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Building Design Cold Formed

Example Cold formed building

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404 views98 pages

Building Design Cold Formed

Example Cold formed building

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harislee
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Building Design using Cold Formed Steel Sections: Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5: 1987 ZZSF is Toe Steel Construction Institute. Its aim is to promote and = develop the proper and effective use of steel in construction. Membership is open to all organisations and individuals that are concerned with the use of steel in construction, and members include designers, contractors, suppliers, fabricators, academics and government departments in the United Kingdom, elsewhere in Europe and in countries around the world. SCI is financed by subscriptions from its members, by revenue from research contracts and consultancy services and by the sales of publications. SCI’s work is initiated and guided through the involvement of its members on advisory groups and technical committees. A specialist advisory and consultancy service is available free to members on the use of steel in construction, SCI’s research and development activities cover many aspects of steel construction including multi-storey construction, industrial buildings, use of steel in housing, development of design guidance on the use of stainless steel and cold formed steel, behaviour of steel in fire, fire engineering, use of steel in barrage and tunnel schemes, bridge engineering, offshore engineering, and development of structural analysis systems, Further information is given in the SCI prospectus available free on request from: ‘The Membership and Council Secretary, The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SLS 7QN. Telephone: (0344) 23345, Fax: (0344) 22944. Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and information contained herein are accurate to the extent that they relate to either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters of opinion at the time of publication, The Steel Construction Institute, the authors and the reviewers assume no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations of such data and/or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to their use. Publications supplied to the Members of the Institute at a discount are not for resale by them. © The Stee! Construction Institute 1993 Instituut voor Staalbouwconstructie Institut de 1a Construction Métallique Staalkonstruktion Institut Tnstiout fir Stahlbau Institutet for Stalbygenad Instituto da Construgo Metélica Istituto di Costeuzioni in Aci Ivorito6r0 LiSnodv xaraoxevev Instituto de la Construccién Metdlica ‘SCI PUBLICATION P125 Building Design using Cold Formed Steel Sections: Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5: 1987 K F Chung BEng PhD DIC ISBN 1 870004 90 6 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. © The Steel Construction Institute 1993 The Stee! Construction Institute Silwood Park, Ascot Berkshire SL5 70N Telephone: 0344 23345 Fax: 0344 22944 FOREWORD This publication was prepared by Dr K F Chung with assistance from by Ms S Williams and Mr PJ Grubb under the general direction of Dr R M Lawson of the Steel Construction Institute. ‘The worked examples have been prepared utilising a range of ‘generic’ C sections. Information on products and section properties is given in the SCI publication Design of structures using cold formed ‘sections|"! released in early 1992. It is intended that both publications are read together, as the worked ‘examples give only a brief review of the design principles. ‘The work leading to this publication was funded by British Steel (Strip Products). A list of manufacturers of cold formed sections and sources of information on strip products is given on Appendix B. ‘The publication was reviewed by the following: Mr V French ‘Ayrshire Metal Products (Daventry) Limited Mr C Jones. British Steel (Strip Products) Dr P Leach University of Salford Mr R Povey Mitchell McFarlane Mr G Raven ‘The Steel Construction Institute (now ACECAD Software Limited) Prof J Rhodes University of Strathclyde Mr J Robinson British Steel (Strip Products) Mr S Tilsley Metsec Limited ii CONTENTS SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Limit state design 1.2 Material properties of stee! CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES 2.1 Gross section 2.2 Effective section 2.3. Tabulated section properties SIMPLIFIED BUCKLING DESIGN METHOD FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS 3.1 Lateral buckling check on connections with single web cleat RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS 4.1 Design of beams 4.2. Design of columns DESIGN OF A LOW RISE BUILDING 5.1 Layout (Calculation Sheet 1) 5.2 Loadings (Calculation Sheet 2) WORKED EXAMPLES ON INITIAL SECTION SELECTION WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED TRUSS DESIGN 7.1 Top chord 7.2 Bottom chord WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED BEAM DESIGN 8.1 Secondary beam 8.2 Secondary beam 8.3 lary beam. 8.4 Staircase support beam Page a row 19 19 21 24 24 24 27 35 35 35 40 40 40 4 41 iii 9. WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED COLUMN DESIGN 9.1 Internal column 9.2 Corner column 10. WORKED EXAMPLES ON CONNECTIONS 10.1. Truss connection 10.2 Beam to beam connection 10.3. Beam to column connection 10.4 Connection of two channels to form a double section REFERENCES APPENDIX A: Worked Examples on section properties A.1 Analysis of gross section A.2_ Analysis of effective section under compression A.3 Analysis of effective section under bending APPENDIX B: List of cold formed section manufacturers iv 56 56 56 64 64 64 64 64 78 79 79 79 79 88 SUMMARY ‘The design of a low-rise building using cold formed steel sections as primary structural members is Presented. The worked examples follow BS 5950: Part 5: 1987 and cover the design of beams, columns and trusses. Recommended design procedures are given for beams and columns together with appropriate simplifications for the treatment of member buckling. Connections between beams, columns and truss members are designed and detailed in order to illustrate the use of these sections in practice. Section properties are tabulated for generic C sections, which are representative of those available from a range of manufacturers. Worked examples of the calculation of these properties are included in Appendix A. Résumé Dimensionnement des bitiments utilisant des profils & froid en acies dimensionnement selon la BS 5950: Partie 5: 1987 Exemples de Le dimensionnement de batiments peu élevés, utilisant des profils a froid comme éléments structuraux est présenté dans la brochure. Elle contient également des exemples de dimensionnement selon la BS 5950: Partie 5: 1987 et couvrant le dimensionnement des poutres, des colonnes et des cadres et portiques. Des procédures de dimensionnment sont présentées pour les poutres et les colonnes avec des simplifications intéressantes concernant le flambement. Les assemblages entre poutres, colonnes et cadres sont analysés en détail et dimensionnés en vue de faciliter Uutilisation des profils a froid dans la pratique. Des tables donnent les propriétés géométriques des sections en C représentatives des principaux Sabricants. L’annexe A donne des exemples de calcul de ces propriétés géométriques. ‘Zusammenfassung Gebiude mit Tragwerken aus Kaltprofilen: Berechnungsbeispiele basieren auf BS 5950, Teil 5, 1987 Die Berechnung eines niedrigen (mehrgeschossigen) Gebdudes mit einem Tragwerk aus Kaltprofilen wird vorgestellt. Die Berechnungsbeispiele basieren auf BS 5950, Teil 5, 1987, und behandeln Trager, Stitzen und Fachwerke. Empfohlene Berechnungsgdnge fiir Trager und Stiitzen, sowie Vereinfachnungen fir den knicknachweis werden aufgezeigt. Verbindungen zwischen Tragern, Stlitzen und Fachwerkstaben werden berechnet und dargestellt, um den Gebrauch dieser Profile in der Praxis 2u illustrieren. Querschnittswerte fir die am haufigsten verwendeten C-Pro-file sind tabelliert. Berechnungsbeispicle ‘zur Ermittlung der Querschnittswerte sind in Anhang A enthalten. Resumen Disefio de edificaciones con perfiles de acero conformados en frio: Ejemplos Resueltos con BS 5950: Parte 5: 1987 Se ofrece el diseno de edificios de pocas alturas con perfiles conformados en frlo como elementos estructurales primarios. Los ejemplos resueltos siguen la BS 5950: Parte 5: 1987 y cubren el diseno de vigas, pilares y celostas. Se recomiendan procedimientos de disefto para vigas y pitares junto con las simplificaciones apropiadas para el tratamiento del pandeo de tos elementos. Las uniones entre vigas, pilares y elementos de las celostas estén disenadas y detalladas de manera que ilustren el uso de estos perfiles en ta practica. Las propiedades de los perfiles estan tabuladas para perfiles en C genéricos, que son representativos de los que proporcionan la mayorta de los fabricantes. Ejemplos resueltos de los cdlculos de estas propiedades aparecen en el Apéndice A. Sommario Progettazione di edifici realizzati con profili in acciaio sagomati a freddo: Esempi applicativi seguono la Norma BS 5950: Parte 5, 1987 Viene illustrata la progettazione di un edificio di modesta altezza con elementi portanti costitulti da profilin acciaio sagomati a freddo. Gli esempi applicativi riportati seguono la Norma BS5950: Parte ‘5, 1987 e sono relativi alla progettazione di travi, colonne ed elementi sogetti soltanto ad azione assiale. Le procedure progettuali raccomandate sono relative a travi e colonne e sono inoltre riportate adeguate semplificazioni per la trattazione dei fenomeni di instabilitd degli element. I collegamenti ira travi, colonne e bielle sono progettati e presentati in dettaglio in modo da illustrare un uso practico di questi tipi di profil. Per generici profili a C, rappresentativi di quelli disponibili presso diversi produttori, vengono riporiate le caratteristiche delle sezioni. Gli esempi applicativi relativi alla valutazione di questi (parametri sono riportate nell'Appendice A. Sammanfattning Dimensionering av byggnader med kallformade profiler: Ovt \gsexempel till BS 5950: Del 5 Publikationen innehaller dimensioneringsregler for laga byggnader med barande stomme av kallformade stélprofiler. Ovningsexempel tilt British Standards, BS 5950: Del 5: 1987 omfattar dimensionering av batkar, pelare och avstyvningar. Man beskriver rekommenderade dimensioneringsmetoder for balkar och pelare med vissa forenklingar for beaktande av inverkan av buckling. Anstutningar mellan batkar, ppelare och fackverksstanger har dimensionerats och redovisas uiforligt for att illustrera anvandningen av dessa profiler i praktiken. Tvarsnittsstorheter for allmant forekommande Coprofiter finns presenterade i tabellform. Ovningsexemplen for berakning av dessa twarsnittsstorheter finns i Appendix A. vi 1. INTRODUCTION The aim of this publication is to assist engineers in designing structural members using cold formed sections according to BS 5950: Part 5: 19871. It presents simplified design procedures for beams, Columns and trusses (the most commonly used structural members). Design tables are also provided for buckling checks. ‘A number of worked examples are presented to illustrate the practical design of beams and columns with different loading and boundary conditions. The publication should be read in conjunction with Design of structures using cold formed sections!" which describes the design procedures in detail and Presents tables for commonly available sections. ‘The worked examples have been selected to be representative of members in a real building However, the examples have also tried to cover a broad range of design cases in order to examine the use of BS 5950: Part 5 in detail. Inevitably, most designers will only be concerned with relatively standard cases, such as simply supported beams and columns with nominal end moments. Although a working knowledge of BS 5950: Part 5 is not necessary, it is assumed that the reader is familiar with BS 5950: Part 1!) particularly with regard to limit state philosophy and the concepts of local buckling and member stability. Every effort has been made to present the worked examples in a style and format with which steel designers are familiar. 11 jit state design All Parts of BS 5950 are presented in terms of limit state design in which partial safety factors are applied to the loads and to the material properties. The loads to be used in design are determined from the working loads multiplied by factors of 1.6 for imposed load and 1.4 for dead loads (including self weight) as specified in BS 5950: Part 5!?1. These so-called factored loads are used to determine the moments and forces in the members, which are then compared to the ultimate resistance of the structure, as determined by modes of failure such as flexural failure, member buckling and connection failure etc. ‘The methods are not applicable to working load or permissible stress design, although the maximum working loads that the structure can support may be obtained by dividing the design resistance (calculated from ultimate limit state design) by a global factor of safety of 1.6. Checks on deflections are made for working loads in order to ensure adequate performance in service. 1.2 Material properties of steel ‘Two basic yield strengths of steel are generally used in cold formed sections, as defined in BS EN 1014714); FeE280G - yield strength 280 N/mm? (formerly 228) FeE350G - yield strength 350 N/mm? (formerly 235) ‘Manufacturers of cold formed sections are almost equally divided in their use of these steel grades. The design strength of steel, p,, is taken as its specified yield strength, ¥,. Steel thicknesses are generally in the range of 1.0 mm to 3.2 mm, the upper limit being dictated by the availability of galvanized steel coil. Thicker steels are available, but these are not galvanized and are not used in commonly produced rolled sections. Galvanized steel for cold formed sections is normally provided in a grade of zinc coating, G275, which corresponds to 275 g/m? total coverage of zinc summed over both sides of the sheet. This is equivalent to 0.04 mm approximate total thickness which is normally included in the specified thickness of the sheet steel. Galvanizing gives adequate corrosion protection for members in internal conditions or subject to intermittent moisture, for example due to condensation. BS 2989151; 1992 provides guidance on the tolerances for cold formed sections and was formerly the standard for the steel grades, before being replaced by BS EN 10147. 2. CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES Strength and stiffness properties of both the gross section and the effective section are required for design. The calculation of these properties is covered in Sections 3,5 and 4 of BS 5950: Part 512) and is reviewed in the following Sections. Elastic principles are used for calculating all the section properties. 