[w XpS-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I, Poh sshhn-≤y-Øn¬ ]p\-cm-hn-
jvIm-c-hn-t[-b-am-b-hsb AXn-\-\p-h-Zn-°pI, CsX√mw Bhm-ln-®n-´p≈ Ct°mhyq-
lsØ \ne-\n¬°m≥ klm-bn-°-Ww. £tbm-∑p-J-amb Ct°m-hyq-l-ßsf ]q¿∆
ÿnXn-bn-te°v hcm≥ klm-bn-°-Ww.
{]Ir-Xn-bnse F√m Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw _mlnI kwc-£-W-Øn\v \ap°v
Npa-X-e-bp≠v F∂ [cn-°-Ww. Ahbpw \Ω-fpw kl-Po-hn-I-fm-sW∂v Adn-b-Ww.
a\pjycpw a\pjycpw: kmaq-ly-\oXn
auen-I-amb Bh-iy-߃. F√m hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-ß-fp-sSbpw Bh-iy-
߃ \nd-th-‰-s∏-S-Ww. ssPh aWvU-e-Øns‚ \nb-am-h-en-bn¬ F√m Pohn--Ifpw
ka∑mcm-Wv. Hmtcm-∂nepw hf-cm\pw hnImkw {]m]n-°m\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
Xeap-d-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kaXzw: \ap°p e`n-®n-´p≈ temI-Øns‚ F√m sshhn-≤y-
ß-fpw, BkvXn-Ifpw C\n hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ Xe-ap-d-bv°v, AXp t]mse Xs∂ ssIam-
dm-\p≈ _m≤yX \ΩpsS Xe-ap-d-bv°p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v ]p\xcm-hn-jvImcw km[n-
°mØ hn`-h-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ]nip-°n-bm-hWw; D®n-jvT-߃ Ipd-bv°-Ww.
hnI-k-\-Øns‚ KpWw \ap-°-\p-`-hn-°mw, ]s£ AXns‚ aqeyw `mhn Xe-ap-dbv°v
hn´p sImSp-°-Ww.
a\pjym-h-Imiw: Hmtcm hy‡n°pw auen-I-amb kzmX{¥yw thWw a\- m-£n°pw
aX-hn-izm-k-Ønepw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\pw, kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn Iq´w-tN-cm-\pw, kwL-
116
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Sn-°m-\pw. Hmtcm hy‡n°pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw Ah-c-h-cpsS Pohn-X-tØmSv Npa-X-em-
t_m-[hpw A[n-h-kn-°p∂ `qan-tbmSv IS-∏mSpw tXm∂-Ww. AXn-\mbn kI-e¿°pw
hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°-Ww, cmjv{Sob t_m[w thWw, \ne-\n¬°p∂ Pohn-X-ssien
thWw, A-hc - psS Pohn-XsØ _m[n-°p∂ Xocp-am-\ß
- ƒ FSp-°p-∂X- n¬ ]¶v thWw.
CsXmcp thZ {]`m-j-W-Øn¬ \nt∂m at‰m BsW∂p tXm∂p-s∂-¶n¬ sX‰n.
IUCN, UNEP, WWF ˛ 1990 ¬ Xøm-dm-°nb `qansb tkhn-°m≥ (sI-b-dnwKv t^m¿
F¿Øv) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v tNm¿Øn-b-XmWv ˛ imizX hnIm-k-sØ-∏‰n
Adn-tb-≠-h-cpsS hmb-\-bv°v.
hnI-k-\-Øns‚ imiz-Xo-`mhw Fßs\ \ne-\n¿Ømw?
F´p XXz-߃ \mw Adn-b-Ww.
1. PohaWvU-e-Øns‚ kwh-l-\-i-Iv-Xn-°p-≈n¬ \n¬°p∂ BLm-Xta a\p-
jy≥ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-°m-hq. hn`-h-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-s\-Sp-°p-tºmƒ,
AYhm hn`-h-Nq-jWw \S-Øp-tºmƒ, F{Xsb-Sp°mw, F-hn-Sp-s∂-Sp-°mw,
Ft∏mƒ FSp°mw F∂v ]cn-tim-[n®p thWw. {]tXy-In®v ]p\xcmhnj-
jvImcw km[n-°mØ hn`-h-߃ ˛ ]nip°n thWw FSp-Øp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-
hm≥. ]c-am-h[n Ime-tØ°v ]c-am-h[n Bfp-Iƒ°v D]-tbm-K-Øn\v e`y-
am-I-Ø°hn[-Øn¬. D¬∏m-Z-\hpw D]-t`m-Khpw k¥p-en-X-am-h-Ww. D®n-
jvS-ßfpw amen-\y-ßfpw \nt£-]n-°p-∂-Xv, Ah Ip∂p-IqSn ]cn-kc ip≤n
\in-∏n-°mØ coXn-bn-em-h-Ww. CXn-s\ms° C∂v \nb-a-߃ Xs∂ \ne-
hn-ep-≠v. Ah am\n-°p-I.
2. ssPh hn`-h-ß-fpsS tiJcw \ne-\n¿Ø¬: AXm-bXv Ch Xo¿Øp If-b-
cpXv F∂p kmcw. _m¶n-en´ \nt£-]-ambn IW-°m°n ]eni am{Xw
FSp-Øp-]t- bm-Kn-°pI F∂ XXzw. ]eni FSpØp sImt≠-bn-cn-°mw. apX¬
Ahn-sS-Xs∂ D≠m-Ipw. ]s£ In´p∂ ]eni sIm≠p-am{Xw PohnXw Ign-
°-W-sa-¶n¬ Bkq-{XWw th≠n hcpw. hmb-I-fpsS FÆw \nb-{¥n-t°≠n
hcpw. {]Ir-Xn-bnse ]cn-ÿn-Xob {]{In-b-Iƒ°v hnLv\w hcp-Ø-cp-Xv. sh-
≈w, aÆv, kky-P¥p hyh-ÿ˛ Ch aq∂pw ]cn-c-£n-°-s∏-S-Ww. ]cn-c£
F∂mWv ]d-™-Xv. kwc-£-Whpw \oXn-]q¿-∆-amb D]-t`m-Khpw tN¿∂-
XmWv ]cn-c-£Ww (I¨sk¿th-j≥)
3. ]p\xcmhn-jvImcw km[n-X-am-hmØ hn`-h-ß-fpsS (A-ssPh hn`-h-߃ ˛
IevI-cn, s]t{Sm-fn-bw, J\nP ]Zm¿∞-߃ F∂n-h) D]-tbmKw HXp-°-
Ww. A-hbv°v ]I-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Ir{Xn-a-h-kvXp-°-fpsS e`yX
Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Cu ]nip°v \ne-\n¿Ø-Ww. ]p\xNw{I-a-Ww, D]-tbm-
K-Øns‚ hnN-£-WX ]c-am-h[n h¿≤n-∏n-°¬ F∂n-h-sbms° BImw.
4. {]tbm-P-\-ß-fpsS hnX-cWw ka-Xzm-[n-jvTn-X-am-h-Ww. F∂p-h-®m¬ F√m
KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°pw ka-ambn {]tbm-P\w e`n°pamdm-hWw F∂p hmZw.
F¶n¬ hn-I-k\w imiz-X-amhpw.
117
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
5. ssIh-i-ap≈ hn`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ {]tbm-P\w In´p-am-dp≈
kmt¶-Xn-hnZy D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. Du¿÷w ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-
hp∂ kwhn-[m-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ]pI-bn-√mØ ASp-
∏v. (Du¿÷ D]-tbm-K-Øns‚ Z£X IqSp-X-em-Wn-Xn-\v.) IØn-°p∂ hnd-
In¬ \n∂p-≈ NqSv ]pd-tØ°v \jvS-s∏-SmsX apgp-h-\mbpw ]m{X-Øn¬
]Xn-°p-∂p. Htc XobSp-∏n¬ H∂n-e-[nIw ]m{X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Htc
ka-bØv ]mNIw sNømw. Ipg-en-eqsS t]mIp∂ ]pI-bpsS NqSv D]-tbm-K-
s∏-SpØn thW-sa-¶n¬ sh≈w Nq-Sm-°p-I-bp-am-hmw. D-]-t`mKw Ipd-bv°p-
Ibpw, D®njvSw Ip-d-bv°p-I-bpw, ho≠pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ km[-\-߃
D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. \ne-\n¬∏n-√mØ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿Øp-I.
6. {]IrXn kº-Øns\ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ DX-Ip∂ kmº-ØnI \bw D≠m-h-
Ww. D¬∏m-Z-Icpw D]-t`m-‡m-°fpw Ah-cpsS kmº-ØnI Xocp-am-\-ß-
fpsS apgp-h≥ ‘hne’bpw t]dm≥ Xøm-dm-I-Ww. aqey\n¿Æ-b-hpw, kmº-
ØnI klm-bhpw \S-°p-tºmƒ CsXms° thWw.
7. Xocp-am\߃ FSp-°p-tºmƒ F√m hi-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ ssien
ssIs°m-≈p-I. Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Bkq-{X-W-hpw, KpW-tZm-
j-]-T\ ]cn-]m-Snbpw ioen-°p-I.
8. imiz-Xo-I-cW k{º-Zm-b-߃°v {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Ip∂ kmwkvIm-cnIaqey-
߃°v CSw \¬I-Ww. kZm--Nc hn-Zym-`ymkw t]mse Xs∂ ]cn-ÿn-
Xob hnZym-`ym-khpw \n¿_-‘-am-°-Ww.
imizX hnI-k\ e£yw t\Sm≥ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]¶v:
ap∏-Ø©p sIm√-߃°p apºm-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p jqam-°¿ ]d™p: “\oXn-
t_m-[hpw ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-hp-amb Hcp kaq-lsØ hm¿sØ-Sp-°m≥ hnZym-`ym-
ksØ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØW” sa∂v. AXn-\p-ti--j-ap≈ [mcmfw A¥¿tZ-iob
dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ D≠m--bn-´p≠v. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Cu Zriy-]-¶n-s\-∏‰n Cu teJ-\-
Øn¬ Xs∂ ({_-≠vem‚ v dnt∏m¿´n-s\-∏-‰n) ]d-™n-´p≠t√m. B dnt∏m¿´n¬ im-
izX hnI-k\w km[n-X-am-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb kmaq-ly-t_m[w hf¿Øm≥ A≤ym-
]-I¿°p≈ \n¿ÆmbI ]¶v ASn-h-c-bn´v ]d-™n-´p-≠v. `ua D®-tIm-Sn-bn¬ AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏´ AP≠˛21 ¬ (1992) ]mcn-ÿn-XnI imiz-Xo-I-c-W-Øn\v hnZym-`ymkw
Fßs\ DXIpw F∂v A≤ymbw 36-˛¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. sX°≥ tNcnbpw
hS-°≥ tNcnbpw imizX hnI-k-\-Øn\v hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kp{]-[m-\-amb ]¶ns\
AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. UNESCO-UNEP (1996) ¬ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Ihpw hnI-k-\-]-c-
hp-amb {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw t\Sm≥ hn-Zym-`ym-k-Ønt\ Ignbq F∂v tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C-t∏m-gnXm, UNESCO 2005-˛2014, ]Øp-h¿jw, imizX hnZym-`ymk
ZiIw (Decade for Education for Sustainable Development ) Bbn {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-
I-bm-Wv. CXp kw_-‘n-® aq∂mw A¥¿tZ-iob ktΩf\w C¥ym Kh¨sa‚mWv
BXn-tY-bXzw hln®v, 2007 \hw-_-dn¬ Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Z n¬ \S-∂p.

