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Steel Express Example Report

This document discusses the analysis of an IPE 400 steel cross section subjected to bending and compression loading based on Eurocode standards. It includes calculations of the effective cross section properties, classification of the cross section, and verification of strength limits for various limit states.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

72 views105 pages

Steel Express Example Report

Uploaded by

johnautodidacte

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

STEELexpress Exam ple

Example

1. STRENGTH-001
M z,Ed

Resistance of cross-section, Compression Nc, Bending My and Bending Mz

(EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005, 6.2.9)
Profile
Actions

: IPE 400
: Bending and compression Nc-My-Mz
Nc,ed= 650.00kN, My,ed= 40.00kNm, Mz,ed= 15.00kNm
Steel Class : S 355

M y,Ed
N c,Ed
z

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1.1. Design codes

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

EN1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3 1-1 Design of Steel structures
EN1993-1-3:2005, Eurocode 3 1-3 Cold-formed members
EN1993-1-5:2006, Eurocode 3 1-5 Plated structural elements
1.2. Materials

Steel: S 355
(EN1993-1-1, 3.2)
t<= 40 mm, Yield strength fy= 355 N/mm, Ultimate strength fu= 510 N/mm
40mm<t<= 80 mm, Yield strength fy= 335 N/mm, Ultimate strength fu= 470 N/mm
Modulus of elasticity E=210000 N/mm, Poisson ratio =0.30, Unit mass = 7850 Kg/m
Partial safety factors for actions
G= 1.35, Q= 1.50, 0= 0.70

(EN1990, Annex A1)

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

Cross-section actions
Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed+Mz,ed
Nc,ed=650.00 kN(Compression)
My,ed= 40.00 kNm,
Mz,ed= 15.00 kNm

IPE 400-S 355

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

RUNET s oftw are

400.00
180.00
386.50
331.00
8.60
13.50
21.00
66.30

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

180

8.6

IPE400

400

Cross-section

13.5

Cross-section properties

STEELexpress Exam ple

Properties of cross section
Area
A=
8446
Second moment of area
Iy=231.30x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=1156.0x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=1307.0x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
165.5
Shear area
Avz=
4269
Torsional constant
It= 0.511x10 6
9
Warping constant
Iw=490.05x10

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

Iz=13.180x10 6
Wz=146.40x10 3
Wpz=229.00x10 3
iz=
39.5
Avy=
4860
ip=
170

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

1.3. Classification of cross-sections, Bending and compression

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Ael Myed/Wel.y Mzed/Wel.z

=[10 3 ]650.00/8446 [10 6 ]40.00/1156.0x10 [10 6 ]15.00/146.4x10
1=214 N/mm, 2=-60 N/mm 3=9 N/mm, 4=145 N/mm (compression positive)
fy

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Web
c=400.0-2x13.5-2x21.0=331.0 mm, t=8.6 mm, c/t=331.0/8.6=38.49
S 355 , t= 8.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
Ned/(2twfy/M0)=650000/(2x8.6x355/1.00)=106.5 mm
=(331.0/2+106.5)/331.0=0.822>0.5
c/t=38.49>456x0.81/(13x0.822-1)=38.15
The web is not class 1 or 2
=Ned/AMyed(0.5d)/Iy, 1=77 N/mm, 2=77 N/mm
=77/77=1.000 > -1
c/t=38.49 > 42x0.81/(0.67+0.33x1.000)=34.02
The web is not class 3
The web is class 4 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

c/2

f
y

Flange
c=180.0/2-8.6/2-21.0=64.7 mm, t=13.5 mm, c/t=64.7/13.5=4.79
S 355 , t=13.5<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=4.79<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 4, Bending and compression

1.4. Effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections

(EN1993-1-1, [Link])

Web
p=(b/t)/[28.40 (K)]
(EN1993-1-5, 4.4.2, Eq.4.2, Tabl.4.1)
b=d=331.0mm, t=8.6mm, =0.81, =1.00, K=4.00, p=0.837
p=0.837>0.673 =[1-0.055(3+1.00)/0.837]/0.837=0.881 (<1.0), deff=d=0.881x331=291.6 mm
Effective area Aeff=8446-1x(331.0-291.6)x8.60=8107 mm

1.5. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression

[Link]=650.00 kN
Compression Resistance Ncrd=
Aefffy/0=[10 -3 ]x8107x355/1.00=2878.09kN
Ned= 650.00 kN < 2878.09 kN =Nc,rd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 650.00/2878.09= 0.226<1

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.4)

STEELexpress Exam ple

1.6. Effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections
Web
p=(b/t)/[28.40 (K)]
b=d=331.0mm, t=8.6mm, =0.81, =-1.00, K=23.90, p=0.342
p=0.342<=0.673, =1.0, heff=d/2=1.000x166=165.5 mm

(EN1993-1-1, [Link])

(EN1993-1-5, 4.4.2, Eq.4.2, Tabl.4.1)

Effective area Aeff=8446-1x(165.5-165.5)x8.60=8446 mm

6
4
emy=99.30x(8446/8446-1)=0.00 mm, Iy,eff=231.30x10 mm
6
Effective section modulus
Wy,eff=231.30x10 /(400.0/2+0.00)=1156.5x10 3 mm

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1.7. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
[Link]= 40.00 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mcy,rd=Weffyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x1156.5x10 3 x355/1.00= 410.56kNm
My,ed= 40.00 kNm < 410.56 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 40.00/410.56= 0.097<1
1.8. Effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections
Web
p=(b/t)/[28.40 (K)]
b=d=331.0mm, t=8.6mm, =0.81, =-1.00, K=23.90, p=0.342
p=0.342<=0.673, =1.0, heff=d/2=1.000x166=165.5 mm

(EN1993-1-1, [Link])

(EN1993-1-5, 4.4.2, Eq.4.2, Tabl.4.1)

Effective area Aeff=8446-1x(165.5-165.5)x8.60=8446 mm

6
4
emz=99.30x(8446/8446-1)=0.00 mm, Iz,eff=13.180x10 mm
6
Effective section modulus
Wz,eff=13.180x10 /(400.0/2+0.00)=65.900x10 3 mm

1.9. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment z-z

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
[Link]= 15.00 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mcz,rd=Weffzfy/0=[10 -6 ]x65.900x10 3 x355/1.00= 23.39kNm
Mz,ed= 15.00 kNm < 23.39 kNm =Mz,rd=Mplz,rd, Is verified
Mz,ed/Mz,rd= 15.00/23.39= 0.641<1

1.10. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending and axial force
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
[Link]=650.00 kN (Compression), [Link]= 40.00 kNm, [Link]= 15.00 kNm
Nplrd=2878.09kN, Mc,y,rd=410.56kNm, Mc,z,rd=23.39kNm
Ned=650.00kN > [10 -3 ]x0.5x386.5x8.6x355/1.00=0.5hwtwfy/M0=589.99 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=650/2878= 0.226
Effect of axial force is considered
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=0 kN, Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])
Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Aeff Myed/Weff.y Mzed/Weff.z
=[10 3 ]650.00/8107 [10 6 ]40.00/1156.5x10 [10 6 ]15.00/65.9x10
1=342 N/mm, 2=-182 N/mm 3=-113 N/mm, 4=273 N/mm (compression positive)
[Link]=342 < 355/1.00=355=fy/0 N/mm, Is verified
(EC3 Eq.6.43, Eq.6.44)

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RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

2. COLUMN-001

Nc,Ed

Mz,Ed

Buckling resistance, Members in compression Nc-My-Mz

(EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005, 6.3.1)

My,Ed

Profile
Actions

: IPE 450
: Bending and compression Nc-My-Mz
Ng= 530.00kN, Nq= 260.00kN
Steel Class : S 355

2.1. Design codes

Ex E
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EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

EN1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3 1-1 Design of Steel structures
EN1993-1-3:2005, Eurocode 3 1-3 Cold-formed members
EN1993-1-5:2006, Eurocode 3 1-5 Plated structural elements
2.2. Materials

(EN1990, Annex A1)

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

IPE 450-S 355

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

Properties of cross section

Area
A=
9882
Second moment of area
Iy=337.40x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=1500.0x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=1702.0x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
184.8
Shear area
Avz=
5084
Torsional constant
It= 0.669x10 6
9
Warping constant
Iw=791.01x10

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

450.00
190.00
435.40
378.80
9.40
14.60
21.00
77.60

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

Iz=16.760x10 6
Wz=176.40x10 3
Wpz=276.40x10 3
iz=
41.2
Avy=
5548
ip=
189

190
21

9.4

IPE450

450

Cross-section

14.6

Cross-section properties

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

STEELexpress Exam ple

2.3. Dimensions and loads

Myed

Column length L=3.400 m

Buckling lengthy-y: Lcr,y=1.000x3.400=3.400m
Buckling lengthz-z: Lcr,z=0.500x3.400=1.700m
Column loads
axial load compression
Ng=530.00 kN
Nq=260.00
bending moment at top
MyyAg= 31.00 kNm MyyAq= 19.50
bending moment at bottom MyyBg=-25.00 kNm MyyBq=-12.50
bending moment at top
MzzAg= 0.00 kNm MzzAq= 0.00
bending moment at bottom MzzBg= 0.00 kNm MzzBq= 0.00

y
z

kN
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm

2.4. Design actions

Bending moments, shearing forces, axial forces, load combination 1.35g+1.50q
0.00kNm, Vz,ed= 36.35kN, Vy,ed=
0.00kNm, Vz,ed= 36.35kN, Vy,ed=
0.00kNm, Vz,ed= 36.35kN, Vy,ed=

0.00kN
0.00kN
0.00kN

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x= 0.00m, Ned=1105.50kN, My,ed= 71.10kNm, Mz,ed=

x= 1.70m, Ned=1105.50kN, My,ed=
9.30kNm, Mz,ed=
x= 3.40m, Ned=1105.50kN, My,ed= -52.50kNm, Mz,ed=

2.5. Classification of cross-sections, Bending and compression

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Ael Myed/Wel.y Mzed/Wel.z

=[10 3 ]1105.50/9882 [10 6 ]71.10/1500.0x10 [10 6 ]0.00/176.4x10
1=159 N/mm, 2=64 N/mm (compression positive)
Web
c=450.0-2x14.6-2x21.0=378.8 mm, t=9.4 mm, c/t=378.8/9.4=40.30
S 355 , t= 9.4<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
Ned/(2twfy/M0)=1105500/(2x9.4x355/1.00)=165.6 mm
=(378.8/2+165.6)/378.8=0.937>0.5
c/t=40.30>456x0.81/(13x0.937-1)=33.02
The web is not class 1 or 2
=Ned/AMyed(0.5d)/Iy, 1=112 N/mm, 2=112 N/mm
=112/112=1.000 > -1
c/t=40.30 > 42x0.81/(0.67+0.33x1.000)=34.02
The web is not class 3
The web is class 4 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

c/2

f
y

Flange
c=190.0/2-9.4/2-21.0=69.3 mm, t=14.6 mm, c/t=69.3/14.6=4.75
S 355 , t=14.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=4.75<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 4, Bending and compression

2.6. Effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections

(EN1993-1-1, [Link])

Web
p=(b/t)/[28.40 (K)]
(EN1993-1-5, 4.4.2, Eq.4.2, Tabl.4.1)
b=d=378.8mm, t=9.4mm, =0.81, =1.00, K=4.00, p=0.876
p=0.876>0.673 =[1-0.055(3+1.00)/0.876]/0.876=0.855 (<1.0), deff=d=0.855x379=323.8 mm
Effective area Aeff=9882-1x(378.8-323.8)x9.40=9365 mm

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RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

2.7. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression
[Link]=1105.50 kN
Compression Resistance Ncrd=
Aefffy/0=[10 -3 ]x9365x355/1.00=3324.74kN
Ned= 1105.50 kN < 3324.74 kN =Nc,rd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 1105.50/3324.74= 0.333<1
2.8. Effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections
Web
p=(b/t)/[28.40 (K)]
b=d=378.8mm, t=9.4mm, =0.81, =-1.00, K=23.90, p=0.358
p=0.358<=0.673, =1.0, heff=d/2=1.000x189=189.4 mm

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.4)

(EN1993-1-1, [Link])

(EN1993-1-5, 4.4.2, Eq.4.2, Tabl.4.1)

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Effective area Aeff=9882-1x(189.4-189.4)x9.40=9882 mm

6
4
emy=113.64x(9882/9882-1)=0.00 mm, Iy,eff=337.40x10 mm
Effective section modulus
Wy,eff=337.40x10 6 /(450.0/2+0.00)=1499.6x10 3 mm
2.9. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
[Link]= 71.10 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mcy,rd=Weffyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x1499.6x10 3 x355/1.00= 532.34kNm
My,ed= 71.10 kNm < 532.34 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 71.10/532.34= 0.134<1
2.10. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.6)
[Link]= 36.35 kN
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf=9882-2x190.0x14.6+(9.4+2x21.0)x14.6=5084mm
(EC3 [Link])
Av= 5084mm > hwtw= 1.00x(450.0-2x14.6)x9.4=1.00x435.4x9.4= 4093mm
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ 3)/0= [10 -3 ]x5084x(355/1.73)/1.00= 1042.10kN
Vz,ed= 36.35 kN < 1042.10 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 36.35/1042.10= 0.035<1
hw/tw=(450.0-2x14.6)/9.4=435.4/9.4=46.32<=72x0.81/1.00=72/=58.32 (=1.00)
S 355 , t= 9.4<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified

(EC3 [Link])

2.11. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
[Link]= 1105.50kN (Compression), [Link]= 36.35kN, [Link]= 71.10kNm
Nplrd=3324.74kN, Mc,y,rd=532.34kNm, Vpl,z,rd=1042.10kN
Ned=1105.50kN > 0.25x3324.74=0.25xNplrd=831.18kN
Ned=1105.50kN > [10 -3 ]x0.5x435.4x9.4x355/1.00=0.5hwtwfy/M0=726.46 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=1106/3325= 0.333
Effect of axial force is considered
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=36.35kN <= 0.50x1042.10=0.50xVpl,rd=521.05kN
Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])
Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Aeff Myed/Weff.y Mzed/Weff.z
=[10 3 ]1105.50/9365 [10 6 ]71.10/1499.6x10 [10 6 ]0.00/176.4x10
1=165 N/mm, 2=71 N/mm (compression positive)
[Link]=165 < 355/1.00=355=fy/0 N/mm, Is verified
(EC3 Eq.6.43, Eq.6.44)

2.12. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
[Link]= 1105.50kN (Compression), [Link]= 36.35kN, [Link]= 9.30kNm
Position at x=1.70 m
Nplrd=3324.74kN, Mc,y,rd=532.34kNm, Vpl,z,rd=1042.10kN
Ned=1105.50kN > 0.25x3324.74=0.25xNplrd=831.18kN
Ned=1105.50kN > [10 -3 ]x0.5x435.4x9.4x355/1.00=0.5hwtwfy/M0=726.46 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=1106/3325= 0.333
Effect of axial force is considered
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=36.35kN <= 0.50x1042.10=0.50xVpl,rd=521.05kN
Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])

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RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Aeff Myed/Weff.y Mzed/Weff.z
=[10 3 ]1105.50/9365 [10 6 ]9.30/1499.6x10 [10 6 ]0.00/176.4x10
1=124 N/mm, 2=112 N/mm (compression positive)
[Link]=124 < 355/1.00=355=fy/0 N/mm, Is verified
(EC3 Eq.6.43, Eq.6.44)
2.13. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
[Link]= 1105.50kN (Compression), [Link]= 36.35kN, [Link]= 52.50kNm
Position at x=3.40 m
Nplrd=3324.74kN, Mc,y,rd=532.34kNm, Vpl,z,rd=1042.10kN
Ned=1105.50kN > 0.25x3324.74=0.25xNplrd=831.18kN
Ned=1105.50kN > [10 -3 ]x0.5x435.4x9.4x355/1.00=0.5hwtwfy/M0=726.46 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=1106/3325= 0.333
Effect of axial force is considered
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=36.35kN <= 0.50x1042.10=0.50xVpl,rd=521.05kN
Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])

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Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Aeff Myed/Weff.y Mzed/Weff.z

=[10 3 ]1105.50/9365 [10 6 ]52.50/1499.6x10 [10 6 ]0.00/176.4x10
1=153 N/mm, 2=83 N/mm (compression positive)
[Link]=153 < 355/1.00=355=fy/0 N/mm, Is verified
(EC3 Eq.6.43, Eq.6.44)
2.14. Flexural Buckling, (Ultimate Limit State)
Nc,ed=1105.50 kN, Lcr,y=3.400 m, Lcr,z=1.700 m

Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x3400=3400mm, Lcr,z=0.500x3400=1700mm

Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 4 )
y= (Afy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy) (Aeff/A)/1)=(3400/184.8)x(0.974/76.06)=0.236
z= (Afy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz) (Aeff/A)/1)=(1700/ 41.2)x(0.974/76.06)=0.528
1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06, = (235/fy)=0.81, (Aeff/A)= (9365/9882)=0.974
h/b=450/190=2.37>=1.20, tf=14.6mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: y=0.21, y=0.992
y=0.5[1+y( y-0.2)+ y]=0.5x[1+0.21x(0.236-0.2)+0.236]=0.532
y=1/[y+ (y- y)]=1/[0.532+ (0.532-0.236)]=0.992 <=1 y=0.992
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: z=0.34, z=0.872
z=0.5[1+z( z-0.2)+ z]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.528-0.2)+0.528]=0.695
z=1/[z+ (z- z)]=1/[0.695+ (0.695-0.528)]=0.872 <=1 z=0.872

Reduction factor =1/[+ (- )], <=1.0, =0.5[1+( -0.2)+ ], =0.872

-3
Nb,rd=Aefffy/1= 0.872x[10 ]x9365x355/1.00=2899.17kN
Nc,ed= 1105.50 kN < 2899.17 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 1105.50/2899.17= 0.381<1
2.15. Lateral torsional buckling, (ULS)
My,ed=71.10 kN, L=3.400m, Lcr,y=3.400m, Lcr,z=1.700m, Lcr,lt=1.700m

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.1)

(EC3 [Link])

(T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

(EC3 Eq.6.49)
(EC3 Eq.6.48)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EC3 Eq.6.56)
(EC3 [Link].4)

STEELexpress Exam ple

Mb,rd=,ltWeff,yfy/1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x1499.6x10 3 x355/1.00=532.34kNm
My,ed= 71.10 kNm < 532.34 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 71.10/532.34= 0.134<1
2.16. Axial force and bending moment, (ULS)
Ned=1105.50 kN, My,ed=71.10 kNm
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Nrk=Aefffy=[10 -3 ]x9365x355=3324.7 kN
My,rk=Weff,yfy=[10 -6 ]x1499.6x10 3 x355=532.3 kNm
yNrk/1=yAefffy/1= 0.992x[10 -3 ]x9365x355/1.00=3298.1kN
-3
zNrk/1=zAefffy/1= 0.872x[10 ]x9365x355/1.00=2899.2kN
LTMy,rk/1=LTWeff,yfy/1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x1499.6x10 3 x355/1.00=532.3kNm
Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 2 Annex B

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.3)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)
(EC3 Eq.6.62)
(Tab.6.7)

(EC3 AnnexB)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

kyy=Cmy[1+0.6 y[Ned/(yNrk/1)]], Kyy<=Cmy[1+0.6[Ned/(yNrk/1)]]

(EC3 Tab.B.1)
kzy=1-[0.05 z/(Cmlt-0.25)][Ned/(zNrk/1)], Kyz>=1-[0.05/(Cmlt-0.25)][Ned/(zNrk/1)]
=-0.74, Cmy=0.400, Cmtl=0.40
Kyy=0.40x[1+0.6x0.236x(1105.5/3298.1)], Kyy<=0.40x[1+0.6x(1105.5/3298.1)]
Kyy= 0.419, Kyy<=0.480, Kyy=0.419
Kzy=[1-[0.05x0.528/(0.40-0.25)]x(1105.5/2899.2)], Kzy>=[1-[0.05/(0.40-0.25)]x(1105.5/2899.2)]
Kzy=0.933, Kzy>=0.873, Kzy=0.933
Position at x=0.00 m
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
1105.5/(0.992x3324.7/1.00)+0.419x71.1/(1.000x532.3/1.00)=0.335+0.056=0.391
0.391< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
1105.5/(0.872x3324.7/1.00)+0.933x71.1/(1.000x532.3/1.00)=0.381+0.125=0.506
0.506< 1.000, Is verified

Position at x=1.70 m
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
1105.5/(0.992x3324.7/1.00)+0.419x9.3/(1.000x532.3/1.00)=0.335+0.007=0.343
0.343< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
1105.5/(0.872x3324.7/1.00)+0.933x9.3/(1.000x532.3/1.00)=0.381+0.016=0.398
0.398< 1.000, Is verified

Position at x=3.40 m
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
1105.5/(0.992x3324.7/1.00)+0.419x52.5/(1.000x532.3/1.00)=0.335+0.041=0.377
0.377< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
1105.5/(0.872x3324.7/1.00)+0.933x52.5/(1.000x532.3/1.00)=0.381+0.092=0.473
0.473< 1.000, Is verified

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EC3 Eq.6.61)

(EC3 Eq.6.62)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)

(EC3 Eq.6.62)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)

(EC3 Eq.6.62)

STEELexpress Exam ple

3. BEAM-001
Members in bending, My
(EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005, 6.3.2)

VkN
Profile
: IPE 240
Actions
: Design of beams, Bending and compression
Steel Class : S 355

MkNm
3.1. Design codes

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

EN1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3 1-1 Design of Steel structures
EN1993-1-3:2005, Eurocode 3 1-3 Cold-formed members
EN1993-1-5:2006, Eurocode 3 1-5 Plated structural elements
3.2. Materials

(EN1990, Annex A1)

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

IPE240

6.2

IPE 240-S 355

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

Properties of cross section

Area
A=
3912
Second moment of area
Iy=38.920x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=324.30x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=366.60x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
99.7
Shear area
Avz=
1915
Torsional constant
It= 0.129x10 6
9
Warping constant
Iw=37.391x10

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

9.8

Cross-section

RUNET s oftw are

240.00
120.00
230.20
190.40
6.20
9.80
15.00
30.70

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

Iz= 2.836x10 6
Wz=47.270x10 3
Wpz=73.920x10 3
iz=
26.9
Avy=
2352
ip=
103

240

120

Cross-section properties

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

STEELexpress Exam ple

3.3. Dimensions and loads
Beam span L=5.40 m
Buckling lengthy-y: Lcr,y=1.000x5.400=5.400m
Buckling lengthz-z: Lcr,z=0.630x5.400=3.400m
Beam loads
beam self weight
go= 0.31 kN/m
uniform load
g1= 7.10 kN/m q1= 4.20 kN/m
3.4. Design actions, shearing forces and bending moments
Bending moments and shears, load combination 1.35g+1.50q
0.00m, Med=
0.00 kNm, Ved=
44.01
0.54m, Med=
21.39 kNm, Ved=
35.21
1.08m, Med=
38.02 kNm, Ved=
26.41
1.62m, Med=
49.91 kNm, Ved=
17.60
2.16m, Med=
57.04 kNm, Ved=
8.80
2.70m, Med=
59.41 kNm, Ved=
0.00
3.24m, Med=
57.04 kNm, Ved=
-8.80
3.78m, Med=
49.91 kNm, Ved= -17.60
4.32m, Med=
38.02 kNm, Ved= -26.41
4.86m, Med=
21.39 kNm, Ved= -35.21
5.40m, Med=
0.00 kNm, Ved= -44.01
59.41 kNm, Maximum Ved= 44.01 kN

Med

kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN

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x/L=0.00, x=
x/L=0.10, x=
x/L=0.20, x=
x/L=0.30, x=
x/L=0.40, x=
x/L=0.50, x=
x/L=0.60, x=
x/L=0.70, x=
x/L=0.80, x=
x/L=0.90, x=
x/L=1.00, x=
Maximum Med=

Ved

3.5. Classification of cross-sections, Bending My

Web
c=240.0-2x9.8-2x15.0=190.4 mm, t=6.2 mm, c/t=190.4/6.2=30.71
S 355 , t= 6.2<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=30.71<=72=72x0.81=58.32
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

Flange
c=120.0/2-6.2/2-15.0=41.9 mm, t=9.8 mm, c/t=41.9/9.8=4.28
S 355 , t= 9.8<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=4.28<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending My,ed

3.6. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
[Link]= 59.41 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mply,rd=Wplyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/1.00= 130.14kNm
My,ed= 59.41 kNm < 130.14 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 59.41/130.14= 0.457<1
3.7. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.6)
[Link]= 44.01 kN
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf=3912-2x120.0x9.8+(6.2+2x15.0)x9.8=1915mm
(EC3 [Link])
Av= 1915mm > hwtw= 1.00x(240.0-2x9.8)x6.2=1.00x230.2x6.2= 1427mm
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ 3)/0= [10 -3 ]x1915x(355/1.73)/1.00= 392.45kN
Vz,ed= 44.01 kN < 392.45 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 44.01/392.45= 0.112<1
hw/tw=(240.0-2x9.8)/6.2=230.2/6.2=37.13<=72x0.81/1.00=72/=58.32 (=1.00)
S 355 , t= 6.2<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EC3 [Link])

STEELexpress Exam ple

3.8. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
[Link]= 0.00kN, [Link]= 21.78kN, [Link]= 44.86kNm
Position at x=1.35 m
Mpl,y,rd=130.14kNm, Vpl,z,rd=392.45kN
Ned=0 kN, Effect of axial force is neglected
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=21.78kN <= 0.50x392.45=0.50xVpl,rd=196.23kN
Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])
3.9. Lateral torsional buckling, (ULS) (x=0.000~2.700m)
My,ed=59.41 kN, L=5.400m, Lcr,y=5.400m, Lcr,z=5.400m, Lcr,lt=2.700m

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)

Ex E
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t

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=15.2/59.4=0.26, =Mb/Ma=0.0/59.4=0.00, C1=1.317, C2=0.124
4
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm
kL=2700mm, zg=h/2=240/2=120mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.317, C2=0.124, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.317x[x2.1x10 5 x2.836x10 6 /2700]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(37.391x10 9 /2.836x10 6 )
+2700x8.1x10 4 x0.129x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x2.836x10 6 )
+(0.124x120)] 0.5 -(0.124x120) }= 156.5 kNm
,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/156.5}=0.912
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=240/120=2.00<=2.00 buckling curve: b
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.34, =0.75, ,lt=0.753
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.912-0.40)+0.75x0.912]=0.899
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.899+ (0.899-0.75x0.899)]=0.753
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.753
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.912=1.20
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.912-0.8)]=0.879, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.753/0.879=0.857, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=1.20, ,lt,mod=0.857
Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.857x[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/1.00=111.53kNm
My,ed= 59.41 kNm < 111.53 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 59.41/111.53= 0.533<1

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)

3.10. Lateral torsional buckling, (ULS) (x=2.700~5.400m)

My,ed=59.41 kN, L=5.400m, Lcr,y=5.400m, Lcr,z=5.400m, Lcr,lt=2.700m

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.912=1.20
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.912-0.8)]=0.879, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.753/0.879=0.857, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=1.20, ,lt,mod=0.857
(EC3 Eq.6.55)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.857x[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/1.00=111.53kNm

My,ed= 59.41 kNm < 111.53 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 59.41/111.53= 0.533<1

STEELexpress
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RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

4. JOINTd-001
Chord continuity of I sections
(EC3 EN1993-1-8:2005, 3, 6)

4.1. Materials
Steel: S 275
(EN1993-1-1, 3.2)
t<= 40 mm, Yield strength fy= 275 N/mm, Ultimate strength fu= 430 N/mm
40mm<t<= 80 mm, Yield strength fy= 255 N/mm, Ultimate strength fu= 410 N/mm
Modulus of elasticity E=210000 N/mm, Poisson ratio =0.30, Unit mass = 7850 Kg/m
(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

Ex E
E
am L
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pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
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t

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

4.2. Actions at beam connection

Ned= 1113.61 kN

4.3. Basic data, Beam-continuation connection

Ned=900.0kN
M20

Side plates

IPE 400 S 275

400

Flange
Web
Top-bottom plates

IPE 400 h=400mm, b=180mm

tw=8.6mm, tf=13.5mm, r=21.0m
tf=13.5mm, S 275, fy=275, fu=430N/mm
tw= 8.6mm, S 275, fy=275, fu=430N/mm
360x180x20.0 mm, S 235
t1=20.0mm, S 235, fy=235, fu=360N/mm
662x231x10.0 mm, S 235
t2=10.0mm, S 235, fy=235, fu=360N/mm

231

Beam section

180x360x20.0 S 235

M20

231x662x10.0 S 235

331

180

M20, Grade 8.8 Regular bolts

d = 20 mm
do = 22 mm
d/4 =x20/4= 314.2 mm
As = 245.0 mm
8.8, fyb=640N/mm, fub=800N/mm

Bolts
Bolt diameter
Diameter of holes
Nominal area
Tensile stress area
Bolt strength grade

4.4. Edge distances and spacing of bolts

Bolts on top-bottom plates
Minimum edge distances
Maximum edge distances

Minimum spacing of bolts

Maximum spacing of bolts

(EN1993-1-8, 3.5, Tab.3.3)

e1=1.2do=1.2x22=27 mm
e2=1.2do=1.2x22=27 mm
e1=4t+40=4x13.5+40=95 mm
e2=4t+40=4x13.5+40=95 mm
p1=2.2do=2.2x22=49 mm
p2=2.4do=2.4x22=53 mm
p1=min(14t,200)=min(14x13.5,200)=190 mm
p2=min(14t,200)=min(14x13.5,200)=190 mm