2.1 Gross section For steel up to 3.2 mm thickness, itis sufficient to use mid-line idealized dimensions, that is assuming the material is concentrated at the mid-line of the section with the actual round corners replaced by intersections of the flat elements (see Figure 1). Account should also be taken of the thickness of galvanizing which reduces the actual thickness by about 0.04 mm. Exact section Figure 1 Mid-line idealization of a lipped C section Corrections to section properties calculated with idealized dimensions may be carried out as below: A = Ay (1-4) a) Ie = Ig (1-2y) I, = In (1-2) Ry = Im (1-47) Where Ag» Lem» Asm Ad Tyg, aF@ the cross-sectional area, the second moments of area about x and y axes, and the warping constant of the cross-section respectively, calculated using mid-line dimensions Ay Ty ty and Ly the same properties based on exact dimensions of the cross-section. ‘The factor + is given by: @) where number of all 90° corners number of flat elements radius of corner (mid-tine width of flat elements (mi imension) dimension). Generally, the discrepancy is always less than 5% for sections with r/t < 5 and r/b < 0.15, where ris the radius of the corner and r is the section thickness. For a 200 x 65 x 2 mm lipped channel with 7/t equal to 2, the correction factor is less than 0.03. Therefore, the median dimensions are sufficiently accurate for the calculation of “gross” section properties. 2.2 Effective section Flat thin elements will buckle under compression due to their slenderness (as illustrated in Figure 2), while the corners remain fully effective. The effective width of each flat element depends on the buckling coefficient, K, which is a function of element type, section geometry and stress distribution. It is important to note that the mid-line idealised dimensions may be used to evaluate all the local buckling coefficients. Simplified Actual stress equivalent distribution LEP LLL] TIFILTT Bare Figure 2 ii/ustration of effective width of a compression plate ‘The basic effective width formula for all compression elements is given in Clause 4.3 of BS 5950: Part 5 as below: oo ba ° Per 2) ay b, for £ 201%, bet oli 414)| £ 035 ® Per 6 Per where f, = compressive stress of the element 2 Per = local buckling stress of the element, 185000 K [5] b= flat width of the element 1 = thickness of the element. Generally, the effective width ratio for the elements with both longitudinal edges supported (stiffened elements) is much higher than that of the elements with only one edge supported (unstiffened elements). Edge stiffeners should be of a minimum size (see Clause 4.6 of BS 5950: Part 5) so that flange elements are considered as stiffened. 2.2.1 Effective section under compression All flat elements are subject to local buckling and the values of the local buckling coefficients can be obtained in Appendix B of BS 5950: Part 5. For simplicity, K can be taken as 4 for stiffened elements or 0.425 for unstiffened elements. ‘The design properties of the section are obtained assuming the compressive stress in the effective elements is equal to the design strength of the material, that is, f. = p, in Equation (4). The effective section properties are then evaluated by ignoring the ineffective portions of the section, as illustrated in Figure 3. igure 3. Effective section of a lipped C section under axial compression For elements with only one longitudinal edge supported (unstiffened elements), the effective width for design purposes may be increased as below: bey = 0.89 Day + O11 Alternatively, the effective width ratio can be obtained from Table 1 for stiffened elements, and from Table 2 for unstiffened elements. This data is taken directly from BS 5950: Part 5. Table 1 Effective widths of compression plate supported on two longitudinal edges (Table 5 of BS 5950: Part 5; 1987'; reproduced with the permission of the British Standards institution) wit | Bela | bie | rund [ot | bywlo | oir | dato 20 | 100 | 60 | 0673 | 100 | 040s | 300 | ors 21 | 1000 | 6: | o6s2 | 10s | 0267 | 305 | 0149 a | so | 62 | ogee | no | 0370 | 310 | o147 23 1,000 63 0641 | 115 0.355, 315 0.145 24 0.999 64 0.631 | 120 0.341 320 | 0.143 25 | 099 | 65 | osa1 | 125 | 0328 | 326 | 0141 26 | 0998 | 66 | osi2 | 130 } oss | 330 | 0130 27 | 0997 | 67 | 0603 | 135 | 030s | 335 | 0138 20 | 096 | 68 | osca | 140 | 0295 | 340 | 0.136 20 | 0004 | 62 | oses | ta5 | 0286 | 245 | 0.138 30 | 0992 | 70 | 0577 | 150 | 0277 | 350 | 0.133 31 [ose | 71 | 0569 | 155 | 0269 | 355 | 0131 | 32 | oss | 72 | ose: | 160 | 0262 | 360 | 0130 33 [ose | 72 | ossa | 165 | o2ss | 368 | o128 | x [oor | 7 ose | v0 | 0248 | a70 | 0.27 | as [ogee | 75 | ose | 175 | 0261 | 375 | 012s 36 | 0962 | 76 | 0531 | 120 | 0235 | 380 | 0.124 37 | 098s | 77 | 0524 | 185 | 0230 | 385 | 0122 38 | ose | 78 | 0817 | 190 | 0226 | 300 | o121 30 | 0936 | 72 | ost: | 15 | oz | 305 | 0120 ao | 0926 | 80 | 0504 | 200 | 0215 | 400 | o.119 a 0.915 la 0.498 | 205 0.210 405 0.117 42 | 0.903 | 82 0.492 210 0.206 410 | 0.116 a3 | oss1 | a3 | o4as | 215 | 0201 | 415 | ons aa | os7a | a4 | oag0 | 220 | 0.197 | 420 | ont a5 |osss | a5 | 0475 | 228 | 010s | 425 | 0.113 | 46 | oase | 86 | o469 | 230 | 0190 | 430 | 0.112 a7 | ossa | a7 | ass | 25 | ores | 435 | ont as | os2a | aa | o4so | 240 | ore | a@0 | 0.108 49 0811 89 0.454 | 245 0.180 445 0.108 So | 077 | 90 | oaaa | 280 | otr7 | 450 | o.to7 si | ova | 91 | o4sa | 255 | 0178 | 455 | 0.108 52 | 0771 | 92, 0.439 260 0.171 460, 0.106 53 | o7s7 | 93 | 0495 | 265 | orca | 465 | 0.108 sa | 074s | 04 | 0430 | 270 | ores | 470 | 0.108 ss | ore | ss | oazo | 275 | oes | 475 | 103 sé | 0720 | 96 | 0421 | 280 | 0.160 | 480 | 0.102 57 | 070s | 97 | oai7 | 285 | o1ss | 485 | 0101 ss | oes | 98 | oaia | 290 | o1se | 490 | 0100 se | oses | 92 | 0409 | 205 | o.1sa | 495 | 0099 NOTE, These etcie wth are band on the Hin tat of stengh fore wih Ye B00 Mim and hvinga beeing coeieat X=, For sts ith other vals Uvgormeetonsnonnges asceae * Complete copies can be obtained by post trom BS! Sales, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, MK14 6LE Table 2 Effective widths of compression plate supported on only one longitudinal edge (Table 6 of BS 5950: Part 5): 1987"; reproduced with the permission of the British Standards Institution) oie | byutd | ore 1 | 1.000 | 31 2 | 1000 | 32 3 | 1000 | 33 4 | 1000 | 34 5 | 1.000 | 35 6 | 1.000 | 36 7 | 1000 | 37 8 | os09 | 38 the limit stat of strongth foro Y¥, = 280 Nimm? and having » buckling coefficient K'= 0.425, For steels with other ‘atu of ¥, or sections having K 0.625, 45.1 * Complete copies can be obtained by post from BSI Sales, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, MK14 6LE 7 2.2.2 Effective section under bending By limiting the maximum compressive stress in the web, the entire web may be considered to be fully effective and only the effective width of the compression flange is required when calculating the section properties, as illustrated in Figure 4, dew /2 bert /2 Compression Tension Figure 4 Effective width of compression flange and fully effective web The limiting stress for stiffened webs in bending is given in Clause [Link] of BS 5950: Part 5 as below: S) Po = overall depth of the web thickness of the web yield strength of the mater design strength of the material For web with intermediate stiffeners, refer to Clause [Link]. The limiting stress then determines the design strength of the whole section in bending, Hence, the compressive stress in the effective compression flange is equal to the limiting stress in the web in evaluating the effective width of the compression flange, that is, f, = p, in Equation (4). For asymmetric sections where the section modulus in tension is greater than the section modulus in compression, ‘tension yielding’ is permitted to enhance the performance of the section. This method is conservative for deep sections with narrow flanges. In Eurocode 3: Part 1.3, an effective width approach for the web elements is used which is more accurate, 2.3. Tabulated section properties In order to assist designers, both the gross and the reduced section properties of commonly used cold formed sections have been evaluated in accordance with BS 5950: Part 5 and tabulated in Reference 1 ‘The section properties for a range of generic lipped channels are presented in Table 3. It is assumed that the generic channel is representative of a range of this type of section. The flange widths are ‘55 mm for section depth up to 165 mm and 65 mm for section depth up to 300 mm, while the edge lip is 15 mm in all cases. ‘The notation used in the table are defined as: Axes X direction of major axis bending =~ Y direction of minor axis bending t Dimensions a oo . D section depth Shoar | Centre 1 steel thickness ioe ne pce Gross Section Properties Te, second moment of area for major axis bending second moment of area for minor axis bending radius of gyration in major axis direction radius of gyration in minor axis direction section modulus for major axis bending section modulus for minor axis bending torsion constant (pure torsion) warping constant horizontal distance of the shear centre of the section from the web/flange junction (positive outwards) horizontal distance of the centre of gravity of the section from the web/flange junction (positive outwards) €, horizontal shift of the neutral axis of the section under axial compression sprgpess * cg Effective Section Properties @ factor representing reduced cross-section for pure compression (at a stress of p,) Ze reduced section modulus for major axis bending (at a stress of p,) Zr, reduced section modulus for minor axis bending (outstand in tension) Zj2, _ teduced section modulus for minor axis bending (outstand in compression) Jy, reduced second moment of area (reduced value at a stress of p,, but not exceeding J,,) Section Resistances compression resistance in KN of shear column, Mg, bending resistance in kNm of restrained beam in major axis direction My) _ bending resistance in kNm of restrained beam in minor axis direction (outstand in tension) Mg bending res compression) tance in kNm of restrained beam in minor axis direction (outstand in - zossz LS8e°0 soz Lerot | arezt Geez | Test oo - t90et etve-o os'z pers | Leet gost | sever ose - zvovt sste-o tz vera | ccyet zat | veret - tuzzt pzat-o eu:z tee | s90t zr666 | at-tT ozz - cetor pzct-o rez otre | vegor erst | escot - sues pSzt"0 zee tLe | 06796 greet | ¥s"6 - 258 @L80°0 ere etc | sce pono | eee 002 - see ¢z9t"o 06:2 tore | ys0t p:2z9 | sere - vest teTt“o te< zove | 60°95 e795 | 96-0 - 069 £c80"0 ze"< vore | so-ee o'sos | o0"e ost - zrte psot‘o tz cera | strz9 grete | zore - zsie @eL0°0 apz ac9 | cess aroce | ste sor - etre o00t-o estz vers | pt-z9 gcoce | oe - ozte —0020°0 Ss:z ges | zerss s-96z | gc'9 ost | - cet s9z0"0 69:2 00's | sevzy greet | o9°¥ set |uoraoes| - sett 6€z0°0 ez cove | sevzy coves | ote oot | etanoa| zorz | ose zgzero zo"z o6'or | sy-es test | rrcot or-z | vere azet-o 9o°z tert | Lovey erat | st-e oe uzz | cosy 6oLtro ote vers | etze erzoe | exe osz acvz | p99 gust-o st:z ve:a | 69"0r 6-068 | u9"9 vez | gute zt60°0 zzz ceva | Lorne o-aer | 6s-s oz zs-z_ | o9sz z980-0 siz axe | corve cease | sz's ss-z | avez 4290°0 sez tee | aorte evtse | Levy ts'z | sztz 6evoro azz etek | tore creze | sce coz raz | ezoz zte0v0 aziz ore | cerze zrtte | gory yore | sset 622 zoe | treoe z-zez | ety | 99° | rast Tez pore | breeze sresz | oo-y ost | ez | 9zor sort cea | epet 6-902 | rove sez | 28 get e's | ssver prser | usve sor oe:z eee tet vers | zerar yrsat | ose rez | ose eet 98's | Soret evapt | seve ost 1s" to so°z o's | trzt osrec | zevz sz 99°2 ssz tore corp | ey'tt tevyp | 6ore oor wo wo wo | wo wo yuo yao a wm 3a ° it Fi fag ees x | up or very | ozts uorsoes SuITunaoua NOTZOmS ssouD jeuueys paddy 2ueueb 40 sensedosd uonoeg gage, S 9e9 ies oe tes s ose ues cers ese 6s" oze esr 6st aie ute sie Ske ove ast as" ay uty sie ste ost gtre atte Sez sate sor ore ote soz sae ost ere atte szt_ |vorzoes ere ere oor _| exanea| vere atte | bez ene oot sez tere ose cere cere oe age oze Bert 99'z Tet sez Et 20 oe set Lg" | Sit bee wt tore ost get eatt eet ast sot set cg't wet ast ost e670 90°T szt__ |uora2es 0670 90°T oor | sréurs| wo wx tag | ao oS wu 3x a Ce Sewg fag bag 2 | e2ts uotaoes rity 82 = y3bUOXaS PTeTA UBTSOA SuILusaoua NoTZOss asonasy Penunuog - jeuueya paddy 10u06 jo sansedosd uonoes © 91921 3. SIMPLIFIED BUCKLING DESIGN METHOD FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS In order to assist designers wishing to use cold formed steel sections, certain simplifications concerning the design of beams and columns subject to lateral buckling have been made in this publication. However, the basic principles of BS 5950: Part 5!) are retained (see Sections 5 and 6 of the Code). The slenderness approach is adopted to avoid the lengthy evaluation of elastic buckling resistances. By re-writing the Perry-Robertson interaction formula in terms of compression or bending resistance ratio, the solution of the quadratic equation may be presented in a tabular form. Consequently, once the section is selected, the design resistance of the members can be evaluated very easily according to its slenderness ratio, which is a concept familiar to steel designers. For beams without sufficient lateral restraint, it is possible that the member will undergo lateral torsional buckling, that is, to move sideways and rotate along its longitudinal axis simultaneously. This instability behaviour is dependent on its slenderness, the bending moment envelope along its length and also the boundary conditions at supports. All these effects can be combined into one parameter, the modified slenderness, 7, and is defined according to the expression: =] nuvyr © slenderness correction factor, depending on the bending moment envelope buckling parameter, depending on the section shape slenderness factor, taking account of the torsional stiffness of the beam slenderness of the beam, that is, the effective length of the member divided by the radius of gyration of the section. In general, for all commonly used cold formed sections, u can be taken as 0.85 for beams. For simplicity, v can always be taken as unity by neglecting the torsional stiffness of the beam. The value of n may be obtained from Table 4 for a number of different loading conditions. For further details on the evaluation of n, uw and v refer to Appendix B, BS 5950: Part 1. Table 4 Slenderness correction factor for various bending moment envelopes Bending moment envelope n_|_nuv | Notes: G 5 Beams or columns subject to ———) 1.0 | 0.85 Beams subject to uniformly —-* 0.95 | 0.81 | distributed load Beams under central point ——— 0.76 | 0.65 | toad restrained at load position Beams or columns subject to —) 0.66 | 0.56 | asymmetric end moments. Beams or columns subject to a 0.76 | 0.65 | moment at one end 12 For columns, the same approach