118
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
imizX hnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn hnZym-`ymkw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ X{¥-Øn¬
aq∂v ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
H∂m--at- ØXv: A-Sn-ÿm\ hnZym-`ymkw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Db¿∂ \nc-£c
- X
- bpw tPmen
sNøm-\p≈ ss\]p-Wy-°p-dhpw D≈ P\-Xbv°v hnI-k-\sØ kw_-‘n®v F¥p
Xmev]-cy-am-Wp-≠m-hpI? Cu cmPy-߃ Du¿÷-hpw \n¿ΩnX hkvXp-°-fpw A¥¿tZ-
iob am¿°-‰n¬ \n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNøpw. CXn\v Imip tht≠? Imip-≠m-°m≥
{]IrXn hn`-h-߃ hn¬°pw. As√-¶n¬ IpSpw_w ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Irjn sNbvXp
hcp∂ ]mS-ß-fn¬ \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn sNøpw. CØcw A]-I-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p
c£-s∏-Sm≥ hnZym-`ymkw kn≤n® sXmgn-emfn kaqlw th≠n hcpw.
ASn-ÿm\ hn-Zym-`ymkw Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ imizX hnI-k-\-Øns‚ e£yw
t\Sm≥ AXym-h-iy-L-S-I-am-Wv. hnZym-`ymkw Im¿jnI D¬∏m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°pw,
kv{XoI-fpsS \ne Db¿Øpw, P\-s∏-cp∏w XS-bpw, ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww Dd-∏m-
°pw, s]mXpsh PohnX \ne-hmcw Db¿Øpw.
c≠m-a-tØXv: \ne-hn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zm-bsØ \ho-I-cn-°p-I. hnZym-`ymk
\ne-hmcw Db¿∂Xp sIm≠p-am{Xw imizX hnI-k\w km[n®p sIm≈-W-sa-∂n-√.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Ata-cn-°-bnse F¨]Xp iX-am-\-Øn-tesd P\-߃ t]mÃv-˛-
sk-°‚dn hnZy-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h-cm-Wv. F∂n´pw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ {]Xn-io¿j Du¿÷
D]tbm-Khpw amen-\y-\n¿am-Whpw G‰hpw IqSnb tXmXn-et√! temI-Øn¬ h®v
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬! AXp-sIm≠v IqSp-X¬ hnZym-`ymkw sIm≠v imizX hnI-k\w
t\Sn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n√ F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv.
hnZym-`ym-ksØ \ho-I-cn-°pI F∂Xp sIm≠p-t±in°p-∂Xv imizX hnI-k\
{]m]vXn-°p-]-I-cn-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ am‰-߃ hcp-ØpI F∂-Xm-Wv. hnZym-`ymk Icn-
°p-e-Øn¬ Cu hnjbw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bXp sIm≠m-bn-√. imiz-X-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p
th≠ {]mho-Wyw, AtX-∏-‰n-bp≈ ho£-Ww, AXns‚ aqeyw A-dn-bm-\p≈ Ignhv
F∂nh ]Tn-Xm-°-fn¬ D≠m-Im-\p-X-Ip∂ LS-I-߃ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-epsS e`n°pw
hn[w \ho-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. imizX hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw
sIm≠v ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kmº-Øn-Iw, kaqlw F∂n-hsb ka-\z-bn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp
ImgvN-∏mSv krjvSn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. imiz-X-amb Po-hn-X-ssien kzoI-cn-°m\pw, P\m-
[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-hm\pw Fs∂∂pw \ne-\n¬∏p≈ Pohn-X-ap-d-
Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°m\pw hnZym-`ymkw sIm≠p km[n-°-Ww.
aq∂m-a-tØXv: s]mXp-[m-c-W, t_m[-h¬°-c-Ww, ]cn-io-e-\w.
temI-Øn\pw th≠Xv km£-cm-b, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI t_m[-ap≈ ]uc-∑m-sc-bm-
Wv. cmPy-Øns‚ imizX hnI-k\ kwcw-`-߃ \S-∏m-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ sXmgn-
em-fn-Iƒ thWw. I®-h-S-am-bmepw hmWn-Py-am-bm-epw, k¿∆-I-em-im-e-I-fm-bm-epw,
k¿°m-cp-I-fm-bmepw k∂≤ kw-L-S-\-I-fm-bm-epw, kmaqly kwL-S-\-I-fm-bmepw
Ah-bnse t\Xm-°-∑msc ]mcn-ÿnXn ]cn-]m-e-\-Øn¬ ]cn-io-en-∏n-°Ww; sXm-fn-
emfn h¿§sØ {]tXy-In-®pw.
119
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
kmº-ØnI hnZym-`ym-kw, ]cn-ÿnXn hn-Zym-`ym-kw, kmaqly hnZym-`ymk D]-
{Iaw (DZm: a\p-jym-h-Im-iw, h¿-§o-b-s°-Xn-cmb {]h¿Ø-\w, kam-[m-\w, enwK-hn-
th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]h¿Ø-\w) F∂n-hsb ka-\z-bn-∏n®p sIm≠p≈ coXn ssI
sImt≈-≠Xv A`n-Im-ay-am-Wv. ]c-º-cm-KX coXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v apt∂m´p t]mIm≥
t\Xm-°-∑mcpw hy‡n-Ifpw imizX hnI-k-Øn-\m-bp≈ hnZym-`ym-ksØ _lp-
apJ in£W \S-]-Sn-bmbn ImW-Ww. H‰-bvs°mcp in£W coXn-t°m, Hcp kwLw
Bfp-Iƒt°m am{Xw \S-∏m-°m≥ ]‰p∂ H∂√ imizX hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hnZym-
`ymkw F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hp-≠m-h-Ww. C∂v \ne-hn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk hnj-b-ß-fpsS
D≈-S-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ CXn-\p-X-Ip∂ LS-I-߃ D≠v. Ahsb Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww, D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
hnZym-`ym-ksØ Cu Hcm-h-iysØ IqSn ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm≠v ]cn-jvI-cn-°m-
\p≈ {iaw tIc-f-Øn¬ \tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS s]mXp-
hm-bp-≈Xpw UNESCO ˛ hns‚ {]tXy-X-ambpw D≈ Blzm\w Cu sX°≥ tNcn
cmPy-Øns‚ sXt° A‰Øv F∂v sNhn-s°m-≈ptam Bthm ! hnZym-`ymk ]cn-
jvIm-c-߃ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Cu thf-bn¬ CsXmcp Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏mbn hnZym-
`ymk hnN-£-W¿ Icp-Xptam Bthm !

