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Structural Optimization

E book to optimizing offshore structure by uri kirsch

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58 views156 pages

Structural Optimization

E book to optimizing offshore structure by uri kirsch

Uploaded by

Unique O'shop
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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U. Kirsch Structural Optimization Fundamentals and Applications io tS Fes Springer-Verlag. Bln Heidtbere NewYork Tendon Pats Tokyo HongKong Batelons Budapest About the Author Us Kish olls Sigmand Sommer Chin SeacaralEagaerig te ‘Tenn Tone! te estoy He ng roo skh rere ye expert ra and ehcp lad cal Shanon, sha Wen eed ar conan vr engl Sgt oft and hs the pane cones o Gn aan se ‘ie aschreched his BSe, MSc and DS. des rm the Tecnon, He ys Fig Research Sebel (1070-197) whe Unverty a Calera ae ned a nn fy Ce Waters Une ‘ee See Uy Hen Uy in Uae cn ‘ewes Care Fellow (38) ne Una goes DrcKisch hs pbs ener ay pape 0 lotion, Hoe he tutor of he teak “Opeimam Searal Deng, pubied by McG -al ew Yark (981) acd Maney, To (1943) He aio sco of sete "SD ck a mond ofr forint urs a as ‘cs amanter of varus nro emmy on eet peas He hoc as camnan othe Divison of Sentral Engering sn Vie Des in ‘Ee Deparment of Ci gowering athe Techno, Preface pict arctan mamncmmneretnin Deana anna Sister ne ESE epireetcaanareae ete ec certaatgemns acini Eeneecien be cee oe reaenas Fee © tester Coa Se SEG aeneoe Geman, ee eee uray enone area Dice rine utara Snea aeraeecr aa ett 9 coediinss Ses oeetone mn temne Seis cp itans acseouet eae oe eee Saeco eee aieamaienpe ree Gerhart, meng Pe RE eee ae Bipiesvaueinaues werruarucowats Syrian erie rmeeeresomnnna fiiheericeae ass neem mcrae raat yielinutedim geo oa Chap 1 dae wi te ote tenet. Sonepat hart of secre! opamizaton ae cored tothe te of monated ames “pumtatn mhe orl desan pcs ne The ace ma a ‘cura psf nee tok speed mice ask eae i Sel pie ie aay ‘Srmlaon a Gace el nce. pret Chap 2 ron eens mote win emai of aso stra opsnne poten, Some opmanion ce a aro ‘sShcbelsned minmiaton sd comried mason neo ae r nat nde eons tat hr Is one met hat can ‘soared mbt oe sh eth fe ous peal charter ‘Spider Sl fe arn in cs esa ne. Chapter 3s dented o aproxinatoncneps wich ae etl in he soln many neal item pobre Sse genal aprons (Sop ec Gs sey wy eran. Aprons {ons nods feo none one af hep mar ig ‘be mlason paces ocd. Typ! approneaes, olen wd ‘ctl opmioina we peste aa cet velo sae ‘eptiminion neds and poration concep aft ‘need ‘ied Becontree Eaceeoat cama mecmiscameny Eee pee cteaeeen eae Sacer eee Sedan ate eee cates ‘Shae Sc a fn mand aos Sma Some scons int ke mses oct whe oes we mee cat to ner ese pis paral ae May sci ‘Silene can be ocho ee ie nce Ava Son Sento uel ne eemene trometer seme f ionrnen of Seti earn ete heen boc ch rt “i aur me oes rection ay mee wo hes sepia he marin peal my alee aes wine ot Ets ah tle aly the penmion 2a to Dr Levy for i et Semmens The aor i indeed he