Number of Bolts
Distance of plate edge to bolt line
Distance of plate edge to bolt line
Pitch between bolt rows
Spacing between cross centers

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

IPE400

RUNET s oftw are

2x2 =4
e1=ex= 45
e2=ey= 45
p1=px= 90
p2=py= 90

mm
mm
mm
mm

STEELexpress Exam ple

Bolts on side plates
Minimum edge distances

e1=1.2do=1.2x22=27 mm
e2=1.2do=1.2x22=27 mm
e1=4t+40=4x8.6+40=75 mm
e2=4t+40=4x8.6+40=75 mm
p1=2.2do=2.2x22=49 mm
p2=2.4do=2.4x22=53 mm
p1=min(14t,200)=min(14x8.6,200)=121 mm
p2=min(14t,200)=min(14x8.6,200)=121 mm

Maximum edge distances

Minimum spacing of bolts
Maximum spacing of bolts

Number of Bolts
Distance of plate edge to bolt line
Distance of plate edge to bolt line
Pitch between bolt rows
Spacing between cross centers

2x2 =4
e1=ex= 116 mm
e2=ey= 66 mm
p1=px= 100 mm
p2=py= 100 mm
(EC3-1-8 3.6.1, Tab.3.4)

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4.5. Design resistance of individual bolts M20-8.8, Top-bottom plates

Bolts d=20mm, Grade 8.8, fu=430N/mm, fub =800N/mm, As=245.0mm, M2=1.25

Shear resistance of bolts
Fv,rd=nfubAs/M2, (=0.60, n=1)
Shear plane of bolt
through the threated portion
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.60x800x245.0/1.25=94.08 kN
Bearing resistance of bolts

Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2
t=13.5mm, d=20mm, do=22mm, e1=45mm, e2=45mm, p1=90mm, p2=90mm
b=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[800/430, 1.0, 45/(3x22), 90/(3x22)-0.25]=0.68
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]
=min[2.8x45/22-1.7,1.4x90/22-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.68x430x20x13.5/1.25=158.32 kN

4.6. Design resistance of individual bolts M20-8.8, Side plates

(EC3-1-8 3.6.1, Tab.3.4)

Bolts d=20mm, Grade 8.8, fu=430N/mm, fub =800N/mm, As=245.0mm, M2=1.25

Shear resistance of bolts
Fv,rd=nfubAs/M2, (=0.60, n=2)
Shear plane of bolt
through the threated portion
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x2x0.60x800x245.0/1.25=188.16 kN

Bearing resistance of bolts

Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2
t=8.6mm, d=20mm, do=22mm, e1=75mm, e2=66mm, p1=100mm, p2=100mm
b=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[800/430, 1.0, 75/(3x22), 100/(3x22)-0.25]=1.00
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]
=min[2.8x66/22-1.7,1.4x100/22-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd= [10 -3 ]x2.50x1.00x430x20x8.6/1.25=144.00 kN

4.7. Beam section

IPE 400-S 275

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

RUNET s oftw are

400.00
180.00
386.50
331.00
8.60
13.50
21.00
66.30

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

180

8.6

IPE400

400

Cross-section

13.5

Cross-section properties

STEELexpress Exam ple

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

Iz=13.180x10 6
Wz=146.40x10 3
Wpz=229.00x10 3
iz=
39.5
Avy=
4860
ip=
170

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

4.8. Classification of cross-sections, Compression Nc

fy
+

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Web
c=400.0-2x13.5-2x21.0=331.0 mm, t=8.6 mm, c/t=331.0/8.6=38.49
S 275 , t= 8.6<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm, =(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
38=38x0.92=34.96<c/t=38.49<=42=42x0.92=38.64
The web is class 3 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

Flange
c=180.0/2-8.6/2-21.0=64.7 mm, t=13.5 mm, c/t=64.7/13.5=4.79
S 275 , t=13.5<= 40 mm, fy=275 N/mm, =(235/275) 0.5 =0.92
c/t=4.79<=9=9x0.92=8.28
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 3, Compression Nc,ed

4.9. Ultimate Limit State, Verification for tension

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.3)
[Link]=1113.61 kN
A=8446mm, Anet=8446-4x22x13.5-2x22x8.6= 6880mm
Tension Resistance Ntrd=min(Afy/0, 0.9xAnetfu/2)
=min([10 -3 ]x8446x275/1.00, [10 -3 ]x0.9x6880x430/1.25)=min(2322.65, 2129.92)) =2129.92kN
Nt,ed= 1113.61 kN < 2129.92 kN =Nt,rd=Ntrd, Is verified
Nt,ed/Nt,rd= 1113.61/2129.92= 0.523<1
4.10. Resistance of bolt connection, Top-bottom plates

(EC3-1-8 3.6)

Flange: Cross-section area of plate, A=180x20.0= 3600mm, Anet=(180-2x22)x20.0= 2720mm

Web
: Cross-section area of plate, A=231x10.0= 2310mm, Anet=(231-2x22)x10.0= 1870mm
Axial forces, Ned=1113.61x3600/(2x3600+2x2310)=274.11 kN
Tension Resistance Ntrd=min(Afy/0, 0.9xAnetfu/2)
=min([10 -3 ]x3600x235/1.00, [10 -3 ]x0.9x2720x360/1.25)=min(846.00, 705.02)) =705.02kN
Shear resistance of bolts, 4 Bolts, Fvrd= 4x94.08= 376.32 kN
Bearing resistance of bolts, 4 Bolts, Fbrd= 4x158.32= 633.28 kN
Resistance of plate in axial load, Nrd= min(705.02, 376.32, 633.28)= 376.32 kN
Ned= 274.11 kN < 376.32 kN =Nrd, Is verified
Ned/Nrd= 274.11/376.32= 0.728<1

4.11. Resistance of bolt connection, Side plates

(EC3-1-8 3.6)

Flange: Cross-section area of plate, A=180x20.0= 3600mm, Anet=(180-2x22)x20.0= 2720mm

Web
: Cross-section area of plate, A=231x10.0= 2310mm, Anet=(231-2x22)x10.0= 1870mm
Axial forces, Ned=1113.61x2310/(2x3600+2x2310)=175.89 kN
Tension Resistance Ntrd=min(Afy/0, 0.9xAnetfu/2)
=min([10 -3 ]x2310x235/1.00, [10 -3 ]x0.9x1870x360/1.25)=min(542.85, 484.70)) =484.70kN
Shear resistance of bolts, 4 Bolts, Fvrd= 4x188.16= 752.64 kN
Bearing resistance of bolts, 4 Bolts, Fbrd= 4x144.00= 576.00 kN
Resistance of plate in axial load, Nrd= min(484.70, 752.64, 576.00)= 484.70 kN
Ned= 175.89 kN < 484.70 kN =Nrd, Is verified
Ned/Nrd= 175.89/484.70= 0.363<1

STEELexpress
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RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

5. JOINTd-002
Vrd =411.00 kN
Mrd =315.98 kN

Eave connection
(EC3 EN1993-1-8:2005, 3, 6)
5.1. Basic data, Eave connection
Steel sections
Steel section for column: IPE 600
Steel section for rafter: IPE 500
Design forces of connection, Eave connection
Maximum design values for actions
Ned = -125.0 kN
Ved = 100.0 kN
Med = 240.0 kNm

IPE 600

Med

IPE 500

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Ved

5.2. Connection data, Eave connection

109

200x640x20 mm, S 235

M20, Bolt strength grade 8.8
top
2x4=8
bottom 2x1=2
=10
do = 22 mm
through the unthreated portion

640

Total number of bolts

Diameter of holes
Shear plane of bolt

50 100

500

Bolt connection data

End Plate
Bolts
Number of Bolts

Distance of plate edge to bolt line

e1=e2=ex= 50 mm
Distance of section edge to bolt line
ec= 44 mm
Distance of flange enge to bolt line
ef= 45 mm
Pitch between bolt rows
p1=p3=p= 90 mm
Spacing between cross centers
p2=g =w= 100 mm
Flange to end-plate weld
atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x19.0= 11 mm
Web to end-plate weld
aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x12.0= 7 mm

114

Edge distances and spacing of bolts

200

Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch

Compression stiffener with thickness ts= 20.0 mm

Cross-section

IPE 600-S 355

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

Cross-section properties

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

RUNET s oftw are

600.00
220.00
581.00
514.00
12.00
19.00
24.00
122.00

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

220
24
12

IPE600

600

5.3. Column section

STEELexpress Exam ple

Properties of cross section
Area
A=
15600
Second moment of area
Iy=920.80x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=3069.0x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=3512.0x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
243.0
Shear area
Avz=
8380
Torsional constant
It= 1.654x10 6
9
Warping constant
Iw=2845.5x10

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

b
Iz=33.870x10 6
Wz=307.90x10 3
Wpz=485.60x10 3
iz=
46.6
Avy=
8360
ip=
247

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

r
tw
y

5.4. Rafter section

200
21

Cross-section

Cross-section properties
IPE 500-S 355

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

500.00
200.00
484.00
426.00
10.20
16.00
21.00
90.70

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

10.2

IPE500

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

Properties of cross section

Area
A=
11550
Second moment of area
Iy=482.00x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=1928.0x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=2194.0x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
204.3
Shear area
Avz=
5985
Torsional constant
It= 0.893x10 6
9
Warping constant
Iw=1249.4x10

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

500

Iz=21.420x10 6
Wz=214.20x10 3
Wpz=335.90x10 3
iz=
43.1
Avy=
6400
ip=
209

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

5.5. Connection geometry of end-plate (Eave connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Fig.6.2)

e=ex=50 mm, emin=50 mm

mx,x=(100-12.0-2x0.8x7x 2)/2= 36.1 mm
mx,y=45-0.8x11x 2= 32.6 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(50.0,1.25x36.1=45.1)= 45.1 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(50.0,1.25x32.6=40.7)= 40.8 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(36.1,32.6)=32.6mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(36.1,32.6)=36.1mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(45.1,40.8)=40.8mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(45.1,40.8)=45.1mm

5.6. Effective lengths of end-plate (Eave connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link] Tab.6.6)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

leff=2mx =2x32.6= 204.8 mm
=mx+w =x32.6+100.0= 202.4 mm
=mx+2e=x32.6+2x50.0= 202.4 mm
=4mx+1.25ex = 4x32.6+1.25x50.0=192.9 mm
=e+2mx+0.625ex = 50.0+2x32.6+0.625x50.0=146.4 mm
=0.5bp = 0.5x200= 100.0 mm
=0.5w+2mx+0.625ex=0.5x100.0+2x32.6+0.625x50.0= 146.4 mm
leff,1b=min(204.8, 202.4, 202.4, 192.9, 146.4, 100.0, 146.4)= 100.0 mm
leff,1b= 100.0 mm

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Bolt next to tension flange alone
leff=2mx =2x32.6= 204.8 mm
=m =7.00x32.6=228.2 mm (1=2=m/(m+e)=0.39, =7.00)
leff,2b=min(204.8, 228.2)= 204.8 mm
leff,2b= = 204.8 mm

(EC3-1-8 Fig.6.11)

Bolt next to tension flange in a group

leff=2mx =2x32.6= 204.8 mm
=m =7.00x32.6=228.2 mm (1=2=m/(m+e)=0.39, =7.00)
=m+p =x32.6+90.0= 192.4 mm
=0.5p+m-(2m+0.625e)=0.5x90.0+7.0x32.6-(2x32.6+0.625x50.0)= 176.8 mm
leff,3b=min(204.8, 228.2, 192.4, 176.8)= 176.8 mm
leff,3b= = 176.8 mm

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Inner Bolt-row in a group

leff=2mx =2x36.1= 226.8 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x36.1+1.25x50.0= 206.9 mm
=2p =2x90.0= 180.0 mm
=p = 90.0 mm
leff,4b=min(226.8, 206.9, 180.0, 90.0)= 90.0 mm
leff,4b= = 90.0 mm

5.7. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.2)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x100.0x20.0x235/1.00=2.350kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x2.350/32.6 = 288 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x2.350+40.8x2x141)/(32.6+40.8)=221kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x141 = 282 kN
Ft,rd= min(288, 221, 282)= 221 kN
Bolt next to tension flange alone
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x204.8x20.0x235/1.00=4.813kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x4.813/32.6 = 591 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x4.813+40.8x2x141)/(32.6+40.8)=288kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x141 = 282 kN
Ft,rd= min(591, 288, 282)= 282 kN

Bolt next to tension flange in a group

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x176.8x20.0x235/1.00=4.155kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x4.155/32.6 = 510 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x4.155+40.8x2x141)/(32.6+40.8)=270kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x141 = 282 kN
Ft,rd= min(510, 270, 282)= 270 kN
Inner Bolt-row in a group
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x90.0x20.0x235/1.00=2.115kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x2.115/36.1 = 234 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x2.115+45.1x2x141)/(36.1+45.1)=209kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x141 = 282 kN
Ft,rd= min(234, 209, 282)= 209 kN

5.8. Rafter flange and web in compression (Eave connection)

Fc,fb,rd= Mc,rd/(h-tf), Mc,rd= Wel,yfy/M0
Wel,y=(200x16.0x484.0+10.2x468.0/6)/500=1847.7x10 3 mm
Mc,rd= [10 -6 ]x1847.7x10 3 x355/1.00=656kNm, Fc,fb,rd=[10 3 ]x656/484.0= 1355kN
Fc,fb,rd,max=btfy/M0= [10 -3 ]x200.0x16.0x235/1.00= 752 kN (h<=600mm)
Fc,fb,rd= min(1355, 752)= 752 kN

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RUNET s oftw are

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

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5.9. Rafter web in tension (Eave connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wbtwbfy,wb/M0
beff,t,wb=Leff=min(leff,3b, leff,4b)=min(176.8, 90.0) =90.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x90.0x10.2x355/1.00= 326 kN
min Ft,rd=min(221, 282, 270, 209, 326)= 209 kN
5.10. Connection geometry of column-side (Eave connection)

e=ex=50 mm, emin=50 mm

mx,x=(100-12.0-2x0.8x24)/2= 24.8 mm
mx,y=45-0.8x11x 2= 32.6 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(50.0,1.25x24.8=31.0)= 31.0 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(50.0,1.25x32.6=40.7)= 40.8 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(24.8,32.6)=24.8mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(24.8,32.6)=32.6mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(31.0,40.8)=31.0mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(31.0,40.8)=40.8mm
5.11. Effective lengths of column-side (Eave connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link] Tab.6.4)

End Bolt-row in a group

leff=2m =2x24.8= 155.8 mm
=m+2e1 =x24.8+2x50.0= 177.9 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x24.8+1.25x50.0= 161.7 mm
=2m+0.63e+e1 =2x24.8+0.63x50.0+50.0= 130.8 mm
=m+p =x24.8+90.0= 167.9 mm
=2e1+p =2x50.0+90.0= 190.0 mm
=2m+0.63e+0.5p =2x24.8+0.63x50.0+0.5x90.0= 125.8 mm
=e1+0.5p =50.0+0.5x90.0= 95.0 mm
leff,1c=min(155.8, 177.9, 161.7, 130.8, 167.9, 190.0, 125.8, 95.0)= 95.0 mm
leff,1c= = 95.0 mm
Inner Bolt-row in a group
leff=2m =2x24.8= 155.8 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x24.8+1.25x50.0= 161.7 mm
=2p =2x90.0= 180.0 mm
=p = 90.0 mm
leff,2c=min(155.8, 161.7, 180.0, 90.0)= 90.0 mm
leff,2c= = 90.0 mm

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.2)

5.12. Column-Side, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection)

End Bolt-row in a group

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x95.0x19.0x355/1.00=3.044kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x3.044/24.8 = 491 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x3.044+31.0x2x141)/(24.8+31.0)=266kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x141 = 282 kN
Ft,rd= min(491, 266, 282)= 266 kN
Inner Bolt-row in a group
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x90.0x19.0x355/1.00=2.883kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x2.883/24.8 = 465 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x2.883+31.0x2x141)/(24.8+31.0)=260kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x141 = 282 kN
Ft,rd= min(465, 260, 282)= 260 kN

5.13. Column-web in transverse tension (Eave connection)

Ft,wc,rd = beff,t,wctwcfy,c/M0
=1, =1=1/ [1+1.3(beff,ctwc/Avc)], beff,c=90.0 mm
=1/ [1+1.3x(90.0x12.0/8380)]]= 0.99
Ft,wc,rd = [10 -3 ]x0.99x90.0x12.0x355/1.00= 380 kN

STEELexpress
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RUNET s oftw are

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.3)

STEELexpress Exam ple

5.14. Design resistance of compression stiffener (Eave connection)

(EC3-1-5 9.1)

Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch ts= 20.0 mm

fy=235N/mm, bs=(200-12.0-2x24.0)/2=70.0mm,
ts=20.0mm, tw=12.0mm, = (235/fy)=0.81
Aeff,s=2x70.0x20.0+(2x15x0.81x12.0+20.0)x12.0=6539 mm
(EC3-1-5 9.1(2)
Leff,s=min(70.0, 14x0.81x20.0)=min(70.0, 226.80)=70.0 mm,
(EC3 Tab.5.2)
Ieff,s=(2x70.0+12.0) 3 x20.0/12= 5853.0x10 3 mm 4
ieff,s= (5853x10/6539) =29.9mm, 1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06
Lcr=0.75x(600-2x19.0)= 421.5 mm
=Lcr/(ieff,s1)=421.5/(29.9x76.06)= 0.19
<= 0.20, =1.00
Fc,wc,rd = Aeff,sfy,c/M1= 1.000x6539x235/1.00=1537 kN > Fc,fb,rd=752 kN
Compression stiffener, Is verified

(EN1993-1-8, [Link])

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

5.15. Moment resistance of connection (Eave connection)

(EC3-1-5 9.4(2)
(EC3 [Link](1)
(EC3 [Link].4)

Mj,rd = hrFtr,rd
(EN1993-1-8, 6.2.7.2Eq.6.25
hr: row numbering from top, distances from center of bottom (compression) flange
End-plate in bending
(EC3-1-8 [Link]
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 537.0 mm, Ft,rd= 221 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 428.0 mm, Ft,rd= 270 kN
Bolt-row 3, hr= 338.0 mm, Ft,rd= 209 kN
Bolt-row 4, hr= 248.0 mm, Ft,rd= 209 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=221 + 270 + 209 + 209= 909 kN
End-plate in bending
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 537.0 mm, Ft,rd= 266 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 428.0 mm, Ft,rd= 260 kN
Bolt-row 3, hr= 338.0 mm, Ft,rd= 260 kN
Bolt-row 4, hr= 248.0 mm, Ft,rd= 260 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=266 + 260 + 260 + 260= 1046 kN

Rafter web in tension

Ft,wb,rd = 326 kN
Rafter flange and web in compression
Fc,fb,rd= 752 kN
Ft,rd<=Ft,wb,rd=326 kN, Fc,ed=Ft,rd<=Fc,fb,rd=752 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd<=Fc,wc,rd=1537 kN
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 537.0 mm, Ft,rd= 221 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 428.0 mm, Ft,rd= 260 kN
Bolt-row 3, hr= 338.0 mm, Ft,rd= 209 kN
Bolt-row 4, hr= 248.0 mm, Ft,rd= 62 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=221 + 260 + 209 + 62= 752 kN
Moment resistance of connection

(EC3-1-8 [Link]

(EC3-1-8 [Link])
(EC3-1-8 [Link]

(EC3-1-8 [Link].(7))

(EN1993-1-8, [Link](10)

Mj,rd =[10 -3 ]x[221x537.0+260x428.0+209x338.0+62x248.0]

Mj,rd = 316 kNm
Med= 240.0 kNm < 316.0 kNm =Mj,rd, Is verified
5.16. Shear resistance (Eave connection)

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Shear resistance of bolts

Fv,rd=fub(xd/4)/M2=[10 -3 ]x0.60x800x(x20/4)/1.25=121 kN
Shear plane of bolt:through the unthreated portion

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Bearing resistance of bolts
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2
End-Plate
t=20.0mm, d=20mm, do=22mm, e1=50mm, e2=50mm, p1=90mm, fub=800kN/mm, fu=360kN/mm,
b=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[800/360, 1.0, 50/(3x22), 90/(3x22)-0.25]=0.76
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x50/22-1.7,1.4x100/22-1.7,2.5]=2.50
-3
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2= [10 ]x2.50x0.76x360x20x20.0/1.25=218 kN
Column-Side
t=19.0mm, d=20mm, do=22mm, e1=50mm, e2=50mm, p1=90mm, fub=800kN/mm, fu=510kN/mm,
b=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[800/510, 1.0, 50/(3x22), 90/(3x22)-0.25]=0.76
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x50/22-1.7,1.4x100/22-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.76x510x20x19.0/1.25=294 kN

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Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(121, 218, 294)=121 kN

Bending moment and shear
Maximum tension force in bolts
Ft,ed=260/2=130 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to bending
=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-130/(1.40x141)=0.34
Shear acting together with bending moment for all the bolts
Vrd=10x0.34x121 =411 kN
Is verified

Ved= 100 kN < 411 kN =Vrd,

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

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6. JOINTd-003
Apex connection
(EC3 EN1993-1-8:2005, 3, 6)

Vrd =767.00 kN
Mrd =463.43 kN

6.1. Basic data, Apex connection

Ved

Steel sections
Steel section for rafter: IPE 450
Design forces of connection, Apex connection
Maximum design values for actions
Ned = -125.0 kN
Ved =
40.0 kN
Med = 320.0 kNm

Ved
IPE 450

Med

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6.2. Connection data, Apex connection

105

450

90 105

Total number of bolts

Diameter of holes
Shear plane of bolt

45 100 45

190x825x20 mm, S 235

M24, Bolt strength grade 8.8
top
2x1=2
bottom 2x5=10
=12
do = 26 mm
through the threated portion

825

Bolt connection data

End Plate
Bolts
Number of Bolts

105

Distance of plate edge to bolt line

e1=e2=ex= 45 mm
Distance of section edge to bolt line
ec= 45 mm
Distance of flange enge to bolt line
ef= 45 mm
Pitch between bolt rows
p1=p3=p= 90 mm
Spacing between cross centers
p2=g =w= 100 mm
Flange to end-plate weld
atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x14.6= 8 mm
Web to end-plate weld
aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x 9.4= 6 mm

299

Edge distances and spacing of bolts

190

6.3. Rafter section

190
21

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

Properties of cross section

450.00
190.00
435.40
378.80
9.40
14.60
21.00
77.60

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

9.4

IPE450

450

IPE 450-S 355

Cross-section

14.6

Cross-section properties

Iz=16.760x10 6
Wz=176.40x10 3
Wpz=276.40x10 3
iz=
41.2
Avy=
5548
ip=
189

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

r
tw
y

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6.4. Connection geometry of end-plate (Apex connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Fig.6.2)

e=ex=45 mm, emin=45 mm

mx,x=(100-9.4-2x0.8x6x 2)/2= 38.5 mm
mx,y=45-0.8x8x 2= 35.9 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(45.0,1.25x38.5=48.1)= 45.0 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(45.0,1.25x35.9=44.9)= 44.9 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(38.5,35.9)=35.9mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(38.5,35.9)=38.5mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(45.0,44.9)=44.9mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(45.0,44.9)=45.0mm
6.5. Effective lengths of end-plate (Apex connection)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

leff=2mx =2x35.9= 225.6 mm
=mx+w =x35.9+100.0= 212.8 mm
=mx+2e=x35.9+2x45.0= 202.8 mm
=4mx+1.25ex = 4x35.9+1.25x45.0=199.9 mm
=e+2mx+0.625ex = 45.0+2x35.9+0.625x45.0=144.9 mm
=0.5bp = 0.5x190= 95.0 mm
=0.5w+2mx+0.625ex=0.5x100.0+2x35.9+0.625x45.0= 149.9 mm
leff,1b=min(225.6, 212.8, 202.8, 199.9, 144.9, 95.0, 149.9)= 95.0 mm
leff,1b= 95.0 mm
Bolt next to tension flange alone
leff=2mx =2x35.9= 225.6 mm
=m =6.28x35.9=225.6 mm (1=2=m/(m+e)=0.44, =6.28)
leff,2b=min(225.6, 225.6)= 225.6 mm
leff,2b= = 225.6 mm

(EC3-1-8 Fig.6.11)

Bolt next to tension flange in a group

leff=2mx =2x35.9= 225.6 mm
=m =6.28x35.9=225.6 mm (1=2=m/(m+e)=0.44, =6.28)
=m+p =x35.9+90.0= 202.8 mm
=0.5p+m-(2m+0.625e)=0.5x90.0+6.3x35.9-(2x35.9+0.625x45.0)= 170.6 mm
leff,3b=min(225.6, 225.6, 202.8, 170.6)= 170.6 mm
leff,3b= = 170.6 mm

Inner Bolt-row in a group

leff=2mx =2x38.5= 241.9 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x38.5+1.25x45.0= 210.3 mm
=2p =2x90.0= 180.0 mm
=p = 90.0 mm
leff,4b=min(241.9, 210.3, 180.0, 90.0)= 90.0 mm
leff,4b= = 90.0 mm

6.6. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Apex connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.2)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

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Bolt next to tension flange in a group
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x170.6x20.0x235/1.00=4.009kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x4.009/35.9 = 447 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x4.009+44.9x2x203)/(35.9+44.9)=325kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x203 = 406 kN
Ft,rd= min(447, 325, 406)= 325 kN
Inner Bolt-row in a group
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x90.0x20.0x235/1.00=2.115kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x2.115/38.5 = 220 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x2.115+45.0x2x203)/(38.5+45.0)=269kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x203 = 406 kN
Ft,rd= min(220, 269, 406)= 220 kN

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6.7. Rafter flange and web in compression (Apex connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link])
Fc,fb,rd= Mc,rd/(h-tf), Mc,rd= Wel,yfy/M0
Wel,y=(190x14.6x720.0+9.4x705.4/6)/735=2706.2x10 3 mm
Mc,rd= [10 -6 ]x2706.2x10 3 x355/1.00=961kNm, Fc,fb,rd=[10 3 ]x961/720.0= 1334kN
Fc,fb,rd,max=(1/0.8)btfy/M0= (1/0.8)x[10 -3 ]x190.0x14.6x235/1.00= 815 kN (h>600mm)
Fc,fb,rd= min(1334, 815)= 815 kN
6.8. Rafter web in tension (Apex connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wbtwbfy,wb/M0
beff,t,wb=Leff=min(leff,3b, leff,4b)=min(170.6, 90.0) =90.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x90.0x9.4x355/1.00= 300 kN
min Ft,rd=min(249, 357, 325, 220, 300)= 220 kN

6.9. Moment resistance of connection (Apex connection)

(EN1993-1-8, [Link])

Mj,rd = hrFtr,rd
(EN1993-1-8, 6.2.7.2Eq.6.25
hr: row numbering from bottom, distances from center of top (compression) flange
End-plate in bending
(EC3-1-8 [Link]
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 667.7 mm, Ft,rd= 325 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 577.7 mm, Ft,rd= 220 kN
Bolt-row 3, hr= 487.7 mm, Ft,rd= 220 kN
Bolt-row 4, hr= 383.1 mm, Ft,rd= 220 kN
Bolt-row 5, hr= 293.1 mm, Ft,rd= 325 kN
Bolt-row 6, hr= 52.3 mm, Ft,rd= 220 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=325 + 220 + 220 + 220 + 325 + 220= 1530 kN
Rafter web in tension
Ft,wb,rd = 300 kN
Rafter flange and web in compression
Fc,fb,rd= 815 kN
Ft,rd<=Ft,wb,rd=300 kN, Fc,ed=Ft,rd<=Fc,fb,rd=815 kN
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 667.7 mm, Ft,rd=
Bolt-row 2, hr= 577.7 mm, Ft,rd=
Bolt-row 3, hr= 487.7 mm, Ft,rd=
Bolt-row 4, hr= 383.1 mm, Ft,rd=
Bolt-row 5, hr= 293.1 mm, Ft,rd=
Bolt-row 6, hr= 52.3 mm, Ft,rd=
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=300 + 220 + 220 + 75

STEELexpress
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(EC3-1-8 [Link])
(EC3-1-8 [Link]

(EC3-1-8 [Link].(7))

300
220
220
75
0
0
+ 0

RUNET s oftw are

kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
+ 0= 815 kN

STEELexpress Exam ple

Moment resistance of connection

(EN1993-1-8, [Link](10)

Mj,rd =[10 -3 ]x[300x667.7+220x577.7+220x487.7+75x383.1+0x293.1+0x52.3]

Mj,rd = 463 kNm
Med= 320.0 kNm < 463.4 kNm =Mj,rd, Is verified
6.10. Shear resistance (Apex connection)

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Shear resistance of bolts

Fv,rd=fubAs/M2=[10 -3 ]x0.60x800x353.0/1.25=136 kN
Shear plane of bolt:through the threated portion

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Bearing resistance of bolts

Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2
t=20.0mm, d=24mm, do=26mm, e1=45mm, e2=45mm, p1=90mm, fub=800kN/mm, fu=360kN/mm,
b=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[800/360, 1.0, 45/(3x26), 90/(3x26)-0.25]=0.58
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x45/26-1.7,1.4x100/26-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.58x360x24x20.0/1.25=199 kN
Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(136, 199)=136 kN
Bending moment and shear
Maximum tension force in bolts
Ft,ed=300/2=150 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to bending
=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-150/(1.40x203)=0.47
Shear acting together with bending moment for all the bolts
Vrd=12x0.47x136 =767 kN
Is verified