may be used but the slenderness is only reduced by the end fixity. Hence, ‘uv’ is unity. Guidance on the effective length of columns is given in Table 9 of BS 5950: Part 5. In general, columns in simple construction may be conservatively analyzed using the actual slendemess, d. Columns subject to moment may be analyzed by independent assessments of the effect of axial force and moment; the two effects are then combined linearly. By dividing the modified slenderness, 7, with a material parameter Ay, the modified slenderness ratio is obtained as below: : y Rr = ME or bams 0 x ¢ for columns @ Y where Ay = o = 85 for Z28 (py 16 for Z35 (py 80 N/mm?) steel, or 350 N/mm?) steel. Once the modified slenderness ratio of the member is obtained, the design resistance ratio can be obtained from Table 5 for bending and Table 6 for compression. In using these tables, the following parameters are defined: M, wuckling resistance moment as a function of Xyy My astic yield moment of the gross section _ P, axial buckling resistance as a function of X P. hort strut resistance of the column. For beams, the buckling resistance moment at low slenderness cannot exceed the moment resistance of the effective section, M, , which incorporates local buckling of the compression flange of the cross-section in bending. “The evaluation of the reduced section modulus Z,, is covered in the Appendix A. For columns, P,, takes into account the influence of local buckling of the elements of the cross-section in compression. The efficiency of the cross-section in compression is defined by the @ factor which is the ratio of the effective area of the section and the gross area, A. Hence Pig = A py Q. The calculation of the Q factor is covered in Appendix A. 13 Table 5 Buckling resistance ratio for beams (x: dur Ms fur My jar My mh my ty 0.40 1.00 0.98 0.80 148 0.40 0.42 1.00 0.96 078 1.50 0.39 ose 1.00 0.98 0.76 1.82 0.39 os 1.00 1.00 0.74 1.84 08 ous 1.00 1.02 0.73 1.56 oar 0.80 0.99 1.08 on 1.58 0.6 os2 0.99 1.06 0.70 1.60 0.28 ose 0.98 1.08 0.67 1.62 04 056 0.98 1.10 0.66 164 oa ose 0.97 12 0.64 1.66 0.39 0.60 0.37 14 0.62 1.68 0.22 02 0.96 116 061 170 031 oa 0.96 118 0.60 1 oat oss 0.95 120 | ose 174 0.30 ose 0.94 1.22 oss 176 0.29 0.70 0.93 124 | oss 178 0.29 072 0.93 1.26 oss 1.80 0.28 074 0.92 1.28 oa 192 028 0.76 oor 1.20 os1 198 o27 078 0.90 1.32 oa 1.86 026 0.80 0.89 1.34 048 188 026 0.82 0.87 1.36 oar 1.90 028 oss 0.86 1.28 04s 1.92 0.28 os 0.85 1.40 04s 194 0.24 0.88 0.84 1.42 0.43 1.96 0.24 0.90 0.82 148 02 1.98 0.24 0.92 ot 1.46 oat 2.00 0.23 14 Table 6 Buckling resistance ratio for columns [¥| i Pe a Pe . Pe 2 Pes A Pes. ul Pes 0.20 1.00 0.80 0.83 1.40 0.43 0.22 1.00 0.82 0.82 1.42 0.42 0.24 1.00 0.84 0.81 1.44 0.41 0.26 1.00 0.86 0.80 1.46 0.40 0.28 0.99 0.88 0.78 1.48 0.39 0.30 0.99 0.80 0.77 1.50 0.39 0.32 0.98 0.92 0.76 1.82 0.38 0.34 0.98 0.94 0.74 1.84 0.37 0.36 0.98 0.96 0.73 1.56 0.36 0.38 0.97 0.98 0.71 1.88 0.36 0.40 0.97 1.00 0.70 1.60 0.34 0.42 0.96 1.02 0.68 1.62 0.34 0.44 0.96 1.04 0.67 1.64 0.33 0.46 0.95 1.06 0.68 1.68 0.32 0.48 0.95 1.08 0.64. 1.68 0.31 0.60 0.94 1.10 0.62 1.70 0.31 0.82 0.94 142 0.61 172 0.30 0.84 0.93 114 0.60 174 0.30 0.86 0.93 1.16 0.58 1.76 0.29 0.88 0.92 1.18 0.87 1.78 0.28 0.60 0.92 1.20 0.55 1.80 0.28 0.62 0.91 1.22 0.84 1.82 0.27 0.64 0.90 1.24 083 1.84 0.27 0.66 0.90 1.26 0.81 1.88 0.26 0.68 0.89 1.28 0.560 1.88 0.26 0.70 0.88 1.30 0.49 1.90 0.26 0.72 0.87 1.32 0.48 1.92 0.25 0.74 0.86 1.34 0.47 1.94 0.24 0.76 0.85 1.38 0.46 1.98 0.24 0.78 0.84 1.38 0.44 1.98 0.23 2.00 0.23 15 3.1 Lateral buckling check on connections with single web cleat One of the most commonly used cold formed sections in buildings is the lipped channel. Due to the different orientations of the beams and the columns in a building, four basic connection configurations (Figure 5) should be considered in practical design. It is found that single web cleat provides a simple and effective means of connecting beams to beams and beams to columns. However, as the load from the supported beam is applied at an offset to the supporting beam or column, moment is induced in the leg of the web cleat attaching to the supported beam. The magnitude of the moment depends on the geometry of the connection configuration. Due to the thinness of the web cleat and the partial lateral restraint to the web cleat in its compression zone, lateral buckling may take place. ‘A design method is presented which gives a conservative treatment of buckling of the web cleat. It is assumed that the web cleat will fail when the compression zone of the loaded leg of the web cleat starts to buckle as a strut. Moreover, a multiple of 1.25 is applied to the unrestrained length of the loaded leg to represent the increased effective length of the web cleat under compression. This allows for the partial lateral restraint provided by the web of the connected section. The moment applied to the web cleat is then checked against the maximum bending moment that the cleat can resist. A Configuration 1 Beam to beam (Web) connection beam (Open side) connection Configuration 3 Configuration 4 Beam to column (Flange) connection Beam to column (Web) connection Figure 5 Schematic connection configurations for cold formed channels in buildings 16 ‘The following condition must be satisfied in order to eliminate lateral buckling in the single web cleat: Mi < Myge where M = bending moment in the single web cleat due to the offset, e, and the applied load, P = Pxe M,yc = moment resistance of the single web cleat, of a stress p, = Lone Pe Ziwe = elastic section modulus of the single web cleat = a 6 d depth of the single web cleat P= design strength of the single web cleat based on compression from (Table 7) t, effective length of the loaded leg of the single web cleat 1,25 X unrestrained length of the loaded leg, £ e = offset of the centre line of the fastener group in the loaded leg from the other leg of the single web cleat t = thickness of the single web cleat. tached to th /wpported beam Attached to tho: ‘supporting beam or column ‘The design strength of the single web cleat in compression, p, is defined as a function of the ratio of ¢, /t. It is tabulated as design strength ratio, p, /py, for two steel grades in Table 7. The ratios are based on the unrestrained length of the loaded leg being designed as a strut. 17 Table 7 Buckling design table for connections with single web cleat ee z, [Py = 280 Nimm?| p, = 350 Nimm? 5 1.00 1.00 10 0.97 0.97 12 0.95 0.94 14 0.93 0.92 16 0.90 0.88 18 0.86 0.84 20 0.82 0.78 22 0.77 0.72 24 0.72 0.65 26 0.65 0.58 28 0.60 0.51 30 0.54 0.46 32 0.49 041 34 0.44 0.37 36 0.40 0.33 38 0.36 0.30 40 0.33 0.27 42 0.30 0.25 44 0.28 0.23 46 0.26 0.21 48 0.24 0.19 50 0.22 0.18 52 0.20 0.17 54 0.19 0.16 56 0.18 0.15 58 0.17 14 60 0.16 0.13 4, = _ effective length of the loaded leg of the single web cleat attached to the supported beam t = thickness of the single web cleat Pe = _design strength of the single web cleat for different grades of steel. 18 4. RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS ‘The following recommended procedures are aimed at providing guidance on the design of the most commonly used sections as beams and columns. ‘These should be read in conjunction with BS 5950: Part 5'21.’For the design of all other members, refer to the Code. Design loads are calculated using limit state design principles. The dead and imposed loads are factored by 1.4 and 1.6 respectively to give the design loads against the design resistance of the member. Deflections are calculated for working (or unfactored) loads. 4.1 Design of beams In general, cold formed sections may undergo the following modes of failure under vertical loads applied along their length: (@ Flexural failure involving local buckling in compression. (b) (© Shear failure. (@ Web crushing under direct loads or reactions. © Combined effects between bending and web crushing, and bending and shear. () Excessive deflection. For floor beams, the member is generally regarded as being fully restrained when sufficient fixings between the beam and the floor are provided. Where the restraint is lacking, it is generally good practice to use double sections (j.e. back to back) due to their better structural performance. 4.1.1 Design procedure Step 1 Check the flexural resistance of the beam, restrained or unrestrained For restrained beams, the applied moment based on factored loads should not be greater than the bending moment resistance of the section, M,. For commonly used cold formed sections, the bending moment resistances are tabulated in Reference 1. These resistances take account of local buckling and are based on the reduced properties of the sections. Alternatively, the bending moment resistance of the section may be calculated from the effective section, as determined in Appendix A. For unrestrained beams the applied moment based on factored loads should not be greater than the smaller of the bending moment resistance of the section, M, , and the buckling resistance moment of the beam, M,. 19 ‘The buckling resistance moment, M, , of an unrestrained beam may be calculated as below: * Evaluate the effective length between restraints. Refer to Clauses 5.6.3 and 5.6.4 of BS 5950: Part 5. For beams with different conditions at the supports, refer to Clause 4.3.5, BS 5950: Part 1: 1990. . Evaluate the elastic moment resistance of the section, My, corresponding to gross section My = ZecPy Exe ftom Reference 1) . Calculate the modified slenderness ratio, X,7, as in Equations (6) and (7) where Le = effective length of the beam oC radius of gyration of the section dy = 85 for p, = 280 N/mm?, or 76 for py = 350 N/mm? from Equation (9) nuv is given in Table 4 for various loading conditions. Once the modified stenderness 1: obtained from Table 5 to evaluate M,, known, the buckling resistance moment ratio can be Alternatively, the elastic lateral buckling resistance, Mg, may be evaluated as described in Clause [Link] of BS 5950: Part 5. M, may then be obtained as the solution of the Perry- Robertson formula in Clause [Link] of BS 5950: Part 5. Step 2. Check the shear resistance at the supports See Clauses 5.4.1, 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 of BS 5950: Part 5. Step 3 Check web crushing resistance at load positions or supports, if applicable No check is necessary if a suitable web cleat is used for the connection. In other cases, see Clause 5.3 and Tables 7 or 8 of BS 5950: Part 5. The design formula depends on the following criteria: © Degree of restraint provided to the web against rotation. © Single load/reaction or two opposite loads o reactions. * Distance of load position or support relative to the end of the member. * Sections of the member with stiffened or unstiffened flanges. For unrestrained single sections, the design formulae in Table 7 of BS 5950: Part 5 are applicable. Inall other cases, such as double sections or restrained single sections, the design formula in Table 8 ‘of BS 5950: Part 5 may be used. 20 Step 4 Check the combined effect of bending and web crushing, if See Clause 5.5.1 of BS 5950: Part 5. ‘Step 5 Check the combined effect of bending and shear, it applicable See Clause 5.5.2 of BS 5950: Part 5. Step 6 Check the deflection at working loads ‘See Clause 2.4.2 of BS 5950: Part 5 for recommended deflection limitations for beams. Normally, the check is for the effect of characteristic imposed load for which the deflection is limited to a ‘maximum of span/360. The deflection of the member can be calculated using a representative stiffness, conservatively based on the average of the gross and effective second moments of area of the section, Alternatively, the design method in Clause 5.7 of BS 5950: Part 5 may be adopted. 4.2. Design of columns In general, cold formed sections may undergo three different modes of failure under axial compression. These are: Mode a: Compression yielding involving local buckling of the cross-section. The axial resistance depends on its short strut resistance, P.,, when the section is fully restrained against buckling. Mode b: Overall flexural buckling of the member about its minor axis. The axial resistance depends on its critical elastic flexural buckling resistance, Pz. This is usually the critical mode for doubly symmetrical sections and may govern in singly symmetrical sections with large depth/width ratios or narrow flanges. Mode c: Overall torsional flexural buckling of the member. This is a combination of mode b and twisting of the cross-section about its shear centre. The axial resistance depends on its elastic torsional flexural buckling resistance, Pr. This does not occur in doubly symmetrical sections but may be the critical mode in singly symmetrical sections with small depth/width ratios or wide flanges. It is generally good practice to use doubly symmetrical sections in unbraced columns for better structural performance. This is usually achieved by putting two channel sections back to back. Box’ sections using two channel sections (toe to toe) are more effective as columns, but are more difficult to construct. Clause 8.6.2 of BS 5950: Part 5 provides rules for connecting two channels back to back to form an I-section. 4.2.1 Design procedure for fully braced columns Step 1 Check against the short strut resistance of the column, P,, (mode a) ‘The total applied load based on factored loads should not be greater than the short strut resistance, P,, , of the column, The short strut resistances of commonly used cold formed sections are tabulated in Reference 1. Alternatively, the direct calculation of the effective section properties may be used. A worked example on the calculation of effective cross-section under compression can be found in Appendix A. 2 4.2.2 Design procedure for unbraced columns The total applied load based on factored loads should not be greater than the axial buckling resistance, P,, of the column, The axial buckling resistance of an unrestrained column may be calculated as below: Step 1 Determine the effective length of the columns or struts between points of lateral restraint Check for the maximum permitted slenderness ratio, See Clause 6.2.2 of BS 5950: Part 5. Step 2 Comparison between flexural buckling (mode b) and torsional flexural buckling (mode c} In Clause 6.3.2 of BS 5950: Part 5, the o factor approach is used to identify the critical buckling mode from the flexural buckling mode and the torsional flexural buckling mode. Doubly symmetrical sections: Flexural buckling is always critical and a is equal to unity. No calculation is necessary and the design proceeds to Step 3 Singly symmetrical sections: Values of a for commonly used sections are tabulated in Table 13 of BS 5950: Part 5 Appendix C as functions of cross-section geometry and overall slenderness. Alternatively, a can be evaluated directly after calculating both the elastic flexural buckling load, Pg, and the torsional flexural buckling load, Pr»: In general, « = 1 for sections with large depth/width ratios or narrow flanges. If « > 1 then torsional flexural buckling is more critical than flexural buckling and the effective length should be increased to a Le. For sections other than C channels, BS 5950: Part 5 considers the x axis to be the axis of symmetry and not the principle major axis. Similarly, the y axis is the axis perpendicular to the axis of symmetry and not the principle minor axis. Step 3 Calculate axial buckling resistance, P, Once the critical effective length of the column is known, the modified slenderness ratio can be calculated as below: aly where aL, = critical effective length of the beam radius of gyration of the section 85 for p, = 280 N/mm, or 76 for p, = 350 N/mm? from Equation (9). 