120
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

BtKmfXm-]-h¿≤-\-hpw, C¥y-bpsS
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw
tUm. ]n.-hn. tPmk^v
Fan-cn‰kv s{]m^-k¿
sIm®n≥ imkv{X kmt¶XnI k¿h-Ie
- m-ime

BtKmfXm]-h¿≤-\hv
BtKmf A¥-co-£X- m-]\- ne h¿≤n®p hcp-Ib
- m-Wv. C°-gn™ 100 h¿j°meØv
0.74 Un{Kn sk¬jykv BWv A¥-co£ Xm]-Øn¬ D≠m-b-I-b-‰w. kap{Z \nc∏v 17
sk‚n-ao-‰¿ Db¿∂p. lnam\n (Glacier) Iƒ timjn°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn, Nne-bn-S-ß-
fn¬ AXn-th-K-Øn¬ (Nn-{X-߃ 1,2,3) C¥y-bpsS A¥-co£ Xm]-\n-e-bnepw Db¿®-
bp-≠m-bn. CtX \q‰m≠v ImeØv C¥y-bnepw, tIc-f-Ønepw {][m-\-ambn c≠p-X-
c-Øn-ep≈ Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-ß-fmWv kw`-hn-®-Xv. H∂mw-Xcw:˛ Imem-hÿm
LS-I-ß-fn¬ GXm\pw Zi-h¿jw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ. c≠mw Xcw:-

