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Electrical Methods

electrical method

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Mehedi Hasan
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5 views11 pages

Electrical Methods

electrical method

Uploaded by

Mehedi Hasan
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© All Rights Reserved
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veareone {lecical Methods Electrical methods Methods Applied source + resistivity: our concentration + IP; induced polarization: measure decay of voltage following cessation of current pulse (time-domain) or low- frequency variations of impedance + electromagnetic methods: apply EM field with xmit coil; currents are produced which generate secondary EM field, picked up by receiving coil Natural source + SP; spontaneous potential: natural potential difference between 2 points * tellurics: time-varying magnetic field in ionosphere produces currents in crust «= magnetotellurics: measures magnetic field produced by those currents Archaeology and Electrical Methods Some Equipment A Geophysical Contractor Basic electricity Vv _ Battery Ohm's law: | VaR I|R ' If + V= voltage, or Condyctor C1 )ammeter electromotive force (EMF); volts; Ike water , Resistor pressure + |= current, or charge per unit time; amp. NWN, coulomb/second; like discharge or flow + R= resistance; ohms; lke restriction in pipe (waterwheel) In circuit diagrams, lump resistance, capacitance, inductance, etc, into discrete components; in Earth, Volimeter these properties are distributed, although not necessarily uniformly, throughout Earth + current is replaced by current density 4 j 2 i rms (| —-_f + resistance (extensive) is replaced by resistivity (intensive), a rock property Ag pak R= of {ohm mor om] [Link] Nm ant veareone {lecical Methods 1 + conductivity: ¢¢ = h (ohms meters) (ohm” jiemen) dV/dr ‘+ current flow perpendicular to equipotential surfaces + ohm's law becomes: APL secur J=2 LY ~ drP p Current flow: homogeneous, isotropic Earth i liH@ d Qnr? by ohms law: aVi Wy ar SS equipotential drP . surface . t Integrating this expression, gives }7 = — 2ar This gives the potential around a single current electrode. For 2 current electrodes (positive and negative) , just add the potentials due to the individual current electrodes: y.=®(L_1) SU 2 We know the current we are putting into the ground (i), so we could theoretically measure V at some point (r1 and12, our distance from the 2 current electrodes would be known}, so we could solve for r our ultimate goal However, we really must measure a potential difference, so we use two potential electrodes. At the second [Link] Nm ant veareone {lecical Methods potential electrode, Woe (dd) I Oq\hs Ta The potential ctference between electrodes C and D is V_ Vg Solving for p gives the fundamental equation of the resistivity method _ 2a 1 oe) Since this holds only for homogeneous half-space, this equation gives the apparent resistivity for the “real" Earth Sometimes the quantity Vil above is replaced by Wenner array Probably the most common arrangement of electrodes is the Wenner array: To calculate the apparent resistivity for this array: fete _ Ip 2aa 2n(2a) daa y,--/e__ fe ie 2" 2a(2a) 2a daa ‘The other configuration is the Schlumberger array, I'l let you Took that up Field Methods General [Link] Nm ant veareone {lecical Methods + depth of penetration of resistivity sounding depends on spacing of current electrodes. Studies show that depth of current penetration is nearly equivalent to distance between adjoining electrodes, for depths above 100 feet, + like all potential field methods, averaging occurs + "Resistivity methods are relied upon to provide most of the information on subsurface conditions, but are supported with control data gained from a few boreholes. The strength of the resistivity method ~ approximate depth information over a wide area —- combines with the strength of boring ~- exact depth information at one point -- to provide greater information than can be acquired using either method by itself. This type of program also costs less because fewer borings are required and it takes less