Ved= 40 kN < 767 kN =Vrd,

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

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7. BEAM-002
Design of Beams,Continuous beam of two spans
( EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005)
Span lengths L1=5.200m, L2=6.000m
Conditions of lateral restraining: Lat. restr. at L/2

gk1=7.00 kN/m
qk1=8.00 kN/m

gk2=7.00 kN/m
qk2=8.00 kN/m

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IPE 240

5.200 m

6.000 m

7.1. Design codes

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

EN1991-1-1:2002, Eurocode 1-1 Actions on structures
EN1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3 1-1 Design of Steel structures
EN1993-1-3:2005, Eurocode 3 1-3 Cold-formed members
EN1993-1-5:2006, Eurocode 3 1-5 Plated structural elements
7.2. Materials

(EN1990, Annex A1)

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

7.3. Loading

Load on beam
Dead load
Beam weight
Permanent load
Variable load

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(EN1991-1-1 )

Gk1= Span-1 : 7.00

Gk2= Span-1 : 0.30
Gk =Gk1+Gk2= Span-1
Qk = Span-1 : 8.00

kN/m, Span-2 : 7.00

kN/m, Span-2 : 0.30
: 7.30 kN/m, Span-2
kN/m, Span-2 : 8.00

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kN/m
kN/m
: 7.30 kN/m
kN/m

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7.4. Design values of Actions, Load combinations
Ultimate Limit State, Load combinations
(EN1990 [Link], T.A1.2A, T.A1.2B)
Span-1 GGk+QQk = 1.35x7.30+1.50x8.00 =21.85kN/m, ql/8=73.87kNm
Span-2 GGk+QQk = 1.35x7.30+1.50x8.00 =21.85kN/m, ql/8=98.35kNm
Design actions, Ultimate Limit State
Myed,1= 50.20kNm, Myed,s=-86.98kNm, Myed,2= 68.89kNm,
Vzed,1A=46.84kN, Vzed,1B=-73.55kN, Vzed,2A=80.06kN, Vzed,2B=-54.87kN
Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Load combinations
Span-1 Gk+Qk = 7.30+8.00= 15.30kN/m
Span-2 Gk+Qk = 7.30+8.00= 15.30kN/m
Design actions, Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
Myed,1= 33.00kNm, Myed,s=-60.89kNm, Myed,2= 33.00kNm,
Vzed,1A=31.78kN, Vzed,1B=-51.49kN, Vzed,2A=56.05kN, Vzed,2B=-37.84kN

(EN1990 6.5.3, T.A1.4)

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7.5. Cross-section properties

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

Properties of cross section

240.00
120.00
230.20
190.40
6.20
9.80
15.00
30.70

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

IPE240

6.2

240

120

IPE 240-S 355

9.8

Cross-section

mm
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

Iz= 2.836x10 6
Wz=47.270x10 3
Wpz=73.920x10 3
iz=
26.9
Avy=
2352
ip=
103

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

7.6. Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

(EN1993-1-1, 7)

Beam deflections
Loading G+Q: w1=10.1mm=L/515, w2=10.1mm=L/515, L/515<L/200
Loading
Q: w1= 6.6mm=L/788, w2= 6.6mm=L/788, L/788<L/360
Beam deflections, Serviceability Limit State (SLS),

Is verified

7.7. Classification of cross-sections, Bending My

Web
c=240.0-2x9.8-2x15.0=190.4 mm, t=6.2 mm, c/t=190.4/6.2=30.71
S 355 , t= 6.2<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=30.71<=72=72x0.81=58.32
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)
Flange
c=120.0/2-6.2/2-15.0=41.9 mm, t=9.8 mm, c/t=41.9/9.8=4.28
S 355 , t= 9.8<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=4.28<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

+
c

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending My,ed

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7.8. Resistance of cross-section, Beam section

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
[Link]= 86.98 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mply,rd=Wplyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/1.00= 130.14kNm
My,ed= 86.98 kNm < 130.14 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 86.98/130.14= 0.668<1
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.6)
[Link]= 80.06 kN
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf=3912-2x120.0x9.8+(6.2+2x15.0)x9.8=1915mm
(EC3 [Link])
Av= 1915mm > hwtw= 1.00x(240.0-2x9.8)x6.2=1.00x230.2x6.2= 1427mm
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ 3)/0= [10 -3 ]x1915x(355/1.73)/1.00= 392.45kN
Vz,ed= 80.06 kN < 392.45 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 80.06/392.45= 0.204<1

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hw/tw=(240.0-2x9.8)/6.2=230.2/6.2=37.13<=72x0.81/1.00=72/=58.32 (=1.00)
S 355 , t= 6.2<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified
Ultimate Limit State, Bending and shear
Vz,ed=80.06kN, My,ed=86.98kNm
Vz,ed=80.06=kN <= Vplz,rd/2=392.45/2=196.23kN
Effect of shear on moment resistance is neglected

7.9. Lateral torsional buckling, (ULS) (Beam span)

My,ed=68.89 kN, L=5.200m, Lcr,y=3.640m, Lcr,z=5.200m, Lcr,lt=2.600m

(EC3 [Link])

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.8
(EC3 6.2.8(2))

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/130.6}=0.998

(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=240/120=2.00<=2.00 buckling curve: b
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.34, =0.75, ,lt=0.701
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.998-0.40)+0.75x0.998]=0.975
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.975+ (0.975-0.75x0.975)]=0.701
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.701
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.998=1.00
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.998-0.8)]=0.886, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.701/0.886=0.791, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=1.00, ,lt,mod=0.791
Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.791x[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/1.00=102.94kNm
My,ed= 68.89 kNm < 102.94 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 68.89/102.94= 0.669<1

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RUNET s oftw are

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

STEELexpress Exam ple

7.10. Lateral torsional buckling, (ULS) (Beam support)
My,ed=86.98 kN, L=5.200m, Lcr,y=3.640m, Lcr,z=5.200m, Lcr,lt=2.600m

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)

Check lateral-torsional buckling at support region, Lc= 2.600m

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Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=-18.5/87.0=-0.21, =Mb/Ma=30.4/-87.0=-0.35, C1=2.864, C2=0.168
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 4 N/mm
kL=2600mm, zg=h/2=240/2=120mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=2.864, C2=0.168, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]2.864x[x2.1x10 5 x2.836x10 6 /2600]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(37.391x10 9 /2.836x10 6 )
+2600x8.1x10 4 x0.129x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x2.836x10 6 )
+(0.168x120)] 0.5 -(0.168x120) }= 348.0 kNm
,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/348.0}=0.612
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=240/120=2.00<=2.00 buckling curve: b
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.34, =0.75, ,lt=0.912
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.612-0.40)+0.75x0.612]=0.676
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.676+ (0.676-0.75x0.676)]=0.912
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.912
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.612=2.67
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.612-0.8)]=0.885, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.912/0.885=1.031, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=2.67, ,lt,mod=1.000
Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/1.00=130.14kNm
My,ed= 86.98 kNm < 130.14 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 86.98/130.14= 0.668<1

7.11. Lateral torsional buckling, (ULS) (Beam span)

My,ed=68.89 kN, L=6.000m, Lcr,y=4.200m, Lcr,z=6.000m, Lcr,lt=3.000m

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=24.6/54.9=0.45, =Mb/Ma=0.0/54.9=0.00, C1=1.166, C2=0.192
4
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm
kL=3000mm, zg=h/2=240/2=120mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.166, C2=0.192, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.166x[x2.1x10 5 x2.836x10 6 /3000]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(37.391x10 9 /2.836x10 6 )
+3000x8.1x10 4 x0.129x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x2.836x10 6 )
+(0.192x120)] 0.5 -(0.192x120) }= 113.5 kNm
,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/113.5}=1.071
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=240/120=2.00<=2.00 buckling curve: b
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.34, =0.75, ,lt=0.656
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.071-0.40)+0.75x1.071]=1.044
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[1.044+ (1.044-0.75x1.044)]=0.656
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.656
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/1.071=0.87
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(1.071-0.8)]=0.894, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.656/0.894=0.734, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=0.87, ,lt,mod=0.734

STEELexpress
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RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.734x[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/1.00=95.52kNm
My,ed= 68.89 kNm < 95.52 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 68.89/95.52= 0.721<1
7.12. Lateral torsional buckling, (ULS) (Beam support)
My,ed=86.98 kN, L=6.000m, Lcr,y=4.200m, Lcr,z=6.000m, Lcr,lt=3.000m

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)

Check lateral-torsional buckling at support region, Lc= 3.000m

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=-24.6/87.0=-0.28, =Mb/Ma=54.9/-87.0=-0.63, C1=3.001, C2=0.311
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 4 N/mm
kL=3000mm, zg=h/2=240/2=120mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=3.001, C2=0.311, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]3.001x[x2.1x10 5 x2.836x10 6 /3000]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(37.391x10 9 /2.836x10 6 )
+3000x8.1x10 4 x0.129x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x2.836x10 6 )
+(0.311x120)] 0.5 -(0.311x120) }= 269.1 kNm
,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/269.1}=0.695
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=240/120=2.00<=2.00 buckling curve: b
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.34, =0.75, ,lt=0.872
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.695-0.40)+0.75x0.695]=0.732
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.732+ (0.732-0.75x0.732)]=0.872
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.872
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.695=2.07
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.695-0.8)]=0.879, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.872/0.879=0.992, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=2.07, ,lt,mod=0.992
(EC3 Eq.6.55)

Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.992x[10 -6 ]x366.60x10 3 x355/1.00=129.10kNm

My,ed= 86.98 kNm < 129.10 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 86.98/129.10= 0.674<1

STEELexpress
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RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

8. BEAM-003
Design of Floor Beams,Floor of one span
( EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Span of floor beam L=5.200 m, Spacing of floor beams s=4.500 m, Simply supported beam
Conditions of lateral restraining: Lat. restr. at L/2

gk=2.45 kN/m
qk=2.00 kN/m
IPE 300

4.500 m

5.200 m

8.1. Design codes

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

(EN1990, Annex A1)

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

8.3. Loading

(EN1991-1-1 )

Floor loads
Weight of floor finishing
Weight of floor structure
Weight of ceiling under floor
Self weight of floor
Live load on floor

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

gk1
gk0
gk2
gk
qk

=
=
=
=
=

RUNET s oftw are

0.500 kN/m
1.750 kN/m
0.200 kN/m
0.500+1.750+0.200= 2.450 kN/m
2.000 kN/m

(EN1991-1-1 5.2)

(EN1991-1-1 6.3)

STEELexpress Exam ple

Load on beam
Spacing of floor beams
Self weight of floor
Beam weight
Permanent load
Variable load

s= 4.500 m
Gk1= 4.500x2.450= 11.03kN/m
Gk2= 0.41 kN/m
Gk =Gk1+Gk2= 11.44 kN/m
Qk = 4.500x2.000= 9.00kN/m

8.4. Design values of Actions, Load combinations

Ultimate Limit State, Load combinations
(EN1990 [Link], T.A1.2A, T.A1.2B)
GGk+QQk = 1.35x11.44+1.50x9.00 =28.94kN/m, ql/8=97.83kNm
Design actions, Ultimate Limit State
Myed= 28.94x5.200/8= 97.83 kNm, Vzed= 28.94x5.200/2= 75.25 kN
(EN1990 6.5.3, T.A1.4)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Load combinations

Gk+Qk = 11.44+9.00= 20.44kN/m
Design actions, Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
Myed= 20.44x5.200/8= 69.09 kNm, Vzed= 20.44x5.200/2=

53.14 kN

8.5. Cross-section properties

150

IPE 300-S 355

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

7.1

IPE300

mm
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

Iz= 6.038x10 6
Wz=80.500x10 3
Wpz=125.20x10 3
iz=
33.5
Avy=
3210
ip=
129

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

Properties of cross section

Area
A=
5381
Second moment of area
Iy=83.560x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=557.10x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=628.40x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
124.6
Shear area
Avz=
2568
Torsional constant
It= 0.201x10 6
9
Warping constant
Iw=125.93x10

300.00
150.00
289.30
248.60
7.10
10.70
15.00
42.20

300

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

10.7

Cross-section

8.6. Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

(EN1993-1-1, 7)

Beam deflections
Loading
G+Q: w=5x20.44x5200 4 /(384x2.1x10 5 x83.560x10 6 )= 11.09mm = L/469<L/200
Loading
Q: w=5x 9.00x5200 4 /(384x2.1x10 5 x83.560x10 6 )= 4.88mm = L/1065<L/360
Beam deflections, Serviceability Limit State (SLS),

Is verified

8.7. Classification of cross-sections, Bending My

Web
c=300.0-2x10.7-2x15.0=248.6 mm, t=7.1 mm, c/t=248.6/7.1=35.01
S 355 , t= 7.1<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=35.01<=72=72x0.81=58.32
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

+
c
fy

STEELexpress Exam ple

Flange
c=150.0/2-7.1/2-15.0=56.5 mm, t=10.7 mm, c/t=56.5/10.7=5.28
S 355 , t=10.7<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=5.28<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

+
c

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending My,ed

8.8. Resistance of cross-section, Beam section

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
[Link]= 97.83 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mply,rd=Wplyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x628.40x10 3 x355/1.00= 223.08kNm
My,ed= 97.83 kNm < 223.08 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 97.83/223.08= 0.439<1

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.6)
[Link]= 75.25 kN
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf=5381-2x150.0x10.7+(7.1+2x15.0)x10.7=2568mm
(EC3 [Link])
Av= 2568mm > hwtw= 1.00x(300.0-2x10.7)x7.1=1.00x289.3x7.1= 2054mm
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ 3)/0= [10 -3 ]x2568x(355/1.73)/1.00= 526.33kN
Vz,ed= 75.25 kN < 526.33 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 75.25/526.33= 0.143<1
hw/tw=(300.0-2x10.7)/7.1=289.3/7.1=40.75<=72x0.81/1.00=72/=58.32 (=1.00)
S 355 , t= 7.1<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified
Ultimate Limit State, Bending and shear
Vz,ed=37.63kN, My,ed=73.37kNm , Position at x=1.300m
Vz,ed=37.63=kN <= Vplz,rd/2=526.33/2=263.17kN
Effect of shear on moment resistance is neglected

8.9. Lateral torsional buckling, (ULS) (Beam span)

My,ed=97.83 kN, L=5.200m, Lcr,y=5.200m, Lcr,z=5.200m, Lcr,lt=2.600m

(EC3 [Link])

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.8
(EC3 6.2.8(2))

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=0.25, =Mb/Ma=0.00, C1=1.325, C2=0.122
4
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm
kL=2600mm, zg=0mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.325, C2=0.122, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.325x[x2.1x10 5 x6.038x10 6 /2600]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(125.93x10 9 /6.038x10 6 )
+2600x8.1x10 4 x0.201x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x6.038x10 6 )] 0.5 }= 422.3 kNm
,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x628.40x10 3 x355/422.3}=0.727
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=300/150=2.00<=2.00 buckling curve: b
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.34, =0.75, ,lt=0.856
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.727-0.40)+0.75x0.727]=0.754
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.754+ (0.754-0.75x0.754)]=0.856
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.856
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.727=1.89
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.727-0.8)]=0.877, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.856/0.877=0.976, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=1.89, ,lt,mod=0.976

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.976x[10 -6 ]x628.40x10 3 x355/1.00=217.73kNm

My,ed= 97.83 kNm < 217.73 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 97.83/217.73= 0.449<1

STEELexpress
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STEELexpress Exam ple

9. STR01-001
Design of purlins
( EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005)
Purlin laterally restrained, IPE 200 S 355
Continuous purlin, L= 7.200 m, s= 3.000 m

7.200 m

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

IPE 200

=10.0

3.000 m

9.1. Design codes

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

Partial safety factors for actions

G,sup= 1.35, Q= 1.50, G,inf= 1.00, 0= 0.70

9.3. Loading

(EN1991-1-1 )

Roof loads
Roof slope
Load of roof covering
Imposed load (category H)
Snow load
Wind pressure
Wind uplift

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

gk1
qk
qsk
wk
wk

= 10.00
= 0.200 kN/m
= 0.500 kN/m
= 1.500 kN/m
= 0.000 kN/m
=-0.900 kN/m

RUNET s oftw are

(EN1991-1-1 5)
(EN1991-1-1 [Link])
(EN1991-1-3 5.3)
(EN1991-1-4 7.2)

STEELexpress Exam ple

Load on purlin
Purlin spacing
Load of roof covering
Purlin weight
Permanent load
Imposed load (category H)
Snow load
Wind uplift

s= 3.000 m
Gk1= 3.000x0.200= 0.60kN/m
Gk2= 0.22 kN/m
Gk =Gk1+Gk2=0.60+0.22=0.82 kN/m
Qkk= 3.000x0.500= 1.50kN/m
Qsk= 3.000x1.500= 4.50kN/m
Qwk=-3.000x0.900=-2.70kN/m

Load on purlin main axis(z)

Permanent load
Imposed load (category H)
Snow load
Wind pressure
Wind uplift

and transverse direction(y)

Gk,z = 0.82xcos(10.00)= 0.81kN/m, Gk,y = 0.82xsin(10.00)= 0.14kN/m
Qkk,z= 1.50xcos(10.00)= 1.48kN/m, Qkk,y= 1.50xsin(10.00)= 0.26kN/m
Qsk,z= 4.50xcos(10.00)= 4.43kN/m, Qsk,y= 4.50xsin(10.00)= 0.78kN/m
Qwk,z=
0.00kN/m, Qwk,y=
0.00kN/m
Qwk,z=
- 2.70kN/m, Qwk,y=
0.00kN/m

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

9.4. Design values of Actions, Load combinations

Ultimate Limit State, Load combinations

(EN1990 [Link], T.A1.2A, T.A1.2B)
Sagging
G,supGk,z+QQk,z+QQwk,z= 1.35x0.81 +1.50x4.43 +1.50x0.70x0.00 = 7.74kN/m
Hogging
G,infGk,z-QQwk,z
= 1.00x0.81 -1.50x2.70
= -3.24kN/m
Transverse
G,supGk,y+QQk,y
= 1.35x0.14 +1.50x0.78
= 1.36kN/m
Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Load combinations
Sagging
Gk,z+Qk,z+Qwk,z = 0.81+4.43+0.70x0.00 = 5.24kN/m
Hogging
Gk,z+Qwk,z
= 0.81-2.70
= -1.89kN/m

(EN1990 6.5.3, T.A1.4)

9.5. Design actions

Design actions, Ultimate Limit State

Sagging
Myed,o= 0.078x 7.74x7.200= 31.29kNm, Myed,s=-0.105x 7.74x7.200= -42.12kNm
Vzed=0.605x7.74x7.200= 33.71kN
Hogging
Myed,o=-0.078x 3.24x7.200= -13.11kNm, Myed,s= 0.105x 3.24x7.200= 17.65kNm
Vzed=0.605x3.24x7.200= 14.12kN
Transverse
Laterally restrained
Design actions, Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
Sagging
Myed,o= 0.078x 5.24x7.200= 21.18kNm, Myed,s=-0.105x 5.24x7.200= -28.52kNm
Hogging
Myed,o=-0.078x 1.89x7.200= -7.65kNm, Myed,s= 0.105x 1.89x7.200= 10.30kNm

100

IPE 200-S 355

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

Properties of cross section

Area
A=
2848
Second moment of area
Iy=19.430x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=194.30x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=220.60x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
82.6
Shear area
Avz=
1400
Torsional constant
It= 0.070x10 6
9
Warping constant
Iw=12.988x10
STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

200.00
100.00
191.50
159.00
5.60
8.50
12.00
22.40

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

8.5

Cross-section

IPE200

5.6

200

9.6. Cross-section properties, Purlins

mm
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

Iz= 1.424x10 6
Wz=28.470x10 3
Wpz=44.610x10 3
iz=
22.4
Avy=
1700
ip=
86

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

STEELexpress Exam ple

9.7. Serviceability Limit State (SLS), Purlins

(EN1993-1-1, 7)

Purlin deflections, Sagging

Loading
G+Q: w= 5.24x7200 4 /(153.6x2.1x10 5 x19.430x10 6 )= 22.47mm
Loading
Q: w= 4.43x7200 4 /(153.6x2.1x10 5 x19.430x10 6 )= 19.00mm
Purlin deflections, Hogging
Loading
G+Q: w=-1.89x7200 4 /(153.6x2.1x10 5 x19.430x10 6 )= -8.11mm
Loading
Q: w=-2.70x7200 4 /(153.6x2.1x10 5 x19.430x10 6 )=-11.58mm
Purlin deflections, Serviceability Limit State (SLS),

= L/321<L/200
= L/379<L/250
= L/886<L/200
= L/620<L/250

Is verified

9.8. Classification of cross-sections, Bending My (Purlin section)

fy
+
c
fy

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Web
c=200.0-2x8.5-2x12.0=159.0 mm, t=5.6 mm, c/t=159.0/5.6=28.39
S 355 , t= 5.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=28.39<=72=72x0.81=58.32
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

Flange
c=100.0/2-5.6/2-12.0=35.2 mm, t=8.5 mm, c/t=35.2/8.5=4.14
S 355 , t= 8.5<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=4.14<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending My,ed

9.9. Resistance of cross-section, Purlin section

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
[Link]= 42.12 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mply,rd=Wplyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x220.60x10 3 x355/1.00= 78.31kNm
My,ed= 42.12 kNm < 78.31 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 42.12/78.31= 0.538<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.6)
[Link]= 33.71 kN
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf=2848-2x100.0x8.5+(5.6+2x12.0)x8.5=1400mm
(EC3 [Link])
Av= 1400mm > hwtw= 1.00x(200.0-2x8.5)x5.6=1.00x191.5x5.6= 1072mm
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ 3)/0= [10 -3 ]x1400x(355/1.73)/1.00= 286.86kN
Vz,ed= 33.71 kN < 286.86 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 33.71/286.86= 0.118<1
hw/tw=(200.0-2x8.5)/5.6=191.5/5.6=34.20<=72x0.81/1.00=72/=58.32 (=1.00)
S 355 , t= 5.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified

(EC3 [Link])

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
[Link]= 0.00kN, [Link]= 33.71kN, [Link]= 42.12kNm
Mpl,y,rd=78.31kNm, Vpl,z,rd=286.86kN
Ned=0 kN, Effect of axial force is neglected
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=33.71kN <= 0.50x286.86=0.50xVpl,rd=143.43kN
Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])

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RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

9.10. Lateral restraining of sheeting

(EC3 EN1993-1-3:2005, 10.1)

Sheeting thickness tw=0.750 mm, Profile depth hw=40.0 mm

Shear stiffness of sheeting
(EN1993-1-3, 10.1.1Eq.10.1b)
S=t 1.5 (50+10b 0.33 )s/hw=0.750 1.5 x(50+10x7200 0.33 x3000/40.0=11842 kNm/m
Minimum required shear stiffness, for lateraly restrained purlin
(10.1.1Eq.10.1a)
Smin=[EIw/L+GIt+EIz(h/2)/L]70/h= [x2.1x10 5 x12.988x10 9 /7200
+8.1x10 4 x0.070x10 6 +x2.1x10 5 x1.424x10 6 x100/7200]x70/200]x[10 -3 ]=11771kNm/m
s=11842 kNm/m > 11771 kNm/m
The sheeting can be considered as sufficientely stiff to restrain the purlins

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Rotational restraint given by the sheeting Cd=1/(1/Cd,a+1/Cd,c)

(EN1993-1-3, [Link])
Cd,c=kEIeff/s, k=2, Ieff=0.3x0.75x39.25=347mm 4 /m, s=3000mm
(Eq.10.16)
Cd,c=[10 -3 ]2x2.1x10 5 x346.6/3000=48.5 kNm/m
Cd,a=C100kbaktkbrkakbt
(EN1993-1-3, Eq.10.17)
C100=2.0, kba=1.25x200/100=2.50, kt=(0.75/0.75) 1.5 =1.00, kbr=1.0, ka=1.0, kbt=1.0
Cd,a=2.0x2.50x1.00x1.0x1.0x1.0=5.0kNm/m
Cd=Cd,a= 4.5kNm/m
9.11. Lateral torsional buckling (Purlin laterally restrained)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)

Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt,eq/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=-1.19, =Mb/Ma=0.00, C1=1.629, C2=0.805
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 4 N/mm, It,eq=It+Cd(kL)/(G)
Hogging
kL=7200mm, zg=-100mm, zj=0mm
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.629, C2=0.805, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.629x[x2.1x10 5 x1.424x10 6 /7200]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(12.988x10 9 /1.424x10 6 )
+7200x8.1x10 4 x0.365x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x1.424x10 6 )
+(-0.805x100)] 0.5 -(-0.805x100) }= 75.1 kNm
It,eq=(0.070x10 6 +10 3 x4.5x7200/(8.1x10 4 ))= 0.365x10 6 mm 4

(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)

,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x220.60x10 3 x355/75.1}=1.021

(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=200/100=2.00<=2.00 buckling curve: b
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.34, =0.75, ,lt=0.687
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.021-0.40)+0.75x1.021]=0.997
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.997+ (0.997-0.75x0.997)]=0.687
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.687
(Eq.6.57)
Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.687x[10 -6 ]x220.60x10 3 x355/1.00=53.80kNm
My,ed= 17.65 kNm < 53.80 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 17.65/53.80= 0.328<1

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

STEELexpress Exam ple

10. COLUMN-002
Design of Build-up Columns,Build-up laced column
( EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005)

Ned =1.35x625+1.50x360=1384kN
x

y
z

3.400 m

273.0x20.0
S 355

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Lcy=1.00x3.400=3.400m

Lcz=1.00x3.400=3.400m

10.1. Design codes

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

Partial safety factors for actions

G= 1.35, Q= 1.50

10.3. Loading

Permanent load
Variable load

(EN1991-1-1 )

Ngk= 625.00kN
Nqk= 360.00kN

10.4. Dimensions

Column length L=3.400 m

Buckling lengthy-y: Lcr,y=1.000x3.400=3.400m
Buckling lengthz-z: Lcr,z=1.000x3.400=3.400m
10.5. Design values of Actions, Load combinations
Ultimate Limit State, Load combinations
Ned = GNgk +QNqk = 1.35x625.00+1.50x360.00= 1383.75kN
STEELexpress
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RUNET s oftw are

(EN1990 [Link], T.A1.2A, T.A1.2B)

STEELexpress Exam ple

10.6. Cross-section properties
Cross-section

O273.0x20.0-S 355

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Mass

273
h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
=

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

273.0x20.0
z

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
3
mm

Iz=127.98x10 6
Wz=937.61x10 3
Wpz=1282.8x10 3
iz=
89.7
Avy=
10120
ip=
127

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Properties of cross section

Area
A=
15896
Second moment of area
Iy=127.98x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=937.61x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=1282.8x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
89.7
Shear area
Avz=
10120
Torsional constant
It=255.97x10 6
3
Torsional modulus
Wt=1875.2x10

273.00
273.00
273.00
273.00
20.00
20.00
124.87

10.7. Classification of cross-sections, Compression Nc

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

d=273.0 mm, t=20.0 mm, d/t=273.0/20.0=13.65

S 355 , t=20.0<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
d/t=13.65<=50=50x0.81=32.80

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Compression Nc,ed

10.8. Resistance of cross-section, Column section

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression

[Link]=1383.75 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd=
Afy/0=[10 -3 ]x15896x355/1.00=5643.24kN
Ned= 1383.75 kN < 5643.24 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 1383.75/5643.24= 0.245<1

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.4)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending and axial force

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
[Link]=1383.75 kN (Compression)
Nplrd=5643.24kN,
Ned=1383.75kN <= 0.25x5643.24=0.25xNplrd=1410.81kN
Ned=1383.75kN > [10 -3 ]x0.5x273.0x20.0x355/1.00=0.5hwtwfy/M0=969.15 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=1384/5643= 0.245
Effect of axial force is considered
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=0 kN, Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])
n=Ned/Npl,rd=1384/5643=0.245
aw=(A-2bt)/A, aw<=0.5, aw=(15896-2x273x20.0)/15896=0.31
af=(A-2ht)/A, af<=0.5, af=(15896-2x273x20.0)/15896=0.31
Mny,rd=Mply,rd(1-n)/(1-0.50aw)=0.00x0.895, Mny,rd<=Mply,rd,
Mnz,rd=Mplz,rd(1-n)/(1-0.50af)=0.00x0.895, Mnz,rd<=Mplz,rd,
My,ed= 0.00 kNm <= 0.00 kNm =Mny,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mny,rd= 0.00/0.00= 1.000<=1

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

([Link].5)

Mny,rd=0.00kNm
Mnz,rd=0.00kNm

(EC3 Eq.6.39)
(EC3 Eq.6.40)

STEELexpress Exam ple

10.9. Flexural Buckling, (Ultimate Limit State)
Nc,ed=1383.75 kN, Lcr,y=3.400 m, Lcr,z=3.400 m
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x3400=3400mm, Lcr,z=1.000x3400=3400mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 )
y= (Afy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)(1/1)=(3400/ 89.7)x(1/76.06)=0.498
z= (Afy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)(1/1)=(3400/ 89.7)x(1/76.06)=0.498
1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06, = (235/fy)=0.81
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: y=0.21, y=0.925
y=0.5[1+y( y-0.2)+ y]=0.5x[1+0.21x(0.498-0.2)+0.498]=0.655
y=1/[y+ (y- y)]=1/[0.655+ (0.655-0.498)]=0.925 <=1 y=0.925
z-z buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: z=0.21, z=0.925
z=0.5[1+z( z-0.2)+ z]=0.5x[1+0.21x(0.498-0.2)+0.498]=0.655
z=1/[z+ (z- z)]=1/[0.655+ (0.655-0.498)]=0.925 <=1 z=0.925

(EC3 [Link])