2 ‘The axial buckling resistance ratio can then be obtained from Table 6 and thus the axial buckling resistance, P,, can be evaluated. Alternatively, the value of P. may be obtained as the product of the reduced design strength (obtained from Table 10 of the Code) and the area of the gross section. Otherwise, it may be evaluated as the solution to the quadratic Perry-Robertson formula with the modified Pp, defined as below: El, (aly ‘The axial buckling resistance, P., cannot exceed the short strut resistance, P.,. ‘Step 4 Reduction of axial buckling resistance due to the shift of neutral axis Doubly symmetrical sections: No reduction is necessary as the effective neutral axis of the section does not move under axial compression due to the double symmetry of the section. Singly symmetrical sections: See Clause 6.2.4 of BS 5950: Part 5. No reduction is required when torsional flexural buckling is the critical mode, ‘When flexural buckling is the critical mode, Clause 6.2.4 of BS 5950: Part 5 recommends that the axial buckling resistance of the section may be reduced linearly according to the shift of the effective neutral axis from that of the gross section to that of the effective section under axial compression. Step 5 Check for combined bending and compression Refer to Clause 6.4 of BS 5950: Part 5. For the local resistance and overall buckling checks, see Clauses 6.4.2 and 6.4.3. of BS 5950: Part 5 respectively. Clause 6.4.1 states that the checks in Clauses 6.4.2 and 6.4.3 apply to members which have at least ‘one axis of symmetry and which are not subject to torsional or torsional flexural buckling. However, it is understood that they are actually also applicable to columns subject to torsional flexural buckling, but give very conservative results. In the absence of any other guidance, it is appropriate to apply these checks to all columns with sections of at least one axis of symmetry until further guidance becomes available. It is noted that the design of unbraced columns using double sections is simpler than that of single sections, and it is recommended that double sections should be used for heavily loaded columns. Stud walls, which are lightly loaded and where the component sections are restrained about their weak axis, may be constructed with single cold formed sections. 23 5. DESIGN OF A LOW RISE BUILDING ‘The design of a low rise building using cold formed sections has been selected to illustrate the use of BS 5950: Part 5. The Worked Examples in Sections 6 to 10 cover the cases that are representative of general design, ‘The following conditions are assumed in the design of the building: (@®) The building is for commercial use. (b) The frame is braced against wind loads; lateral loads are not considered further in the design example. (© Timber flooring provides lateral restraint to all beams except the staircase support beam. (@ The column bases are assumed to be pinned. © The roof covering is of clay tiles. (® The stairs are of light steel frames. A limited range of ‘generic’ C sections is considered in these Worked Examples. The gross and reduced section properties of the sections are given in Table 3. 5.1 Layout (Calculation Sheet 1) ‘The general layout of the building is presented in Calculation Sheet 1. The building is two storey, 16.8 m long and 5.4 m wide with regular grid of 4.2 m. All the roof trusses are supported by the side columns. The following members have been selected in order to present typical examples on the use of BS 5950: Part 5 in building design: Chord 1 Top Chord - double section Chord 2 Bottom Chord - double section Beam 1 Secondary Beam - le section double span (option 1) - single section single span (option 2) Beam 2 Primary Beam - double section single span Beam 3 Staircase Support Beam - single section single span Column 1 Internal Column - double section Column 2 Corner Column = double section 5.2 Loadings (Calculation Sheet 2) ‘Unfactored and factored loads have been established in Calculation Sheet 2. They are typical values which would be used for a commercial development. The unfactored loads are used for the initial section selection and deflection checks, and the factored loads are used for detailed design of the members. 24 Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Telephone:(0344) 23345 Fax:(0344) 22944 CALCULATION SHEET Tab War PUB 125 shoot L of 55 Tab Tie Subject Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Design of a Low Rise Building: General Layout Cent Made By Date KFC Sept 1992 Checked by Dare July 1993 First Floor Plan Column 1 25 Tob We "PUB 125 Shoot 2 of 55 The Steel Construction qo Institute Tob Tile Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Sabjest Design of a Low Rise Buildin Serviceability State Total load on stairs Total load on floor 25+1.0 4.0 kN/n? ‘Telephone:(0344) 23345 coon eee Fax lonus) 22944 KFC Sept 1992 Theked by Date CALCULATION SHEET July 1993 LOADS (Note: All loads are on-plan.) Dead load: Roof, UDL 0.7 KN/m? Floor, UDL 0.5 KN/n? Stairs, UDL 1.0 kN/m? Imposed loads: Roof (snow), UDL = 0.6 kN/n? Floor, UDL = 2.5 kN/m? Partitions, — UDL 1.0 kN/n? Stairs, UDL 4.0 kN/m? LOAD FACTORS BS 5950: Dead toad factor 4 14 Part 1 Imposed load factor Y 16 Table 2 DESIGN LOADS Ultimate Limit State Unfactored Factored Load Load Roof Dead load = 0.7 x 1.4 = 0.98 kN/m? Imposed load 0.6 x 1.6 = 0.96 kN/m? Total load = 1.3 kN/nt?” 1.94 KN/n? Loft Dead load = 0.5 X14 = 0.70 kN/m? Imposed load 2.5 x 1.6 = 4.00 N/m? Total load 3.0. KN/m? 4.20 KN/n? Floor Dead toad 0.5 X14 = 0.70 KN/n? Imposed load (2.5+1) 1.6 = 5.60 kN/m* Total load = 4.0 kN/n® 6.30 KN/m? Stairease Dead load 1.0 x14 = 1.40 kN/n? Imposed load 4.0 x 1.6 = 6.40 N/m? Total load = 5.0 kN/n® 7.80 kN/ne 26 6. WORKED EXAMPLES ON INITIAL SECTION SELECTION Initial section selection is an essential part of a scheme design. The members of the low rise building as given in Section 5 have been selected to illustrate the use of the load-span tables for beams and the Joad-height tables for columns in Reference 1. It is noted that the safe loads obtained from the design tables are based on working (unfactored) loads given in Calculation Sheet 2. For details about the use of the design tables, refer to Section 6 in Reference 1. Chord 1 Beam 1 Beam 2 Beam 3 Column 1 Top Chord (Calculation Sheets 3 and 4) This is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial compression only. The effective length coefficient for minor axis buckling is taken as 1.0 conservatively. Secondary Beam (Calculation Sheet 5) This is a double span single section channel supporting the floor. ‘The top flange of the section is fully restrained by chipboard flooring, Primary Beam (Calculation Sheet 6) ‘This is a single span double section channel (back to back), simply supported between columns. It is loaded through the secondary beams which also provide restraint to the top flange at 600 mm intervals. Staircase Support Beam (Calculation Sheets 7 and 8) This is a single section channel, simply supported between columns. ‘The top flange is assumed to be unrestrained over part of its length to illustrate the design procedure for a beam subject to lateral torsional buckling. Internal Column (Calculation Sheet 9) This is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial load only. For the section above the ground floor level, the overall buckling check is critical while the local capacity check should be carried out for the section below ground floor level. 27 Tob Wi The * PUB 125 shoot 3 of 55. Steel Construction Tab Tile Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sabjeet Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS7QN Initial Section Selection: Truss Analysis Gren Wade by Date Teepe 034) 23345 KFC Sept 1992 hesked by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 INITIAL TRUSS DESIGN The trusses are spaced at 4.2 m and are subject to roof load via purlins Jand loft load via secondary beams. Uplift of the roof has not been considered. For initial section selection of the members, reference is made to the design tables of the Ref. 1. Unfactored loads as given in Section 5.2 are used at this stage. Load Unfactored load on roof = 13 kN? Unfactored load on loft = 3.0 KN/nt? Internal purlins supported roof area = 42x21 = 8.82 m? unfactored load = 1.3 x 882 =11.5kN Perimeter wall = 15/2 = 5.8kN Internal cross beams on loft floor supported floor area = 42x 2.8 = 11.76 m? total load = 3.0 x 11.76 Perimeter wall = 35.3 /2 Total load on the perimeter wall = 17.7 + 5.8 Reaction at the truss support = 353+ 1L5X 15 = 52.6kN Only the maximum compressive force in the truss is evaluated at this stage. Consider the vertical equilibrium at A. 0o 105.2 kN (compression) 52.6 ~ F, sin 30 = Fy 28 Tab We ‘The Sag PUB 125 [sheet 4 ot 55 Steel Construction Tob Tile Institute = Subjest ‘Sitwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Initial Section Selection: Chord 1 Trent Wade by Date ‘Telephone:(0344) 23345 Bearer KFC Sept 1992 Checked by Bate CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION : TOP CHORD (Chord 1) Unrestrained length, Lo = 4.85m/2 = 2.425m Effective length, Lg =LOL = 2.425m Try Double Section 180x65x2 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel, Ref 1 Table 40 |Concentrically loaded Max. load with restraints (L = 2.0m) 139.5 kN a 3.0m) 94.5 kN By linear interpolation, (L — = 2.425m) 120.4 kN > 105.2kN 3. OK <. Use Double Section 180 65X2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. ‘Note: Detailed design shows that a lighter section can be used. 29 Steel Construction Jeb Tie Tob We, The <&- PUB 125 sheet Sof 5S Ss Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Institute Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Initial Section Selection: Beam 1 Glent Wade by Dat *° Sept 1992 Telephone(0348) 23345, Fax:(0344) 22944 KFC Treckaa By CALCULATION SHEET PIG Date July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION: SECONDARY BEAM (Beam 1) For initial selection of the members, reference is made to the design tables of the Ref. 1. Unfactored loads as given in Section 5.2 are used at this stage. The beam is firstly considered as a double span single section member supporting the floor. The top flange of the section is fully restrained by [chipboard flooring. Ry Re Re Loads Unfactored load on floor 4.0 KN/n? Supported area 0.6 x 4.2 2.52 m? [Load on each span, W 4.0 X 2.52 10.1 KN Try Single Section 180x 652.0 mm Z 28 Generic Lipped Channel. Bending strength of beam Max. load with full restraint (L = 4.5m) = 98KN (L = 4.0m) 11.0 kN By linear interpolation, (L = 4.2m) 10.5 KN *. OK Deflection of double span beam Max. load for limit L/250 (= 45m) = 15.0kN . OK Web crushing [Support width = 50 mm (conservative) Max. load for double span single restrained section = 16.3 kN *. OK Use Single Section 180x65x2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel, Double Span. Calculation Sheet 2 Ref 1 Table 7) 30 Tb We Rev The Ee PUB 125 sheet 6ot 55 i Tae Ts Faerie K& Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 = Tae — stood Pare Ascot Berk SES 1QN Initial Section Selection: Beam 2 eee aearaae Crane Teac | sep 1902 Fax(034s) 22944 Thacker Dae CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION : PRIMARY BEAM (Beam 2) The beam is a double section (two channels back to back) member, simply supported between columns. It is loaded through the secondary beams which also provide restraint at regular intervals to the top flange. 25 M06 m Loads Unfactored load on secondary beam, P = 10.1 kN Total unfactored load, W = 10.16 = 60.6kN Try Double Section 300% 65x3 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Bending strength of beam Max. load with full restraint (L = 4.0 m) = 64.0kN 2. OK tion of single span beam Max. load for limit L/250 =115.2 kN.. OK Web crushing Support width = 50 mm (conservative) Max. load for double section single span = 95.0kN . OK Use Double Section 30065 x. 28 Generi red Channel, Calculation Sheet 5) Ref 1 Table 14 31 Tob We The "PUB 125 shoot 7 ot 55. Steel Construction Too Tile Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subyeat Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Initial Section Selection: Beam 3 Bate Sept 1992 Fraime tasaay 2se4s) Gient Made by Fax:(0344) 22944 Checked by CALCULATION SHEET PIG Date July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION : STAIRCASE SUPPORT BEAM (Beam 3) The beam is a double section channel (back to back) simply supported between columns. The top flange is unrestrained between B and C. Tm A B restrained unrestrained Loads Unfactored load on stairs = 5.0 kN/nt® Supported (Staircase) area 0.5% 2.215 = 1.65 mn? Load on restrained span, W 1.65 x 5.0 = 8.3 kN Reactions Taking moments about A, 42% Ry = 8.25 x 0.75 Rg =15KkN Ry =83-15 = 6.8KN Moment Approximate max. moment 15X27 = 4.1 kNm Restrained section between A and For equivalent UDL, Wo =41%8/4.2 =7.8kN Try Single Section 180 x 65 x 2 mm 228 Generic Lipped Channel, as Secondary Beam. Bending strength of beam Max. load with full restraint (L = 4.5 m) =9.8kN “ OK Calculation Sheet 2 Ref 1 Table 7| 32 Tob Wa The Saar PUB 125 shoot 8 of 5S. Steel Construction Job Tite Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subjet ‘Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Initial Section Selection: Beam 3 = Gient Made by Telephone:(0344) 23345 KFC Date Sept 1992 Fax:(0344) 22944 ‘Chacked by CALCULATION SHEET PIG Date July 1993 Deflection of single span beam Max. load with limit L/250 (L = 4.5m) = 9.0kN ‘. OK |Web crushing Support width = 50 mm (conservative) Max. load for single span single restrained section |Unrestrained section between B and C For equivalent central point load with span 5.4 m and restrained at ‘4 span, W =41/2.7x%2 = 3.0kN | Bending strength of beam Max. load with restraint at 4 pts (L = 6.0 m) (L = 5.0m) By linear interpolation, (L = 5.4m) Deflection of single span beam Max. load with limit L/250 (L = 6.0m) Web crushing |As in restrained section between A and B Use Single Section 180x 652.0 mm 228 Generic Lipped Channel 33 Tob Wo. The 2a Fev. PUB 125 Shoot 9 of 55. Steel Construction Tob Tie Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Initial Section Selection: Column 1 lant Mode by Date Telephone:(0348) 25345 Fac (onas 