Nn{Xw 1: icm-icn BtKmf D]-cn-Xe Xm]-\n-e-bn-ep-≠mb hyXn-bm\w

121
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Nn{Xw 2: BtKmf kap{Z Pe \nc-∏n-ep≈ icm-icn Db¿®

Nn{Xw 3

˛ Htc Zni-bn-ep≈ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\w, Zo¿L-Im-e-b-f-hn¬ (Trends). A¥-co-

£-Øn¬ kzm`m-hnI (Natural) ImcW߃sIm≠p D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßf - pw, BtKmfXm-
]-h¿≤-\-hp-sIm≠p≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßfpw IqSn-b-XmWv Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-߃.
BtKmfXm-]-h¿≤-\-hn¬ a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb lcn-X-hm-X-I-߃°p Imcy-amb ]¶p-

122
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
s≠∂v CubnsS {]kn-≤o-I-cn® IPCC-4 dnt∏m¿´v hy‡-am-°n. lcnX hmX-I-߃
Hmtcm∂nt‚bpw ]¶v Nn{Xw ˛ 4 ImWn-°p-∂p. A¥-co-£-hpw, kap-{Z-hpw, Icbpw,
IS¬ln-a-°-´-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ At\ym\y {]{Inb hgn-bm-Wv, lcn-X-hm-X-I-߃
A¥-co-£-Øn¬ IqSp-tºmƒ A¥-co£ Xm]-\ne h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xv. Imem-h-ÿbv°p
hyXn-bm-\-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xpw. Cu {]{In-b-Iƒ Iºyq-´¿ tamU¬ D]-tbmKn®p
A¥-co-£-Ønse lcn-X-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS Awiw Hmtcm sIm√hpw Hcp sNdnb iX-
am\w h¿≤n-∏n®v AXn-th-K-X-bp≈ Iºyq-´¿ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS (Super computers)
klm-b-tØmSpIqSn A\p-I-cn®v (Coupled global modelling)]e imkv{X-tI-{µ-ß-
fn¬ \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-߃ hgn-bm-Wv IPCC - 4{]Jym-]n® \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-
t®¿∂-Xv. Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-Ønepw BtKmfXm-]-h¿≤-\-hnepw ]¶p tNcp∂
LS-I-߃ Nn{Xw ˛5 ¬ ImWmw.

Methane
23%

Nitrous
Carbon Oxide
Dioxide 7%
70%
Nn{Xw 4: BtKmfXm-] -h¿≤-\-hn¬ lcn-X-hm-X-I-߃°p ]¶v

Nn{Xw 5: Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-Ønepw BtKmfXm-]-h¿≤-\-hnepw

]¶p tNcp∂ LS-I-߃
123
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Ime-h¿jw C¥y-bn-epw, tIc-f-Ønepw

C¥y-bnse hm¿jn-I-a-g-bpsS 75 iX-am-\-tØmfw e`n-°p-∂Xv sX°p ]Sn-™m-
d≥ a¨kq¨ AYhm Ime-h¿j-Im-e-Øm-Wv. Pq¨ 01 apX¬ sk]vXw-_¿ 30 hsc-
bmWv Ime-h¿j-°m-ew. Cu \mep-am-k-ß-fn¬ C¥ybv°p In´p∂ ag-bpsS Afhn¬
hnhn[ h¿j-ß-fn¬ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ D≠m-Im-dp-≠v. CXns\ A¥-cm-h¿j-hy-Xn-
bm\w F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. Ime-h¿jw tIc-f-Øn¬ XpS-ßp-∂-Xv, Ign™ 100
h¿jsØ icm-icn {]Im-cw, Pq¨ 01 \mWv (A-Xp-sIm≠mImw CS-h-∏mXn F∂
t]cv Ime-h¿j-Øn\p e`n-®-Xv). Cu Xob-Xn-bnepw A¥-cm-h¿j-hy-Xn-bm-\-ß-fp-
≠v. 1918˛ ¬ sabv 11˛ \pw (G‰hpw t\c-sØ) 1972 ¬ Pq¨ 18 \pw (G-‰hpw sshIn)
BWv Ime-h¿jm-cw-`w tIc-f-Øn¬. tIc-f-Øn¬ ag XpS-ßn-b-Xn-\p-tijw 30-˛40
Znh-k-߃ thWw hSt°m´v ]c∂v C¥y apgp-h\pw Ime-h¿j-ag hym]n-°p-hm≥.
sk]vXw-_¿ ]Ip-Xn-tbmSpIqSn hSt° C¥y-bn¬ \n∂p Ime-h¿jw ]n≥hm-ßp-
hm≥ XpS-ßpw. tIc-f-Øn¬ \mep-amkw \o≠p-\n¬°p-sa-¶nepw Ime-h¿j-ag C¥y-
bpsS hS°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ `mKßfn¬ tIhew c≠p-am-k-tØmfta e`n-°m-dp-≈p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ Ime-h¿jw Bcw-`n-°p∂ XobXn (Date of Monsoon onset over Kerala)
Nn{Xw ˛ 6 ¬ sImSpØn-cn-°p-∂p. 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Ime-h¿jw Pq¨
BZysØtbm c≠m-a-tØ-tbm BgvN-bn-emWv tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1950 ˛
60 Ifn¬ Ime-h¿jw sabv 20 \v apºmbn tIc-f-Øn¬ hcp-hm≥ XpS-ßn. Ime-h¿j
Bcw` XobXn ]n∂oSv Pq¨ ˛ 1 t\mSp ASpØp h∂p XpS-ßn. Cu hyXn-bm\w
H∂mw Xc-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.
23-Jun
Mean onset date = 1st June