(T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

(EC3 Eq.6.49)
(EC3 Eq.6.47)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Reduction factor =1/[+ (- )], <=1.0, =0.5[1+( -0.2)+ ], =0.925

-3
Nb,rd=Afy/1= 0.925x[10 ]x15896x355/1.00=5220.00kN
Nc,ed= 1383.75 kN < 5220.00 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 1383.75/5220.00= 0.265<1

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.1)

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RUNET s oftw are

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11. FRAME-001
Two floor frame
( EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005)
FRAME-001

3.000 m

IPE 450

IPE 400

3.500 m

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

IPE 450
S 355

IPE 400

0
4 .2

.0 0

8.400 m

11.1. Design codes

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

EN1991-1-1:2002, Eurocode 1-1 Actions on structures
EN1991-1-3:2003, Eurocode 1-3 Snow loads
EN1991-1-4:2005, Eurocode 1-4 Wind actions
EN1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3 1-1 Design of Steel structures
EN1993-1-3:2005, Eurocode 3 1-3 Cold-formed members
EN1993-1-5:2006, Eurocode 3 1-5 Plated structural elements
EN1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3 1-8 Design of Joints
CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009, Design of fastenings in concrete, General
CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009, Design of fastenings, Headed Fasteners
11.2. Basic data

11.2.1. Geometry of frame structure

Bay width
L = 8.400 m
Column height
H1 = 3.500 m
H2 = 3.000 m
Total length
B = 21.000 m (5x4.200m)
Spacing of frames
s = 4.200 m
Roof slope
= 0.00
Crossbeam spacing
= 3.000 m

11.2.2. Steel sections

Column section
IPE 400 - S 355
Beam section
IPE 450 - S 355
Lateral bracing of columns
Lm1= 3.275 m
Torsional restrains of beams
Lm2= 3.901 m
Compression stiffener at the bottom of corner joint between rafter and column
11.2.3. Steel joints
Type of connection
Category of connection
End Plate
Bolts
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End-plate connection, non-preloaded bolts

Category A: Bearing type
Category D: Non-preloded
Thickness tp=20 mm, S 235
M24, Grade 10.9
RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

11.3. Materials and Code parameters
11.3.1. Materials
Steel: S 355
(EN1993-1-1, 3.2)
t<= 40 mm, Yield strength fy= 355 N/mm, Ultimate strength fu= 510 N/mm
40mm<t<= 80 mm, Yield strength fy= 335 N/mm, Ultimate strength fu= 470 N/mm
Modulus of elasticity E=210000 N/mm, Poisson ratio =0.30, Unit mass = 7850 Kg/m
(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

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STEELexpress Exam ple

11.4. Loads
Permanent load
Self weight of beams
Permanent load on frame
Self weight of columns
Variable load-1
Variable load-2

gk1 = 2.100 kN/m

G(IPE 450)= 0.76kN/m
Gk1 = 2.10+0.76= 2.86kN/m
G(IPE 400)= 0.65kN/m
Qk1 = 8.400 kN/m
Hk1 = 6.300 kN

Qk=8.40kN/m

gk2 = 2.100 kN/m

G(IPE 450)= 0.76kN/m
Gk2 = 2.10+0.76= 2.86kN/m
G(IPE 400)= 0.65kN/m
Qk2 = 8.400 kN/m
Hk2 = 6.300 kN

Load Gk,Qk,Hk

Gk=2.10+0.76kN/m
Hk=6.30kN

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Qk=8.40kN/m
Gk=2.10+0.76kN/m

Hk=6.30kN

STEELexpress
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STEELexpress Exam ple

11.4.1. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR)
Ed = GGk + QQk1 + QQk2
G,sup=1.35 (Unfavorable)
G,inf=1.00 (Favorable )
Q
=1.50 (Unfavorable)
Q
=0.00 (Favorable )

=0.70 (Load combination)

Load combinations (ULS)(STR),
Permanent load Gk, Variable load-1 Qk Variable load-2 Hk
L.C. 201: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk
L.C. 202: 1.35Gk+1.50Hk
L.C. 221: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.70x1.50Hk= 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
L.C. 222: 1.35Gk+1.50Hk+0.70x1.50Qk= 1.35xGk+1.50Hk+1.05Qk

(Eq.6.10)

(Eq.6.10)
(Eq.6.10)
(Eq.6.10)
(Eq.6.10)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

11.4.2. Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Ed = Gk + Qk1
+ Qk2 + Qk3 (Characteristic combination)
Load combinations (SLS)
Permanent load Gk, Variable load-1 Qk Variable load-2 Hk
L.C. 301: Gk+Qk
L.C. 302: Gk+Hk
L.C. 311: G + Qk + 0.70Hk
L.C. 312: G + Hk + 0.70Qk

(Eq.6.14b)

(Eq.6.14a)
(Eq.6.14a)
(Eq.6.14a)
(Eq.6.14a)

11.4.3. Summary of load combination

Permanent load Gk, Variable load-1 Qk Variable load-2 Hk
1 L.C. 201 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.00Hk
2 L.C. 202 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+0.00Qk+1.50Hk
3 L.C. 221 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
4 L.C. 222 (ULS)(STR) 1.35Gk+1.05Qk+1.50Hk
5 L.C. 301 (SLS)
1.00Gk+1.00Qk+0.00Hk
6 L.C. 302 (SLS)
1.00Gk+0.00Qk+1.00Hk
7 L.C. 311 (SLS)
1.00Gk+1.00Qk+0.70Hk
8 L.C. 312 (SLS)
1.00Gk+0.70Qk+1.00Hk

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11.5. Steel sections

Cross-section properties
Cross-section

21
8.6

IPE400

IPE 400-S 355

y
h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

400.00
180.00
386.50
331.00
8.60
13.50
21.00
66.30

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

180

400

13.5

11.5.1. Column section

Properties of cross section

Area
A=
8446
Second moment of area
Iy=231.30x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=1156.0x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=1307.0x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
165.5
Shear area
Avz=
4269
Torsional constant
It= 0.511x10 6
9
Warping constant
Iw=490.05x10

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

Iz=13.180x10 6
Wz=146.40x10 3
Wpz=229.00x10 3
iz=
39.5
Avy=
4860
ip=
170

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

11.5.2. Beam section

IPE 450-S 355

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

Properties of cross section

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

450.00
190.00
435.40
378.80
9.40
14.60
21.00
77.60

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

Iz=16.760x10 6
Wz=176.40x10 3
Wpz=276.40x10 3
iz=
41.2
Avy=
5548
ip=
189

190

9.4

IPE450

450

Cross-section

14.6

Cross-section properties

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

STEELexpress Exam ple

11.6. Finite Element Analysis
The
The
The
The

(EN1993-1-1, 5.1)

2-dimensional finite element program FRAME2Dexpres RUNET is used for the analysis.
column bases are assumed to be pinned.
connection of rafter to column are assumed to be fully rigid.
global or local imperfections are taken into account by equivalent loads.

Linear-elastic analysis is used for the design of static loads.

11.6.1. Data used for elastic analysis

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Nodal points
Node
x [mm]
y[mm]
1
0
0
2
0
3500
3
0
6500
4
8400
6500
5
8400
3500
6
8400
0
Supports
Node
kind
ux[mm]
uy[mm]
1
pin ux=uy=0
6
pin ux=uy=0
Elements
Element node 1 node 2 length(mm) angle()
1
1
2
3500
90.00
2
2
3
3000
90.00
3
2
5
8400
0.00
4
3
4
8400
0.00
5
4
5
3000
270.00
6
5
6
3500
270.00

ur[rad]

E(GPa)
210
210
210
210
210
210

Finite element model (FEM)

A(mm 2 )
8446
8446
9882
9882
8446
8446

I(mm 4 )
231300x10 3
231300x10 3
337400x10 3
337400x10 3
231300x10 3
231300x10 3

Linear elastic analysis

11.6.2. Element uniform loads, q perpendicular to element, qy vertical, qx horisontal [kN/m]

L.C.
201 ULS-STR
202 ULS-STR
221 ULS-STR
222 ULS-STR
301 SLS
302 SLS
311 SLS
312 SLS

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

Column(1)
q
qy
0.00
0.88
0.00
0.88
0.00
0.88
0.00
0.88
0.00
0.65
0.00
0.65
0.00
0.65
0.00
0.65

qx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Column(2)
6
q
qy
0.00
0.88
0.00
0.88
0.00
0.88
0.00
0.88
0.00
0.65
0.00
0.65
0.00
0.65
0.00
0.65

RUNET s oftw are

qx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Beam(1)
q
qy
0.00 16.46
0.00
3.86
0.00 16.46
0.00 12.68
0.00 11.26
0.00
2.86
0.00 11.26
0.00
8.74

qx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Beam(2)
q
qy
0.00 16.46
0.00
3.86
0.00 16.46
0.00 12.68
0.00 11.26
0.00
2.86
0.00 11.26
0.00
8.74

qx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

STEELexpress Exam ple

11.7. Results of static-linear-elastic analysis
11.7.1. Displacements [mm]
L.C.
201 ULS-STR
202 ULS-STR
221 ULS-STR
222 ULS-STR
301
302
311
312

Hor. defl. Column

Dx mm
0.096
2.836
2.066
2.888

SLS
SLS
SLS
SLS

Bending Defl. Beam(1)

wy mm
3.012
0.707
3.012
2.320

0.066
1.893
1.379
1.927

Bending Defl. Beam(2)

wy mm
4.961
1.149
4.951
3.808

2.060
0.523
2.060
1.599

3.394
0.852
3.387
2.625

11.7.2. Reactions at the supports

Horizontal Force

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

L.C.
201 ULS-STR
202 ULS-STR
221 ULS-STR
222 ULS-STR

Hed [kN], Vertical Force Ved [kN], Moment Med [kNm]

Left support 1
Right support 2
Hed,1 kN Ved,1 kN Med,1 kNm
Hed,2 kN Ved,2 kN Med,2 kNm
6.8
144.0
0.0
-6.8
144.0
0.0
-3.2
34.2
0.0
-6.3
42.1
0.0
3.5
141.2
0.0
-10.1
146.7
0.0
0.5
108.3
0.0
-10.0
116.2
0.0

301
302
311
312

SLS
SLS
SLS
SLS

4.7
-2.0
2.5
0.5

98.8
25.6
97.0
75.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

-4.7
-4.3
-6.9
-6.8

98.8
30.9
100.6
80.3

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

11.7.3. Axial forces Ned [kN]

L.C.
201 ULS-STR
202 ULS-STR
221 ULS-STR
222 ULS-STR
301
302
311
312

Column(1)
Ned,6
-142.4
-40.5
-145.2
-114.6

Column(2)
Ned,5
-70.5
-18.3
-71.0
-55.3

-97.7
-29.7
-99.5
-79.1

-48.3
-13.5
-48.6
-38.2

SLS
SLS
SLS
SLS

Beam(1)
Ned,3
40.8
4.9
37.5
26.8

Beam(2)
Ned,4
-47.6
-11.2
-47.7
-36.7

27.9
4.0
25.7
18.6

-32.6
-8.3
-32.6
-25.3

11.7.4. Shearing forces Ved [kN]

Column(1)
VedA,6 VedB,6
6.8
6.8
6.3
6.3
10.1
10.1
10.0
10.0

201
202
221
222

L.C.
ULS-STR
ULS-STR
ULS-STR
ULS-STR

301
302
311
312

SLS
SLS
SLS
SLS

4.7
4.3
6.9
6.8

Column(2)
VedA,5 VedB,5
47.6
47.6
11.2
11.2
47.7
47.7
36.7
36.7
32.6
8.3
32.6
25.3

Beam(1)
VedA,3 VedB,3
69.1 -69.1
13.0 -19.4
66.9 -71.4
50.1 -56.4

32.6
8.3
32.6
25.3

47.3
9.9
45.8
34.6

-47.3
-14.1
-48.8
-38.8

Beam(2)
VedA,4 VedB,4
69.1 -69.1
15.4 -17.0
68.6 -69.7
52.5 -54.0
47.3
11.5
46.9
36.2

-47.3
-12.5
-47.7
-37.2

A:left end, B: right end

11.7.5. Bending moments Med [kNm]

L.C.
201 ULS-STR
202 ULS-STR
221 ULS-STR
222 ULS-STR
301
302
311
312

SLS
SLS
SLS
SLS

MedA,6
-23.9
-22.0
-35.4
-34.8

Column(1)
MedM,6
-12.0
-11.0
-17.7
-17.4

MedB,6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

MedA,5
-79.3
-21.9
-81.6
-64.4

Column(2)
MedM,5
-7.9
-5.0
-10.1
-9.2

MedB,5
63.5
11.8
61.4
45.9

-16.4
-15.1
-24.0
-23.6

-8.2
-7.5
-12.0
-11.8

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

-54.2
-16.0
-55.8
-44.3

-5.4
-3.5
-6.9
-6.3

43.5
9.0
42.0
31.7

A:left end, C:haunch end, M: span, B: right end

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

L.C.
201 ULS-STR
202 ULS-STR
221 ULS-STR
222 ULS-STR
301
302
311
312

SLS
SLS
SLS
SLS

MedA,3
-87.5
-7.2
-78.2
-54.1

Beam(1)
MedM,3
57.7
14.8
57.8
44.8

MedB,3
-87.5
-33.8
-96.8
-80.7

MedA,4
-79.3
-15.4
-77.1
-57.9

Beam(2)
MedM,4
65.9
15.5
65.9
50.7

MedB,4
-79.3
-21.9
-81.6
-64.4

-59.8
-6.3
-53.6
-37.6

39.5
10.8
39.6
30.9

-59.8
-24.1
-66.1
-55.3

-54.2
-11.7
-52.8
-40.0

45.1
11.5
45.1
35.0

-54.2
-16.0
-55.8
-44.3

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

A:left end, C:haunch end, M: span, B: right end

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

L.C. 201 Displacements mm

L.C. 201 Bend. moments kNm

-79.3 kNm

-87.5 kNm

-87.5 kNm
65.9 kNm

-23.9 kNm

y=5.6 mm

-23.9 kNm
63.5 kNm

63.5 kNm
57.7 kNm

y=4.5 mm

69.1 kN

L.C. 201 Axial forces kN

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

L.C. 201 Shear forces kN

69.1 kN

-47.6 kN

-69.1 kN

-47.6 kN

47.6 kN

-71.8 kN

40.8 kN

-71.8 kN

-69.1 kN

-6.8 kN

6.8 kN

-144.0 kN

L.C. 202 Displacements mm

L.C. 202 Bend. moments kNm

x=2.8 mm

-15.4
kNm
-15.4
kNm

x=2.3 mm

11.1
kNm
-7.2
kNm

18.3 kNm

y=1.0 mm

L.C. 202 Shear forces kN

-21.9 kNm

-22.0 kNm

-33.8 kNm

11.8 kNm

14.8 kNm

L.C. 202 Axial forces kN

-11.2 kN

-17.0 kN

13.0 kN
-11.2 kN

-21.9 kNm

15.5 kNm

y=1.3 mm

15.4 kN

-144.0 kN

11.2 kN

-18.1 kN

-19.6 kN

4.9 kN

-19.4 kN

3.2 kN

6.3 kN

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

-34.2 kN

-42.1 kN

STEELexpress Exam ple

L.C. 221 Displacements mm

L.C. 221 Bend. moments kNm

-81.6 kNm

-77.1 kNm
-77.1 kNm

x=1.9 mm

-81.6 kNm

-96.8 kNm

-78.2 kNm
y=5.6 mm

65.9 kNm

-12.3 kNm

x=1.7 mm

-35.4 kNm

65.9 kNm

61.4 kNm
57.8 kNm

y=4.5 mm

66.9 kN

L.C. 221 Axial forces kN

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

L.C. 221 Shear forces kN

68.6 kN

-47.7 kN

-69.7 kN

-47.7 kN

47.7 kN

-71.2 kN

-72.3 kN

37.5 kN

-71.4 kN

-3.5 kN

10.1 kN

-141.2 kN

L.C. 222 Displacements mm

-146.7 kN

L.C. 222 Bend. moments kNm

-64.4 kNm

-57.9 kNm

x=2.7 mm

-57.9 kNm

-64.4 kNm

x=2.4 mm

-80.7 kNm

50.7 kNm

-54.1 kNm

y=4.3 mm

-1.8 kNm

-34.8 kNm

52.3 kNm

44.8 kNm

y=3.4 mm

L.C. 222 Shear forces kN

52.5 kN

50.1 kN

45.9 kNm

L.C. 222 Axial forces kN

-36.7 kN

-54.0 kN

-36.7 kN

36.7 kN

-55.1 kN

-56.7 kN

26.8 kN

-56.4 kN

-0.5 kN

10.0 kN

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

-108.3 kN

-116.2 kN

STEELexpress Exam ple

11.8. Global analysis

(EN1993-1-1, 5.2)

11.8.1. Effects of deformed geometry of the structure

(EN1993-1-1, 5.2.1)

cr=(Hnhf/Ved)(h/h,ed)
(Eq.5.2)
From elastic analysis we obtain, L.C. 221: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.70x1.50Hk= 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Vertical reaction at the base of column
Ved= 146.7 kN
Horizontal reaction at the base of column
Hed= 10.1 kN
Axial force at rafters
Nred= 47.7 kN
Notional horizontal force applied at the top of the columns
Hnhf=
1.0 kN
Horizontal deflection at column top for notional force
h,ed= 1.09 mm
cr=(1.0/146.7)(3000/1.09)=18.79

(Eq.5.2)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Check axial compression of rafters. Axial compression is significant if

(5.2.1,(4)B)
= (Afy/Ncr) > 0.3 (Afy/Ned),
Ned>0.09Ncr
(5.2.1 Eq.5.3)
Development length of the rafter pair from column to column L=8400/cos0.00 =8400mm
Ncr=EI/L=x210x337.40x10 6 /(8400)=9910.7kN
Maximum axial force in the rafters Ned=47.7 kN, L.C. 221: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.70x1.50Hk
= (9882x355/9910728) =0.59 <= 0.3 (9882x355/47655)=2.57
Axial compression of rafters is not significant, we can use Eq.5.2
cr=18.79 > 10
First-order elastic analysis may be used
Amplification factor for design moments =1/(1-1/cr)=1/(1-1/18.79)=1.06
11.8.2. Imperfections for global analysis

(Eq.5.1)
([Link])
(Eq.5.4)

(EN1993-1-1, 5.3.2)

=hm=(1/200)x1.000x0.866x1.056=4.574x10 -3 =1/219
=1/200, h=2/ h=2/ 3.000=1.000 2/3<=h<=1.0, m= (0.5(1+1/2))=0.866
Sway imperfection may be disregarded where Hed>0.15Ved
Effect of initial sway imperfection Heq=4.574x10 -3 xVed
11.8.3. Sway imperfections for columns

Reactions at the supports, Horizontal Force

ULS-STR
ULS-STR
ULS-STR
ULS-STR
SLS
SLS
SLS
SLS

201
202
221
222
301
302
311
312

Left support 1
Hed,1
Ved,1
6.8
144.0
-3.2
34.2
3.5
141.2
0.5
108.3
4.7
98.8
-2.0
25.6
2.5
97.0
0.5
75.0

(Eq.5.5)

(5.3.2(4) Eq.5.7)
(5.3.2 (5))

(EN1993-1-1, 5.3.2)

Hed [kN], Vertical Force Ved [kN]

Right support 2 Hed1+Hed2

Hed,2
Ved,2
Hed
69.1
47.6
76.0
17.0
11.2
13.8
69.7
47.7
73.2
54.0
36.7
54.5
47.3
32.6
52.0
12.5
8.3
10.5
47.7
32.6
50.1
37.2
25.3
37.7

Ved1+Ved2
Ved
Hed/Vhe
191.6
0.40
45.4
0.30
188.9
0.39
145.0
0.38
131.4
0.40
33.9
0.31
129.6
0.39
100.3
0.38

Ved
Heq kN
0.658
0.192
0.671
0.531
0.452
0.141
0.460
0.367

11.8.4. Internal forces and bending moments with imperfection effect

11.8.5. Axial forces Ned [kN]
Column(1)
L.C.
Ned,6
201 ULS-STR
-143.2
202 ULS-STR
-40.8
221 ULS-STR
-146.0
222 ULS-STR
-115.3
301 SLS
-98.2
302 SLS
-29.9
311 SLS
-100.1
312 SLS
-79.6

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

Column(2)
Ned,5
-70.7
-18.4
-71.2
-55.5
-48.4
-13.5
-48.8
-38.3

RUNET s oftw are

Beam(1)
Ned,3
40.4
4.8
37.2
26.5
27.7
3.9
25.5
18.4

Beam(2)
Ned,4
-47.9
-11.3
-48.0
-37.0
-32.8
-8.4
-32.8
-25.5

STEELexpress Exam ple

11.8.6. Shearing forces Ved [kN]
Column(1)
Column(2)
L.C.
VedA,6 VedB,6
VedA,5 VedB,5
201 ULS-STR
7.5
7.5
47.9
47.9
202 ULS-STR
6.5
6.5
11.3
11.3
221 ULS-STR
10.8
10.8
48.0
48.0
222 ULS-STR
10.5
10.5
37.0
37.0
301 SLS
5.1
5.1
32.8
32.8
302 SLS
4.5
4.5
8.4
8.4
311 SLS
7.3
7.3
32.8
32.8
312 SLS
7.1
7.1
25.5
25.5

Beam(1)
VedA,3 VedB,3
68.6 -69.7
12.9 -19.5
66.3 -71.9
49.6 -56.9
46.9 -47.7
9.8 -14.2
45.4 -49.2
34.3 -39.1

Beam(2)
VedA,4 VedB,4
68.9 -69.4
15.4 -17.0
68.4 -69.9
52.3 -54.2
47.1 -47.4
11.5 -12.6
46.8 -47.8
36.1 -37.3

A:left end, B: right end

MedB,6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

MedA,5
-80.2
-22.2
-82.5
-65.1
-54.9
-16.2
-56.4
-44.8

Column(2)
MedM,5
-8.3
-5.2
-10.6
-9.6
-5.7
-3.6
-7.2
-6.5

MedB,5
63.6
11.8
61.4
45.9
43.5
9.0
42.1
31.7

MedA,4
-78.3
-15.2
-76.1
-57.2
-53.6
-11.5
-52.1
-39.5

Beam(2)
MedM,4
65.9
15.5
65.9
50.7
45.1
11.5
45.1
35.0

MedB,4
-80.2
-22.2
-82.5
-65.1
-54.9
-16.2
-56.4
-44.8

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

11.8.7. Bending moments Med [kNm]

Column(1)
L.C.
MedA,6
MedM,6
201 ULS-STR
-26.2
-13.1
202 ULS-STR
-22.7
-11.3
221 ULS-STR
-37.8
-18.9
222 ULS-STR
-36.7
-18.4
301 SLS
-18.0
-9.0
302 SLS
-15.6
-7.8
311 SLS
-25.6
-12.8
312 SLS
-24.9
-12.5

A:left end, C:haunch end, M: span, B: right end

L.C.
201 ULS-STR
202 ULS-STR
221 ULS-STR
222 ULS-STR
301 SLS
302 SLS
311 SLS
312 SLS

MedA,3
-85.1
-6.5
-75.8
-52.2
-58.2
-5.8
-52.0
-36.3

Beam(1)
MedM,3
57.7
15.0
57.9
45.0
39.5
10.9
39.6
31.0

MedB,3
-89.8
-34.5
-99.2
-82.6
-61.5
-24.6
-67.7
-56.6

A:left end, C:haunch end, M: span, B: right end

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STEELexpress Exam ple

11.9. Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
11.9.1. Vertical deflection at the apex
Maximum vertical deflection, L.C. 301: Gk+Qk
Dy=
Limit for vertical deflection L/200, Is verified
11.9.2. Horizontal deflection at the top of column
Maximum horizontal deflection, L.C. 302: Gk+Hk
Dx=
Limit for horizontal deflection H/150, Is verified

(EN1993-1-1, 7.2.1)
2.1 mm= 8400/4000=L/4000

(EN1993-1-1, 7.2.2)
1.5 mm= 3500/2000=h/2000

(EN1993-1-1, 7.2.3)

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11.9.3. Dynamic effects

Eigenfrequencies and Eigenperiods of the structure
Mass of building, for loading: L.C. 301: Gk+Qk
1 f=
1.995 Hz T=
0.501 sec
2 f= 10.562 Hz T=
0.095 sec
3 f= 11.592 Hz T=
0.086 sec
4 f= 15.916 Hz T=
0.063 sec
5 f= 33.114 Hz T=
0.030 sec
6 f= 40.156 Hz T=
0.025 sec
7 f= 79.995 Hz T=
0.013 sec
8 f= 84.829 Hz T=
0.012 sec
9 f= 91.773 Hz T=
0.011 sec
10 f= 132.348 Hz T=
0.008 sec

(EN1993-1-1, 7)

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STEELexpress Exam ple

11.10. Column verification, Column(1),

(Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6)

Profile : IPE 400-S 355

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned = 147.5 kN
Ved =
10.8 kN
Myed =
37.8 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Myed =
35.3 kNm (Column top under the beam)
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
Lcr,y =3078mm (Braced members)
(EC3 5.5.2.(7))
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z =3275mm (System length)
Buckling length,Torsional buckling
Lcr,t =3275mm
Buckling length,Lateral torsional buckling Lcr,lt=3275mm
11.10.1. Classification of cross-sections, Column(1)

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

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Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Ael Myed/Wel.y Mzed/Wel.z

=[10 3 ]147.50/8446 [10 6 ]37.80/1156.0x10 [10 6 ]0.00/146.4x10
1=50 N/mm, 2=-15 N/mm (compression positive)
Web
c=400.0-2x13.5-2x21.0=331.0 mm, t=8.6 mm, c/t=331.0/8.6=38.49
S 355 , t= 8.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
Ned/(2twfy/M0)=147500/(2x8.6x355/1.00)=24.2 mm
=(331.0/2+24.2)/331.0=0.573>0.5
c/t=38.49<=396x0.81/(13x0.573-1)=49.74
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)
Flange
c=180.0/2-8.6/2-21.0=64.7 mm, t=13.5 mm, c/t=64.7/13.5=4.79
S 355 , t=13.5<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=4.79<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed

11.10.2. Resistance of cross-section, Column(1) (Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.4)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]=147.50 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd=
Afy/0=[10 -3 ]x8446x355/1.00=2998.33kN
Ned= 147.50 kN < 2998.33 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 147.50/2998.33= 0.049<1
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 37.80 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mply,rd=Wplyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/1.00= 463.98kNm
My,ed= 37.80 kNm < 463.98 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 37.80/463.98= 0.081<1
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.6)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 10.80 kN
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf=8446-2x180.0x13.5+(8.6+2x21.0)x13.5=4269mm
(EC3 [Link])
Av= 4269mm > hwtw= 1.00x(400.0-2x13.5)x8.6=1.00x386.5x8.6= 3324mm
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ 3)/0= [10 -3 ]x4269x(355/1.73)/1.00= 874.99kN
Vz,ed= 10.80 kN < 874.99 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 10.80/874.99= 0.012<1

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hw/tw=(400.0-2x13.5)/8.6=386.5/8.6=44.94<=72x0.81/1.00=72/=58.32 (=1.00)
S 355 , t= 8.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified

(EC3 [Link])

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 147.50kN (Compression), [Link]= 10.80kN, [Link]= 37.80kNm
Nplrd=2998.33kN, Mpl,y,rd=463.98kNm, Vpl,z,rd=874.99kN
Ned=147.50kN <= 0.25x2998.33=0.25xNplrd=749.58kN
Ned=147.50kN <= [10 -3 ]x0.5x386.5x8.6x355/1.00=0.5hwtwfy/M0=589.99 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=148/2998= 0.049
Effect of axial force is neglected
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=10.80kN <= 0.50x874.99=0.50xVpl,rd=437.49kN
Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])
Is verified

Ex E
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My,ed= 37.80 kNm < 463.98 kNm =Mply,rd,

My,ed/Mply,rd= 37.80/463.98= 0.081<1

11.10.3. Buckling length, In-plane buckling

(EN1993-1-1,

[Link])

Buckling lengths ENV 1993-1-1:1992 Annex E

kc=Ic1/H1=231x10 6 /3500= 66085.71, k1=Ic2/H2=231x10 6 /3000= 77100.00
k12= 1.50Ib1/L= 1.50x337x10 6 /8400= 60250.00
2=1.00, 1= (Kc+k1)/(kc+k1+k12)=(66085.71+77100.00)/(66085.71+77100.00+60250.00)= 0.704
Column in braced frame, ky=0.879, Lcr,y=0.879x3500=3078mm, ENV 1993-1-1:1992 Annex E.5

11.10.4. Flexural Buckling, Column(1) (Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.1)
Nc,ed=147.50 kN, Lcr,y=3.078 m, Lcr,z=3.275 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=0.879x3500=3078mm, Lcr,z=0.936x3500=3275mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 )
(EC3 [Link])
y= (Afy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)(1/1)=(3078/165.5)x(1/76.06)=0.245
z= (Afy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)(1/1)=(3275/ 39.5)x(1/76.06)=1.090
1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06, = (235/fy)=0.81

h/b=400/180=2.22>=1.20, tf=13.5mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: y=0.21, y=0.990
y=0.5[1+y( y-0.2)+ y]=0.5x[1+0.21x(0.245-0.2)+0.245]=0.535
y=1/[y+ (y- y)]=1/[0.535+ (0.535-0.245)]=0.990 <=1 y=0.990
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: z=0.34, z=0.541
z=0.5[1+z( z-0.2)+ z]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.090-0.2)+1.090]=1.245
z=1/[z+ (z- z)]=1/[1.245+ (1.245-1.090)]=0.541 <=1 z=0.541