2290, Sept 1992 Checked by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION : INTERNAL COLUMN Note: Internal columns do not carry roof loads and only Column 1 is considered. Unfactored loads as given in Section 5.2 are used at this stage. Loads Calculation Unfactored load on floor = 4.0kN/n? Sheet 2 Floor area supported by each internal column = 4.2% 4.2 = 17.64 m? Load above ground level = 17.64 x 4.0 = 70.6kN Load below ground level = 70.6 + 70.6 = 141.2 kN Effective Length of Column Length, Lo= 27m Effective length, Lz = — 0.85L taking account of restraint at connections for this ground level column = 23m Try Double Section 200 652.0 mm 228 Generic Lipped Channel. Ref 1 Table 42 mncentric Max. load with restraints (L = 2.0 m) 138.6 kN (L = 3.0m) 93.8 kN By linear interpolation, (L = 2.3 m) = 125.2 kN > 70.6kN :. OK Squash load Max. load with continuous restraints = 170.5 kN > 141.2KN . OK Ise 200% jeneric Lipped Channel. ad 7. WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED TRUSS DESIGN ‘Two members of the roof truss of the low-rise building as given in Section 5 have been selected to illustrate the use of BS 5950: Part 5 in the practical design of tension and compression truss members using cold formed steel sectior Chord 1 Top Chord = = ~—_ double section Chord 2 Bottom Chord - double section ‘The design procedures of the tension and compression members are illustrated in detail in accordance with BS 5950: Part 5 using the partial safety factors given in Section 1.1. For each member, a brief description of its structural behaviour is first given. This is followed by a list of clauses from the Code, ‘The gross and reduced section properties for generic lipped channels can be found in Table 3. Factored total loads given in Calculation Sheet 2 are used. References to BS 5950: Part 5 are noted by the relevant clause or table number adjacent to the calculation ‘The truss analysis based on factored loads is presented in Calculation Sheets 10 and 11 7.1 Top chord (Calculation Sheet 12) ‘The top chord is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial compression only. The effective length coefficient for minor axis buckling is taken as 1.0 conservatively. The following check is carried out to BS 5950: Part 5: (@) Axial bucking resistance to Clauses 6.2.2 and 6.2.3. 7.2 Bottom chord (Calculation Sheet 13) ‘The bottom chord is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial tension from truss action and bending moment from loft load. The following checks are carried out to BS 5950: Part 5: (@) Tension resistance to Clause 7.2. (©) Combined bending and tension check to Clause 7.3. 35 ib No, PUB 125 shoot 10 of 55 Tao Tile Worked Examples to BS $950: Part 5 The Steel Construction Institute Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Detailed Truss Design ‘Cient Made by Da ‘Telephone:(0344) 23345, Fax:(0344) 22944 KFC Sept 1992 Checked by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 DETAILED TRUSS DESIGN The trusses are spaced at 4.2 m and are subject to roof load via purlins Jand loft load via secondary beams. Uplift of the roof has not been considered. Factored loads as given in Section 5.2 are used for detailed design. Load Internal purlins: Factored load on roof Calculation supported roof area = = 4,2 X 2.1 Sheet 2 total factored load 1.94 X 8.82 Perimeter wall =171/2 Internal cross beams on loft: Factored load on loft Calculation supported floor area 4.2 x 2.8 Sheet 2 total factored load 4.7% 11.76 Perimeter wall = 55.3 /2 Total load on the perimeter wall = 27.7 + 8.6 6.3 kN 8.6 kN/m ‘Note: References to BS 5950: Part 5 are noted by the relevant clause or table number adjacent to the calculation. 36 Tab We, PUB 125 Shoot 11 of 55. The av. Steel Construction ob Tie Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject |Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN_ Detailed Truss Design: Loading ‘Gient Made By Date Telephone (0.4) 23345, Fax:(0344) 22084 KFC Sept 1992 eared oa CALCULATION SHEET PIG ‘July 1993 Loading Analysis Reaction at the truss support = 55.3 + 17.1 x 1.5 = 81 kN Consider vertical and horizontal equilibrium at A, 81 - F, sin 30 =0 2 = 162.0 kN (compression) F, cos 30 + F, =F o 140.3 kN (tension) Taking moments at A, 17.1X2.1+55.3X2.8+ F5X4.85 sin 30 - Fs wu o 78.7 KN (tension) Consider vertical and horizontal equilibrium at B, F, sin 60 + 55.3 ~ 78.7 sin 60 =0 ~ = 14.8 kN (compression) -140.3+14.8 cos 60+78.7 cos 60+F, = 0 ~ iF 93.6 KN (tension) Consider horizontal equilibrium at C, 162 cos 30 - 14.8 cos 60 - F; cos 30 =F 0 153.5 KN (compression) 37 Tab Wo, Fev The see PUB 125 shoot 12 of 55 Steel Construction Ts Institute = apa otha Examples to BS 5950: Pant 5 stot ett eetstsn [Peeled Tras Design: Oar Telephone:(0344) 23345 Fax:(0244) 22944 Sept 1992 Cheated By Bate CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Detailed Design : Top Chord (Chord 1) Unrestrained length, Lo =485/2 2.425m Table 9 Effective length, Lg =LOL = 2.425m Try Double Section 180x65x1.8 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Table 3 of the text] Material properties : E 205.0 kN/mm? Py 280.0 N/mm? Section properties : A 1144.0 mm? 1, 29.1 mm a Reduced section resistance: Pry = = +~—-235.9 kN Load Applied compressive force, F, S 162.0 kN Calculation Sheet 11 | Axial Buckling Resistance Check for maximum allowable slenderness : L Cl. 6.2.2 == = 25 =83 << 180 2. OK %, 29.1 Fora double section, torsional flexural buckling is not critical and thus a = 1, Modified slenderness ratio, Table 6 of the text a = 8 =0.98 85 Pe Pa P, = 0.71 x 235.9 = 167.5 kN > F, (= 162.0 kN). OK Cl. 6.2.3 No reduction in the axial buckling resistance is necessary as there is no neutral axis shift in a doubly symmetric section, se 65%. 228 Gene annel 38 Tob Wo: The 7? a PUB 125 shoot 13 of 55 ‘Steel Construction <& [05 Tie Institute Sa erked Examples to BS 5950: Part § geen pee Aer pete sts oon eae —Detailed Truss Design: Chord 2 Telephone:(0344) 23345 Fax(0344) 22946 mere KPC __| Sort 1992 CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Detailed Design : Bottom Chord (Chord 2) The member is under combined tension from truss action and bending moment from loft load. Try Double Section 180x65x1.8 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Material properties : E = 205 kN/mm? Py = 280 N/mm? Section properties : A = 1144 mm? Moment resistance : Me = = ‘16.38 kNm Axial tensile resistance, P, = Apy 1144 x 280 x 10% 320.3 KN Load Applied tensile force, F, = 140.3 KN Bending Moment Factored load on loft = 47 KN? span between supports = 8.4/3 = 28m supported loft area 26x28 = 1.68 m? total factored load = 1.68% 4.7= 7.9kN Myyae = WE = 79x28 = 2.77kNm 8 8 ‘al Tensile Res Mid-span PL = Ap, = 1144 x 280 x 107 = 320kN | Combined Bending and Tension The following interaction equation must be satisfied: FM, +t <1 PM 403,277 Logp ci. OK 320.3 16.38 a: le Section 180% 65%1.8 mm 224 ic Lif Table 3 of the text Calcualtion Sheet 11 Calculation Sheet 2 Cl. 7.21 Cl. 7.3 39 8. WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED BEAM DESIGN n in Section 5 have been selected to illustrate the use of BS 5950: Part 5 in the practical design of beams using cold formed steel sections: Beam 1 Secondary Beam single section double span (option 1) single section single span (option 2) Beam 2 Primary Beam - double section single span Beam 3 Staircase Support Beam - single section single span ‘The design procedures of the beams are illustrated in detail in accordance with BS 5950; Part 5 using the partial safety factors given in Section 1.1. For each member, a brief description of its structural behaviour is first given. This is followed by a list of clauses from the Code. The recommended design procedure for beams can be found in Section 4.1. The gross and reduced section properties of the ‘generic lipped channels can be found in Table 3. Both the factored total loads and the unfactored imposed loads given in Calculation Sheet 2 are used for ultimate and serviceability limit state design respectively. Reference to BS 5950: Part 5 are noted by the relevant clause or table number adjacent to the calculation, 8.1 Secondary beam (option 1, Calculation Sheets 14 - 18) ‘The beam is a single section double span channel supporting the floor. The top flange of the section is fully restrained by chipboard flooring. The following checks are carried out to BS 5950: Part 5: (@ _ Moment resistance of the restrained section to Clause 5.2.2 (>) Shear resistance to Clauses 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 (© Web crushing at the end support and ternal support to Clause 5.3 (@ Combined bending and web crushing at the internal support to Clause 5.5.1 ©) Deflection limit the Clause 2.4.2. ‘The calculations show that the continuity of the span causes a high reaction at the internal support and icantly increases the internal column load. In addition, in order to satisfy the combined action of bending and web crushing, the section is required to be stiffened. Hence, a double section is used at the internal support. For economy, the beam is re-designed as a single span member. 8.2 Secondary beam (option 2, Calculation Sheet 19) Using the same section adopted in option 1, the beam is re-designed as simply supported. It is shown that based on the results of option 1, the section is adequate with deflection as the limiting aspect of the design. Comparison of options 1 and 2 illustrates that continuous construction does not always perform better than simple construction. 40 8.3 Primary beam (Calculation Sheets 20 - 23) ‘The beam is a single span double section channel (back to back), simply supported between columns. It is loaded through the secondary beams which also provide restraint to the top flange at 600 mm intervals. ‘The following checks are carried out to BS 5950: Part 5: @ ) © @ © ‘Moment resistance of the restrained section to Clause 5.2.2 Shear resistance to Clauses 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 ‘Web crushing at the end support and loaded position to Clause 5.3 Combined bending and web crushing at the first loaded position adjacent to the mid-span to Clause 5.5.1 Deflection limit to Clause 2.4.2. 8.4 Staircase support beam (Calculation Sheets 24 - 27) ‘The beam is a single section channel simply supported between columns. It is assumed that the top flange is unrestrained over part of its length. The purpose of this loading case is to illustrate the design procedure for a beam subject to lateral torsional buckling. The following checks are carried ‘out to BS 5950: Part 5: @ ) © @ ‘Moment resistance of the restrained and unrestrained sections to Clauses 5.2.2 and 5.6 Shear resistance to Clauses 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 ‘Web crushing at the end support to Clause 5.3 Deflection limit to Clause 2.4.2. 41 ab Na: PUB 125 shoot 14 of 55 The Fav Steel Construction eb Teas Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sabjest Silwood Park Ascot Berks SL5 7QN Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 1) Load on each span, W 6.3 x 2.52 = 15.9 kN Bending Moment Two spans loaded \ 0.438 0.625 -0.063 Coofticients for 1 0.125 x 15.9 x 4.2 = 0.096 x 15.9 x 4.2 8.3 kKNm = 6.4kNm Max. hogging moment Max. sagging moment Shear Force Two spans loaded: Ry, = 0.375 x 15.9 Rs .25 x 15.9 ‘One span loaded: Ry 0.438 x 15.9 Max. reaction at end support, Fy, Max. shear force, Fynqx = 15.9 - 6.0 = 9.9kN Glare Wade By Date Tetephone:(0344) 23345, aoe mew Ene [T set im CALCULATION SHEET PIG [ July 1993 Detailed Design : Secondary Beam (Beam 1) - Double Span (Option 1) The beam is firstly considered as a double span single section channel supporting the floor. The top flange of the section is fully restrained by chipboard flooring. Load Total factored load on floor = 6.3 kN/m? Calculation Supported area 1.6 x 4.2 = 2.52 m? Sheet 2 42 Tab Na. ‘The PUB 125 shoot 15 of 55 ‘Steel Construction Job Tite Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subjeet Sitwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 1) areisarseseni sae Crank Mode By Date Faxs(0344) 22944, bsig Senet2 Teche By Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Try 180x65x2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel, Single Section. Material Properties: E 205 N/mm? Py = = 280 N/mm? Section Properties: t 1.96 mm D 180 mm r, 22.8 mm fe 311.2 x 108 mm4 Lee 34.59 x 10) mm Reduced Section Properties: Ley 33.02 x 10° mm rz 297.2 x 10° mm* nce The compression flange is fully restrained over the sagging moment region but is unrestrained over the hogging moment region, that is, over the internal support. However, the unrestrained length is very short and lateral torsional buckling (LTB) is not critical. (For a design example lof a beam subject to LTB, see the staircase support beam, Beam 3). The moment resistance of the restrained beam is: ry = 38.03 x 103 x 280 x 10° = 9.2 kNm > 8.3 kNm *. OK Shear Resistance Shear yield strength, Py = 0.6p, = 0.6 x 280 = 168 N/mm? Shear buckling strength, f = (100087 _ (1000 x1.96 a D 180 = 118.6 Nimm?, which is more critical. Max. shear force, F, mar = 9.9 KN Shear area = 180 x 1.96 = 352.8 mm? Average shear stress, Sy = FOP 2 28.1 Nim? < q, “OK vo 352.8 a Table 3 of the text Calculation Sheet 14) C1. 5.4.3 43 Tob Wo The SFL PUB 125 Shoat 16 of SS Steel Construction QS [Te Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Institute = Sabet Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 1) Date Sept 1992 e sure Tent Wade by Fax:(0344) 22944 Checked by CALCULATION SHEET P, P July 1993 |Web Crushing at End Supports Check the limits of the formulae: = 92 <200 -. OK D t 7 =2.0 <6 2. OK 180 1.96 Ae 1.96 |At the end supports, the bearing length, N, is 65 mm (taking conservatively as the flange width of a single section). For c = 0, N/t = 33.2 and restrained section, use Py = 7Cppy {8.8 + 1d YNA } G =1+24 730 =1+2% o1n 730 1.96? x1.12 x280 x{8.8 +1.11 x /33.2} x10? = 183KkN > R,(=7.0KN) -. OK Web Crushing at Internal Support | At the internal support, the bearing length, N, is 130 mm (taken as the [flange width of a double section). For c > 1.5 D, N/t = 130/ 1.96 = 66.3, and restrained section, Use Py = °C sCgpy {13.2 +2.87~N 1 } k ae = 1.23 228 Cs 1.49 - 0.53 k = 0.84 Gs 0.88 + 0.12 x (1.96/1.9) = 1.0 P, 1.96? 