18-Jun

13-Jun

8-Jun

3-Jun
Dates

29-May

24-May

19-May

14-May

9-May

4-May
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Years

Nn{Xw 6: tIc-f-Øn¬ Ime-h¿jw Bcw-`n-°p∂ XobXn

C¥ybv°p e`n-°p∂ Ime-h¿j-a-g-bpsS Af-hn-epw, Zo¿L-Ime hyXn-bm-\-ß-

fp-≠.v Hcp Pn-√b
- n¬ H∂p F∂ IW-°n¬ 306 ag-am-]n-\n-If
- psS Af-hp-Iƒ D]tbmKn®p
Pq¨ 01 apX¬ sk]vXw-_¿ 30 hsc-bp≈ C¥ybv°p e`n-°p∂ ag-bpsS Afhv
124
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]q\-bnse (Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology) bnse
Kth- j - I ¿ D≠m- ° n- s b- S pØ Cu kqNnI Ah- c psS sh_v ssk‰n¬
([Link])e`y-am-Wv. Ign™ 100 sIm√ ImesØ ag-bpsS Afhv Nn{Xw
˛ 7 ¬ ImWmw. 10 iX-am\w ag-°p-d-hp≈ h¿j-߃ hcƒ®mh¿j-߃ F∂p IW-
°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. hcƒ®m-h¿j-ß-fn¬ Hcp Zo¿L-Im-e-hy-Xnbm\w ImWmw. H∂mw
Xc-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. XpS¿∂p≈ aq∂v Zi-h¿j-Im-eØv aq∂p-h¿j-Øn-semcn°¬ F∂
tXmXn¬ hcƒ®m h¿j-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p. ASpØ aq∂v Zi-h¿j-ß-fn¬ hcƒ® 15˛
¬ Hcp h¿jta D≠m-Ip-∂p-≈p. Cu {]Xn-`mkw 1840 ˛ ¬ ag-am-]n-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n®p
XpS-ßn-bXp apX¬ I≠p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. Imc-W-߃ Adn-bp-hm≥ Kth-j-W-߃ \S-
°p-∂p-≠v.

Nn{Xw 7: 1875 apX¬ 2002 hsc C¥y-bn¬ e`n® ag-bpsS Afhv

C¥y-bpsS Ime-h¿j-a-gbv°v c≠m-asØ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Zo¿L-Ime hyXn-bm\w

CXp-hsc hfsc Ipd™ tXmXnemWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Ime-
h¿jag Imcy-ambn Ipd™psIm≠ncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. {]tXy-In®p sX°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬.
Cu Zo¿L-Ime ag Ipd-™p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂ hyXn-bm\w (c≠mw Xc-Øn-ep-≈Xv)
G‰hpw A[nIw ImWp∂Xv B\-a-e-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ sNcn-hp-I-fn-em-Wv, {]tXy-
In®p \ΩpsS Ge-a-e-bn¬ Nn{Xw ˛ 8 ¬ ]ocp-ta-´n¬ e`n® Hmtcm h¿jsØ Ime-
h¿j- a - g - b psS Afhv ImWn- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. 100 sIm√Øn¬ 26 iX- a m\w F∂
tXmXnemWv AhnsS ag Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{Xw ˛ 9 ¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ km‰-
sse‰v D]-tbmKn® Af∂ Db-c-hy-Xymk-߃ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ae-bpsS sNcn-hp-
I-fn¬ \n∂v \ap°p [mcmfw ag e`n-°p-∂p. CXmWv \ap°v \jvS-s∏-´p-sIm≠ncn-
°p∂Xv.