Fray of Chal Spice 3 he ‘Reto fr thal ates si McG al ak Compan or he fermion w ub lowing neon ne Hn“ Kine. Geman ‘Sacre Meee Soa Compry, New Yo, ‘Bar bs bia, 1 1s, 21,23 44°35 37,210 213, 216-225, STs Samra as dah aia. Contents Statement atin 1 ASS Opinii ‘2 Sir opm cae (3 hauea Repco IA Seat Tt 31 aaa 31 Bian 33 pace ae 3 3 I | i ; RY Fi € Fs # 2 z L i & i f t | Beiegeaweensaeuy 4 EaRESEERBCCmaeee — Aprons Sete Seis imation Concepts Bilt Apostasy in Appetite Rae Mole Liar Progaming Formos eh Da Proce: eran SES RE cay hc nn igueeewenns ina le eastern areata oe com seu cae Sa ins 1 Problem Statement LA Introduction 1LLA Astomated Stractrsl Opticon ‘he mtraon of optnintn iw ep he males sors i ‘nner at masons ty The ecto opal desgn ey aso ete ‘ath is acongw 8 peso meee offsets owe ‘alton of sczcy of beat nner aed madonna igh wed [Ew co rca Tur demand shane he ood for eight det Senaaitat nei “The Design Process, The seu design process may bedded in he iow four og 9 4 Ferman of coal euroent, which the et pf ay ein Procol Patna ucts fan caahahe iat Nf ‘tour ene ner the Sei pes, Examples of sth Sano SSS mpc acer eon ect ede at The concep design nage, chars by ingens, rev an ‘Pepe mene Seog ct pa i ‘isan oneal pring fue to save uncon pes A issue he dsipeenproes te pea alent swe canes ‘Sen ef Soscbono be veal toys yee se Se he dosis mse bye cig ste cae en ge Gpantaon: Win a aed conse ere my sy posi eis ‘hss encom euronews er picts mays ‘ployed 6 cose te opal da, Seite of ete eomey ot ‘sore cw ef te aise oss foe eS ees Fe cgay on eo Sa i smc ae pe ng 4 Bring ‘Arcot rom sg ee ied mae ‘Shaan mld ese eng ape nee Jomtien ear on aie pce fo ie fou stages in ule fie hl lin i ‘chend” Tne pron athe sacl ess pce bat abe epinied ‘orcas rey cmon nu ney, Te ac ameatin eos anasto sgn eas Computer-Aided Anais, Design and. Optimlation, The cena! ‘ie iw io eer fo i a ‘mated nage Te rst o sect snc eal anew Be guy ad ee mer fate op ih pct © oR Sapna, "Srl dese he proces of ing est uel A pel espe ‘sie rclomttc te sss leon of ber ety pp peed sre en Clay ays a aipiom nh eign pee Fie rap: gover enaly' caltmeros pede where Ue ce thy eee freee odor een. The ray o Ape ial competes bas Aad ened rlei he detlpee of ‘iy cites I's mw psi Sy sr eats Be Ss ening nt opininson oben ede rie san cetyl san ae arid by gr mod Frese fale moe ay intra chr Chace mbt Timor eae 4feale des sass a eager as on Itai abe cons fen he gn abs ih ponies ‘ets or mcs tec shenatve sepa Sg Tem ad oon ‘ibe coromeat on he taco The aca! ope preien to nes opal aac of the dg nae ack athe pied Sjecine cme on ae of peed cosas re aie “heen # ogra a on scm poo a ese ‘ample digesta anna Open sods et ‘Stay aw lve apse stp and ld of amd dag ‘Senay mmc wi computer ed dns Compt ne eon et Speral eae ce cier hand ek tapi dele aes hanctsd by repomanted iapcl etesbesed pen eral ord ineemoton, Toe wo ppecies of sonal opal des a atacve np deg that nly xs, ater compen oe ‘Sirmacon stated saiax ants etd Al De chaque of ‘eure tempura eign crip fut he na ey Samar ‘oun nel designe cul ayn il ee eg mes Stractral Design Approaches, Chaacention of = seta ein Pwpay vers man contains in amines rat apcaton et Spam mer the en of sce wi Sut cst he ssn phy at Ect opty bsed Keay the ids of are Gr Se pure sana dS wi exe cosets of ‘Srv ot andr onercots 08 Desi o proba bazed deren pioxply. See sysens we sed ag a we pn conta ‘ane tnenngn pr, esonment analy eal by & ‘temo nt ing codon th maybe evans coo min 046; 2@<0 j= aan gun (40) sees aX) sw 2 minum Ti lem id be cn hed sparse Sea eeu ea ings coe ala he de vias uy ened wa (wo ee pee wht leh pth Sc sand hone aad [isebaby ete eqns The denge 2 en la cles level tn ths nested approach the seat aay heed tse he ‘pinata pee, peas an and ogni of al et —| e100 Regn 8 of ne opi ion Ec 40 (4 pee saa rerun be, sual prof the torme ino equate re alo fuses of he ‘Sete ep ate nos rosrnnng (LP) ‘efi im stu eed a he pten oman SY oT ty cant og en Se ee STE ty. A Be on oman oa desu donate ecton nib cig oe ops ge Sy te nega constr can fe lbp ay oie conta ‘hr mal stat eal en and ce opal alton, = is Impoant to onte are esl egon wall shins when wore mp ee ao xe wht ocr eles, Whe he {Site repn sat tae over a dng man tine ope fanny wisenen Te et steep whe ‘Se coer deed ‘Example 17, Cone ee at show a. LL The arc i ‘Mbp oo Sen oaags Ftd Pps nd dogs vrais ‘ete crema sae Dat sey often a geome, th ‘Miner of deg vast luca to and 3) sed oon lng ‘naion ray bcs. The cons ees bln ae osx (ecasans) o (ore cousin) o “te deen. a oe by he pina sass guns 05 wo [8 aelan | Bh eo Beye 1 is singe cumple i spss wo exes exit dpaenen a ‘Sool thedeign eats. Bom) wend Pe 1k Tet cme cd Oe ° Sabin (md), we oh theses expe in ms of he ig x,y, aa oe ® one (ty cnsins wih may ate he eign mit be ened Sac a ‘wil always be postive, ad a, negative, me contains cn be eed an we sty ese ely be es coins m0 63-2020 -a-1820 @ Seca (eto (ewe Fd he etowing ep es cose ‘Pe 12, etn seein fn ome ree 200% +978 ote BALE iene Mage a ® opts ees ‘gst pee of econ nh paso 8. sw ‘erie 13) Asumig the oan of meals he jive fice, we Sascha tntregesin| 28x, +100, ® al pois seshng 20) conan fom rie. oc ch wae ‘Tisccomn tle Sento wate os fant of aos ese {Ef owebe tay of onsam vlme (rv eto oecre fscon omar Every Sng 90» pts tow as se a sobre the ining aa of) in he sl ein oc a ‘nA nih epsens bop eign i207 eGo minz-2619 "ean ested hat nye ons 0-20. 0 rte ae pi, eens ‘majo set ale ose ens ones GaND) ot einer orp cor Yan ibs arsed ans ae al eae nan aye ‘Sena eqns nadine rte rans ly Sons The tere opment (80) a) ad ‘Nie fiw: fc te Sign aes ands van sh 290) nia ap BNSD etn, 04) Axo me a0 hie ype of frmuaon is employed ia cass wre Ii iors or april io siinat be ego (30) Fr suai eens wi ‘emer nero ae qa i sed or ch {AE te espn vais te pobre in he eases ‘ac, The ment moniter arent rare ict nhs he SAND ‘Brain ued 3) Tr pea he SAND spo ins he nef coil ering ge arr athe expen f= rgr option gbien is hat iScegmstein ay sp apres vn cans ahs ea Sans inh pense ne een Vries fee ee, ‘Solis uo ngencaly sed