0.84 x1.0 x280 x {13.2 +2.87 x Y663 } x10 33.0KN << Rg (= 19.9 kN) Cl. 5.3 Table 8} Calculation Sheet 14) Cl. 5.3 Table 8 44 Feb Wo The Seas PUB 125 Taran 17 ot 5S Fev i aos Sea Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sabet Sed eee a en Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 1) Chant Made By Date Telephone:(0348) 23345 Fax:(0344) 22948 | are . Sept 1992 CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Be sh ‘It is necessary to check the section at the internal support and the [following equation must be satisifed: HB F, 19.9 KN and P, = 33.0 kN, as iy <1 2. OK My, Mz = 8.3kNm and M,=9.2kNm, as Es <. OK 11 (223) » (83) = 157 > 1s 33.0, 9.2, The section just fails under the combined bending and web crushing at the internal support. This failure mode has not been registered in the initial section selection designed with unfactored (working) load. It may be necessary to use a double section (back to back) over the internal support to prevent web crushing, which gives: Py =33.0 x 2= 66.0 kN "(23 = 1.23 < 1. K. waa) * (2) 299 < BS 0 of the support, i.e., 2 x 270 mm + 130 mm or 675 mm in length. The sections should be fixed together by screws or bolts. at Internal Support Cl. 5.5.1 The double section should extend 1.5 x D or 270 mm from each side CA. 8.6.2 45 Tab We Sas PUB 125 sheet 18 of $5 Wav, ‘Institute The Le i Tae Wie Steere cnet SS Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 1) Tent Made by Date = Sf = 11.7 mm > 8.2mm 360 <. In the Double Span construction: | Use Single Section 180x65 2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Double Section of 673 is rr the ir ort, Note: It may be possible to use single span beam, provided the deflection limit is relaxed. Refer to option 2 : Secondary Beam - Single Span. Tetephoner(0348) 25345 Fax:(0348) 22944 KFC Sept 1992 TheekeT by Date CALCULATION SHEET P. July 1993 Deflection Check Cl. 2.4.2 A coefficient of w is used to take account of unequal loading on double span. Total unfactored imposed toad is used for deflection calculation. bag = 3, WE? ee 384 ET, +1 7 Ref 1 where Iyy = 2 Bh? 277d = 304.2 x 104 mm? Section A WH 35x 0.6 x 4.2 = 8.8kN Calculation ‘Sheet 2 5, = 3 x __ 88% 4200 ee = a x OK A200" _ 384 205 x 304.2 x 104 = 8.2mm Deflection limit, = & ‘for imposed load eee 4200 - 46 Tob We Few The Cea PUB 125 shoot 19 of 55 Steel Construction < Tobie Fasornas = ea Wonhed Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 ep re Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 2) ficeomeacaseni ese ‘Giant Mee caasae Tana Fax(0344) 20944 Theaked By Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Detailed Design : Secondary Beam (Beam 1) - Single Span (option 2) Option 1 has shown that the continuity of the spans causes a high reaction over the internal support. This results in a double section over the internal support to avoid web crushing and a 25% increase in the total load on the internal column. The beam is re-designed as a single span beam using the same section. w Illini fo Loads Total load on each span, W = 15.9 kN Caleulation Sheet 14 Bending Moment Max. moment .125 x 15.9 x 4.2 = 8.3KkNm Calculation < Me 2 kNm) .. OK Sheet 15 | Shear Force Ry 5 x 15.9 = 8.0KN Fymax 0 KN < Fy,max Of Beam I Double Span (=9.9 kN) .. OK Calculation Sheet 15 Web Crushing Web cleat is used at the support and so the web crushing check is not applicable, Deflection Check The deflection ratio between a double span and a single span is 3 : 5, therefore, 8 max = 8.2 x 5/3 = 13.7mm > 11.7mm (deflection limit) Calculation Sheet 18 Actual deflection = span / 307, which may be reasonable for a building of this type. 180% 65x. 228 Generic od Channel, Single Span. 47 Too We The cer ‘PUB 125 sheet 2001 55 ion | ae Tie boos latins S| “Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 ‘Institute sae : Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN a Detailed eee os “Telephone(0348) 73345 Fax:(0344) 22944 —— we = Sept 1992 CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Detailed Design : Primary Beam The beam is a double section (back to back) simply supported between ‘columns. The column is a Double Section 180 x 65 x 1.8 mm Generic Lipped Channel, and thus the span of the primary beam is reduced by Jone column section depth, that is 180 mm. It is loaded through the secondary beams which also provide restraint at regular intervals to the top flange. Web cleats are used to connect the primary beam to the columns. Load Point Load, P (total load on secondary beam) = 15.9 kN Bending Moment |Assume loading to be uniformly distributed, wo = BS = 26.5 kN/m 0.6 2 2 Myge = ME? = 26S%4OP «55.5 eNm 8 8 Shear Force Ry =3xP=3x 159 = 47.7KkN Fema =R = 47.7 kN Calculation Sheet 14 48 Ta Wo, Rew. The 2a PUB 125 Sheet 21 of 55. Steel Construction = [PTH Institute ie Worked cnmples lo) BS SS Parts Son 878 ee Detailed Beam Design: Beam 2 one: (0344) 233 waked by ae CALCULATION SHEET PIG PP juty 1993 Try Double Section 300X65%3.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Table 3 of the text | Material Properties: E = 205 kN/mm? Py = 280 N/mm? Section Properties: t 2.96 mm D 300 mm fy = = 24 mm ze 204.2 x 10° mm? Tey 3062 x 10% mm Reduced Section Properties: Inp 2871 x 10% mm* M, 53.59 kNm Moment Resistance C1. 5.2.2 Since the top (compression) flange is restrained at 600 mm intervals, it is fully restrained. Hence, the moment resistance is: Mg, = 53.59 KNm > Myg, = 53.5 kNm 2. OK Caleulation Sheet 20 Shear Resistance Cl. 5.4.3 Shear yield strength, p, = 0.6p, = 0.6 x 280 = 168 N/mm? Shear buckling strength, oF = (1000 2.96) D 300 = 97.4 Nimm?, which is more critical. Max. shear force, Fy,max = 47-7 KN Caleulation Sheet 20 Shear area = 2x 300 2.96 = = 1776 mm? Average shear stress, 47.7 x10? =a = 26.9 Nimm? < *. OK i Sie Ger 49 Tob We, PUB 125 sheet 22 of 55. The ae, Steel Construction SRG POT Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Institute Sabjeat Sivoo! Pic Act tee sis 1q | Detailed Beam Design: Beam 2 Telephone:(0344) 23345 KFC Bi * Sept 1992 CALCULATION SHEET Fax(0344) 22944 eee ‘Checked by Pit Date July 1993 |Web Crushing at End Support No check is necessary at the end supports as web cleats are used to transfer loading to the columns. Combined Bending and Web Crushing at Loaded Position [It is also necessary to check the section at the first loaded position adjacent to the mid-span for combined bending and web crushing. F, M, 11(/—*| +(—*| <1 Ph) \Ma, |At the loaded position, the bearing length, N, is 65 mm (taking as the [flange width of a single section). For a single load on a double section, Use P, = 2X °C, C,p, 13.2 +2.87 x k= p, / 228 = 280 228 = 1.23 1.49 ~ 0.53k 0.84 0.88 + 0.12 x 2.96/19 = 1.07 P, =2 2.96? x0.84 x1.07 x280 {oa +287, ca = 17.5 kN Fy = 15.9 kN Py, = 17.5 kN = F,/P, <1: 0K M, = 53.5kNm Me = $3.59 kNm => M/M, <1-. 0K LAS < 15+. OK 15.9) , (53.5 117.5) \53.59 Cl. 5.3 Cl. 5.5.1 Table 8) 50 Tob We, The ae | PUB I2S sheet 23 ot 55 Steel Construction we Tie reainaa agg Wetted Examples to BS 5950: Part § Sion Pa Actes sts TaN felled Bem Design: Beam 2 elephooe * Fax:(0344) 22944 KFC Sept 1992 Treakea ey Dae CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Deflection Check 1. 2.4.2 A coefficient of w is used for the uniformly distributed load. Total unfactored imposed load on the primary beam is equal to the total unfactored imposed load of the six secondary beams. 5 wit Spar = =o WL? nes = SEG ET Cl. 2.4.2, +], . Ref. 1 where gq = Tet tir = 302 +2871 3 2567 10h mm’ | sects Wo =88x6 = 52.8 kN Caleulation Sheet 18, 3 = 5 x 52.8x 40208 mas 384" 205 x 2967 104 = 7.3mm Deflection limit = = s for imposed load ee = 020 _ 1.2mm > 7.3mm °. OK 360 se ed ingle Span. 51 Tab We The PUB 125 Sheot 24 of 55 Fav. Steel Construction Tab Fide Institute Worked Examples to BS $950: Part 5 Subject Sitwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Detailed Beam Design: Beam 3 ‘Ghent Wade By Telephone:(0344) 23345 KFC Fax:(0344) 22944 Date Sept 1992 Chesked by PIG CALCULATION SHEET Date July 1993 Detailed Design : Staircase Support Beam (Beam 3) The beam is a single section channel simply supported between columns. It is assumed that the top flange is unrestrained between B and C due to a discontinuity in chipboard flooring. The purpose of this loading case is to illustrate the design procedure for a beam subject to Jateral torsional buckling. The overall span is taken conservatively as 4.2 m. restrained unrestrained Load Total factored load on stairs 7.8 kN/m Supported staircase area 0.5% 2.2 15 = 1.65 mi Load on restrained span, W = 1.65 x 7.8 = 12.9kN | Bending Moment Taking moments about Ry 4.2% Rg = 12.9 x 0.75 cs 2.3 KN 12.9 - Rg 10.6 kN Position of zero shear 5X 10.6 / 12.9 1.232 m In restrained section, M (at distance x from R,) 2 = Rx-" —— andw= P22 8.6 KN 2 LS Myay = 10.6 x 1.232 - Be h2i = 6.51 kNm In unrestrained section, Mygx = 2.3 X 2.7 = 6.21 kNm Shear Force Fymar = 10.6 KN Calcualtion Sheet 2 52 Tab We Fev The Zee |__?up 1s sheet 25 of 55 Steel Construction 155 Te Taser a torked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 | Telephone:(0344) 23345 tent ° ete Foxtons) 22064 KFC Sept 1992 Checked by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Try = Single Section 180% 65%2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. The section is chosen to be the same size as other secondary beams for Table 3 ease of construction. of the text| Material Properties: E 205 KN/mm? Py 280 N/mm? Section Properties: 1,96 mm 180 mm 22.8 mm 34.59 x 10) mm} 311.2 x 10° mmé Reduced Section Properties: 297.2 x 10 mm4 9.25 kNm ect Cl. 5.2.2 fer = 9.25 kNm > M = 6.51 kNm -. OK ing Resistance Moment oj ined Sectio Cl. 5.6.2 Length L = 2700mm BS 5950: Effective length, Lz = (232) L = 0.925 L = 2498 mm a L, 4.3.5 (6) ZE = U8 = 110 Mg 5 22.8 Elastic yield moment My = Ze, Py = 34.59 X 280 x 10% = 9.7kNm 53 Tob Wo % The ray |__ PUB 125 shoot 26 of 5S Steel Construction << ar ' Institute >* Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part § sosraattsisvox far Pelle Beam Dein Bem 3 earn soe KFC Sept 1992 Theaked by Date |CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Modified slenderness ratio, Section 4.1.1 of the text L nuy—= > 7, ar = wy 2. where nuv = 0.65 Table 4 of the text Ay = 85 for 228 steel Fi 0.65 x 110 Ay = SOX cos hr as M, Table 5} j= 0.86 of the text 1.86 X 9.7 8.3kNm << Mg, (=9.25kNm) Calculation > Mma (= 6.21 kNm) 2. OK Sheet 24 Shear Resistance Max. shear force, F, max = 10.6 kN Calculation Sheet 24 Shear area = 180 x 1.96 = 352.8 mm? Average shear stress, Cl. 5.4.3) = 30.0 N/mm? < er (=118.6 N/mm? from Beam 1) :.OK Calculation Sheet 15 Web Crushing |As web cleats are used at the end supports, the web crushing check is Cl. 5.3. not applicable. 54 Tob We, co The << ‘PUB 125 shoot 27 of 55 i Tab Tiie a <& Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part § = Tame ee Detailed Beam Design: Beam 3 buereb iets Giant TF ac OH 1992 Fax:(0344) 22944 sept Checked by Dare CALCULATION SHEET Py July 1993 Deflection Check Cl. 2.4.2 Total unfactored imposed load is used for deflection calculation. Unfactored imposed load = 4.0 kN/m? Calculation Sheet 2 Supported staircase area = 1.65 m? Calcualtion Sheet 24] W=4x165 = 6.6KkN A coefficient of % is used because the beam is only partially loaded along its span. Smee = <4, WEE mae 384 ET, where yy = 304.2 x 10° mm* Calculation Sheet 18| 3 4 6.6 x 4200 mas 384-205 x 304.2 x 104 = 82mm Deflection limit = = & for imposed load on the stairs ee = 20 = 117mm > 8.2mm 2. OK 360 Use Single Section 180%65x2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel, Single Span. 55 9. WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED COLUMN DESIGN ‘Two columns of the low-rise building as given in Section 5 have been selected to illustrate the use of BS 5950: Part 5 in the practical design of compression members using cold formed steel s¢ Column 1 Internal Column - double section Column 2 Corner Column - double section ‘The design procedures of the columns are illustrated in detail in accordance with BS $950: Part 5 using the partial safety-factors given in Section 1.1. For each member, a brief description of its structural behaviour is first given. This is followed by a list of clauses from the Code. The recommended design procedure for columns can be found in Section 4.2. The gross and reduced section properties for generic lipped channels can be found in Table 3. ‘The factored total loads given in Calculation Sheet 2 are used. References to BS 5950: Part 5 are noted by the relevant clause or table number adjacent to the calculation. ‘The applied total factored loads to Columns 1 and 2 are presented in Calculation Sheet 28. 9.1 Internal column (Calculation Sheets 29 - 30) The column is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial load only. For the section above the ground floor level, the overall buckling check is critical while the local capacity check should be carried out for the section below ground floor level. The following checks are carried out to BS 5950: Part 5: (@ Axial buckling resistance to Clauses 6.2.2, 6.2.3 and 6.3 (©) Local capacity check to Clause 6.4.2. 9.2 Corner column (Calculation Sheets 31 - 34) The column is a double section (back to back) which is eccentrically loaded about both axes. It must be designed to withstand a combination of axial load and bending moments for the section above ground floor level. The local capacity check is critical to the section below ground floor level. The following checks are carried out to BS 5950: Part 5: (@ Axial buckling resistance to Clauses 6.2.2, 6.2.3 and 6.3 (b) Local capacity check to Clause 6.4.2 © Overall buckling check to Clause 6.4.3. 