Reduction factor =1/[+ (- )], <=1.0, =0.5[1+( -0.2)+ ], =0.541

-3
Nb,rd=Afy/1= 0.541x[10 ]x8446x355/1.00=1622.10kN
Nc,ed= 147.50 kN < 1622.10 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 147.50/1622.10= 0.091<1

(T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

(EC3 Eq.6.49)
(EC3 Eq.6.47)

11.10.5. Lateral torsional buckling, Column(1) (ULS)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)
My,ed=35.34 kN, L=3.500m, Lcr,y=3.078m, Lcr,z=3.275m, Lcr,lt=3.275m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mb/Ma=0.0/-35.3=0.00, C1=1.770, C2=0.000, C3=1.000,
4
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm
kL=3275mm, zg=h/2=400/2=200mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=0.9, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.770, C2=0.000, C3=1.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.770x[x2.1x10 5 x13.180x10 6 /3275]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(490.05x10 9 /13.180x10 6 )
+3275x8.1x10 4 x0.511x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x13.180x10 6 )] 0.5 }= 1041.5 kNm

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STEELexpress Exam ple

,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/1041.5}=0.667
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=400/180=2.22>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.49, =0.75, ,lt=0.846
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.667-0.40)+0.75x0.667]=0.733
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.733+ (0.733-0.75x0.733)]=0.846
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.846
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.667=2.24
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.667-0.8)]=0.880, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.846/0.880=0.961, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=2.24, ,lt,mod=0.961
Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.961x[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/1.00=445.89kNm
My,ed= 35.34 kNm < 445.89 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 35.34/445.89= 0.079<1

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.3)

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11.10.6. Axial force and bending moment, Column(1) (ULS)

Ned=147.50 kN, My,ed=35.34 kNm

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Nrk=Afy=[10 -3 ]x8446x355=2998.3 kN
My,rk=Wpl,yfy=[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355=464.0 kNm
yNrk/1=yAfy/1= 0.990x[10 -3 ]x8446x355/1.00=2968.3kN
-3
zNrk/1=zAfy/1= 0.541x[10 ]x8446x355/1.00=1622.1kN
LTMy,rk/1=LTWpl,yfy/1= 0.961x[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/1.00=445.9kNm

(EC3 Eq.6.61)
(EC3 Eq.6.62)
(Tab.6.7)

Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A

(EC3 AnnexA)

kyy=CmyCmLT(y/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Cyy), y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)
kzy=CmyCmLT(z/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Czy)0.60 (wy/wz), z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)
Ncr,y=y/lcr,y=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x231.30x10 6 / 3078= 50601 kN
Ncr,z=z/lcr,z=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x13.180x10 6 / 3275= 2547 kN
Ncr,t=(1/ip)x(GIt + w/Lcr,t)
Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/170)[80769x 0.511x10 6 +x210000x490.05x10 9 /2880]=5655 kN

(EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)

y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)=(1- 147.5/ 50601)/(1-0.990x 147.5/ 50601)=1.000

z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)=(1- 147.5/ 2547)/(1-0.541x 147.5/ 2547)=0.973
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 0.511x10 6 /231.30x10 6 =0.998

wy=Wpl,y/Wel,y<=1.50, wy= 1.307x10 6 / 1.156x10 6 =1.131 <= 1.50

wz=Wpl,z/Wel,z<=1.50, wz= 0.229x10 6 / 0.146x10 6 =1.564 > 1.50 , wz=1.50
npl=Ned/(Nrk/1)=147.50/(2998.30/1.00)=0.049
max=max(0.245,1.090)=1.090
Mcr,o=(1.00/1.77)x1041.50=588.4, C1=1.00
o= ([10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/588.4)=0.890
o,lim=0.2 C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25
o,lim=0.2 1.770 [(1-147.5/2547)(1-147.5/5655)] 0.25 =0.260
y=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x35.34/147.50)x(8446.0/1156.0x10 3 )=1.75

Cmy,o=0.79+0.21+0.36(-0.33)x(147.50/50601.0)=1.001, (=1.00)
o=0.890 > o,lim=0.260
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( yalt)/(1+ yalt)=
=1.001+(1-1.001)x( 1.751x0.998)/(1+ 1.751x0.998) = 1.000
Cmlt=Cmyalt/ [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.000x0.998/ [(1-147.5/2547.0)(1-147.5/5655.0)]=1.042, Cmlt=1.042

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(EC3 Tab.A.1)

(EC3 Annex A.1)

(EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

STEELexpress Exam ple

Cyy=1+(wy-1)[(2-1.6Cmy max/wy-1.6Cmy max/wy)npl-blt]>=Wel,y/Wpl,y
(Annex A, T.A.1)
blt=0.5alt o[My,ed/(,ltMpl,y,rd)](Mz,ed/Mpl,z,rd) =
=0.5x0.998x0.890[35.3/(0.961x410.4)](0.0/52.0) = 0.000
Cyy=1+(1.131-1)[(2-1.6x1.000x1.090/1.131-1.6x1.000x1.090/1.131)x0.049-0.000]=0.992
Cyy>=1156.0x10 3 /1307.0x10 3 =0.884, Cyy=0.992
Czy=1+(wy-1)[(2-14.0Cmy max/wy 5 )npl-dlt]>=0.6 (wy/wz)(Wel,y/Wpl,y)
(Annex A, T.A.1)
- 4
dlt=2alt[ o/(0.1+ z )][My,ed/(Cmy,ltMpl,y,rd)][Mz,ed/(CmzMpl,z,rd)]=
=20.998x[0.890/(0.1+1.090 4 )][35.3/(1.000x0.961x410.4)][0.0/(0.000x52.0)]=0.000
Czy=1+(1.131-1)[(2-14.0x1.000x1.090/1.131 5 )0.049-0.000]=0.955
Czy>=0.6 (1.131/1.500)(1156.0x10 3 /1307.0x10 3 )=0.461, Czy=0.955
Cyy=0.992, Czy=0.955
kyy=1.000x1.042x1.000/(1-147.50/50601.0)x(1/0.992)=1.053
kzy=1.000x1.042x0.973/(1-147.50/50601.0)x(1/0.955)x0.6x (1.131/1.500)=0.555

(Annex A, T.A.1)

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Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
147.5/(0.990x2998.3/1.00)+1.053x35.3/(0.961x464.0/1.00)=0.050+0.083=0.133
0.133< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
147.5/(0.541x2998.3/1.00)+0.555x35.3/(0.961x464.0/1.00)=0.091+0.044=0.135
0.135< 1.000, Is verified
11.11. Column verification, Column(2),

(Ultimate Limit State)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)

(EC3 Eq.6.62)

(EN1993-1-1, 6)

Profile : IPE 400-S 355

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned =
72.5 kN
Ved =
48.0 kN
Myed =
82.5 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Myed =
71.7 kNm (Column top under the beam)
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
Lcr,y =2244mm (Braced members)
(EC3 5.5.2.(7))
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z =2775mm (System length)
Buckling length,Torsional buckling
Lcr,t =2775mm
Buckling length,Lateral torsional buckling Lcr,lt=2775mm
11.11.1. Classification of cross-sections, Column(2)

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Ael Myed/Wel.y Mzed/Wel.z

=[10 3 ]72.50/8446 [10 6 ]82.50/1156.0x10 [10 6 ]0.00/146.4x10
1=80 N/mm, 2=-63 N/mm (compression positive)
Web
c=400.0-2x13.5-2x21.0=331.0 mm, t=8.6 mm, c/t=331.0/8.6=38.49
S 355 , t= 8.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
Ned/(2twfy/M0)=72500/(2x8.6x355/1.00)=11.9 mm
=(331.0/2+11.9)/331.0=0.536>0.5
c/t=38.49<=396x0.81/(13x0.536-1)=53.76
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)
Flange
c=180.0/2-8.6/2-21.0=64.7 mm, t=13.5 mm, c/t=64.7/13.5=4.79
S 355 , t=13.5<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=4.79<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

+
c

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed

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STEELexpress Exam ple

11.11.2. Resistance of cross-section, Column(2) (Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.4)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 72.50 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd=
Afy/0=[10 -3 ]x8446x355/1.00=2998.33kN
Ned= 72.50 kN < 2998.33 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 72.50/2998.33= 0.024<1
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 82.50 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mply,rd=Wplyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/1.00= 463.98kNm
My,ed= 82.50 kNm < 463.98 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 82.50/463.98= 0.178<1

Ex E
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Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.6)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 48.00 kN
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf=8446-2x180.0x13.5+(8.6+2x21.0)x13.5=4269mm
(EC3 [Link])
Av= 4269mm > hwtw= 1.00x(400.0-2x13.5)x8.6=1.00x386.5x8.6= 3324mm
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ 3)/0= [10 -3 ]x4269x(355/1.73)/1.00= 874.99kN
Vz,ed= 48.00 kN < 874.99 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 48.00/874.99= 0.055<1
hw/tw=(400.0-2x13.5)/8.6=386.5/8.6=44.94<=72x0.81/1.00=72/=58.32 (=1.00)
S 355 , t= 8.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified

(EC3 [Link])

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 72.50kN (Compression), [Link]= 48.00kN, [Link]= 82.50kNm
Nplrd=2998.33kN, Mpl,y,rd=463.98kNm, Vpl,z,rd=874.99kN
Ned=72.50kN <= 0.25x2998.33=0.25xNplrd=749.58kN
Ned=72.50kN <= [10 -3 ]x0.5x386.5x8.6x355/1.00=0.5hwtwfy/M0=589.99 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=73/2998= 0.024
Effect of axial force is neglected
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=48.00kN <= 0.50x874.99=0.50xVpl,rd=437.49kN
Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])

My,ed= 82.50 kNm < 463.98 kNm =Mply,rd,

My,ed/Mply,rd= 82.50/463.98= 0.178<1

Is verified

11.11.3. Buckling length, In-plane buckling

(EN1993-1-1,

[Link])

Buckling lengths ENV 1993-1-1:1992 Annex E

kc=Ic2/H2=231x10 6 /3000=77100.00, k2=Ic1x10 6 /H1=231/3500=66085.71
k12=1.50Ib2/L=1.50x337x10 6 /8400=60250.00, k22=1.50Ib1/L=1.50x337x10 6 /8400= 60250.00
2= (Kc+k1)/(kc+k1+k12)=(66085.71+77100.00)/(66085.71+77100.00+60250.00)= 0.704
1= Kc/(kc+k22)=77100.00/(77100.00+60250.00)= 0.561
Column in braced frame, ky=0.748, Lcr,y=0.748x3000=2244mm, ENV 1993-1-1:1992 Annex E.5

11.11.4. Flexural Buckling, Column(2) (Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.1)
Nc,ed=72.50 kN, Lcr,y=2.244 m, Lcr,z=2.775 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=0.748x3000=2244mm, Lcr,z=0.925x3000=2775mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 )
(EC3 [Link])
y= (Afy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)(1/1)=(2244/165.5)x(1/76.06)=0.178
z= (Afy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)(1/1)=(2775/ 39.5)x(1/76.06)=0.924
1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06, = (235/fy)=0.81

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

h/b=400/180=2.22>=1.20, tf=13.5mm<=40 mm
<= 0.20, y=1.00
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: z=0.34, z=0.646
z=0.5[1+z( z-0.2)+ z]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.924-0.2)+0.924]=1.050
z=1/[z+ (z- z)]=1/[1.050+ (1.050-0.924)]=0.646 <=1 z=0.646

(EC3 [Link].4)

Reduction factor =1/[+ (- )], <=1.0, =0.5[1+( -0.2)+ ], =0.646

-3
Nb,rd=Afy/1= 0.646x[10 ]x8446x355/1.00=1936.92kN
Nc,ed= 72.50 kN < 1936.92 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 72.50/1936.92= 0.037<1

(EC3 Eq.6.49)
(EC3 Eq.6.47)

Ex E
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11.11.5. Lateral torsional buckling, Column(2) (ULS)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)
My,ed=71.74 kN, L=3.000m, Lcr,y=2.244m, Lcr,z=2.775m, Lcr,lt=2.775m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mb/Ma=61.4/-71.7=-0.86, C1=2.561, C2=0.000, C3=1.000,
4
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm
kL=2775mm, zg=h/2=400/2=200mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=0.7, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=2.561, C2=0.000, C3=1.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]2.561x[x2.1x10 5 x13.180x10 6 /2775]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(490.05x10 9 /13.180x10 6 )
+2775x8.1x10 4 x0.511x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x13.180x10 6 )] 0.5 }= 2007.5 kNm
,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/2007.5}=0.481
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=400/180=2.22>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.49, =0.75, ,lt=0.955
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.481-0.40)+0.75x0.481]=0.606
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.606+ (0.606-0.75x0.606)]=0.955
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.955
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.481=4.33
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.481-0.8)]=0.901, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.955/0.901=1.060, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=4.33, ,lt,mod=1.000

Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/1.00=463.98kNm

My,ed= 71.74 kNm < 463.98 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 71.74/463.98= 0.155<1
11.11.6. Axial force and bending moment, Column(2) (ULS)
Ned=72.50 kN, My,ed=71.74 kNm

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.3)

Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Nrk=Afy=[10 -3 ]x8446x355=2998.3 kN
My,rk=Wpl,yfy=[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355=464.0 kNm
yNrk/1=yAfy/1= 1.000x[10 -3 ]x8446x355/1.00=2998.3kN
-3
zNrk/1=zAfy/1= 0.646x[10 ]x8446x355/1.00=1936.9kN
LTMy,rk/1=LTWpl,yfy/1= 1.000x[10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/1.00=464.0kNm

(EC3 Eq.6.61)
(EC3 Eq.6.62)
(Tab.6.7)

Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A

(EC3 AnnexA)

kyy=CmyCmLT(y/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Cyy), y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)
kzy=CmyCmLT(z/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Czy)0.60 (wy/wz), z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)
Ncr,y=y/lcr,y=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x231.30x10 6 / 2244= 95203 kN
Ncr,z=z/lcr,z=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x13.180x10 6 / 2775= 3547 kN
Ncr,t=(1/ip)x(GIt + w/Lcr,t)
Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/170)[80769x 0.511x10 6 +x210000x490.05x10 9 /2076]=9569 kN

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EC3 Tab.A.1)

(EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)

STEELexpress Exam ple

y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)=(1- 72.5/ 95203)/(1-1.000x
z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)=(1- 72.5/ 3547)/(1-0.646x
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 0.511x10 6 /231.30x10 6 =0.998

72.5/ 95203)=1.000
72.5/ 3547)=0.993
(EC3 Annex A.1)

wy=Wpl,y/Wel,y<=1.50, wy= 1.307x10 6 / 1.156x10 6 =1.131 <= 1.50

wz=Wpl,z/Wel,z<=1.50, wz= 0.229x10 6 / 0.146x10 6 =1.564 > 1.50 , wz=1.50
npl=Ned/(Nrk/1)=72.50/(2998.30/1.00)=0.024

(EC3 Annex A.1)

max=max(0.178,0.924)=0.920
Mcr,o=(1.00/2.56)x2007.50=783.7, C1=1.00
o= ([10 -6 ]x1307.0x10 3 x355/783.7)=0.770
o,lim=0.2 C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25
o,lim=0.2 2.561 [(1-72.5/3547)(1-72.5/9569)] 0.25 =0.318
y=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x71.74/72.50)x(8446.0/1156.0x10 3 )=7.23

(EC3 Annex A.1)

(EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

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Cmy,o=0.79+0.21+0.36(-0.33)x(72.50/95203.0)=1.000, (=1.00)
o=0.770 > o,lim=0.318
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( yalt)/(1+ yalt)=
=1.000+(1-1.000)x( 7.230x0.998)/(1+ 7.230x0.998) = 1.000
Cmlt=Cmyalt/ [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.000x0.998/ [(1-72.5/3547.0)(1-72.5/9569.0)]=1.012, Cmlt=1.012

(EC3 Annex A.1)

Cyy=1+(wy-1)[(2-1.6Cmy max/wy-1.6Cmy max/wy)npl-blt]>=Wel,y/Wpl,y

(Annex A, T.A.1)
blt=0.5alt o[My,ed/(,ltMpl,y,rd)](Mz,ed/Mpl,z,rd) =
=0.5x0.998x0.770[71.7/(1.000x410.4)](0.0/52.0) = 0.000
Cyy=1+(1.131-1)[(2-1.6x1.000x0.920/1.131-1.6x1.000x0.920/1.131)x0.024-0.000]=0.998
Cyy>=1156.0x10 3 /1307.0x10 3 =0.884, Cyy=0.998
Czy=1+(wy-1)[(2-14.0Cmy max/wy 5 )npl-dlt]>=0.6 (wy/wz)(Wel,y/Wpl,y)
(Annex A, T.A.1)
- 4
dlt=2alt[ o/(0.1+ z )][My,ed/(Cmy,ltMpl,y,rd)][Mz,ed/(CmzMpl,z,rd)]=
=20.998x[0.770/(0.1+0.924 4 )][71.7/(1.000x1.000x410.4)][0.0/(0.000x52.0)]=0.000
Czy=1+(1.131-1)[(2-14.0x1.000x0.920/1.131 5 )0.024-0.000]=0.986
Czy>=0.6 (1.131/1.500)(1156.0x10 3 /1307.0x10 3 )=0.461, Czy=0.986
Cyy=0.998, Czy=0.986
kyy=1.000x1.012x1.000/(1-72.50/95203.0)x(1/0.998)=1.015
kzy=1.000x1.012x0.993/(1-72.50/95203.0)x(1/0.986)x0.6x (1.131/1.500)=0.531

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
72.5/(1.000x2998.3/1.00)+1.015x71.7/(1.000x464.0/1.00)=0.024+0.157=0.181
0.181< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
72.5/(0.646x2998.3/1.00)+0.531x71.7/(1.000x464.0/1.00)=0.037+0.082=0.120
0.120< 1.000, Is verified

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(Annex A, T.A.1)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)

(EC3 Eq.6.62)

STEELexpress Exam ple

11.12. Beam verification, Beam(1),

(Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6)

Profile : IPE 450-S 355

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned =
37.2 kN
Ved =
71.9 kN
Myed =
99.2 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Myed =
57.9 kNm (at mid-span)
Myed = -84.8 kNm (at column face)
11.12.1. Classification of cross-sections, Beam(1)

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

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Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Ael Myed/Wel.y Mzed/Wel.z

=[10 3 ]37.20/9882 [10 6 ]99.20/1500.0x10 [10 6 ]0.00/176.4x10
1=70 N/mm, 2=-62 N/mm (compression positive)
Web
c=450.0-2x14.6-2x21.0=378.8 mm, t=9.4 mm, c/t=378.8/9.4=40.30
S 355 , t= 9.4<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
Ned/(2twfy/M0)=37200/(2x9.4x355/1.00)=5.6 mm
=(378.8/2+5.6)/378.8=0.515>0.5
c/t=40.30<=396x0.81/(13x0.515-1)=56.36
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Flange
c=190.0/2-9.4/2-21.0=69.3 mm, t=14.6 mm, c/t=69.3/14.6=4.75
S 355 , t=14.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=4.75<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed

11.12.2. Resistance of cross-section, Beam(1) (Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.4)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 201: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk
[Link]= 40.40 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd=
Afy/0=[10 -3 ]x9882x355/1.00=3508.11kN
Ned= 40.40 kN < 3508.11 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 40.40/3508.11= 0.012<1

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 99.20 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mply,rd=Wplyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1.00= 604.21kNm
My,ed= 99.20 kNm < 604.21 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 99.20/604.21= 0.164<1
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.6)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 71.90 kN
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf=9882-2x190.0x14.6+(9.4+2x21.0)x14.6=5084mm
(EC3 [Link])
Av= 5084mm > hwtw= 1.00x(450.0-2x14.6)x9.4=1.00x435.4x9.4= 4093mm
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ 3)/0= [10 -3 ]x5084x(355/1.73)/1.00= 1042.10kN
Vz,ed= 71.90 kN < 1042.10 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 71.90/1042.10= 0.069<1
hw/tw=(450.0-2x14.6)/9.4=435.4/9.4=46.32<=72x0.81/1.00=72/=58.32 (=1.00)
S 355 , t= 9.4<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EC3 [Link])
62

STEELexpress Exam ple

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 37.20kN (Compression), [Link]= 71.90kN, [Link]= 99.20kNm
Nplrd=3508.11kN, Mpl,y,rd=604.21kNm, Vpl,z,rd=1042.10kN
Ned=37.20kN <= 0.25x3508.11=0.25xNplrd=877.03kN
Ned=37.20kN <= [10 -3 ]x0.5x435.4x9.4x355/1.00=0.5hwtwfy/M0=726.46 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=37/3508= 0.011
Effect of axial force is neglected
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=71.90kN <= 0.50x1042.10=0.50xVpl,rd=521.05kN
Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])
My,ed= 99.20 kNm < 604.21 kNm =Mply,rd,
My,ed/Mply,rd= 99.20/604.21= 0.164<1

Is verified

Ex E
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11.12.3. Buckling resistance, Beam(1) mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned =
37.2 kN
Ved =
66.3 kN
Myed =
57.9 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Rafter length Lr=8400 mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
cr=18.79, Ned=37.2kN, Lcr,y= [EI/crNed] <= Lr=8400 mm
6
3
Lcr,y= [210000x337.40x10 /(18.79x37.2x10 )=31630mm], Lcr,y=8400mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
Lcr,y=8400mm (System length)
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=3000mm (Crossbeam spacing)

11.12.4. Flexural Buckling, Beam(1) mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.1)
Nc,ed=37.20 kN, Lcr,y=8.400 m, Lcr,z=3.000 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x8400=8400mm, Lcr,z=0.357x8400=3000mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 )
(EC3 [Link])
y= (Afy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)(1/1)=(8400/184.8)x(1/76.06)=0.598
z= (Afy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)(1/1)=(3000/ 41.2)x(1/76.06)=0.958
1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06, = (235/fy)=0.81

h/b=450/190=2.37>=1.20, tf=14.6mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: y=0.21, y=0.891
y=0.5[1+y( y-0.2)+ y]=0.5x[1+0.21x(0.598-0.2)+0.598]=0.721
y=1/[y+ (y- y)]=1/[0.721+ (0.721-0.598)]=0.891 <=1 y=0.891
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: z=0.34, z=0.624
z=0.5[1+z( z-0.2)+ z]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.958-0.2)+0.958]=1.088
z=1/[z+ (z- z)]=1/[1.088+ (1.088-0.958)]=0.624 <=1 z=0.624

Reduction factor =1/[+ (- )], <=1.0, =0.5[1+( -0.2)+ ], =0.624

-3
Nb,rd=Afy/1= 0.624x[10 ]x9882x355/1.00=2189.06kN
Nc,ed= 37.20 kN < 2189.06 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 37.20/2189.06= 0.017<1

(T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

(EC3 Eq.6.49)
(EC3 Eq.6.47)

11.12.5. Lateral torsional buckling, Beam(1) mid-span region (ULS)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)
My,ed=57.93 kN, L=8.400m, Lcr,y=8.400m, Lcr,z=3.000m, Lcr,lt=3.000m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=18.5/57.9=0.32, =Mb/Ma=-56.7/57.9=-0.98, C1=1.943, C2=0.197
4
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm
kL=3000mm, zg=h/2=450/2=225mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.943, C2=0.197, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.943x[x2.1x10 5 x16.760x10 6 /3000]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(791.01x10 9 /16.760x10 6 )
+3000x8.1x10 4 x0.669x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x16.760x10 6 )
+(0.197x225)] 0.5 -(0.197x225) }= 1552.2 kNm
STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1552.2}=0.624
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=450/190=2.37>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.49, =0.75, ,lt=0.872
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.624-0.40)+0.75x0.624]=0.701
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.701+ (0.701-0.75x0.701)]=0.872
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.872
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.624=2.57
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-1.000)[1-2.0x(0.624-0.8)]=1.000, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.872/1.000=0.872, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=2.57, ,lt,mod=0.872
Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.872x[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1.00=526.87kNm
My,ed= 57.93 kNm < 526.87 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 57.93/526.87= 0.110<1

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.3)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

11.12.6. Axial force and bending moment, Beam(1) mid-span region (ULS)
Ned=37.20 kN, My,ed=57.93 kNm

Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Nrk=Afy=[10 -3 ]x9882x355=3508.1 kN
My,rk=Wpl,yfy=[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355=604.2 kNm
yNrk/1=yAfy/1= 0.891x[10 -3 ]x9882x355/1.00=3125.7kN
-3
zNrk/1=zAfy/1= 0.624x[10 ]x9882x355/1.00=2189.1kN
LTMy,rk/1=LTWpl,yfy/1= 0.872x[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1.00=526.9kNm

(EC3 Eq.6.61)
(EC3 Eq.6.62)
(Tab.6.7)

Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A

(EC3 AnnexA)

kyy=CmyCmLT(y/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Cyy), y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)
kzy=CmyCmLT(z/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Czy)0.60 (wy/wz), z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)
Ncr,y=y/lcr,y=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x337.40x10 6 / 8400= 9911 kN
Ncr,z=z/lcr,z=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x16.760x10 6 / 3000= 3860 kN
Ncr,t=(1/ip)x(GIt + w/Lcr,t)
Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/189)[80769x 0.669x10 6 +x210000x791.01x10 9 /3000]=6590 kN
y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)=(1- 37.2/
z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)=(1- 37.2/
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 0.669x10 6 /337.40x10 6 =0.998

9911)/(1-0.891x
3860)/(1-0.624x

37.2/
37.2/

wy=Wpl,y/Wel,y<=1.50, wy= 1.702x10 6 / 1.500x10 6 =1.135 <= 1.50

wz=Wpl,z/Wel,z<=1.50, wz= 0.276x10 6 / 0.176x10 6 =1.567 > 1.50 , wz=1.50
npl=Ned/(Nrk/1)=37.20/(3508.10/1.00)=0.011
max=max(0.598,0.958)=0.960
Mcr,o=(1.00/1.94)x1552.20=799.0, C1=1.00
o= ([10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/799.0)=0.870
o,lim=0.2 C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25
o,lim=0.2 1.943 [(1-37.2/3860)(1-37.2/6590)] 0.25 =0.278
y=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x57.93/37.20)x(9882.0/1500.0x10 3 )=10.26

Cmy,o=0.79+0.21+0.36(-0.33)x(37.20/9911.0)=1.001, (=1.00)
o=0.870 > o,lim=0.278
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( yalt)/(1+ yalt)=
=1.001+(1-1.001)x( 10.259x0.998)/(1+ 10.259x0.998) = 1.000
Cmlt=Cmyalt/ [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.000x0.998/ [(1-37.2/3860.0)(1-37.2/6590.0)]=1.006, Cmlt=1.006

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EC3 Tab.A.1)

(EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)

9911)=1.000
3860)=0.996

(EC3 Annex A.1)

(EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

STEELexpress Exam ple

Cyy=1+(wy-1)[(2-1.6Cmy max/wy-1.6Cmy max/wy)npl-blt]>=Wel,y/Wpl,y
(Annex A, T.A.1)
blt=0.5alt o[My,ed/(,ltMpl,y,rd)](Mz,ed/Mpl,z,rd) =
=0.5x0.998x0.870[0.0/(0.872x532.5)](0.0/62.6) = 0.000
Cyy=1+(1.135-1)[(2-1.6x1.000x0.960/1.135-1.6x1.000x0.960/1.135)x0.011-0.000]=0.999
Cyy>=1500.0x10 3 /1702.0x10 3 =0.881, Cyy=0.999
Czy=1+(wy-1)[(2-14.0Cmy max/wy 5 )npl-dlt]>=0.6 (wy/wz)(Wel,y/Wpl,y)
- 4
dlt=2alt[ o/(0.1+ z )][My,ed/(Cmy,ltMpl,y,rd)][Mz,ed/(CmzMpl,z,rd)]=
=20.998x[0.870/(0.1+0.958 4 )][0.0/(1.000x0.872x532.5)][0.0/(0.000x62.6)]=0.000
Czy=1+(1.135-1)[(2-14.0x1.000x0.960/1.135 5 )0.011-0.000]=0.993
Czy>=0.6 (1.135/1.500)(1500.0x10 3 /1702.0x10 3 )=0.460, Czy=0.993
Cyy=0.999, Czy=0.993
kyy=1.000x1.006x1.000/(1-37.20/9911.0)x(1/0.999)=1.011
kzy=1.000x1.006x0.996/(1-37.20/9911.0)x(1/0.993)x0.6x (1.135/1.500)=0.529

(Annex A, T.A.1)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
37.2/(0.891x3508.1/1.00)+1.011x57.9/(0.872x604.2/1.00)=0.012+0.111=0.123
0.123< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
37.2/(0.624x3508.1/1.00)+0.529x57.9/(0.872x604.2/1.00)=0.017+0.058=0.075
0.075< 1.000, Is verified

(EC3 Eq.6.61)

(EC3 Eq.6.62)

11.12.7. Buckling resistance, Beam(1) end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned =
37.2 kN
Ved =
66.3 kN
Myed =
62.8 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Rafter length Lr=8400 mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
Lcr,y=8400mm (System length)
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=3901mm (Torsional restrains of beams)