rhe mad ee The as ‘Bisignani mmr ot arr an co I ould med an he SAND aero omy th ingliit anys satan mi Be concen Te ep quo canbe ined ‘fom he problem ormsaion,ahe nlsumbe ates eed ‘ecg rl be coon in Se 1 heen of on Si Dyan et pan Sparen taunt alee pee See Soc ees ects ‘The mnt of nent een via of ody seaming rr ‘comer totve ced tren ee. yep i ‘elem, name of ements tach re Oi amt onan tered ay ote Oe dispose. Insp dg vt. ve ning rus recon 1081] Hae be rene fe of Sone fehl grap of set 50 al Sse et varies cont the fs Cams Var aig can be ‘Sespsel by Fig he tr oral eg rls Xo Bete oF ‘gnc varies rong ove eres xeLx, sy ‘ee Lhe mari of inking cons pig he eden ec ewe ‘Wethte X sea, ln (31) be venus Xetra ner Ca ot 2 Inman ess in whih ely single dein vale inking se he ae alan mn oi an ee resund bans cmc arr ese te namo een a, ‘sty expesing vcr Sas azar smb ea vec xeon subsing (152) 0 (15 ses sy XeLbyety as wine he mau of preted as ce aye cr ae et weave sample 18, Tolls vl king an asi run, cowie be ‘onunuoas team shown n Big LIS, wit tev sun fs rome ‘ales Ref) epsttg be cates ng el sce Session al Ey tN i ih Acoma Srey oem an best en fons depen arlene ‘Bom be eons 1900008 pieenes] ooresoo peorsoD Do aot eo [ay 000000 al ry n| Joo 0000 s|\x press ee al: is] Joe 000 0] x, peicoon o oootce.| eooo109 soovore l Eft see of pt pn a, te wing Komen o Kathe nef of (159) sae rgd ves X a xin ef eed tf nent sabes 3, Seg of Bg vane 5 ste el i TUG ote urls ny be nomic wore sang. TE ‘ena ane ceny del oe ere open “Conse for example the varies X nd ime hy he ide consis osx sar osx,s10 “Teoria vais san ie ploy ovals Yanda by ne, hexio0 set se comsitsbcome oenet osyst “To tase de fet of alg ome cctv nso, consider easton fa) e146 cnn fon so 4 il ain eh ate s00-(8} (BY Assuning exe yexsi0 esl fenton come 1.149) sone hi mah caer inne jot Normalan, Sine fen consis iaole ferent (eet Magne ses dee eral le comico. (Gor tr xan pal cori 2) eap(.40) oe 039 eta sre in @0F)/0" =D) -1920 (oo 10!=(0')-1050 ass (ae) = 10a) 0 ‘Berean eta ein eri 39 Seana aaa ee re Soe Salaries ure cate Se ieee ante serena gush ae SEN sae aneee ica ees SSS en metaiestieeniinn s SRARSUeE res ndeacopadcoear cei es, ne ny ie seahipaia loins 2 mag neecmae 2 rete telehae toe ears SLars eons eset Siow avakeeGeecepecsrss cts SSNS hs Moonen neve Se Satay caret me Soomrouce Sage ope tecernan ade Eaelee eee fSoryns omee ae iene ge Sy emcee enamels Rs Ecotec Acree acai ESameceeeaaancae SEs nee gene caper neat Jamas Ste Penta e oe aa Ser Soin cate ey Se ety ena Sets iat Sh a cep Se Se Shear 9. Ne tee es oat peaey maaan tae cine. Seiacates itera ae ot asuecacerm sna necesito ieee Sean mf mcr ms ome Sere Se sashes a See Ec cians enn let Sopa smpate acon iat SSaN Sete eet te wan oy mae hs ce rsa = Retative Minima. One dificaly in vig oar programming (LP) obligate ean be pe lve num pt, & pes Sedraane sa moun itha ea nies a nt mehr ‘choc snare eu neon veo al Remy Sat re la NLP proband the ate of cir We ejove fon oF the onsite fb Com for examples wo diets probe