56 Tob We ew. The rag | __ PUB 125 shoot 28 of 5S Steel Construction << Job Tite . rasereng = Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part § ‘Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Detailed Column Design nae aun ce Trent MeO Oe 1000 Fax (0344) 72944 Checked by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 DETAILED COLUMN DESIGN Factored Loads Note: Internal columns do not carry roof loads. Calculation Factored load on floor = 6.3 KN/m? Sheet 2 Floor area supported by each internal column = 4.2% 4.2 = 17.64 nt? Floor area supported by each corner column = 05x 21x 4.2 = 4.41 ne? Internal Column (Column 1 Load above ground level = 17.64 x 6.3 = UL1kN Load below ground level = 111.1 + 111.1 = 222.2 kN Corner Column (Column 2) Load from the roof truss = 0.5 x 81 = 40.5 kN Calculation Sheet 11 Load above ground level = 40.5 + 4.41 X 6.3 = 68.3 kN Load below ground level = 68.3 + 4.41 X 6,3 = 96.1 KN Effective Length of Column Length, Lo =27m Effective length, Ly = 0.85 L taking account of structural Table 9 restraints at connections for this ground level column = 2.295 m S7 Fev. Institute Tob Wo, The ray | PUB 125 sheet 29 of 5S Steel Construction <€& Tb Tia am Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject Detailed Column Design: Column 1 | Suwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 70N rent Wace By Date Telephone:(0348) 23945 Fax(0344) 22944 ae Sentitaa raaked by Date CALCULATION SHEET Py July 1993 | Detailed Design : Internal Column (Column 1) The internal column is a double section channel (back to back) which is concentrically loaded, that is, subject to axial load only. For the section above the ground floor, the overall buckling check should be carried out while the local capacity check is critical for the section below the ground level. Load Applied axial Load, F, LILI KN above the ground level = 222.2 KN below the ground level Try Double Section 180x65x1.8 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Material Properties: E 205 kN/mm? Py 280 N/mm? Section Properties: A = 1144 mn? 5 = 291mm Short Strut Resistance: Pag = ——-235.9 KN For section below the ground level: F, = 222.2 kN F, (= 111.1 KN above ground level) °. OK Cl. 6.2.3 59 Fav Tob We. The eer PUB 125 sheet 31 of 55 — Steel Construction ob ite Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Institute 2 am Silwood Park Ascot Berks SL5 7QN a a Detailed Column Design: Column 2 Tetephone(0344) 23345 Fax:(0344) 22944 KFC Date Sept 1992 Chesked by CALCULATION SHEET Date July 1993 Detailed Design : Corner Column (Column 2) The corner column is a double section channel (back to back) which is eccentrically loaded about both axes. Thus the section must be designed to withstand a combination of moments and axial load above the ground level. The local capacity check is critical to the section below the ground level. The load combination chosen has been used to illustrate the design procedure and may not be the most onerous. Load |Applied axial load, F, 68.3 KN above the ground level 16.1 KN below the ground level Bending Moment Moments are induced due to the eccentricities of loading at the connection. Load from secondary beam end reaction of a secondary beam 0.5 x 15.9 = 8.0kN 0.5 x total end reaction of 6 secondary beams = 05x (6X 8.0) = 24.0kN |Load from primary beam Web angle cleats of 60x60x3 mm are used in the beam-column connections with a Double Section 180 x 65 x 1.8 mm 228 Generic Lipped Channel as the column section as shown below: = 30mm Fi}, 30mm r a Applied bending moments to the column section at the beam-column connection: M, 24.0 X 0.12 - 8.0 X 0.03 = 2.64 kNm My = 24.0 x 0.03 = 0.72 kNm Calculation Sheet 28 Calculation Sheet 14 To Wo ev: The ZZe PUB 125 shoot 32 of 55. i Tor Tis Pree onstruction Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 oe ‘Subject sino me es 704 ae tiled Column Design: Column 2 elephone:(0348) 23945 Puxtses) 22040 KFC Sept 1992 Checker by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 For the column above the ground level, the bending moments at the connections are distributed to both the column members above and below, thus, M, 1.5 x 2.64 1.32 kNm M, 15 x 0.72 0.36 kNm Try Double Section 180X65X1.8 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Table 3 of the text! Material Properties: E = 205 kN/mm? Py = 280 N/mm? Section Properties: t 1.76 mm D 180 mm A 1144 mm? 5 29.1 mm dy 96.89 x 104 mm* Ze = 62.72 x 10° mm Reduced Section Resistances: P., = 235.9kN My = 16.38 kNm My = 4.17 kNm Axial Buckling Resistance: P, = 176.9 kN Caleulation Sheets 30, 31 For section below the ground level: Combined Bending and Compression: local capacity check Cl. 6.4.2 Applied axial load, F, 96.1 kN ‘Applied moment, M, 2.64 kNm M, = = 0.72kNm “ OK 61 Tae We Tar The Ee ‘PUB 125 sheet 33 ot 55 Steel Construction A aaa Te : Tees BS [Worked Eames to BS $950: Fart 5 set assy feild Column Dein: Colum 2 “etophone:0348) 2336 Fax(0348) 22946 ae sapeiiea2 Cheer Baie CALCULATION SHEET PIG. uly 1993 For section above the general level: [Combined Bending and Compression: overall buckling check Cl. 6.4.3 The column is subject to lateral torsional buckling as the compression [flange of the section (when bent about the x axis) is unrestrained. The following loads and moments are applied: Applied axial compressive load, F, = 68.3 kN Calculation Applied bending moments, M, = 1.32kNm Sheets 31, 32 M, = 0.36kNm Axial Buckling Resistance Caleulation JP, = 176.9 kN (as for Internal Column) Sheet 30) Buckling Resistance Moment Modified slenderness ratio Section 4.1.1 of the text Ly Table 4 nay of the text = where nuy = 0.65 ay _ 065 x79 Caleulation = es Sheet 29) M, Table 5 ~ a = 0.97 of the text Y Elastic yield moment My = 2D, = 62.72 x280 x10 = 17.56 kNm M, = 0.97 x 17.56 = 17.0 kNm < M,, (= 16.38 kNm) = 16.38 kNm Elastic Critical Load Caleulation R = PEly _ x x 205 x 96.89 x 10% bat i 2 2295? = 372.2 kN 62 Tab Wo The PUB 125 sheot 34 of 55 Tab Tila Steel Construction Worked Examples to Bi Institute 150: Part 5 Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Design Column Detail: Column 2 = we eee CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 The following condition must be satisfied: Cl. 6.4.3 As Coy 1.75 - 1.058 + 0.367 Cl. [Link] = 1.75 (since B = 0) Ey er ae 0.36 z LIS x4.17 (: - $5) =053 <10 2.0K ‘. Use Double Section 180% 65x 1,8 mm 728 Generic Lipped Channel. 63 10. WORKED EXAMPLES ON CONNECTIONS Connection details between cold formed sections need to be carefully designed because of the thin materials used. In addition to bolts and welds, rivets and self tapping screws are also commonly used. This Section shows the procedures to be adopted for the design of typical connection details between cold formed sections. 10.1 Truss connection (Calculation Sheets 35 to 37) The eaves connection of the truss (Calculation Sheets 10 to 13) has been designed to illustrate the procedure according to BS 5950: Part 5: ‘Step 1 Establish the geometrical constraints and the bolt centres to Clause 8.2. ‘Step 2. Check bearing resistance of the connected elements to Clause [Link]. 10.2 Beam to beam connection (Calculation Sheets 38 to 42) The design of the connection between the Secondary Beam (Calculation Sheet 19) and the Primary Beam (Calculating Sheets 20 to 23) using single web angle cleat is presented according to BS 5950: Part 5. In the general condition, the following design procedure may be used: of the si ‘Step 1 Check stabilit jle web cleat (Section 3.1 of the text). ‘Step 2 Check resistance of the fasteners to BS 5950: Part 5. (a) self tapping screws attached to the extended leg accor (b) bolts attached to the short leg according to Clause 8.2.5. to Appendix Al. Step 3 Check shear resistance of the web cleat to Clause 5.4 of BS 5950: Part 5. 10.3 Beam to column connection (Calculation Sheets 43 to 45) In order to illustrate the use of a single web cleat in a beam to column connection, the design of one of the primary beams along the perimeter of the building supported by an external column is presented. The design procedure is similar to that for a beam to beam connection. However, for web cleats of equal angles, only one leg needs to be checked. For sections with different thicknesses, the thinner section should be checked. 10.4 Connection of two channels to form a double section (Calculation Sheets 46 to 47) This calculation is carried out in accordance with Clause 8.6.2 of BS 5950: Part 5. Normally, double sections (back to back) should be connected at spacings of not larger than one third of the height of columns and one sixth of the span of beams. Additional fasteners may be needed for beams in the case of large factored loads. The fasteners would normally be positioned in a “staggered” pattern adjacent to top and bottom flanges. ‘The Steel Construction Institute Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Bate ‘Telephone:(0344) 23345, i Fax:(0344) 20944 April 1993 Checked by, Bate CALCULATION SHEET PIG Aug 1993 ab We, Fav, a PUB 125 Swot 35 of 5S EF favs Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sabet Truss Eaves Connection Giant Wade by DESIGN OF TRUSS EAVES CONNECTION The eaves connection of the truss (Calculation Sheets 10 to 13 in Section 7) is designed in accordance to BS 5950: Part 5 and the general arrangement of the connection is illustrated as below: oa an _ so | Section A 65 Tabs ave ‘The er PUB 125 ‘sheet 36 of 55 ‘Steel Construction €& Job Title Institute > ae Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sitwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN rome ss Haves Connection = Telephone(0348) 25345, ; Fax;(0344) 22944 April 1993 CALCULATION SHEET PIG Aug 1993 The connection design is governed by the compression loads in the top chord. However, since the flanges of the bottom chord are curtailed at the connection, the tension resistance of the web is also checked. Top Chord Design compression force, F, Thickness of section, t Design strength of section, py 162 kN .76 mam 80 N/mm? Try 12 mm ¢ grade M4.6 bolts. P= 13.5 KN (single shear) Edge distance, d, ¢1.5 d (= 18 mm) For detail, use 45 mm. Bolt pitch, 8 £3 (= 36 mm) For detail, use 45 mm. For t = 1.76 mm and d, /d = 3.75 > 3 Pug = (1.65 + 0.451) dt py = (1.65 + 0.45 x 1.76) x 12 x 1.76 x 280 x 10° kN = I44KkN > P, (= 13.5 kN) ©. P, governs. No. of bolts required -@ = 12 (Single shear) = 6 (Double shear) ~. Use 2 rows of 3 x 12 mm dia. grade M4.6 bolts. Cl. [Link] Cl. 8. 66 Tob Wo PUB 125 shoot 37 of 55. The a Be, cmiratin KE - Institute Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Tob Tila Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 ‘Subject Truss Eaves Connection Telephone (0244) 23348 Tien Made by Dae Pax (0344) 22946 KFC April 1993 Trecked by Date CALCULATION SHEET biG ‘Aug 1993 Bottom Chord Design tensile force in the connection, F, = 140.3 kN Net area of the web, a, = 2 x (180 - 2 x (12 + 2)) x 1.76 mm? = 535.0 mm? Tensile resistance of the bottom chord at the connection = 535 x 280 x 109 kN = 149.8 KN > F, (= 140.3 kN) /By inspection 6 no. 12 mm dia, grade 4.6 bolts OK Connecting Plate Total design load, F = 81 kN Load per bolt = a = 13.5 kN Try 228 steel plate and determine min. thickness, t, min 7 > 3 as in the top chord OO Ph = (LOS + 04S) Xd XE X By Substituting the values, gives: 13500 = (1.65 + 0.451) x 12 x t X 280 48.2 = 19.8¢+5.4P 0 = P+ 3671 - 8.93 By solving the quatratic equation, m Z2i Spin letai = 167mm CL. 7.2.1 CA. [Link]} 67 oN The wee | PUB 1s sheet 38 ot 55 Fev, ‘Steel Construction “Se: eb Tie Institute > Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sabet Sree ee aee ars tent Beam-to-Beam Connection Grone Mods by Date Teena) 2045 KFC April 1993 Cracked by Dare CALCULATION SHEET PIG. Aug 1993 Beam-to-Beam Connection with Single Extended Web Cleat The beam-to-beam connection between the Secondary Beam (Calculation Sheet 19) and the Primary Beam (Calculation Sheets 20 to 23) is designed in accordance with BS 5950: Part 5. The general arrangement of the connection is illustrated as below: f LE a 20. tena 1 dnd |g 88. oxESx2nIm 228 0 Grade M46 ping J ti ‘Channel 30 7 ene ly 20 20 Pas 0x3, 20 65,10 eS Step 1: Stability of the extended leg attached to the secondary beam 105. 8) Stee | rao kN DS 300x65x3mm 228 Lpped Channels Try 135 x 60 x 3 mm unequal angle cleat. M = 8.0 x 0.105 = 0.84 kNm I, 25x L 1.25 x 95 = 118.8 mm t 96 mm. 118.8 ist = 18 = 40 “ 2.96 jm Pe 20.33 + pp = 0.33 x 280 Nimm? Py = 92 Nimm? Za see where d = 150 mm = 150? x 2m = 111 x 10° mm Table 7) of the text 68 Tap We; The 225 PUB 125 shoot 39 of 55 Fev, ion & ToT Steel Construction “Ss Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part § Institute Seep sit in Avanessioy (pe BeBe Comecion Telephone:(0344) 23345, i Fax (0344) 20944 ane Ape 323, Chaxked by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG Aug 1993 Myye = ZygePe = U1 x 10° x 93 x 10% Zoee = 1.03 kNm > M (= 0.84 kNm) *. OK No additional check is carried out for the short leg which is less critical than the extended leg by inspection. Step 2(a): Resistances of self tapping screws attached to the extended leg Try self-tapping screws with 6.3 mm dia. Minimum pitch —¢ 3.d (= 18.9 mm) For detail use 20 mm. [Minimum edge/end distance ¢ 3 d (= 18.9 mm) For detail use 20 mm. 6 stant 2 = 193° 35 r= $F +1F = 55.9 mm M 0.84 x 10° Roo = OX ~3.8kN z rT 4x 55.9 F 8. Ro o=Ff = 2.0kN Z 4 AL2| A1.3 Fev, Steel Construction 7 Institute eee Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Beam-to-Beam Connection Tob Wo The 4.5 kN +. OK +. Use 4 no. 6.3 mm dia, self-tapping screws. 70 Tob Wo, The P, (= 13.5 KN) 2. P, governs. JAS Py, (= 13.5KN) > F,(=4.8KN) -. OK Use 2 no. 12 mm dia. grade M4.6 bolts. Step 3: Shear resistance of web cleat Ay = [150 -2 x (12 + 2)] x 2.96 = 361 mm? Cl. 5.4.3 Shear buckling strength, ., 2 z = (] | = 389 N/mm? Shear yield strength, p, = 0.6 py = 0.6 x 280 = 168 N/mm? “+ Dy governs, =P, =A,p, = 361 x 168 x 107 = 60.6 KN > F, (= 7.94 KN). OK Tob We PUB 125 Sreot 43 ot 55 The Tab Tie Steele eerucon Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part § Institute = Same s Park Ascot Berks SLS-7QN ese oamae Connes = one: (0344) 23345 = ; Legeardiconl oi April 1993, Checked by Dare CALCULATION SHEET PIG Aug 1993 Beam to Column Connection with Single Web Cleat In order to illustrate the use of single web cleat in a beam to column connection, the design of one of the primary beams along the perimeter of the building supported by an external column is presented. Without detailed design, the sections of the primary edge beam and the external column are taken to be the same as those of the internal primary beam (300 x 65 x 3.0 mm Z28 lipped channel) and the internal column (180 x 65 x 1.8mm _ Z28 lipped channel). The general arrangement of the connection is illustrated as below: A V 30.90 - -2No, 12mmo_ | ozo. a | Grade wes bate ‘20 20 188 200x68x3.0mm 228 Upped Channa, \ eoxgoxi8 Load Reaction at the support of internal primary beam Calculation Reaction at the support of primary edge beam Sheet 20) Try 60 x 60 x 1.8 mm equal angle cleat. Try 12 mm dia. grade M4.6 bolts. P, = 13.5 KN (single shear) Bolt pitch, s = 120 mm > 3 d (= 36 mm) Cl. 8.2 Edge/end distance, d, 30mm > 1.5 d (= 18 mm) Cl. [Link] Tob We, The PUB 125 shot 44 ot 55 Rev Tob Te Steel Construction Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sabjest s ea Becks S15 70N Beam-to-Column Connection Telephone ee 20945 lent pn rm i “April 1993 CALCULATION SHEET z Aug 1993 Step 1: Check stability of the single web cleat The web cleat is adequate against lateral torsional buckling by inspection. [Step 2: Check resistance of the fasteners: With equal angle cleat and similar bolt arrangement, only one leg is required to be checked. Fy = 23.8 x 30/120 = 5.95 kN Fe = 23.8/2 = IL9KN [Resultant force on bolis, F, = 5.95? + 11.7 = 13.3 kN The bearing resistance of the column member is critical since it is the thinnest. t= 1.76 mm and dfd = 30/12 = 2.5 Cl. [Link] Phy = RL + 0.3 dfd - 0.45) (- DIX tx dx py = B21 + (0.3 X 2.5 - 0.45) (1.76 - DI] x 1.76 x 12 x 280 x 10% = 13.8kN > P,(=13.5kN) +. P, governs. lis P, (=13.5kN) > F, (= 13.3 kN) +. OK Use 2 No. 12 mm dia. grade M4.6 bolts. [Step 3: Check shear resistance of the web cleat A, = 180-2 x (12 +2 x 1.76 = 268mm Shear yield strength, p, = 0.6 py = 0.6 x 280 = 168 N/mm? Cl. 5.4.3, 4 The Tb We. PUB 125 Shoot 45 of 55 Steel Construction Institute Tab Tie Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Subject Beam-to-Column Connection = 95.6 N/mm? which y Gor > F, (= 23.8 kN) is more critical. = 268 x 95.6 x 105 = = 25.6 kN *. OK ‘Telephone:(0344) 23345 a C7 . Cae Fax: (0344) 22948 oe —_ ee waked by ata CALCULATION SHEET PIG Aug 1993 Shear buckling strength, dey = [20008)? _ ( 1000x1.76)? D 180 5 Tea Ro. The ae |__ Pup 12s shoot 46 0¢ 55 Steel Construction “Ss Job Tis Institute > Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject ‘Sitwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Connections of Two Channels to form an I Section iene Made