11.12.8. Flexural Buckling, Beam(1) end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.1)
Nc,ed=37.20 kN, Lcr,y=8.400 m, Lcr,z=3.901 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x8400=8400mm, Lcr,z=0.464x8400=3901mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 )
(EC3 [Link])
y= (Afy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)(1/1)=(8400/184.8)x(1/76.06)=0.598
z= (Afy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)(1/1)=(3901/ 41.2)x(1/76.06)=1.245
1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06, = (235/fy)=0.81
h/b=450/190=2.37>=1.20, tf=14.6mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: y=0.21, y=0.891
y=0.5[1+y( y-0.2)+ y]=0.5x[1+0.21x(0.598-0.2)+0.598]=0.721
y=1/[y+ (y- y)]=1/[0.721+ (0.721-0.598)]=0.891 <=1 y=0.891
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: z=0.34, z=0.454
z=0.5[1+z( z-0.2)+ z]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.245-0.2)+1.245]=1.453
z=1/[z+ (z- z)]=1/[1.453+ (1.453-1.245)]=0.454 <=1 z=0.454

Reduction factor =1/[+ (- )], <=1.0, =0.5[1+( -0.2)+ ], =0.454

-3
Nb,rd=Afy/1= 0.454x[10 ]x9882x355/1.00=1592.68kN
Nc,ed= 37.20 kN < 1592.68 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 37.20/1592.68= 0.023<1

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

(EC3 Eq.6.49)
(EC3 Eq.6.47)

STEELexpress Exam ple

11.12.9. Lateral torsional buckling, Beam(1) end-span region (ULS)
(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)
My,ed=62.84 kN, L=8.400m, Lcr,y=8.400m, Lcr,z=3.901m, Lcr,lt=3.901m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=-31.3/62.8=-0.50, =Mb/Ma=57.9/-62.8=-0.92, C1=1.741, C2=0.388
4
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm
kL=3901mm, zg=h/2=450/2=225mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.741, C2=0.388, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.741x[x2.1x10 5 x16.760x10 6 /3901]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(791.01x10 9 /16.760x10 6 )
+3901x8.1x10 4 x0.669x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x16.760x10 6 )
+(0.388x225)] 0.5 -(0.388x225) }= 766.4 kNm

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/766.4}=0.888

(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=450/190=2.37>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.49, =0.75, ,lt=0.709
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.888-0.40)+0.75x0.888]=0.915
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.915+ (0.915-0.75x0.915)]=0.709
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.709
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.888=1.27
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.888-0.8)]=0.878, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.709/0.878=0.808, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=1.27, ,lt,mod=0.808
Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.808x[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1.00=488.20kNm
My,ed= 62.84 kNm < 488.20 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 62.84/488.20= 0.129<1

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

11.12.10. Axial force and bending moment, Beam(1) end-span region (ULS)
Ned=37.20 kN, My,ed=62.84 kNm

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.3)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)
(EC3 Eq.6.62)
(Tab.6.7)

Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Nrk=Afy=[10 -3 ]x9882x355=3508.1 kN
My,rk=Wpl,yfy=[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355=604.2 kNm
yNrk/1=yAfy/1= 0.891x[10 -3 ]x9882x355/1.00=3125.7kN
-3
zNrk/1=zAfy/1= 0.454x[10 ]x9882x355/1.00=1592.7kN
LTMy,rk/1=LTWpl,yfy/1= 0.808x[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1.00=488.2kNm
Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A

(EC3 AnnexA)

kyy=CmyCmLT(y/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Cyy), y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)
kzy=CmyCmLT(z/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Czy)0.60 (wy/wz), z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)
Ncr,y=y/lcr,y=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x337.40x10 6 / 8400= 9911 kN
Ncr,z=z/lcr,z=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x16.760x10 6 / 3901= 2283 kN
Ncr,t=(1/ip)x(GIt + w/Lcr,t)
Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/189)[80769x 0.669x10 6 +x210000x791.01x10 9 /3901]=4513 kN
y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)=(1- 37.2/
z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)=(1- 37.2/
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 0.669x10 6 /337.40x10 6 =0.998

9911)/(1-0.891x
2283)/(1-0.454x

37.2/
37.2/

wy=Wpl,y/Wel,y<=1.50, wy= 1.702x10 6 / 1.500x10 6 =1.135 <= 1.50

wz=Wpl,z/Wel,z<=1.50, wz= 0.276x10 6 / 0.176x10 6 =1.567 > 1.50 , wz=1.50
npl=Ned/(Nrk/1)=37.20/(3508.10/1.00)=0.011

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EC3 Tab.A.1)

(EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)

9911)=1.000
2283)=0.991

(EC3 Annex A.1)

STEELexpress Exam ple

max=max(0.598,1.245)=1.250
Mcr,o=(1.00/1.74)x766.40=440.1, C1=1.00
o= ([10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/440.1)=1.170
o,lim=0.2 C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25
o,lim=0.2 1.741 [(1-37.2/2283)(1-37.2/4513)] 0.25 =0.262
y=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x62.84/37.20)x(9882.0/1500.0x10 3 )=11.13
Cmy,o=0.79+0.21+0.36(-0.33)x(37.20/9911.0)=1.001, (=1.00)
o=1.170 > o,lim=0.262
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( yalt)/(1+ yalt)=
=1.001+(1-1.001)x( 11.128x0.998)/(1+ 11.128x0.998) = 1.000
Cmlt=Cmyalt/ [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.000x0.998/ [(1-37.2/2283.0)(1-37.2/4513.0)]=1.010, Cmlt=1.010

(EC3 Annex A.1)

(EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Cyy=1+(wy-1)[(2-1.6Cmy max/wy-1.6Cmy max/wy)npl-blt]>=Wel,y/Wpl,y

(Annex A, T.A.1)
blt=0.5alt o[My,ed/(,ltMpl,y,rd)](Mz,ed/Mpl,z,rd) =
=0.5x0.998x1.170[0.0/(0.808x532.5)](0.0/62.6) = 0.000
Cyy=1+(1.135-1)[(2-1.6x1.000x1.250/1.135-1.6x1.000x1.250/1.135)x0.011-0.000]=0.997
Cyy>=1500.0x10 3 /1702.0x10 3 =0.881, Cyy=0.997
Czy=1+(wy-1)[(2-14.0Cmy max/wy 5 )npl-dlt]>=0.6 (wy/wz)(Wel,y/Wpl,y)
- 4
dlt=2alt[ o/(0.1+ z )][My,ed/(Cmy,ltMpl,y,rd)][Mz,ed/(CmzMpl,z,rd)]=
=20.998x[1.170/(0.1+1.245 4 )][0.0/(1.000x0.808x532.5)][0.0/(0.000x62.6)]=0.000
Czy=1+(1.135-1)[(2-14.0x1.000x1.250/1.135 5 )0.011-0.000]=0.986
Czy>=0.6 (1.135/1.500)(1500.0x10 3 /1702.0x10 3 )=0.460, Czy=0.986
Cyy=0.997, Czy=0.986
kyy=1.000x1.010x1.000/(1-37.20/9911.0)x(1/0.997)=1.017
kzy=1.000x1.010x0.991/(1-37.20/9911.0)x(1/0.986)x0.6x (1.135/1.500)=0.532

(Annex A, T.A.1)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
37.2/(0.891x3508.1/1.00)+1.017x62.8/(0.808x604.2/1.00)=0.012+0.131=0.143
0.143< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
37.2/(0.454x3508.1/1.00)+0.532x62.8/(0.808x604.2/1.00)=0.023+0.068=0.092
0.092< 1.000, Is verified
11.13. Beam verification, Beam(2),

(Ultimate Limit State)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)

(EC3 Eq.6.62)

(EN1993-1-1, 6)

Profile : IPE 450-S 355

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned =
48.0 kN
Ved =
69.9 kN
Myed =
82.5 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Myed =
65.9 kNm (at mid-span)
Myed = -68.5 kNm (at column face)

11.13.1. Classification of cross-sections, Beam(2)

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

Maximum and minimum cross-section stresses =Ned/Ael Myed/Wel.y Mzed/Wel.z

=[10 3 ]48.00/9882 [10 6 ]82.50/1500.0x10 [10 6 ]0.00/176.4x10
1=60 N/mm, 2=-50 N/mm (compression positive)

STEELexpress
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RUNET s oftw are

STEELexpress Exam ple

Web
c=450.0-2x14.6-2x21.0=378.8 mm, t=9.4 mm, c/t=378.8/9.4=40.30
S 355 , t= 9.4<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Position of neutral axis for combined Bending and compression
Ned/(2twfy/M0)=48000/(2x9.4x355/1.00)=7.2 mm
=(378.8/2+7.2)/378.8=0.519>0.5
c/t=40.30<=396x0.81/(13x0.519-1)=55.82
The web is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

c
fy

Flange
c=190.0/2-9.4/2-21.0=69.3 mm, t=14.6 mm, c/t=69.3/14.6=4.75
S 355 , t=14.6<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
c/t=4.75<=9=9x0.81=7.29
The flange is class 1 (EN1993-1-1, Tab.5.2)

+
c

Ex E
E
am L
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pl xp
e re
R s
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Overall classification of cross-section is Class 1, Bending and compression Nc,ed+My,ed

11.13.2. Resistance of cross-section, Beam(2) (Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2)

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.4)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 48.00 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd=
Afy/0=[10 -3 ]x9882x355/1.00=3508.11kN
Ned= 48.00 kN < 3508.11 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 48.00/3508.11= 0.014<1
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for bending moment y-y
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.5)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 82.50 kNm
Bending Resistance
Mply,rd=Wplyfy/0=[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1.00= 604.21kNm
My,ed= 82.50 kNm < 604.21 kNm =My,rd=Mply,rd, Is verified
My,ed/My,rd= 82.50/604.21= 0.137<1

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for shear z

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.6)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 69.90 kN
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf=9882-2x190.0x14.6+(9.4+2x21.0)x14.6=5084mm
(EC3 [Link])
Av= 5084mm > hwtw= 1.00x(450.0-2x14.6)x9.4=1.00x435.4x9.4= 4093mm
Plastic Shear Resistance Vpl,z,rd= Av(fy/ 3)/0= [10 -3 ]x5084x(355/1.73)/1.00= 1042.10kN
Vz,ed= 69.90 kN < 1042.10 kN =Vz,rd=Vpl,z,rd, Is verified
Vz,ed/Vz,rd= 69.90/1042.10= 0.067<1
hw/tw=(450.0-2x14.6)/9.4=435.4/9.4=46.32<=72x0.81/1.00=72/=58.32 (=1.00)
S 355 , t= 9.4<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
Shear buckling resistance is not necessary to be verified

(EC3 [Link])

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for axial force, shear and bending
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.9)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
[Link]= 48.00kN (Compression), [Link]= 69.90kN, [Link]= 82.50kNm
Nplrd=3508.11kN, Mpl,y,rd=604.21kNm, Vpl,z,rd=1042.10kN
Ned=48.00kN <= 0.25x3508.11=0.25xNplrd=877.03kN
Ned=48.00kN <= [10 -3 ]x0.5x435.4x9.4x355/1.00=0.5hwtwfy/M0=726.46 kN
n=Ned/Nplrd=48/3508= 0.014
Effect of axial force is neglected
(EC3 [Link] Eq.6.33, Eq.6.34, Eq.6.35)
Ved=69.90kN <= 0.50x1042.10=0.50xVpl,rd=521.05kN
Effect of shear force is neglected
(EC3 [Link])
My,ed= 82.50 kNm < 604.21 kNm =Mply,rd,
My,ed/Mply,rd= 82.50/604.21= 0.137<1

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

Is verified

STEELexpress Exam ple

11.13.3. Buckling resistance, Beam(2) mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned =
48.0 kN
Ved =
68.4 kN
Myed =
65.9 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Rafter length Lr=8400 mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
cr=18.79, Ned=48.0kN, Lcr,y= [EI/crNed] <= Lr=8400 mm
6
3
Lcr,y= [210000x337.40x10 /(18.79x48.0x10 )=27847mm], Lcr,y=8400mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
Lcr,y=8400mm (System length)
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=3000mm (Crossbeam spacing)

Ex E
E
am L
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pl xp
e re
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11.13.4. Flexural Buckling, Beam(2) mid-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.1)
Nc,ed=47.99 kN, Lcr,y=8.400 m, Lcr,z=3.000 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x8400=8400mm, Lcr,z=0.357x8400=3000mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 )
(EC3 [Link])
y= (Afy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)(1/1)=(8400/184.8)x(1/76.06)=0.598
z= (Afy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)(1/1)=(3000/ 41.2)x(1/76.06)=0.958
1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06, = (235/fy)=0.81
h/b=450/190=2.37>=1.20, tf=14.6mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: y=0.21, y=0.891
y=0.5[1+y( y-0.2)+ y]=0.5x[1+0.21x(0.598-0.2)+0.598]=0.721
y=1/[y+ (y- y)]=1/[0.721+ (0.721-0.598)]=0.891 <=1 y=0.891
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: z=0.34, z=0.624
z=0.5[1+z( z-0.2)+ z]=0.5x[1+0.34x(0.958-0.2)+0.958]=1.088
z=1/[z+ (z- z)]=1/[1.088+ (1.088-0.958)]=0.624 <=1 z=0.624

Reduction factor =1/[+ (- )], <=1.0, =0.5[1+( -0.2)+ ], =0.624

-3
Nb,rd=Afy/1= 0.624x[10 ]x9882x355/1.00=2189.06kN
Nc,ed= 47.99 kN < 2189.06 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 47.99/2189.06= 0.022<1

(T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

(EC3 Eq.6.49)
(EC3 Eq.6.47)

11.13.5. Lateral torsional buckling, Beam(2) mid-span region (ULS)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)
My,ed=65.88 kN, L=8.400m, Lcr,y=8.400m, Lcr,z=3.000m, Lcr,lt=3.000m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=18.5/65.9=0.28, =Mb/Ma=-62.4/65.9=-0.95, C1=1.996, C2=0.178
4
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm
kL=3000mm, zg=h/2=450/2=225mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.996, C2=0.178, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.996x[x2.1x10 5 x16.760x10 6 /3000]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(791.01x10 9 /16.760x10 6 )
+3000x8.1x10 4 x0.669x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x16.760x10 6 )
+(0.178x225)] 0.5 -(0.178x225) }= 1622.2 kNm
,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1622.2}=0.610
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=450/190=2.37>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.49, =0.75, ,lt=0.880
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.610-0.40)+0.75x0.610]=0.691
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.691+ (0.691-0.75x0.691)]=0.880
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.880
(Eq.6.57)
,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.610=2.68
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-1.000)[1-2.0x(0.610-0.8)]=1.000, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.880/1.000=0.880, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=2.68, ,lt,mod=0.880

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STEELexpress Exam ple

Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.880x[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1.00=531.70kNm
My,ed= 65.88 kNm < 531.70 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 65.88/531.70= 0.124<1

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

11.13.6. Axial force and bending moment, Beam(2) mid-span region (ULS)
Ned=47.99 kN, My,ed=65.88 kNm

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.3)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)
(EC3 Eq.6.62)
(Tab.6.7)

(EC3 AnnexA)

Ex E
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Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A

kyy=CmyCmLT(y/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Cyy), y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)
kzy=CmyCmLT(z/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Czy)0.60 (wy/wz), z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)
Ncr,y=y/lcr,y=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x337.40x10 6 / 8400= 9911 kN
Ncr,z=z/lcr,z=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x16.760x10 6 / 3000= 3860 kN
Ncr,t=(1/ip)x(GIt + w/Lcr,t)
Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/189)[80769x 0.669x10 6 +x210000x791.01x10 9 /3000]=6590 kN
y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)=(1- 48.0/
z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)=(1- 48.0/
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 0.669x10 6 /337.40x10 6 =0.998

9911)/(1-0.891x
3860)/(1-0.624x

48.0/
48.0/

(EC3 Tab.A.1)

(EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)

9911)=0.999
3860)=0.995

(EC3 Annex A.1)

wy=Wpl,y/Wel,y<=1.50, wy= 1.702x10 6 / 1.500x10 6 =1.135 <= 1.50

wz=Wpl,z/Wel,z<=1.50, wz= 0.276x10 6 / 0.176x10 6 =1.567 > 1.50 , wz=1.50
npl=Ned/(Nrk/1)=47.99/(3508.10/1.00)=0.014

(EC3 Annex A.1)

max=max(0.598,0.958)=0.960
Mcr,o=(1.00/2.00)x1622.20=812.7, C1=1.00
o= ([10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/812.7)=0.860
o,lim=0.2 C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25
o,lim=0.2 1.996 [(1-48.0/3860)(1-48.0/6590)] 0.25 =0.281
y=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x65.88/47.99)x(9882.0/1500.0x10 3 )=9.04

(EC3 Annex A.1)

(EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

Cmy,o=0.79+0.21+0.36(-0.33)x(47.99/9911.0)=1.001, (=1.00)
o=0.860 > o,lim=0.281
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( yalt)/(1+ yalt)=
=1.001+(1-1.001)x( 9.044x0.998)/(1+ 9.044x0.998) = 1.000
Cmlt=Cmyalt/ [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.000x0.998/ [(1-48.0/3860.0)(1-48.0/6590.0)]=1.008, Cmlt=1.008

(EC3 Annex A.1)

Cyy=1+(wy-1)[(2-1.6Cmy max/wy-1.6Cmy max/wy)npl-blt]>=Wel,y/Wpl,y

(Annex A, T.A.1)
blt=0.5alt o[My,ed/(,ltMpl,y,rd)](Mz,ed/Mpl,z,rd) =
=0.5x0.998x0.860[0.0/(0.880x532.5)](0.0/62.6) = 0.000
Cyy=1+(1.135-1)[(2-1.6x1.000x0.960/1.135-1.6x1.000x0.960/1.135)x0.014-0.000]=0.999
Cyy>=1500.0x10 3 /1702.0x10 3 =0.881, Cyy=0.999
Czy=1+(wy-1)[(2-14.0Cmy max/wy 5 )npl-dlt]>=0.6 (wy/wz)(Wel,y/Wpl,y)
- 4
dlt=2alt[ o/(0.1+ z )][My,ed/(Cmy,ltMpl,y,rd)][Mz,ed/(CmzMpl,z,rd)]=
=20.998x[0.860/(0.1+0.958 4 )][0.0/(1.000x0.880x532.5)][0.0/(0.000x62.6)]=0.000
Czy=1+(1.135-1)[(2-14.0x1.000x0.960/1.135 5 )0.014-0.000]=0.991
Czy>=0.6 (1.135/1.500)(1500.0x10 3 /1702.0x10 3 )=0.460, Czy=0.991
Cyy=0.999, Czy=0.991
kyy=1.000x1.008x0.999/(1-47.99/9911.0)x(1/0.999)=1.013
kzy=1.000x1.008x0.995/(1-47.99/9911.0)x(1/0.991)x0.6x (1.135/1.500)=0.531
STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(Annex A, T.A.1)

STEELexpress Exam ple

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
48.0/(0.891x3508.1/1.00)+1.013x65.9/(0.880x604.2/1.00)=0.015+0.126=0.141
0.141< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
48.0/(0.624x3508.1/1.00)+0.531x65.9/(0.880x604.2/1.00)=0.022+0.066=0.088
0.088< 1.000, Is verified

(EC3 Eq.6.61)

(EC3 Eq.6.62)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

11.13.7. Buckling resistance, Beam(2) end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned =
48.0 kN
Ved =
68.4 kN
Myed =
68.9 kNm, Mzed =0.0 kNm
Rafter length Lr=8400 mm
Buckling length,In-plane buckling
Lcr,y=8400mm (System length)
Buckling length,Out-of-plane buckling Lcr,z=3901mm (Torsional restrains of beams)
11.13.8. Flexural Buckling, Beam(2) end-span region (Ultimate Limit State)
(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.1)
Nc,ed=47.99 kN, Lcr,y=8.400 m, Lcr,z=3.901 m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x8400=8400mm, Lcr,z=0.464x8400=3901mm
Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 1 )
(EC3 [Link])
y= (Afy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)(1/1)=(8400/184.8)x(1/76.06)=0.598
z= (Afy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)(1/1)=(3901/ 41.2)x(1/76.06)=1.245
1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06, = (235/fy)=0.81
h/b=450/190=2.37>=1.20, tf=14.6mm<=40 mm
y-y buckling curve:a, imperfection factor: y=0.21, y=0.891
y=0.5[1+y( y-0.2)+ y]=0.5x[1+0.21x(0.598-0.2)+0.598]=0.721
y=1/[y+ (y- y)]=1/[0.721+ (0.721-0.598)]=0.891 <=1 y=0.891
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: z=0.34, z=0.454
z=0.5[1+z( z-0.2)+ z]=0.5x[1+0.34x(1.245-0.2)+1.245]=1.453
z=1/[z+ (z- z)]=1/[1.453+ (1.453-1.245)]=0.454 <=1 z=0.454

Reduction factor =1/[+ (- )], <=1.0, =0.5[1+( -0.2)+ ], =0.454

-3
Nb,rd=Afy/1= 0.454x[10 ]x9882x355/1.00=1592.68kN
Nc,ed= 47.99 kN < 1592.68 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 47.99/1592.68= 0.030<1

(T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

(EC3 Eq.6.49)
(EC3 Eq.6.47)

11.13.9. Lateral torsional buckling, Beam(2) end-span region (ULS)

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.2)
My,ed=68.89 kN, L=8.400m, Lcr,y=8.400m, Lcr,z=3.901m, Lcr,lt=3.901m
Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
(EC3 [Link].2, EN1993:2002 AnnexC)
Timoshenko,S.P, Gere,J.M, Theory of elastic stability, McGraw-Hill, 1961
Mcr=C1[EIz/(kL)]{ [(kz/kw)(Iw/Iz)+(kL)GIt/(EIz)+(C2zg-C3zj)] -(C2zg-C3zj)}
Method of computation C1,C2,C3 : ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
=Mo/M=qL/8M=-31.3/68.9=-0.45, =Mb/Ma=65.7/-68.9=-0.95, C1=1.777, C2=0.345
4
G=E/(2(1+))=210000/(2(1+0.30))=80769=8.1x10 N/mm
kL=3901mm, zg=h/2=450/2=225mm, zj=0mm
(EN1993:2002 Eq.C.11)
ky=1.0, kz=1.0, kw=1.0, C1=1.777, C2=0.345, C3=0.000
Mcr=[10 -6 ]1.777x[x2.1x10 5 x16.760x10 6 /3901]
x{ [(1.0/1.0)x(791.01x10 9 /16.760x10 6 )
+3901x8.1x10 4 x0.669x10 6 /(x2.1x10 5 x16.760x10 6 )
+(0.345x225)] 0.5 -(0.345x225) }= 809.8 kNm
,lt= (Wpl,yfy/Mcr)= {[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/809.8}=0.864
(EC3 Eq.6.56)
h/b=450/190=2.37>2.00 buckling curve: c
imperfection factor: ,lt=0.49, =0.75, ,lt=0.724
(T.6.3, T.6.5, Fig.6.4)
,lt=0.5[1+,lt( ,lt- ,lto)+ ,lt]=0.5x[1+0.49x(0.864-0.40)+0.75x0.864]=0.893
,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)]=1/[0.893+ (0.893-0.75x0.893)]=0.724
Reduction factor ,lt=1/[,lt+ (,lt- ,lt)], ,lt<=1.0, 1/ ,lt, ,lt=0.724
(Eq.6.57)

STEELexpress
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STEELexpress Exam ple

,lt,mod=,lt/f, ,lt,mod<=1, ,lt,mod<=1/ ,lt=1/0.864=1.34
(EC3 [Link](2),Eq.6.58)
Kc=1/(1.33-0.33)=0.752, =0.00
(EC3 Tab.6.6)
f=1-0.5(1-kc)[1-2.0( ,lt-0.8)]=1-0.5x(1-0.752)[1-2.0x(0.864-0.8)]=0.877, f<=1.0
,lt,mod=,lt/f=0.724/0.877=0.826, ,lt,mod<=1.0, ,lt,mod<=1.34, ,lt,mod=0.826
Mb,rd=,ltWpl,yfy/1= 0.826x[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1.00=499.08kNm
My,ed= 68.89 kNm < 499.08 kNm =Mb,rd, Is verified
My,ed/Mb,rd= 68.89/499.08= 0.138<1

(EC3 Eq.6.55)

11.13.10. Axial force and bending moment, Beam(2) end-span region (ULS)
Ned=47.99 kN, My,ed=68.89 kNm

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.3)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)
(EC3 Eq.6.62)
(Tab.6.7)

Ex E
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Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)<=1
Nrk=Afy=[10 -3 ]x9882x355=3508.1 kN
My,rk=Wpl,yfy=[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355=604.2 kNm
yNrk/1=yAfy/1= 0.891x[10 -3 ]x9882x355/1.00=3125.7kN
-3
zNrk/1=zAfy/1= 0.454x[10 ]x9882x355/1.00=1592.7kN
LTMy,rk/1=LTWpl,yfy/1= 0.826x[10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/1.00=499.1kNm
Interaction factors, Method of computation: Method 1 Annex A

(EC3 AnnexA)

kyy=CmyCmLT(y/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Cyy), y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)
kzy=CmyCmLT(z/(1-Ned/Ncr,y)(1/Czy)0.60 (wy/wz), z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)
Ncr,y=y/lcr,y=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x337.40x10 6 / 8400= 9911 kN
Ncr,z=z/lcr,z=3.14x[10 -3 ]x210000x16.760x10 6 / 3901= 2283 kN
Ncr,t=(1/ip)x(GIt + w/Lcr,t)
Ncr,t=[10 -3 ]x(1/189)[80769x 0.669x10 6 +x210000x791.01x10 9 /3901]=4513 kN
y=(1-Ned/Ncr,y)/(1-yNed/Ncr,y)=(1- 48.0/
z=(1-Ned/Ncr,z)/(1-zNed/Ncr,z)=(1- 48.0/
alt=1-It/Iy>=0=1- 0.669x10 6 /337.40x10 6 =0.998

9911)/(1-0.891x
2283)/(1-0.454x

48.0/
48.0/

wy=Wpl,y/Wel,y<=1.50, wy= 1.702x10 6 / 1.500x10 6 =1.135 <= 1.50

wz=Wpl,z/Wel,z<=1.50, wz= 0.276x10 6 / 0.176x10 6 =1.567 > 1.50 , wz=1.50
npl=Ned/(Nrk/1)=47.99/(3508.10/1.00)=0.014

max=max(0.598,1.245)=1.250
Mcr,o=(1.00/1.78)x809.80=455.7, C1=1.00
o= ([10 -6 ]x1702.0x10 3 x355/455.7)=1.150
o,lim=0.2 C1 [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] 0.25
o,lim=0.2 1.777 [(1-48.0/2283)(1-48.0/4513)] 0.25 =0.264
y=(My,ed/Ned)(A/Wel)=([10 3 ]x68.89/47.99)x(9882.0/1500.0x10 3 )=9.46

Cmy,o=0.79+0.21+0.36(-0.33)x(47.99/9911.0)=1.001, (=1.00)
o=1.150 > o,lim=0.264
Cmy=Cmy,o+(1-Cmy,o)( yalt)/(1+ yalt)=
=1.001+(1-1.001)x( 9.457x0.998)/(1+ 9.457x0.998) = 1.000
Cmlt=Cmyalt/ [(1-Ned/Ncr,z)(1-Ned/Ncr,t)] >=1
Cmlt=1.000x0.998/ [(1-48.0/2283.0)(1-48.0/4513.0)]=1.014, Cmlt=1.014

(EC3 Tab.A.1)

(EC3 NCCI SN003b-EN-EU)

9911)=0.999
2283)=0.988

(EC3 Annex A.1)

(EC3 Annex A, T.A.1)

Cyy=1+(wy-1)[(2-1.6Cmy max/wy-1.6Cmy max/wy)npl-blt]>=Wel,y/Wpl,y

(Annex A, T.A.1)
blt=0.5alt o[My,ed/(,ltMpl,y,rd)](Mz,ed/Mpl,z,rd) =
=0.5x0.998x1.150[0.0/(0.826x532.5)](0.0/62.6) = 0.000
Cyy=1+(1.135-1)[(2-1.6x1.000x1.250/1.135-1.6x1.000x1.250/1.135)x0.014-0.000]=0.996
Cyy>=1500.0x10 3 /1702.0x10 3 =0.881, Cyy=0.996

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Czy=1+(wy-1)[(2-14.0Cmy max/wy 5 )npl-dlt]>=0.6 (wy/wz)(Wel,y/Wpl,y)
- 4
dlt=2alt[ o/(0.1+ z )][My,ed/(Cmy,ltMpl,y,rd)][Mz,ed/(CmzMpl,z,rd)]=
=20.998x[1.150/(0.1+1.245 4 )][0.0/(1.000x0.826x532.5)][0.0/(0.000x62.6)]=0.000
Czy=1+(1.135-1)[(2-14.0x1.000x1.250/1.135 5 )0.014-0.000]=0.982
Czy>=0.6 (1.135/1.500)(1500.0x10 3 /1702.0x10 3 )=0.460, Czy=0.982
Cyy=0.996, Czy=0.982
kyy=1.000x1.014x0.999/(1-47.99/9911.0)x(1/0.996)=1.022
kzy=1.000x1.014x0.988/(1-47.99/9911.0)x(1/0.982)x0.6x (1.135/1.500)=0.535

(Annex A, T.A.1)

(EC3 Eq.6.61)

(EC3 Eq.6.62)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Maximum design values. Verification for load case: L.C. 221: 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
Ned/(yNrk/1)+kyyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
48.0/(0.891x3508.1/1.00)+1.022x68.9/(0.826x604.2/1.00)=0.015+0.141=0.156
0.156< 1.000, Is verified
Ned/(zNrk/1)+kzyMy,ed/(LTMy,rk/1)=
48.0/(0.454x3508.1/1.00)+0.535x68.9/(0.826x604.2/1.00)=0.030+0.074=0.104
0.104< 1.000, Is verified

(Annex A, T.A.1)

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Connections
11.14. Connection data

(EN1993-1-8 )