125
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
Peermade Taluka
900

Mean =416.7 cm
800
Trend : y = -1.1047x + 469.4

700

600
Annual Rainfall (cm )

500

400

300

200

100

0
1909 1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999
Years

Nn{Xw 8: ]ocp-ta-´n¬ e`n® Hmtcm h¿jsØ Ime-h¿j-a-g-bpsS Afhv

Doda Betta - 2640m

Anamudi - 2695m

Peermade - 1067m

Arabi
an Se
a

Nn{Xw 9: ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ km‰-sse‰v D]-tbmKn® Af∂ Db-c-hy-Xymk-߃

Npgens°mSp¶m-‰p-Iƒ C¥y≥ IS-ep-I-fn¬

Ad-_n-°-S-en-epw, _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-enepw D≠m-Ip∂ Npg-en-s°mSp¶m-‰p-I-sf-
°p-dn®v 1891 apX¬ \ap°p hni-Z-amb hnh-c-ß-fp-≠v. Ch D≠m-Ip-∂Xv {][m-\-
ambpw Ime-h¿j-Øn\p apºp≈ G{]n¬, sabvam-k-ß-fn-epw, AXn-\p-ti-j-ap≈
HIvtSm_¿, \hw-_¿, Unkw-_¿ amk-ß-fn-ep-am-Wv. 100 h¿jsØ icm-icn IW-
°-\p-k-cn®v Ad-_n-°-S-enepw, _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-enepw IqSn B≠n¬ 6 Npg-en-
s°mSp¶m-‰p-I-fmWv D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu FÆØn\p H∂mw-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp

126
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Nn{Xw 10: C¥y≥ IS-ep-I-fn¬ Hmtcm h¿j-hp-ap-≠m-Ip∂

Npgen sImSp-¶m-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw (1891 apX¬ 1998 hsc)

hyXn-bm\w ImWm-\p-≠v. (Nn-{Xw-˛10). Cu hyXn-bm\Øns‚ Bh¿Ø\ ssZ¿Lyw

GI-tZiw 36 h¿j-amWv F∂p ]T-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 1970 Xnt\mSSp-Øp≈
h¿j-ß-fn¬ hf-sc-tbsd sImSp¶m-‰p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncp-∂p. 1990 t\mSSp-Øp≈
h¿j-ß-fn¬ sImSp¶m-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw hfsc Ipd-™p. Ct∏mƒ ho≠pw sImSp¶m-
‰p-I-fpsS FÆw (hm¿jn-Iw) IqSn-s°m≠ncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Kth-jWßfn¬ \n∂p
thsdmcp hnhcw IqSn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. AXni‡-amb sImSp¶m-‰p-If
- psS hm¿jnI FÆw
1891 apX¬ C∂p-hsc {ItaW IqSn-s°m≠p hcp-I-bm-Wv. CXv c≠m-asØ Xc-Øn-
ep≈ hyXn-bm-\amWv.
I\Ø ag
2005 Pqsse 26-˛mw XobXn apwss_ alm-\-K-c-Øn¬ hnam-\-Øm-h-f-Øn\p Np‰p-
ap≈ {]tZ-iØv 24 aWn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ 94 sk‚o-ao-‰¿ ag s]øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. [mcmfw
sISp-Xn-Iƒ°pw sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn\pw AXp Imc-W-am-bn. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Cu
Xc-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Znh-k-Øn¬ s]øp∂ I\Ø ag kw`h-߃ IqSn hcp-I-bm-
sW∂v IPCC dnt∏m¿´n¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. C¥y≥ Imem-hÿ Un∏m¿´p-sa‚ v (In-
dia Meteorological Department) c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw hcp∂ agam]n-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂p
tiJ-cn-°p∂ 24 aWn-°q¿ ag-bpsS Af-hp-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXp. GI-tZiw
100 x 100 Intem-ao-‰¿ hnkvXo¿Æw hcp∂ {KnÕp-I-fnse ag-bmbn am‰n Hcp data set
D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. AXn¬ 1951 apX¬ 2003 hsc-bp≈ ssZ\nI ag-bpsS IW-°p-Iƒ
D≠v. Cu datakap-®bw D]-tbm-Kn®p [mcmfw ]T-\-߃ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
Aßn-s\-bp≈ Hcp ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂p Ime-h¿j-Im-eØv I\Ø ag s]øp∂ Znh-
k-߃ IqSn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-I-bmWv (c-≠m-aØ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hyXn-bm-\w) F∂p a\-
 n-em-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu hnh-c-߃ Nn{Xw 11 ¬ ImWmw. Kth-j-I¿ hni-I-e\w
sNbvXXv `q]-S-Øn¬ ImWn® NXp-c-Øn-ep≈ ÿesØ {KnÕv t]mbn‚p-I-fnse
ag-bm-Wv.
127
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Low & Moderate events