by Date Telephone:(0348) 23345 : Fortin ane Snare os CALCULATION SHEET Aug 1993 Connections of two channels to form an I section Members designed on the basis of using two channels to form a double section (back to back) require interconnection in compliance with the Code. Double section as a column Consider the internal column design presented in Calculation Sheets 28 to 30. In order to ensure the local slenderness of the single channel is smaller than half of the overall slenderness of the double section, the maximum spacing of fasteners to interconnect the channels is given by: Lry _ 2700x22.9 2r, 2x29.1 = 1062 mm > L/3 (= 900 mm) Therefore, in this situation, provide bolts, screws or welds at one third points. The code gives no specific guidance on the size of the fasteners to be used but a minimum 6.3 mm dia. self tapping screws with washers would be sensible in this particular case. Double section as a beam Consider the primary beam design presented in Calculation Sheets 20 to 23. In order to prevent tension failure of the fasterners, the maximum spacing of fasteners is given by: oe sre, - Sp CA. 8.6.2 76 Tob We The Fev PUB 125 Shoot 47 of 55 Steel Construction Job Title Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subst Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Connections of Two Channels to form an I Section ‘Telephone: (0344) 23345 Chent Mode by Date “7 Fax:(0344) 22944 — ae er 1998 CALCULATION SHEET PIG. Aug 1993 where e = 20.2 + 2.96/2 = 21.7 mm or 0.0217 m Table 6 of the text| h = 300 - 2 x 50 for an edge distance of 50 mm = 200 mm or 0.2 m w = 3 & intensity of the uniformly distributed load =3 x 63kNIm? x 4.2m Calculation Sheet 2 = 79.4 kNim For a 6.3 mm self tapping screw with the head of the screw, dy equal to 12 mm: P, =0.65x t,x d, xp, ALS = 0.65 x 1.76 x 12 x 280 x10% = 3.84 kN = 2x 0.2 x 3.84 a 0.0217 x 79.4 = 0.891m = > L/6 = 4.02/6 = 0.67 m Therefore use 6.3 mm self tapping screws at 600 mm centres. REFERENCES 3. B RHODES, J. and LAWSON, R.M. Design of structures using cold formed steel sections - section properties and member capacities ‘The Steel Construction Institute, 1992 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION BS 5950: Structural use of steelwork in building Part 5: Code of practice for design of cold formed sections BSI, 1987 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION BS 5950: Structural use of steelwork in buil Part 1: Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections BSI, 1990 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION BS EN 10147: Specification for continuously hot-dip zinc coated structural steel sheet and strip. Technical delivery conditions BSI, 1992 BRITISH STANDARD INSTITUTION BS 2989: Specification for continuously hot-di flat products: tolerances on dimensions and shape BSI, 1992 inc coated and iron-zine alloy coated steel APPENDIX A: Worked Examples on section properties To carry out any structural design using cold formed sections, a designer needs to establish the relevant section properties of the section under consideration. Normally, these will be obtained directly from the tables in Reference | or supplied from manufacturers. In order to demonstrate the calculation procedures for determining the gross and effective section properties of cold formed sections, three examples are presented. A.1 Analysis of gross section (Calculation Sheet 48) It is recommended that mid-line idealized dimensions are used for cold formed sections with thickness of up to 3.2 mm. This assumes that the material is concentrated at the mid-line of the section with the actual round corners replaced by intersections of the flat elements, The actual steel thickness is used to take account of galvanizing (see Section 2.1). The example compares the values of the cross-sectional area of the gross section obtained from the mid-tine dimensions to that of the exact dimensions. Moreover, correction to the approximate value as described in Section 2.1 is applied. This proves the accuracy of the mid-line ides n which is very useful in analysing sections with complicated shape. A.2 Analysis of effective section under compression (Calculation Sheets 49 to 52) For a section under compression, local buckling will occur in those flat elements whose width-to- thickness ratios are larger than 40. The effective section consists of the effective widths of the flat elements and the fully effective corners (see Section 2.2.1). The example illustrates how to establish the effective (reduced) section of a generic lipped channel under compression in accordance with BS 5950: Part 5: Section 4 and Appendix B. Moreover, the factor defining the effectiveness of the cross-section under axial compression, Q, is evaluated. The neutral axis of the gross section does not coincide with that of the effective section. This shift of the neutral axis is determined and may be required when designing columns subjected to flexural buckling (see Section 4.2). A.3 Analysis of effective section under bending (Calculation Sheets 53 to 55) For a section under bending, only the compression flange is subject to local buckling. Although the web is fully effective, it is subject to a limiting maximum compressive stress which is a function of its depth-to-thickness ratio. This limiting stress also governs the effective width of the compression flange (see Section 2.2.2). ‘The example illustrates how to establish the effective section of a lipped channel in bending in accordance with BS 5950: Part 5: Section 4 and Appendix B, Both the second moment of area and the section modulus about the major axis are evaluated. Tab Wea, PUB 125 Shear 48 of 55 Tab Tila Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sabjest Section Properties Calculation The Steel Construction Institute Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Giant Wade by Date “Telephone:(0344) 23345 Fax:(0344) 22944 a ae = Sept 1992 CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 A.1. ANALYSIS OF GROSS SECTION To illustrate the evaluation of gross section area using mid-line Cl. 3.2 jidealized dimensions and compare with that obtained using exact dimensions. The internal radius of the corners is two times the nominal thickness of the section. Section: 200 x 65 x 1.6 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel 534 584 rie rely x = Fas tT Foz 3 33 | | y ee ae = 5] F Thickness of steel (ignoring galvanizing), t = 1.6 - 0.04 = 1.56 mm Area Elements Mid-line dimension Exact dimension Lips (2x 14.2x 1.56} 44.3 (2x10,2x1,56| 31.8 ‘Flanges (2x63.4x1.56) 197.8 (2%55.4%1.56) 172.9 Corners - - 2xx4xI.56| 39.2 Total area (mm?) 551.6 540.9 Correction factor applied to mid-line dimension value, Section 2.1 of the text| 7 = 043x——___4*4___ 2 x63.4 +198.4 +2 x14.2 = 0.0195 Corrected area 551.61 x (1 - 0.0195) 540.9 mm? (c.f. 541 mm? from Table 3 of the text) 80 eee aa The rae | PUB 125 shoot 49 ot 55 nstructh Tab Tia Fasociiend el Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part § Sab aS ‘Section Properties Calculation : Giant Male by Date etsy satan KFC | Sept 1992 Checker by Dae CALCULATION SHEET PG |" July 1993 |A.2, ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE SECTION UNDER COMPRESSION To illustrate the evaluation of reduced section properties of a section under axial compression. Section: 200 x 65 x 1.6 mm 228 Generic Lipped Channel Use mid-line dimensions for simplicity. In order to establish the reduced Section properties, the effective breadths of all the flat segments should [be obtained according to BS 5950: Part 5: Section 4 and Appendix B. BE ith of web (flat elemer hk = B,/B, = = 55.4/190.4 = 0.291 K, pee -1.43 x0.291) = 5.78 or 4 (minimum) = 5.78 = Py = 185000x5.78x{ 56) = 71.8 Nim? 190.4 fo. 20 = 3.90 > 0123 Po 7L8 D + = [1+14( 3.90 -0.35)*? = 0.399 or bey = 0.399 x 190.4 = 76.0 mm | Effective breadth of flanges (flat element) K, =K,h? ast, = ty 5.78 x 0.297? = 0.49 or 4 (minimum) =4 > Dy = 35000 ws B56) = 586.8 Nimm? ‘55.4, f 280 oe -280_ = 0.477 > 0.123 Pe 586.8 ate = [1+14( 0.477 ~ 0.357? = 0.966 Jor bey = = 0.966 x 55.4 = 53.5 mm Appendix B} Fig. 13 Cl. 4.3 81 Tab We The PUB 125 Sheat 50 ot 55 Tab Tita Steel Construction Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part Institute 5 Sabjest eye Section Properties Calculation Telephone:(0344) 23345 Lr ‘Made by ‘Date Levers] ont fe CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Effective breadth of lips (flat element) K = 0.425 (conservative for unstiffened elements) > Dep = sooo x0.428 ff o = 1839 N/mm? eee = 0.152 > 0.123 Po 1839 oa = [1 +14( f0.152 ~ 0.357% =~ b, |As the corners are fully effective, they may be included into the effective breadth of the flat elements to establish the effective section. Using the mid-line dimension, the equivalent length of the corners is 2.5 x 1.6 = 4mm Total effective breadth of the web = 76 + 2x 4 = 84mm Total effective breadth of each flange = 53.5 + 2 x 4 = 61.5 mm Total effective breadth of each lip = 10.2 + 4 = 14.2 mm 63.4 30,75 30,75 Ay aa *e sp * 14.2 14.2 < 3) — %Lu a of Gross section Reduced section 82 Tob Wo Fev Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 ‘The a PUB 125 Steel Construction << eb Tie Sate ~ Siwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN eer tition Pro erter Colewaton Telephone:(0344) 73345, . ate Faxs(0344) 22944, sana EC ae Set 992 CALCULATION SHEET PIG. July 1993 The calculation for the area of gross section is tabulated below: Aj (mm?) x;(mm) | Ax; (mm?) [ Lips 2x14.2x1.56 = 443 634 2809 Flanges | 2x63.4x1.56= 1978 |_ 31.7 an Web 198.4x1.56 = 309.5 oO o Total 5516 9080 The area of the gross section, A = 551.6 mm? land the horizontal position of the neutral axis from the web is *T = 16.46 mm The calculation of the area of the reduced section is tabulated below: Aj (mm?) 6mm) | A; x; (mm) Lips 2xid2x156= 44.3 | 634 2809 Flanges = 119 | 317 6083 Web = 131.0 oO o Total 367.2 8892 The area of the effective section, Aggy = 367.2 mm” and the horizontal position of the neutral axis from the web is e 8892 Ey = 24.21 mm 83 ‘The Tob Wo PUB 125 sheet 52 of SS Tab Tile Steel Construction Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 ere eee pes sonar jection Properties Calculation Wade by Date Sept 1992 Telephone:(0344) 23345 Fax(0344) 20948 are Chesked by CALCULATION SHEET PIG Bate July 1993 Therefore, the factor defining the effectiveness of the section under compression, Q Ag = 367.2 A ‘5516 0.67 (cf. 0.66 from Table 3 of the text) Jand the horizontal shift of the neutral axis from the gross section to the reduced section is: ¢, = 24,21 - 16.46 =7.75mm — (cf. 7.87 mm from Table 3 of the text) 84 Tab Wa, The PUB 125 sheet 53 of 55 Steel Construction Tab Tita Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part $ = Subject Pan Section Properties Calculation Lea Cent Wade By ‘Telephone:(0344) 23345 KFC Ba " Sept 1992 Fax:(0344) 22944 Ghacked by CALCULATION SHEET PIG Date July 1993 A.3. ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE SECTION UNDER BENDING To illustrate the evaluation of the effective section modulus of a section in bending. Section: 200 x 65 x 1.6 mm 228 Generic Lipped Channel Only the compression flange is subject to local buckling. p, and Y, = 280 N/mm? p|% lp, = |1.13 -0.00192 | —+ | tN 280 = [23 0.0019 3) x 280 = 248.2 N/mm? which is equal to the maximum stress in the compression flange, i.e., fe = 248.2 N/mm? ho = B,/B, = = 190.4/55.4 = 3.44 5.4 — 1A x3Ad 0.6 +3.44 K, 0.02 x3.44? = 3.39 or 4 (minimum) =4 2 Pe = 15000 x4 (E58) = 586.8 Nimm? 248.2 Po 586.8 = 0.425 > 0.123 5 ore = [1 +14( 0425 ~0.35)'7-°? = 0.978 bey = = 0.978 x 55.4 = 54.2 mm Cl. [Link] Appendix B Figure 14 85 Tob We, Shoot 54 of 55 The ag |__ PUB 125 Steel Construction “Sq [7 Te Institute a Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sab Section Properties Calculation Telephone:(0344) 23345, Sent Fax:(0344) 22944 CALCULATION SHEET Wade by OF Sept 1992 Checked by. P, Date July 1993 Effective section in mid-line dimension The effective width of the compression flange BBS ue Kr ma The equivalent length of the corners is 2.5 x 1.6 = 4mm = 54.242 = 62.2 mm x4 wo Leos) The calculation of the effective section modulus is tabulated as below: Elements A; NK ALY; I, + Ay? (run?) | (mm) | (mm) (mm’) Top lip 22.2 921 2045 372+ _ 188310 Compression flange 97.0| 99.2 9622 20+ 954542 Web 309.5 o 0} 1015239 + o Tension flange 98.9 | 99.2 9811 20+ 973239 Bottom lip 222| 921 | -2005| 372+ 188310 Total 549.8 7189 (3320424 The vertical shift of neutral axis is = - 034mm 86 Tee We, Reve The wee | _ PUB 2S shoot 55 ot 5S Steel Job Title re = Worked Examples to BS 5950: Pan $ Sujet 5 Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS.70N acer eetion Properties Calculation Telephone:(0344) 23345 ont joy ae Fax:(0344) 22944 = et tit 7 Sept 1992 rr CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 The second moment of area of the effective section is Typ = (3320424 + 549.8 x 0.38) x10 = 332.0 cm! at p, = 248.2 N/mm? = 294.3 em* at p, = 280 N/mm? (c.f. 284.9 cm‘ from Table 3 of the text) The effective section modulus is 294.3 = = 29.57 cm (99.2 +0.34)/10 : Zep (cf. 28.40 cm} from Table 3 of the text) 87 APPENDIX B: ist of cold formed section manufacturers Ayrshire Metal Products (Daventry) Limited Royal Oak Way Daventry Northants NN11 SNR Telephone: 0327 300990 Also: Ayrshire Metal Products ple Unit 2, 41 Anne Road ‘Smethwick Warley ‘West Midlands B66 2NZ Telephone: 021 558 7739 Ayrshire Metal Products ple Pocketnook Street St Helens Merseyside WA9 ILT Telephone: 0744 29145 British Steel Narrow Strip Ayrton Godins Mendalgief Road Newport Gwent NP9 2WX Telephone: 0633 244000 Hi-Span Limited ‘Ayton Road Wymondham Norfolk NRI8 ORD Telephone: 0953 603081 Kingspan Building Products Limited New Road Dudley West Midlands DY2 9AZ Telephone: 0384 456501 Metal Sections Limited Birmingham Road Oldbury Warley West Midlands B69 4HE Telephone: 021 552 1541 Albion Sections Limited Albion Road ‘West Bromwich West Midlands B70 88D Telephone: 021 553 1877 88 Steel Framing Systems Cathedral House 5 Beacon Street, Lichfield Staffs WS13 TAA Telephone: 0543 250100 Structural Sections Limited PO Box 92 Downing Street Smethwick Warley West Midlands B66 2PA Telephone: 021 555 5918 Ward Building Systems Limited Sherburn Malton North Yorkshire YOI7 8PQ Telephone: 0944 710591 Other sources of information: British Steel Strip Products PO Box 10 Newport Gwent NP9 OXN Telephone: 0633 290022 British Steel Strip Products Advisory Service British Steel Technical Welsh Laboratories PO Box 32 Port Talbot West Glamorgan SA13 2WR Telephone: 0639 871122 Cold Rolled Section Association c/o Robson Rhodes Centre City Tower 7 Hill Street Birmingham BS 4UU Telephone: 021 643 5494 There are other manufacturers of cold formed steel sections for specific applications, and a comprehensive list can be obtained from the Cold Rolled Section Association, 89 PETER BO oR RN ene as Nie ee baa Pyro MUCUS eR Tt nT Od

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