11.14.1. Bolt connection data

Type of connection
Category of connection
End Plate
Plate of Eave connecion

End-plate connection, non-preloaded bolts

Category A: Bearing type
Category D: Non-preloded
Thickness tp=20 mm, S 235
190x585x20 mm, S 235
190x585x20 mm, S 235
M24, Strength grade 10.9
d = 24 mm
do = 26 mm
d/4 =x24/4= 452.4 mm
As = 353.0 mm
10.9, fyb=900N/mm, fub=1000N/mm

(EC3-1-8
(EC3-1-8

3.4.1)
3.4.2)

(EC3-1-8

3.1.1)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Bolts
Bolt diameter
Diameter of holes
Nominal area
Tensile stress area
Bolt strength grade

(EN1993-1-8 )

11.14.2. Edge distances and spacing of bolts

(EN1993-1-8, 3.5, Tab.3.3)

Minimum edge distances

e1=1.2do=1.2x26=32 mm
e2=1.2do=1.2x26=32 mm
Maximum edge distances
e1=4t+40=4x13.5+40=95 mm
e2=4t+40=4x13.5+40=95 mm
Minimum spacing of bolts
p1=2.2do=2.2x26=58 mm
p2=2.4do=2.4x26=63 mm
Maximum spacing of bolts
p1=min(14t,200)=min(14x13.5,200)=190 mm
p2=min(14t,200)=min(14x13.5,200)=190 mm
Distance of plate edge to bolt line
e1=e2=ex= 45 mm
Distance of section edge to bolt line
ec= 45 mm
Distance of flange enge to bolt line
ef= 45 mm
Pitch between bolt rows
p1=p3=p= 90 mm
Spacing between cross centers
p2=g =w= 100 mm
Flange to end-plate weld
atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x14.6= 8 mm
Web to end-plate weld
aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x 9.4= 6 mm
11.14.3. Design resistance of individual bolts

(EC3-1-8 3.6.1, Tab.3.4)

Bolt strength grade=10.9, fub =1000N/mm, As=353.0mm, M2=1.25

Tension resistance of bolts
Ft,rd=k2fubAs/M2, (k2=0.90 )
Ft,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.90x1000x353.0/1.25=254 kN
Shear resistance of bolts
Fv,rd=fubAs/M2, (=0.50)
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.50x1000x353.0/1.25=141 kN

11.14.4. Edge distances and spacing of bolts

(EN1993-1-8, 3.5, Tab.3.3)

Minimum edge distances

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11.14.5. Design resistance of individual bolts

(EC3-1-8 3.6.1, Tab.3.4)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Bolt strength grade=10.9, fub =1000N/mm, As=353.0mm, M2=1.25

Tension resistance of bolts
Ft,rd=k2fubAs/M2, (k2=0.90 )
Ft,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.90x1000x353.0/1.25=254 kN
Shear resistance of bolts
Fv,rd=fubAs/M2, (=0.50)
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.50x1000x353.0/1.25=141 kN

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11.15. Eave connection(1)
11.15.1. Basic data (Eave connection(1))
Design forces of connection (Eave connection(1))
Maximum design values for actions (L.C. 221: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.70x1.50Hk= 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk)
Ned = -37.2 kN
Ved =
71.9 kN
Med = -84.8 kNm
11.15.2. Connection data (Eave connection(1))

105
450

585

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

Total number of bolts

Diameter of holes
Shear plane of bolt

45 100
190x585x20 mm, S 235
M24, Bolt strength grade 10.9
top
2x3=6
bottom 2x1=2
=8
do = 26 mm
through the threated portion

Bolt connection data

End Plate
Bolts
Number of Bolts

Distance of plate edge to bolt line

105

Edge distances and spacing of bolts

190

Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch

Compression stiffener with thickness ts= 20.0 mm

11.15.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Eave connection(1))

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Fig.6.2)

e=ex=45 mm, emin=45 mm

11.15.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Eave connection(1))

(EC3-1-8 [Link] Tab.6.6)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

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Bolt next to tension flange in a group
leff=2mx =2x35.9= 225.6 mm
=m =6.28x35.9=225.6 mm (1=2=m/(m+e)=0.44, =6.28)
=m+p =x35.9+90.0= 202.8 mm
=0.5p+m-(2m+0.625e)=0.5x90.0+6.3x35.9-(2x35.9+0.625x45.0)= 170.6 mm
leff,3b=min(225.6, 225.6, 202.8, 170.6)= 170.6 mm
leff,3b= = 170.6 mm
Inner Bolt-row in a group
leff=2mx =2x38.5= 241.9 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x38.5+1.25x45.0= 210.3 mm
=2p =2x90.0= 180.0 mm
=p = 90.0 mm
leff,4b=min(241.9, 210.3, 180.0, 90.0)= 90.0 mm
leff,4b= = 90.0 mm
(EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.2)

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

11.15.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection(1))

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x95.0x20.0x235/1.00=2.233kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x2.233/35.9 = 249 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x2.233+44.9x2x254)/(35.9+44.9)=338kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x254 = 508 kN
Ft,rd= min(249, 338, 508)= 249 kN
Bolt next to tension flange alone
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x225.6x20.0x235/1.00=5.302kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x5.302/35.9 = 591 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x5.302+44.9x2x254)/(35.9+44.9)=414kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x254 = 508 kN
Ft,rd= min(591, 414, 508)= 414 kN
Bolt next to tension flange in a group
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x170.6x20.0x235/1.00=4.009kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x4.009/35.9 = 447 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x4.009+44.9x2x254)/(35.9+44.9)=382kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x254 = 508 kN
Ft,rd= min(447, 382, 508)= 382 kN

Inner Bolt-row in a group

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x90.0x20.0x235/1.00=2.115kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x2.115/38.5 = 220 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x2.115+45.0x2x254)/(38.5+45.0)=324kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x254 = 508 kN
Ft,rd= min(220, 324, 508)= 220 kN

11.15.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Eave connection(1))

Fc,fb,rd= Mc,rd/(h-tf), Mc,rd= Wel,yfy/M0
Wel,y=(190x14.6x435.4+9.4x420.8/6)/450=1428.0x10 3 mm
Mc,rd= [10 -6 ]x1428.0x10 3 x355/1.00=507kNm, Fc,fb,rd=[10 3 ]x507/435.4= 1164kN
Fc,fb,rd,max=btfy/M0= [10 -3 ]x190.0x14.6x235/1.00= 652 kN (h<=600mm)
Fc,fb,rd= min(1164, 652)= 652 kN

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

11.15.7. Rafter web in tension (Eave connection(1))

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wbtwbfy,wb/M0
beff,t,wb=Leff=min(leff,3b, leff,4b)=min(170.6, 90.0) =90.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x90.0x9.4x355/1.00= 300 kN
min Ft,rd=min(249, 414, 382, 220, 300)= 220 kN

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11.15.8. Connection geometry of column-side (Eave connection(1))

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Fig.6.2)

e=ex=40 mm, emin=40 mm

mx,x=(100-8.6-2x0.8x21)/2= 28.9 mm
mx,y=45-0.8x8x 2= 35.9 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(40.0,1.25x28.9=36.1)= 36.1 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(40.0,1.25x35.9=44.9)= 40.0 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(28.9,35.9)=28.9mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(28.9,35.9)=35.9mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(36.1,40.0)=36.1mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(36.1,40.0)=40.0mm
11.15.9. Effective lengths of column-side (Eave connection(1))

End Bolt-row in a group

leff=2m =2x28.9= 181.6 mm
=m+2e1 =x28.9+2x45.0= 180.8 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x28.9+1.25x40.0= 165.6 mm
=2m+0.63e+e1 =2x28.9+0.63x40.0+45.0= 127.8 mm
=m+p =x28.9+90.0= 180.8 mm
=2e1+p =2x45.0+90.0= 180.0 mm
=2m+0.63e+0.5p =2x28.9+0.63x40.0+0.5x90.0= 127.8 mm
=e1+0.5p =45.0+0.5x90.0= 90.0 mm
leff,1c=min(181.6, 180.8, 165.6, 127.8, 180.8, 180.0, 127.8, 90.0)= 90.0 mm
leff,1c= = 90.0 mm
Inner Bolt-row in a group
leff=2m =2x28.9= 181.6 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x28.9+1.25x40.0= 165.6 mm
=2p =2x90.0= 180.0 mm
=p = 90.0 mm
leff,2c=min(181.6, 165.6, 180.0, 90.0)= 90.0 mm
leff,2c= = 90.0 mm

11.15.10. Column-Side, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection(1)) (EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.2)
End Bolt-row in a group
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x90.0x13.5x355/1.00=1.456kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x1.456/28.9 = 202 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x1.456+36.1x2x254)/(28.9+36.1)=327kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x254 = 508 kN
Ft,rd= min(202, 327, 508)= 202 kN

Inner Bolt-row in a group

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x90.0x13.5x355/1.00=1.456kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x1.456/28.9 = 202 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x1.456+36.1x2x254)/(28.9+36.1)=327kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x254 = 508 kN
Ft,rd= min(202, 327, 508)= 202 kN

11.15.11. Column-web in transverse tension (Eave connection(1))

Ft,wc,rd = beff,t,wctwcfy,c/M0
=1, =1=1/ [1+1.3(beff,ctwc/Avc)], beff,c=90.0 mm
=1/ [1+1.3x(90.0x8.6/4269)]]= 0.98
Ft,wc,rd = [10 -3 ]x0.98x90.0x8.6x355/1.00= 269 kN

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(EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.3)

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11.15.12. Design resistance of compression stiffener (Eave connection(1))

(EC3-1-5 9.1)

Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch ts= 20.0 mm

fy=235N/mm, bs=(190-8.6-2x21.0)/2=69.7mm,
ts=20.0mm, tw=8.6mm, = (235/fy)=0.81
Aeff,s=2x69.7x20.0+(2x15x0.81x8.6+20.0)x8.6=4757 mm
(EC3-1-5 9.1(2)
Leff,s=min(69.7, 14x0.81x20.0)=min(69.7, 226.80)=69.7 mm,
(EC3 Tab.5.2)
Ieff,s=(2x69.7+8.6) 3 x20.0/12= 5403.0x10 3 mm 4
ieff,s= (5403x10/4757) =33.7mm, 1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06
Lcr=0.75x(400-2x13.5)= 279.8 mm
=Lcr/(ieff,s1)=279.8/(33.7x76.06)= 0.11
<= 0.20, =1.00
Fc,wc,rd = Aeff,sfy,c/M1= 1.000x4757x235/1.00=1118 kN > Fc,fb,rd=652 kN
Compression stiffener, Is verified

(EN1993-1-8, [Link])

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

11.15.13. Moment resistance of connection (Eave connection(1))

(EC3-1-5 9.4(2)
(EC3 [Link](1)
(EC3 [Link].4)

Mj,rd = hrFtr,rd
hr: row numbering from top, distances
End-plate in bending
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 487.7 mm, Ft,rd= 249
Bolt-row 2, hr= 383.1 mm, Ft,rd= 382
Bolt-row 3, hr= 293.1 mm, Ft,rd= 220
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=249 + 382 + 220= 851 kN
End-plate in bending
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 487.7 mm, Ft,rd=
Bolt-row 2, hr= 383.1 mm, Ft,rd=
Bolt-row 3, hr= 293.1 mm, Ft,rd=
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=202 + 202 + 202= 606

(EN1993-1-8, 6.2.7.2Eq.6.25
from center of bottom (compression) flange
(EC3-1-8 [Link]
kN
kN
kN

(EC3-1-8 [Link]

202 kN
202 kN
202 kN
kN

Rafter web in tension

Ft,wb,rd = 300 kN
Rafter flange and web in compression
Fc,fb,rd= 652 kN
Ft,rd<=Ft,wb,rd=300 kN, Fc,ed=Ft,rd<=Fc,fb,rd=652 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd<=Fc,wc,rd=1118 kN

Force distribution in bolt rows

Bolt-row 1, hr= 487.7 mm, Ft,rd=
Bolt-row 2, hr= 383.1 mm, Ft,rd=
Bolt-row 3, hr= 293.1 mm, Ft,rd=
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=202 + 202 + 202= 606

(EC3-1-8 [Link])
(EC3-1-8 [Link]

(EC3-1-8 [Link].(7))

202 kN
202 kN
202 kN
kN

Moment resistance of connection

(EN1993-1-8, [Link](10)

Mj,rd =[10 -3 ]x[202x487.7+202x383.1+202x293.1]

Mj,rd = 235 kNm
Med= 84.8 kNm < 235.1 kNm =Mj,rd, Is verified
11.15.14. Shear resistance (Eave connection(1))

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Shear resistance of bolts

Fv,rd=fubAs/M2=[10 -3 ]x0.50x1000x353.0/1.25=141 kN
Shear plane of bolt:through the threated portion

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Bearing resistance of bolts
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2
End-Plate
t=20.0mm, d=24mm, do=26mm, e1=45mm, e2=45mm, p1=90mm, fub=1000kN/mm, fu=360kN/mm,
b=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[1000/360, 1.0, 45/(3x26), 90/(3x26)-0.25]=0.58
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x45/26-1.7,1.4x100/26-1.7,2.5]=2.50
-3
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2= [10 ]x2.50x0.58x360x24x20.0/1.25=199 kN
Column-Side
t=13.5mm, d=24mm, do=26mm, e1=45mm, e2=45mm, p1=90mm, fub=1000kN/mm, fu=510kN/mm,
b=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[1000/510, 1.0, 45/(3x26), 90/(3x26)-0.25]=0.58
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x45/26-1.7,1.4x100/26-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.58x510x24x13.5/1.25=191 kN

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Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(141, 199, 191)=141 kN

Bending moment and shear
Maximum tension force in bolts
Ft,ed=202/2=101 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to bending
=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-101/(1.40x254)=0.72
Shear acting together with bending moment for all the bolts
Vrd=8x0.72x141 =812 kN
Is verified

Ved= 72 kN < 812 kN =Vrd,

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

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11.16. Eave connection(2)
11.16.1. Basic data (Eave connection(2))
Design forces of connection (Eave connection(2))
Maximum design values for actions (L.C. 221: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.70x1.50Hk= 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk)
Ned = -48.0 kN
Ved =
69.9 kN
Med = -68.6 kNm
11.16.2. Connection data (Eave connection(2))

105
450

585

Ex E
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Total number of bolts

Diameter of holes
Shear plane of bolt

45 100
190x585x20 mm, S 235
M24, Bolt strength grade 10.9
top
2x2=4
bottom 2x1=2
=6
do = 26 mm
through the threated portion

Bolt connection data

End Plate
Bolts
Number of Bolts

Distance of plate edge to bolt line

105

Edge distances and spacing of bolts

190

Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch

Compression stiffener with thickness ts= 20.0 mm

11.16.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Eave connection(2))

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Fig.6.2)

e=ex=45 mm, emin=45 mm

11.16.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Eave connection(2))

(EC3-1-8 [Link] Tab.6.6)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

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(EC3-1-8 Fig.6.11)

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11.16.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection(2))

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

Inner Bolt-row in a group

11.16.6. Rafter flange and web in compression (Eave connection(2))

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

11.16.7. Rafter web in tension (Eave connection(2))

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wbtwbfy,wb/M0
beff,t,wb=Leff=min(leff,3b, leff,4b)=min(170.6, 90.0) =90.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x90.0x9.4x355/1.00= 300 kN
min Ft,rd=min(249, 414, 382, 220, 300)= 220 kN

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11.16.8. Connection geometry of column-side (Eave connection(2))

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Fig.6.2)

e=ex=40 mm, emin=40 mm

mx,x=(100-8.6-2x0.8x21)/2= 28.9 mm
mx,y=45-0.8x8x 2= 35.9 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(40.0,1.25x28.9=36.1)= 36.1 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(40.0,1.25x35.9=44.9)= 40.0 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(28.9,35.9)=28.9mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(28.9,35.9)=35.9mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(36.1,40.0)=36.1mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(36.1,40.0)=40.0mm
11.16.9. Effective lengths of column-side (Eave connection(2))

End Bolt-row in a group

11.16.10. Column-Side, Resistance of T-stub flange (Eave connection(2)) (EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.2)
End Bolt-row in a group
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x90.0x13.5x355/1.00=1.456kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x1.456/28.9 = 202 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x1.456+36.1x2x254)/(28.9+36.1)=327kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x254 = 508 kN
Ft,rd= min(202, 327, 508)= 202 kN

Inner Bolt-row in a group

11.16.11. Column-web in transverse tension (Eave connection(2))

Ft,wc,rd = beff,t,wctwcfy,c/M0
=1, =1=1/ [1+1.3(beff,ctwc/Avc)], beff,c=90.0 mm
=1/ [1+1.3x(90.0x8.6/4269)]]= 0.98
Ft,wc,rd = [10 -3 ]x0.98x90.0x8.6x355/1.00= 269 kN

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(EC3-1-8 [Link])

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.3)

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11.16.12. Design resistance of compression stiffener (Eave connection(2))

(EC3-1-5 9.1)

Compression stiffener at the bottom of haunch ts= 20.0 mm

(EN1993-1-8, [Link])

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11.16.13. Moment resistance of connection (Eave connection(2))

(EC3-1-5 9.4(2)
(EC3 [Link](1)
(EC3 [Link].4)

Mj,rd = hrFtr,rd
(EN1993-1-8, 6.2.7.2Eq.6.25
hr: row numbering from top, distances from center of bottom (compression) flange
End-plate in bending
(EC3-1-8 [Link]
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 487.7 mm, Ft,rd= 249 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 383.1 mm, Ft,rd= 414 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=249 + 414= 663 kN
End-plate in bending
Force distribution in bolt rows
Bolt-row 1, hr= 487.7 mm, Ft,rd= 202 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 383.1 mm, Ft,rd= 202 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=202 + 202= 404 kN

Rafter web in tension

Ft,wb,rd = 300 kN
Rafter flange and web in compression
Fc,fb,rd= 652 kN
Ft,rd<=Ft,wb,rd=300 kN, Fc,ed=Ft,rd<=Fc,fb,rd=652 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd<=Fc,wc,rd=1118 kN

Force distribution in bolt rows

Bolt-row 1, hr= 487.7 mm, Ft,rd= 202 kN
Bolt-row 2, hr= 383.1 mm, Ft,rd= 202 kN
Fc,ed=Ft,rd=202 + 202= 404 kN
Moment resistance of connection

(EC3-1-8 [Link]

(EC3-1-8 [Link])
(EC3-1-8 [Link]

(EC3-1-8 [Link].(7))

(EN1993-1-8, [Link](10)

Mj,rd =[10 -3 ]x[202x487.7+202x383.1]

Mj,rd = 176 kNm
Med= 68.6 kNm < 175.9 kNm =Mj,rd, Is verified

11.16.14. Shear resistance (Eave connection(2))

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Shear resistance of bolts

Fv,rd=fubAs/M2=[10 -3 ]x0.50x1000x353.0/1.25=141 kN
Shear plane of bolt:through the threated portion

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Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(141, 199, 191)=141 kN

Ved= 70 kN < 609 kN =Vrd,

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

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11.17. Column base Connection
11.17.1. Basic data (Base connection)
Design forces of connection (Base connection)
Axial force (compression)
Axial force (tension)
Shear force
Moment

Ned=-148
Ned=
0
Ved= 11
Med=
0

kN, L.C. 221: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.70x1.50Hk= 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk

kN,
kN, L.C. 221: 1.35Gk+1.50Qk+0.70x1.50Hk= 1.35xGk+1.50Qk+1.05Hk
kNm,

Connection data (Base connection)

100

500

205

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Total number of bolts

Diameter of holes
Steel section for column
Spacing between cross centers
Flange to end-plate weld
Web to end-plate weld

500x280x30 mm, S 235

M24, Grade 5.6
through the threated portion
middle 2x2=4
=4
do = 26 mm
IPE 400, S 355
100 mm
8 mm
6 mm

Base plate steel grade

Anchor bolts
Shear plane of bolt

Edge distances and spacing of bolts

Distance of plate edge to bolt line

e1=e2=ex= 90 mm
Distance of section edge to bolt line
ec= 46 mm
Distance of flange enge to bolt line
ef= 45 mm
Pitch between bolt rows
p1=p3=p= 90 mm
Spacing between cross centers
p2=g =w= 100 mm
Flange to end-plate weld
atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x13.5= 8 mm
Web to end-plate weld
aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x 8.6= 6 mm

280

Concrete of foundation

Concrete-Steel class
C25/30-B500C
Partial factors for materials
c=1.50, s=1.15
Design compressive strength
fcd=ccfck/c=1.00x25/1.50=16.67 N/mm
Design tensile strength
fctd=ctfctk05/c=1.00x2/1.50=1.20 N/mm
Bearing strength
fjd= Ac1/Acofcd=(2/3)x1.5x16.67=16.67N/mm

11.17.2. Design resistance of individual bolts

(Base connection)

(EC2 3.1, 3.2)

(EC2 [Link])
(EC2 3.1.6)
(EC2 6.7)

(EC3-1-8 3.6.1, Tab.3.4)

Bolt strength grade=5.6, fub =500N/mm, As=353.0mm, M2=1.25

Tension resistance of bolts
Ft,rd=k2fubAs/M2, (k2=0.90 )
Ft,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.90x500x353.0/1.25=127 kN
Shear resistance of bolts
Fv,rd=fubAs/M2, (=0.60)
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.60x500x353.0/1.25=85 kN

11.17.3. Connection geometry of end-plate (Base connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Fig.6.2)

e=ex=90 mm, emin=90 mm

mx,x=(100-8.6-2x0.8x6x 2)/2= 38.9 mm
mx,y= 38.9 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(90.0,1.25x38.9=48.6)= 48.6 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(90.0,1.25x38.9=48.6)= 48.6 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(38.9,38.9)=38.9mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(38.9,38.9)=38.9mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(48.6,48.6)=48.6mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(48.6,48.6)=48.6mm

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11.17.4. Effective lengths of end-plate (Base connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link] Tab.6.6)

Inner Bolt-row in a group

leff=2mx =2x38.9= 244.4 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x38.9+1.25x90.0= 268.1 mm
=2p =2x90.0= 180.0 mm
=p = 90.0 mm
leff,4b=min(244.4, 268.1, 180.0, 90.0)= 90.0 mm
leff,4b= = 90.0 mm
11.17.5. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Base connection)

Inner Bolt-row in a group

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x90.0x30.0x235/1.00=4.759kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x4.759/38.9 = 489 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x4.759+48.6x2x127)/(38.9+48.6)=250kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x127 = 254 kN
Ft,rd= min(489, 250, 254)= 250 kN
11.17.6. Column web in tension (Base connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wbtwbfy,wb/M0
beff,t,wb=Leff= leff,4b = =90.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x90.0x8.6x355/1.00= 275 kN
min Ft,rd=min(250, 275)= 250 kN

11.17.7. Tension resistance of connection

Uplift force of connection

Ft,ed=
Tension resistance of connection
Ft,rd=
Ned= 0 kN < 500 kN =Nrd, Is verified

(EN1993-1-8, 6.2.4

0 kN
2x250 = 500 kN

11.17.8. Shear resistance (Base connection)

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Shear resistance of bolts

Fv,rd=fubAs/M2=[10 -3 ]x0.60x500x353.0/1.25=85 kN
Shear plane of bolt:through the threated portion

Bearing resistance of bolts

Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2
t=30.0mm, d=24mm, do=26mm, e1=90mm, e2=90mm, p1=90mm, fub=500kN/mm, fu=360kN/mm,
b=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[500/360, 1.0, 90/(3x26), 90/(3x26)-0.25]=0.90
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x90/26-1.7,1.4x100/26-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.90x360x24x30.0/1.25=469 kN
Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(85, 469)=85 kN

Tension and shear

Maximum tension force in bolts
Ft,ed=250/2=125 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to tension
=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-125/(1.40x127)=0.30
Shear acting together with tension for all the bolts
Vrd=4x0.30x85 =102 kN
Ved= 11 kN < 102 kN =Vrd,

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(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Is verified

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11.17.9. Bearing resistance (Base connection)

(EN1993-1-8, 6.2.5)

Compression resistance of T-stub flange Fc,rd= fjdbeffleff

(6.2.5(3)Eq.6.4), 6.2.5(7)
fjd= (Ac1/Aco)fcd=(2/3)x (2.25)x16.67=16.67N/mm
(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.7,Eq.6.63)
h=400.0mm, b=180.0mm, tf=13.5mm, tw=8.6mm, tp=30.0mm
c=tp(fy/(3fjdM0) 0.5 =30x(235.00/(3x16.67x1.00) 0.5 =65.0, <50.0, c=50.0mm
(Eq.6.5)
2c+bf=2x50.0+180=280.0mm <= bp=280mm, leff=280.0mm
Aco,f=leff(2c+tf)=280.0x(2x50.0+13.5) = 31780 mm
(EC3-1-8 ,Fig.6.4)
Aco,w=(h-2tf-2c)(tw+2c)= (400.0-2x13.5-2x50.0)x(8.6+2x50.0)= 29648 mm
Nj,rd= [10 -3 ]x16.7x(2x31780+29648)=[10 -3 ]x16.7x93208= 1557kN
Nj,ed= 148 kN < 1557 kN =Nj,rd, Is verified
Bending resistance of base plate

(EN1993-1-8, [Link])

Mp,rd=Welfy/M0=[10 -6 ](280x30.0/6)x235/1.0= 10 kNm

Mp,ed=bpqedc/2=[10 -6 ][280x147531/(2x31780+29648.0)]x50.0/2= 1 kNm
Mp,ed= 1.0 kNm < 10.0 kNm =Mp,rd, Is verified

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(6.2.5)

11.17.10. Anchoring resistance (Base connection)

(EN1993-1-8, [Link])
(EN1992-1-1 8.4)

Anchoring hook
Number of fasteners: 4, of diameter 24mm, As= 353mm
Basic required anchorage length lb,rqd, Design anchorage length lbd=0.70lb,rqd
lb,rqd=( /4)(sd/fbd)=(24/4)x(0.0/1.20)=0 mm
sd=[10 3 ]x0/(4x353)=0.0 N/mm, fbd=fctd= 1.20 N/mm
Design anchorage length lbd=0.70x0 >(10x24,100) lbd=250 mm

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IPE 450(2)

IPE 400(2)

6500

3000

IPE 400(2)

IPE 450(1)
IPE 400(1)

Ex E
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3500

IPE 400(1)

8400

Scale 1:100 (mm)

190

100

600

500

394

M 24 5.6

Eave connection(2) Scale 1:20 (mm)

280

Eave connection(1) Scale 1:20 (mm)

190

90
600

Base connection Scale 1:20 (mm)

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105

90
45

585

90 105

M 24 10.9

585

M 24 10.9

100

6500

3000

IPE 400(2)

IPE 450(2)

IPE 400(2)

3500

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IPE 400(1)

RUNET s oftw are

Scale 1:100 (mm)

8400

IPE 450(1)

IPE 400(1)

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M24 10.9

RUNET s oftw are

Eave connection(1) Scale 1:10 (mm)

M24 10.9

190

Eave connection(2) Scale 1:10 (mm)

Ex E
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100

105

585

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45

ST
190

100

STEELexpress Exam ple

105

585

500

280
600

100

394

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Base connection Scale 1:10 (mm)

M24 5.6

RUNET s oftw are

600

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12. BRACE-001
Design of bracing systems
( EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005)
Design of lateral bracing system L=16.000m, H=5.000m, Lx=4.000m, Ly=5.000m, qed=9.60kN/m

H= 5.000 m

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qed=9.60kN/m

Lx= 4.000 m

L= 16.000 m

.0
=5

12.1. Design codes

EN1990:2002, Eurocode 0 Basis of Structural Design

Partial factors for materials

0= 1.00, 1= 1.00, 2= 1.25

(EN1993-1-1, 6.1)

Partial safety factors for actions

G= 1.35, Q= 1.50

12.3. Dimensions and loads

Dimensions

Transverse load/m on roof level

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(EN1991-1-1 )

L = 16.000 m
H = 5.000 m
Lx = 4.000 m
Ly = 5.000 m
qed = 9.600 kN/m

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12.4. Cross-section properties
L100x100x12-S 355

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

6
h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

mm 2
mm 4
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm
2
mm
4
mm
mm 6

Iz= 2.067x10 6
Iv= 0.854x10 6
Wz=29.110x10 3
Wpz=62.736x10 3
iz=
30.2
iv=
19.4
Avy=
1200
ip=
43

L100x100x12

z
12

100
r2
mm 4
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm
2
mm
mm

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Properties of cross section

Area
A=
2271
Second moment of area
Iy= 2.067x10 6
Second moment of area
Iu= 3.280x10 6
Section modulus
Wy=29.110x10 3
Plastic section modulus Wpy=122.93x10 3
Radius of gyration
iy=
30.2
Radius of gyration
iu=
38.0
Shear area
Avz=
1215
Torsional constant
It= 0.145x10 6
Warping constant
Iw= 1.936x10 9

100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
17.80

100

Cross-section

12.5. Horizontal loadings

Horizontal (roof) braced girder

Load on bracing system, roof level Qed1= 9.60x4.000 =38.40 kN
The braced girder at roof is loaded with point horizontal loads Qed1=9.60x4.000=38.40kN
at the nodes of the bracing system (at spacing 4.000 m).
The braced girder is supported horizontally at the columns
Length of braced girder members 6.403 m, inclination =51.34, tan=5.000/4.000=1.250
Forces in members of braced girder
Compression Nced1= 1.00x38.4/sin51.34= 49.2 kN
Tension
Nted1= 1.00x38.4/sin51.34= 49.2 kN