Heavy events (>10cm)

V. Heavy events (>15cm)

Nn{Xw 11: 1950 apX¬ 2000 hsc-bp≈ h¿j-ß-fnse

ssZ\nI ag-bpsS IW°v (tKm-km-anbpw Iq´cpw 2006)

Xo{h-K-Xn-bn-ep≈ Xm]-h¿≤\ C¥ym-a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬

BtKm-f-Xm-]-h¿≤-\-hn¬ kap-{Z-Øns‚ D]-cn-X-e-Xm-]-am-\hpw h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-I-
bm-Wv. F∂m¬ C¥ym-a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øns‚ `qa-≤y-tc-J-°-Sp-Øp≈ Hcp henb {]tZ-
iØp D]-cn-X-e-Xm]w hfsc thK-Øn¬ IpXn®pb-cp-I-bmWv F∂v Af-hp-I-fn¬
\n∂p a\- n-em-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (Nn{Xw 12, 13). Cu teJ-I\pw dnk¿®v kvtImf¿
k_n≥ Sn.-][Link] tN¿∂p CuønsS \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-Øn¬ \n∂p [mcmfw hnh-

Difference of June-Sept Sea Surface Temperature (1999-

2003) minus (1950-1954) from Joseph and Sabin (2008)

Nn{Xw 12
128
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
29.4
Trend line : y = 0.0226x + 27.741
29

28.6
SST ( °C )

28.2

27.8

27.4

27
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Nn{Xw 13

c-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. C¥y≥ kap{Z Xm]-h¿≤-\hv \ΩpsS Ime-h¿j-tØbpw kao]

ÿe-Øp≈ A¥-co-£-D-∂-X-Xe sP‰v kv{Soap-I-tfbpw kmc-ambn hyXym-k-s∏-
SpØns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ IqSn Hgp-Ip∂ Ime-h¿j-{]-hm-l-Øns‚ (Im-‰v)
i‡n {ItaW Ipd-™p-h-cp-I-bmWv (c-≠m-asØ Xc-e-Øn-ep≈ hyXn-bm-\w). Ime-
h¿j-Im-eØp _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ D¬`hn-°p∂ a¨kq¨ Un{]-j-Wp-I-fpsS
FÆ-Ønepw kmc-amb Ipdhv h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. (Nn{Xw 14, 15, 16) a¨kq¨
Un{]-j-Wp-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ c≠mw Xcw hyXn-bm-\-Øn-\p-]p-d-ta, sImSp-¶m-‰p-I-
sf-t∏m-se-bp≈ Hcp 36 h¿j (H-∂mw-X-cw) hyXn-bm-\-hp-ap≠v.
Ime-h¿j-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v Hcp Dujva F≥Pn≥ (Heat Engine) A¥-co-£-
Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂p≠v. F≥Pn≥ {]h¿Øn-°p∂-Xn\v th≠ NqSns‚ Dd-hnSw
C¥y≥ alm-k-ap-{Z-Øns‚ hS-°p-`m-KØpw ASp-Øp≈ Ic-bn-ep-amWv ÿnXn sNøp-

13
Mean U=9.45m/s
12 Trend line: y = -0.0312x + 10.309
11
U Wind (m/s)

10

5
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Nn{Xw 14: C¥y-bn¬ IqSn Hgp-Ip∂ Ime-h¿j-{]-hm-lw

(Im‰v 1950 apX¬ 2003 hsc)
129
 Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
12 Mean = 6 depressions
Trend line :- y = -0.1217x + 9.3899
10 [Link]. = -0.70
No. of depressions

0
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
Nn{Xw 15: Ime-h¿j-Im-eØp _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ D¬`hn-°p∂
a¨kq¨ Un{]-j-Wp-I-fpsS FÆ-w

14 Km asl zonal wind in m/s of July and August (1950 -1959)at top and (1990-1999)
at bottom (NCEP data) Weakening of the Tropical Easterly Jetstream is seen.

Nn{Xw 16
130
Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w
∂-Xv. NqSns‚ Hcp {][m-\-]¶v e`n-°p-∂Xv \ocmhn Ime-h¿j-ta-L-ß-fn¬ sh≈-
ambn amdp-tºmƒ ]pdw-X-≈-s∏-Sp∂ Kp]vX Dujvaw (latent heat) BWv. `qa≤y tcJ-
°-SpØv C¥ym-a-l-k-ap-{Z-D-]-cn-X-e-Xm-]-\ne Db-cp-tºmƒ B {]tZ-iØv ag h¿≤n-
°p-Ibpw Hcp NqSns‚ Dd-hnSw AhnsS krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXp Ime-
h¿j-Xm-]-b-{¥-hp-ambn a’-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv ta¬]-d™ hyXn-bm-\-߃ kw`-
hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂mWv A\p-am-\w.

131