Wh Ineqnty consist ent he mina ay fet pou wit he eatin haven ificoe (is) and ete pie at 9a finan Reade nina may et aoa pti vie cna (fate (i, L 1S), Into ste he mlle-cpsum pis se do oe Ferm o oem A nie mien ate a es ‘tec towe a ip Tse, Se on a et ieee oe cei eoiare eer tun tern hema SAS ioe Sees Sears cyeiiee eves = ae Tama « ‘Tebow on seer oa 10 hana sana sin by Mf wot ia ojean? Meat ojanax? tata « ee ssp eae te eam toner, Te in dein prem 10 a sy ae Ze 10k, + 5689 - min © 21? s 0-528? a -adsament o whe gen nm of an by (Te mology of esac can Beep nity by tng XD X= O-ring incl fhe Toons oe tanevese tema pects n ee sae 9 satay ‘Seemine smcare betmied wi Vd N= 1. he ins ton 1.17 an md a ie ane pina ns epesentng ve ire poles hve been anes Ts ‘final pe vas fare vals sd jc ncn a een Tas Re re may gags, wwe ao ee Pe 16 2 Gage ample, Rent oa Hey beams in te dion (81) 1 Hey bane in te deson 3) «Desig wih es nemedie he wo cep (X), ‘oe ltl imam sat Xj, wee te ba ine fst a clin Tale 11 Lot pin, igs some EI Desens, weiter ame 14 Typleal Problem Formulations Ini ston te pn ates oman cased in Sec 134 wt ‘manmade pl onus 13) nh). Tomes ‘std ie rah pace thd an fr ce mato a Tanase thoognaw ete Many ofthe eames nth est is ‘te ce fee i ashe eas Vaso prcizal arate ae aso an he apne uss ERIN! Say Ws ps ence woes ip man 2 Ren er ey tn it say «Trot rcurs cn be creed wich pa he ange of ope Som vey ‘opts Mey mance pe of tas vie eee se ‘Ere snap optaton welince 1.44 Displacement Metted ations malty te Dean Varbe spice Fi simi of fenton satan dct coast td al gees ‘Reiom. Thr wil be comre ned of D 3), Assay Be ‘Semin (135 and (19) eo deg vba fad th ha eeseaee! seo) so! 055 Mts ex? iar) an 08) ae ie en of yh ni ution (1.26) ad as 50) =Sr=skon os Assuming css soa ad geome! abs. een of Ks ae exacts aa un ie te of 8 apn [metal ugha sees ms aya) ie mais "'Souiramiaesptittsonct dpe ni ay tok Pad enna pel acoso teresa T i vermin he ie uno ens oman mcs tee ‘i charserae te behets be ‘Sed ep) Bem oe eougn rate 24 Tp een Friis 48 Simultaneous Annys and Deg, Coney te ip orale (48 Beth 5 be ote (3 an (nf sa lo Zap) > min werse? otsase! asp alex ex! = oosr {amt Te sor st cpa tna very a Inet don bre he pm it ee Sic sees a gt ipl in tm of be pcemens, ttaecnary soe © 88 Independent vars Sostsing eet senate id ‘Seaesr constants te podem 5 cmb meme ons Nand e otesecot 039) niet te gutrancondons hcl ay cnn, 1.42 Force Method Formulations ormulatin a the Design Variables Space. Coniering the consis (Ca) ough (8) he aio (L208 Bro ah ae 2=RX) +a _Dis Doo spe Hem so" abe ex? aw ere DX) ao aie by he aniston. ANE he cOREN Hewes lon As wane, as ser te Hh mods ton hich faction of is desin | ‘Rie ne cn of caer tol us Sas ad hpxpin 0.8) Tedlcomens sae ne ho es ems by C20 aoe 120) aa te 7! it cago mass fe eas Wn be hve formation the cones of Dp Dy Fn ar exc cons ath om sr ‘She rome vai The Sens of hy at Aw en xy ‘has of only he comer. ne mae i wally 4 ‘Snare oon oa a » Simahancous Any and Dein, Consieing ined fama ERS eh Ste pn Cy