time than does a ‘comprehensive drilling and sampling program." Typical Resistivities Wet to moist clayey soil and wet clay isto 10s (Wet to moist sity soil and silty clay Low 10s Wet to moist sity and sandy soils 10s to 100s ‘Sand and gravel with layers of silt Low 1000s (Coarse dry sand and gravel deposits High 1000s \Well-fractured to slightly fractured rock with moist-soiHfiled 4008 joracks ‘Slightly fractured rock with dry, soil-filed cracks Low 1000s Massively bedded rock High 7000s *Values very sensitive to purity. seawater (18°C) 24 Uncontaminated surface a ater 2xt0 Distilled water 0.2- 1x10° fater (4°C) 9xi0® ce 3x108 jedimentary Clay, soft shale 100 - 5x108 [Link] Nm an earns {lecical Methods Hard shale 7 - 50x10 ‘Sand 5 - 40x10 ‘Sandstone 104 - 10° Glacial moraine 1 = 500x107 Porous limestone 4 = 30x10* Dense limestone >10° Rock salt 108 - 10° jgneous 5x104- 108 jetamorphic 5x104 - 5x10? Dry granite 1012 ‘opper (18°C) 4.7105 raphite 5 - 500x104 Pyrhotite 0.1-0.6 Magnetite crystals 06-08 Pyrite ore | 1-10 Magnetite ore 10? - 5x10° >10® 104 - 10'6 Electrical profiling t electrode spacing + for rapid survey of lateral variations across an area + single electrode interval or double SURFACE OF THE EARTH FIGURE 5: Successive electrode lay-outs in a prot survey. [Link] Nm earns lecrcal Methods Apparent Resistivity (ohm-feet) 100 200 300 400 S00 600 700 800 Position of Center of Spread (feet) FIGURE 6: Apparent resistivity versus position of the center of the electrode spread, for two values of elec- trode separation, A. [Link] Nm an earns lecrcal Methods see ne NN Tem on BeEN PIT pssrcou ret 1st ss O 100 200 300 ft. T.H. No. L 2. 8 10 IS Stripping Sand & Gravel Electrode Interval 20 ft. FIGURE 7: Contour map of apparent resistivity read- ings, for A = 20 feet, (Reprinted with permission from Wilcox). Barnes Method for 2 layers, 2 electrode spacings ‘Station 1 30 139 pois | 79796 | 0.072 35, 3a 683 | 20816 | o32 (0.250 3830 ‘Station 2 30 138 2eis_| 79795 | _ 0.072 35 135 272] 90580 | 0.074 0.002 478750 [Link] Nm mt veareone {lecical Methods Explanation of table above Electric Sounding from single measurement, impossible to distinguish homogeneous half space from layered earth, so. increase electrode spacing at single location interpret changes in apparent resistivity with spacing as changes in resistivity with depth ‘compare with refraction of waves at boundary with velocity contrast Flow lines for layer on hi rent ri iy cont Increasing the electrode spacing samples deeper: @ oe) © Ane, Py? P,>P A>P.>>P, Figure §-14 Effect on apparent resistivity as electrode spacing is increased. Dashed black lines repre- sent current flow line distribution for homogeneous subsurface. Solid lines represent actual current flow lines due to horizontal imerface. As the distance between current electrodes is increased, p, approaches the value of p,. For the two cases of higher resistivity layer at depth, and lower resistivity layer at depth, apparent resistivity varies with electrode spacing like so: [Link] Nm ant earns lecrcal Methods @ e iS) < Electrode spacing a (m) —— » ? Sc a Electrode spacing a (m) ——->= Figure 5-15 Qualitative variations in apparent resistivity p, with electrode spacing a for a single horizontal interface. (a) Material with the greater resistivity lies below the interface. (b) Material with the greater resistivity lies above the interface. Data collected for such a survey might look like this: 10 50.0 20 50.0 5.0 49.0 10.0 38.0 20.0 21.0 50.0 10.0 100.0 9.0 Notice that the spacing is basically logarithmic. Burger's Table 5-4 allows you to calculate the variation of apparent resistivity with electrode spacing for a layer- [Link] Nm ant veareone {lecical Methods on-a-halfspace model. Notice that when the electrode spacing is a fraction of the depth to the interface, the apparent resistivity is essentially that of the upper layer. When the electrode spacing is many times the depth to the interface, the apparent resistivity approaches the resistivity of the lower layer. Schlumberger array + widely used in Europe + Mkept constant «+ restrict total line length so 3

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