Vertical (wall) braced girder

Load on bracing system, at top of column Qed2= 9.60x16.000/2= 76.80 kN
The vertical brace system is loaded with point horizontal load Qed2=76.80kN
at the top of the column
h= 5.000m.
Length of braced girder members 7.071 m, inclination =45.00, tan=5.000/5.000=1.000
Forces in bracing members
Tension Nted2= 1.00x76.8/cos45.00= 108.6 kN
Compression on columns Nced2=108.6xsin45.00=76.8kN

12.6. Classification of cross-sections, Compression Nc (Bracing member)

h/t=100.0/12.0=8.33, (b+h)/2t=(100.0+100.0)/(2x12.0)=8.33
S 355 , t=12.0<= 40 mm, fy=355 N/mm, =(235/355) 0.5 =0.81
h/t=8.33<=15=12.15, (b+h)/2t=8.33<=11.5=9.32

(EN1993-1-1, 5.5)

Overall classification of cross-section is Class 3, Compression Nc,ed

12.7. Resistance of cross-section, Bracing member
Ultimate Limit State, Verification for tension
[Link]=108.60 kN
Tension Resistance Nplrd=
Afy/0=[10 -3 ]x2271x355/1.00=806.20kN
Nt,ed= 108.60 kN < 806.20 kN =Nt,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Nt,ed/Nt,rd= 108.60/806.20= 0.135<1

STEELexpress
software by RUNET (c)

RUNET s oftw are

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2)
(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.3)

STEELexpress Exam ple

Ultimate Limit State, Verification for compression
[Link]= 49.20 kN
Compression Resistance Nplrd=
Afy/0=[10 -3 ]x2271x355/1.00=806.20kN
Ned= 49.20 kN < 806.20 kN =Nc,rd=Nplrd, Is verified
Ned/Nc,rd= 49.20/806.20= 0.061<1

(EN1993-1-1, 6.2.4)

12.8. Flexural Buckling, Bracing member (Ultimate Limit State)

Nc,ed=49.20 kN, Lcr,y=6.403 m, Lcr,z=6.403 m

(EN1993-1-1, 6.3.1)

Buckling lengths: Lcr,y=1.000x6403=6403mm, Lcr,z=1.000x6403=6403mm

Non-dimensional slenderness (Cross-section Class: 3 )
y= (Afy/Ncr,y)=(Lcr,y/iy)(1/1)=(6403/ 30.2)x(1/76.06)=2.790
z= (Afy/Ncr,z)=(Lcr,z/iz)(1/1)=(6403/ 30.2)x(1/76.06)=2.790
v= (Afy/Ncr,v)=(Lcr,v/iv)(1/1)=(6403/ 19.4)x(1/76.06)=4.341
1= (E/fy)=93.9=76.06, = (235/fy)=0.81
eff,y=0.50+0.7x2.790=2.453, eff,z=0.50+0.7x2.790=2.453
eff,v=0.35+0.7x4.341=3.389

(EC3 [Link])

Ex E
E
am L
e
pl xp
e re
R s
ep s
or
t

(EC3 Annex BB.1.2)

y-y buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: y=0.34, y=0.145

y=0.5[1+y( y-0.2)+ y]=0.5x[1+0.34x(2.453-0.2)+2.453]=3.892
y=1/[y+ (y- y)]=1/[3.892+ (3.892-2.453)]=0.145 <=1 y=0.145
z-z buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: z=0.34, z=0.145
z=0.5[1+z( z-0.2)+ z]=0.5x[1+0.34x(2.453-0.2)+2.453]=3.892
z=1/[z+ (z- z)]=1/[3.892+ (3.892-2.453)]=0.145 <=1 z=0.145

(T.6.2,T.6.1,Fig.6.4)

v-v buckling curve:b, imperfection factor: v=0.34, v=0.079

v=0.5[1+v( v-0.2)+ v]=0.5x[1+0.34x(3.389-0.2)+3.389]=6.784
v=1/[v+ (v- v)]=1/[6.784+ (6.784-3.389)]=0.079 <=1 v=0.079
Reduction factor =1/[+ (- )], <=1.0, =0.5[1+( -0.2)+ ], =0.079
-3
Nb,rd=Afy/1= 0.079x[10 ]x2271x355/1.00=63.69kN
Nc,ed= 49.20 kN < 63.69 kN =Nb,rd, Is verified
Nc,ed/Nb,rd= 49.20/63.69= 0.772<1

(EC3 Eq.6.49)
(EC3 Eq.6.47)

12.9. Bolts connecting braces

Bolt connection data, Bracing member

Type of connection
End-plate connection, non-preloaded bolts
Category of connection
Category A: Bearing type
Connected members
Thickness t=12 mm
Bolts
M22, Strength grade 8.8
Bolt diameter
d = 22 mm
Diameter of holes
do = 24 mm
Nominal area
d/4 =x22/4= 380.1 mm
Tensile stress area
As = 380.1 mm
Bolt strength grade
8.8, fyb=640N/mm, fub=800N/mm
Shear resistance of bolts
Fv,rd=fubAs/M2=[10 -3 ]x0.60x800x380.1/1.25=146.0 kN

(EN1993-1-8 )

(EC3-1-8

3.4.1)

(EC3-1-8

3.1.1)

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Bearing resistance of bolts

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2
t=12.0mm, d=22mm, do=24mm, e1=50mm, e2=50mm, p1=100mm, fub=800kN/mm, fu=360kN/mm,
b=min[fub/fu, 1, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=min[800/360, 1, 50/(3x24), 100/(3x24)-0.25]=0.69
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7, 2.5]=min[2.8x50/24-1.7, 2.5]=2.50
-3
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2= [10 ]x2.50x0.69x360x22x12.0/1.25=132.0 kN
Necessary bolts per brace 108.6/132.0= 1 M22, Grade 8.8

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13. FOOT-001
Footing of steel column, Footing (fixed) N-H-M
( EC3 EN1993-1-1:2005)

N e d = -1 7 5 k N
N d s t,d = + 7 5 k N
H ed=125kN
M ed=45kN m

0 .7 0 0

2 .7 0 0

0 .8 0 0
2 .5 0 0

C 2 5 /3 0 - B 5 0 0 C
q u k = 0 .2 8 0 k N /m m

0 .8 0 0

Ex E
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2 .5 0 0

13.1. Design loads on concrete footing

Axial force (downwards)
Axial force (upwards)
Shear force
Moment

Ned= 175 kN,

Ned= 75 kN,
Hed= 125 kN,
Med= 45 kNm,

13.2. Dimensions, materials, loads

Dimensions
Footing
Lx= 2.500 m
Column
cx= 0.800 m
Height of footing
Depth of footing

Ly=
cy=
h=
hf=

Base area of footing

Volume of footing

Af=
Vf=

2.500
0.800
0.700
2.700

m
m
m
m

6.25 m
5.66 m

Materials of footing
Concrete-Steel class: C25/30-B500C
(EN1992-1-1, 3)
Concrete cover: Cnom=35 mm
(EC2 4.4.1)
Effective depth of cross section d=h-d1, d1=Cnom+ (3/2)=35+3x16/2=59mm, d=700-59=641mm
Concrete weight: 25.0 kN/m
c=1.50, s=1.15
(EC2 Table 2.1N)
fcd=ccfck/c=1.00x25/1.50=16.67 MPa
(EC2 3.1.6)
fyd=fyk/s=500/1.15=435 MPa
(EC2 3.2.7)
Soil
Soil bearing pressure
Unit weight of soil

Loads
Self weight of footing
Soil weight on footing
Design Loads
Vertical load downwards
Vertical load upwards
Horizontal load
Moment

STEELexpress
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quk= 0.280 N/mm(MPa)

=20.000 kN/m

(1.28+4.38)x25.00
(6.25x2.70-5.66)x20.00

Gf= 141.50 kN
Gs= 224.30 kN

Ned= 175.00 kN
Ndst,d= 75.00 kN
Hed= 125.00 kN
Med= 45.00 kNm

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Eurocode parameters
Check of soil bearing capacity
(EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, 6)
Partial factors for actions and soil properties
(EC7 Tab. A.1-A.4, EC8-5 3.1)
Equilibrium limit state (EQU), Structural limit state (STR), Geotechnical limit state (GEO)
(EQU) (STR) (GEO)
Actions
Permanent Unfavorable
Gdst: 1.10
1.35
1.00
Permanent Favorable
Gstb: 1.00
1.00
1.00
Variable Unfavorable
Qdst: 1.50
1.50
1.30
Variable Favorable
Qstb: 0.00
0.00
0.00
Soil
Angle of shearing resistance
parameters Effective cohesion
Undrained shear strength
Unconfined strength
Weight density

:
c:
cu:
qu:
w:

1.25
1.25
1.40
1.40
1.00

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.25
1.25
1.40
1.40
1.00
(EC0 Annex A1)

Ex E
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Partial safety factors for actions : G=1.35, Q=1.50

Combination of accidental actions :(EC7) 2 =0.30
Combination of accidental actions :(EC2) 2 =0.30
Design of reinforced concrete

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004)

13.3. Passive earth pressure on the side of the footing

Angle of shearing resistance of ground
Unit weight of soil
Footing depth
Footing height
Footing width
Coefficient of passive earth pressure
Earth pressure at the top
Earth pressure at the bottom
Earth force
Point of application of earth force

(EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, 9.5)

d=k/M=35.00/1.25=28.00
k =20.00 kN/m
hf =2.700 m
h =0.700 m
By =2.500 m
Kp =2.770
p1 =20.00x2.000x2.770=110.79kN/m
p2 =20.00x2.700x2.770=149.57kN/m
Fprd =0.5x(110.79+149.57)x2.500x0.700=227.82 kN
yp=0.433 m

13.4. Sliding resistance forces at footing base

(EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, 6.5.3(8))

Angle of shearing resistance of ground k=cv,k=(2/3)=(2/3)x35.00=23.33

Vertical load Vd= 175.00+1.00x(141.50+224.30)=540.80kN
Resisting forces due to soil friction Rd= Vdtank/=540.80xtan(23.33)/1.25=186.62kkNm

(EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, 6.5.3)

13.5. Failure check against sliding

The horizontal force acting outwards, is resisted by the passive earth pressure
acting on the side of the footing, and the friction force at the footing base
Sum of driving forces Hed= 125.00 kN
Sum of resisting forces Hrd= 186.62 + 1.00x227.82= 414.44 kN
Sliding resistance check Hd=125.00kN < Rd=414.44kN,

Is verified

13.6. Check stability for forces upwards

Loading (EQU), 1.00xPermanent + 1.50xVariable

Vertical forces upwards Ndst,d = 75 kN
Vertical forces downwards Gk =141.50+224.30= 365.80 kN
Holding down forces Nstb,d = GxGk= 1.00x365.80= 366 kN
Ndst,d=75 kN < 366 kN =Nstb,d,

STEELexpress
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(EC7 [Link])

Is verified

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13.7. Check of soil bearing capacity

(EC7 EN1997-1-1:2004, 6)

Loading (STR,GEO), 1.35xPermanent + 1.50xVariable

(EC7 [Link])
Design Loads
Vertical load at footing bottom
Ned= 175.00+1.35x(141.50+224.30)
= 668.83kN
Vertical load at footing top
Ned1= 175.00+1.35x32.00
= 218.20kN
Moment at footing bottom
Med= 45.00+125.00x2.700-1.00x227.82x0.433 = 283.85kNm
relative eccentricity ex/Lx=Myy/(NLx)=283.85/(668.83x2.500)=(1/5.891)= 0.170
Eccentricity ec=283.85/668.83=0.424m, ec>2.500/6=0.417m
Soil pressure q=0.216 N/mm Bq=2.477 m
pressure from self weight
q= 10 -3 fx(668.83-218.20)/(2.50x2.500)= 0.072 N/mm
Effective footing L'=2.500-2x0.424= 1.651 m
Design effective foundation area A'=1.651x2.500=4.13 m
Soil pressure
q=Ned/A'=10 -3 fx668.83/(1.65x2.500)=0.162N/mm
Soil bearing capacity
Rd=A'quk/M=4.128x(10 3 x0.28)/1.40= 825.50 kN

Ex E
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(EC7 Annex D)
(EC7 Annex D)

Ned=668.83kN < 825.50kN =Nrd,

Is verified

13.8. Design for bending

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.1)

Bending at bottom surface

Med(yy)=1000x(0.162-0.072)x2.500x0.850/2= 81.28kNm
Med(xx)=0.125x218x2.500x(1-0.800/2.500) = 31.53kNm

MEd(xx)

MEd(yy)

Med=81.28kNm, b=2500mm, d=641mm, Kd=11.24, x/d=0.02

c/s=0.5/20.0, Ks=2.32, As= 294mm
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bdfctm/fyk (As= 607mm/m) (EC2 9.3.1)
Minimum reinforcement 14/25.0 ( 616mm/m)
Med=31.53kNm, b=2500mm, d=641mm, Kd=18.05, x/d=0.01
c/s=0.3/20.0, Ks=2.31, As= 114mm
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bdfctm/fyk (As= 607mm/m)
Minimum reinforcement 14/25.0 ( 616mm/m)

Reinforcement of footing at bottom surface

Reinforcement in x-x direction: 1 6 / 3 2 . 5 ( 618mm/m) , 9 1 6 (1809mm)
Reinforcement in y-y direction: 1 6 / 3 2 . 5 ( 618mm/m) , 9 1 6 (1809mm)

Bending at top surface

Med(yy)=0.125x75x2.500x(1-0.800/2.500) = 10.84kNm
Med(xx)=0.125x75x2.500x(1-0.800/2.500) = 10.84kNm

Med=10.84kNm, b=2500mm, d=641mm, Kd=30.79, x/d=0.01

c/s=0.2/20.0, Ks=2.31, As= 39mm
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bdfctm/fyk (As= 607mm/m) (EC2 9.3.1)
Minimum reinforcement 14/25.0 ( 616mm/m)
Med=10.84kNm, b=2500mm, d=641mm, Kd=30.79, x/d=0.01
c/s=0.2/20.0, Ks=2.31, As= 39mm
Minimum reinforcement As>=0.26bdfctm/fyk (As= 607mm/m)
Minimum reinforcement 14/25.0 ( 616mm/m)

Reinforcement of footing at top surface

Reinforcement in x-x direction: 1 6 / 3 2 . 5 ( 618mm/m) , 9 1 6 (1809mm)
Reinforcement in y-y direction: 1 6 / 3 2 . 5 ( 618mm/m) , 9 1 6 (1809mm)
13.9. Design for shear

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.2)

The design for shear is covered by the design in punching shear,

because the critical rupture surface is considered at angle =45, tan()=1
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13.10. Design for punching shear

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.4)

Footing cantilevers in x-x, L1=0.850>d=0.641m, L2=0.850>d=0.641m

Footing cantilevers in y-y, L1=0.850>d=0.641m, L2=0.850>d=0.641m
Control perimeter at 1.0d=0.641m<2.0d (EC2 [Link])
We consider rupture surface at angle =45, tan()=1
Ucont=(0.800+0.800+0.800+0.800)+3.14x(0.641+0.641)=7.225m
Base area within the control perimeter
Acont=0.800x0.800+0.800x1.282+0.800x1.282+3.14x0.641x0.641=3.98m
Minimum effective height of footing at control section dm= 641mm

a=d
Acont

Applied shear force at control perimeter Ved=Ned-oAcont, ved=Vedx/Ucont

o=218.20/(2.500x2.500)=34.91 kN/m, =1.15
ved=(218.20-34.91x3.98)x1.15/7.225=12.61 kN/m
6.18cm/m, Asyy=

(EC2 6.4.3 Fig.6.21N)

6.18cm/m

Ex E
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Tension reinforcement at control section Asxx=

As1=(Asxx)(Asyy)=6.18x6.18, As1=6.18 cm

Ucont

(EC2 6.4.4)

Punching shear capacity without shear reinforcement Vrdc

Vrdc=[Crdck(1001fck) 0.33 (2d/a)]bwd (EC2 Eq.6.50)
Vrdc>=[vmin2d/a]bwd, d=dm=641mm, a=641mm
Crdc=0.18/c=0.18/1.50=0.120, fck=25MPa ,bw=1000mm, d=641mm
k=1+ (200/d)<=2, k=1.56
1=As1/(bwd)=618/(1000x641)=0.0010
vmin=0.0350k 1.50 fck = 0.34N/mm,
(EC2 Eq.6.3N)
Vrd,c(min)=0.001x(0.34x2x641/641)x1000x641=435.88kN/m
0.33
Vrdc=0.001x[0.120x1.56x(0.10x25)
x2x641/641]x1000x641=325.72, Vrdc=435.88kN/m
Ved=12.61 kN/m <= Vrdc=435.88 kN/m, shear and punching shear OK

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14. JOINTd-004

Mrd = 163.46 kNm

Vrd = 1175.00 kN
Ncrd=-4237.00 kN
Ntrd=+300.00 kN
Med
Ved
Ned

Fixed column base connection

(EC3 EN1993-1-8:2005, 3, 6)
14.1. Basic data (Base connection)
IPE 600

Design forces of connection (Base connection)

Axial force (compression)
Axial force (tension)
Shear force
Moment

Ned=-275
Ned=
0
Ved= 175
Med= 90

kN,
kN,
kN,
kNm,

Connection data (Base connection)

160

100

160

100

119

100

800

Total number of bolts

Diameter of holes
Steel section for column
Spacing between cross centers
Flange to end-plate weld
Web to end-plate weld

800x420x45 mm, S 235

M27, Grade 5.6
through the threated portion
top
2x3=6
bottom 2x3=6
=12
do = 30 mm
IPE 600, S 355
100 mm
11 mm
7 mm

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Base plate steel grade

Anchor bolts
Shear plane of bolt
Number of Bolts

Edge distances and spacing of bolts

Distance of plate edge to bolt line

e1=e2=ex= 160 mm
Distance of section edge to bolt line
ec= 44 mm
Distance of flange enge to bolt line
ef= 50 mm
Pitch between bolt rows
p1=p3=p= 100 mm
Spacing between cross centers
p2=g =w= 100 mm
Flange to end-plate weld
atf>= 0.55tf=0.55x19.0= 11 mm
Web to end-plate weld
aw>= 0.55tw=0.55x12.0= 7 mm

420

Concrete of foundation

(EC2 3.1, 3.2)

(EC2 [Link])
(EC2 3.1.6)

(EC2 6.7)

14.2. Column section

IPE 600-S 355

Dimensions of cross section

Depth of cross section
Width of cross section
Web depth
Depth of straight portion of web
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Mass

STEELexpress
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h=
b=
hw=
dw=
tw=
tf=
r=
=

RUNET s oftw are

600.00
220.00
581.00
514.00
12.00
19.00
24.00
122.00

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m

220
24
12

IPE600

600

Cross-section

Cross-section properties

101

STEELexpress Exam ple

mm 2
mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm 4
6
mm

b
Iz=33.870x10 6
Wz=307.90x10 3
Wpz=485.60x10 3
iz=
46.6
Avy=
8360
ip=
247

mm 4
mm 3
mm 3
mm
mm 2
mm

r
tw
y

14.3. Design resistance of individual bolts

(Base connection)

(EC3-1-8 3.6.1, Tab.3.4)

Ex E
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Bolt strength grade=5.6, fub =500N/mm, As=459.0mm, M2=1.25

Tension resistance of bolts
Ft,rd=k2fubAs/M2, (k2=0.90 )
Ft,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.90x500x459.0/1.25=165 kN
Shear resistance of bolts
Fv,rd=fubAs/M2, (=0.60)
Fv,rd=[10 -3 ]x0.60x500x459.0/1.25=110 kN
14.4. Connection geometry of end-plate (Base connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Fig.6.2)

e=ex=160 mm, emin=160 mm

mx,x=(100-12.0-2x0.8x7x 2)/2= 36.1 mm
mx,y= 36.1 mm
nx,x= emin <=1.25mx,x = min(160.0,1.25x36.1=45.1)= 45.1 mm
nx,y= emin <=1.25mx,y = min(160.0,1.25x36.1=45.1)= 45.1 mm
min(mx,x, mx,y)=min(36.1,36.1)=36.1mm, max(mx,x, mx,y)=max(36.1,36.1)=36.1mm
min(nx,x, nx,y)=min(45.1,45.1)=45.1mm, max(nx,x, nx,y)=max(45.1,45.1)=45.1mm
14.5. Effective lengths of end-plate (Base connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link] Tab.6.6)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

leff=2mx =2x36.1= 226.8 mm
=mx+w =x36.1+100.0= 213.4 mm
=mx+2e=x36.1+2x160.0= 433.4 mm
=4mx+1.25ex = 4x36.1+1.25x160.0=344.4 mm
=e+2mx+0.625ex = 160.0+2x36.1+0.625x160.0=332.2 mm
=0.5bp = 0.5x420= 210.0 mm
=0.5w+2mx+0.625ex=0.5x100.0+2x36.1+0.625x160.0= 222.2 mm
leff,1b=min(226.8, 213.4, 433.4, 344.4, 332.2, 210.0, 222.2)= 210.0 mm
leff,1b= 210.0 mm

Bolt next to tension flange alone

leff=2mx =2x36.1= 226.8 mm
=m =8.00x36.1=288.8 mm (1=2=m/(m+e)=0.18, =8.00)
leff,2b=min(226.8, 288.8)= 226.8 mm
leff,2b= = 226.8 mm

(EC3-1-8 Fig.6.11)

Bolt next to tension flange in a group

leff=2mx =2x36.1= 226.8 mm
=m =8.00x36.1=288.8 mm (1=2=m/(m+e)=0.18, =8.00)
=m+p =x36.1+100.0= 213.4 mm
=0.5p+m-(2m+0.625e)=0.5x100.0+8.0x36.1-(2x36.1+0.625x160.0)= 166.6 mm
leff,3b=min(226.8, 288.8, 213.4, 166.6)= 166.6 mm
leff,3b= = 166.6 mm
Inner Bolt-row in a group
leff=2mx =2x36.1= 226.8 mm
=4m+1.25e =4x36.1+1.25x160.0= 344.4 mm
=2p =2x100.0= 200.0 mm
=p = 100.0 mm
leff,4b=min(226.8, 344.4, 200.0, 100.0)= 100.0 mm
leff,4b= = 100.0 mm

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STEELexpress Exam ple

14.6. End-Plate, Resistance of T-stub flange (Base connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link], Tab.6.2)

Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x210.0x45.0x215/1.00=22.857kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x22.857/36.1 = 2533 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x22.857+45.1x2x165)/(36.1+45.1)=746kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x165 = 330 kN
Ft,rd= min(2533, 746, 330)= 330 kN
Bolt next to tension flange alone
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x226.8x45.0x215/1.00=24.686kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x24.686/36.1 = 2735 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x24.686+45.1x2x165)/(36.1+45.1)=791kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x165 = 330 kN
Ft,rd= min(2735, 791, 330)= 330 kN

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Bolt next to tension flange in a group

Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x166.6x45.0x215/1.00=18.133kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x18.133/36.1 = 2009 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x18.133+45.1x2x165)/(36.1+45.1)=630kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x165 = 330 kN
Ft,rd= min(2009, 630, 330)= 330 kN
Inner Bolt-row in a group
Mpl,1,rd=Mpl,2,rd=0.25lefftffy/M0=[10 -6 ]x0.25x100.0x45.0x215/1.00=10.884kNm
Mode 1
Ft,1,rd= 4Mpl,1rd/m =[10 3 ]x4x10.884/36.1 = 1206 kN
Mode 2
Ft,2,rd= (2Mpl,2rd+nFt,rd)/(m+n)=([10 3 ]x2x10.884+45.1x2x165)/(36.1+45.1)=451kN
Mode 3
Ft,3,rd= Ft,rd =2x165 = 330 kN
Ft,rd= min(1206, 451, 330)= 330 kN
14.7. Column web in tension (Base connection)

(EC3-1-8 [Link])

Ft,wb,rd = beff,t,wbtwbfy,wb/M0
beff,t,wb=Leff= leff,4b = =100.0 mm
Ft,wb,rd = [10 -3 ]x100.0x12.0x355/1.00= 426 kN
min Ft,rd=min(330, 330, 330, 426)= 330 kN

14.8. Anchoring resistance (Base connection)

(EN1993-1-8, [Link])

Anchoring hook
(EN1992-1-1 8.4)
d=27mm, As= 459mm, lbd=435mm
lb,rqd= ( /4)(sd/fbd), lbd=0.70lb,rqd, fbd=fctd=1.20N/mm, sd=0.70lbdfbd/( /4)
Ft,anc,rd =sdAs =[10 -3 ]0.70x435x1.20/(27/4)x459 =25kN
min Ft,rd=min(330, 2x25)= 50 kN

14.9. Tension resistance of connection

Uplift force of connection

Ft,ed=
Tension resistance of connection
Ft,rd=
Ned= 0 kN < 300 kN =Nrd, Is verified

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(EN1993-1-8, 6.2.4

0 kN
6x50 = 300 kN

103

STEELexpress Exam ple

14.10. Bearing resistance (Base connection)

(EN1993-1-8, 6.2.5)

Compression resistance of T-stub flange Fc,rd= fjdbeffleff

(6.2.5(3)Eq.6.4), 6.2.5(7)
fjd= (Ac1/Aco)fcd=(2/3)x (2.25)x16.67=16.67N/mm
(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, 6.7,Eq.6.63)
h=600.0mm, b=220.0mm, tf=19.0mm, tw=12.0mm, tp=45.0mm
c=tp(fy/(3fjdM0) 0.5 =45x(235.00/(3x16.67x1.00) 0.5 =97.5, <100.0, c=97.5mm
(Eq.6.5)
2c+bf=2x97.5+220=415.1mm <= bp=420mm, leff=415.1mm
Aco,f=leff(2c+tf)=415.1x(2x97.5+19.0) = 88871 mm
(EC3-1-8 ,Fig.6.4)
Aco,w=(h-2tf-2c)(tw+2c)= (600.0-2x19.0-2x97.5)x(12.0+2x97.5)= 75984 mm
Nj,rd= [10 -3 ]x16.7x(2x88871+75984)=[10 -3 ]x16.7x253726= 4237kN
Nj,ed= 275 kN < 4237 kN =Nj,rd, Is verified
Bending resistance of base plate

(EN1993-1-8, [Link])

Mp,rd=Welfy/M0=[10 -6 ](420x45.0/6)x235/1.0= 33 kNm

Mp,ed=bpqedc/2=[10 -6 ][420x275000/(2x88871+75984.0)]x97.5/2= 2 kNm
Mp,ed= 2.0 kNm < 33.0 kNm =Mp,rd, Is verified

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(6.2.5)

14.11. Bending Resistance (Base connection)

(EN1993-1-8, 6.2.5

Nj,rd = Aefffjd- (Ft,rd)

Mj,rd = (Ft,rdrb) + Aefffjdrc
rb,1=350.0mm, rb,2=231.0mm, rb,3=131.0mm, rc=300.0mm
fjd= (Ac1/Aco)fcd=(2/3)x1.5x16.67=16.67 N/mm
Ft,rd = (50 +50+50)= 150kN
Ft,rdrb = 0.001x(50x350+50x231+50x131)= 36kNm
3
Aeff = beffleff = [10 ]x(275+150)/16.67= 25495mm
h=600.0mm, b=220.0mm, tf=19.0mm, tw=12.0mm, tp=45.0mm
c=tp(fy/(3fjdM0) 0.5 =45x(235.00/(3x16.67x1.00) 0.5 =97.5, <100.0, c=97.5mm
2c+bf=2x97.5+220=415.1mm <= bp=420mm, leff=415.1mm
beff= Aeff/leff= 25495/415.1=61.4mm < tf+2c=19.0+2x97.5=214.1mm, beff=61.4mm
Mj,rd = 36 + [10 -6 ]x415.1x61.4x16.67x300 = 163.5kNm
Mj,ed= 90.0 kNm < 163.5 kNm =Mj,rd, Is verified
Bending resistance of base plate
Mp,rd=Welfy/M0=[10 -6 ](420x45.0/6)x235/1.0= 33 kNm
Mp,ed=bpqedc/2=[10 -6 ][420x16.67x97.5/2= 33 kNm
Mp,ed= 33.0 kNm <= 33.0 kNm =Mp,rd, Is verified
14.12. Shear resistance (Base connection)

(EC3-1-8 6.2.5(7))

(Eq.6.5)

(EN1993-1-8, [Link])
(6.2.5)

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

Shear resistance of bolts

Fv,rd=fubAs/M2=[10 -3 ]x0.60x500x459.0/1.25=110 kN
Shear plane of bolt:through the threated portion

Bearing resistance of bolts

Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2
t=45.0mm, d=27mm, do=30mm, e1=160mm, e2=160mm, p1=100mm, fub=500kN/mm, fu=360kN/mm,
b=min[fub/fu, 1.0, e1/3do, p1/3do-1/4]=
=min[500/360, 1.0, 160/(3x30), 100/(3x30)-0.25]=0.86
k1=min[2.8e2/do-1.7,1.4p2/do-1.7,2.5]=min[2.8x160/30-1.7,1.4x100/30-1.7,2.5]=2.50
Fb,rd=k1bfudt/M2= [10 -3 ]x2.50x0.86x360x27x45.0/1.25=753 kN
Design resistance of one bolt in shear =min(110, 753)=110 kN

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Bending moment and shear
Maximum tension force in bolts
Ft,ed=50/2=25 kN
Reduction of shear resistance due to bending
=1-Ft,ed/1.40Ft,rd=1-25/(1.40x165)=0.89
Shear acting together with bending moment for all the bolts
Vrd=12x0.89x110 =1175 kN
Is verified

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Ved= 175 kN < 1175 kN =Vrd,

(EN1993-1-8, 3.6.1 Tab.3.4)

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