nC) ones ows eR) mia biepspe eseca see 0s) Fes =D = DN ooWeayeAsN) See he pices an ie ses we cp cn of XN, ee ines of ony and Ws peste antec "2=%) in SESW, HANDS" as, ape en ems 47 4 i mao inp compa conte at yey Expt Formalatons Ie some goles, fr example i satay (ED. Nepociny te aur constans n't genr seal sedacra Sete te pote (1.0) en bool apes ntl X sd Nae, 2eA® >in Deed + DyN-SD! 05 oF SWZUAetAWNso! ‘Since re in Ay nd Aya glia ands, ay ssn of Salen tecury song cousins ma ena onlin te que comdns (1) area conan, pon (4) cnt orn tame oF a A Tae vat dma ay ‘Sein ths cee to btn ie dpacament eens (139) The ering ‘tpi id ane Ah 2eAX) > min otewiase! ce caer ‘Ths opina sins of poles (48) and (1.56) a etal. However, he Ilona rose cx See te pb au ~The numberof vals a polo (16), whee all mentee fres ae ‘deed vara zp In roto (U9) only eer ces reared vation —— ~ Tpblem (10) thecqieiam condo ae conieed a alot si cnn Aide ay moe oe 8 ik ‘Asano te common cas of set with» seme sd cst crams sn wavex, ‘Ths we eens in ns scares wre wee cos ton es nd fe menber lege Sib (167) no (1) ad concent ‘eos comrus, te poem amet eX and Na a Za 0X in oPSA, FAWN eal, fo nis fomnlaion ofan of we dagen mates of tous nse ant fe omen of Ayan Ay ae conan, compa te pinay Sms ‘tec eee tenn no erin lr fc SFiStorahs cs rng 2) ple ‘Ruane sang (hn (1) Corin only et and do contin 2 fowagt? pols oh: fd and 4 ch ak 28K nin oixcasofx ae 0) Sine elon of Car independ of rss vrs, rae nombre sed te cali sanding ‘Sond aaa egy cones notes) Bh oma etna we exe aur opm den spins an ‘Scud thoughout ts extn poms of opal ae den (Se ‘Eilat and dco we sneered bo bes ‘and sted ar smaemour amr an Sogn SAND. Tne ve eset eit orm pa sin otk ave eon aha! y eit te Impl aly quan Elect ‘selene an beachiwes singe syst so Semen, steal ‘cet uuurs whee estes nd dpceen een exp ‘Emu he Seg tub wl Se sows mw hat coms Ponte te frome seal nicer sre a sh a, (gamle deg rane hose ae ped cl oe har (Geen vars we deerme y thal ute: Alay mpaliy cones we epee. ah design and bie vale ae ome cone arses age emir a as See sae ‘Si cand oie na ert ‘oi spc. gan he se aoe an 1), socareN ey ae Cha GN=R am FaN=G Ras Ay am Ts eqns ene ara as AL=CHR- CAN) CFR-GTN i FeoNGRa Ay 02) er Re ts vector of th agonal lone a Ry sd NZ ie 2 gon! ‘a af he mere clones oN, Te chen inden varies ae he Slee of aa sl te coespondng dependent arn oe Sens oC Asad Fare cil by (112) an (3) Gedo ig ep ftps (1.2) caine N} Ths te gli pial es olen by cena sw ro awe i Pan Zefa. min Dis Dye DyN =D! 076 SE EWZ Ap eAyNize® ine cn (1.72 (7) a mbes, Se SEER oman nec pnd he el a, Eo Pi ie yf en coe i nin 7 ICSC en siting of eS ming ~ FEET, ste trains he a aa of sa ‘numberof varies might be considera larger. . Example 1.10. In this example, vaiout problem formations are ented foie four tua shown Pi. Aue tow ra Scie nip inte da A) oe weal AONE +X) +3018 +0) ” osaso! ® Diglaconee meh formiaon Agung te dlcenet metodo aly phen taplyn to of ye 0298 ea tome ta) lhe) © sn sie oxy interme of ye (129) ~alE cl) . +a) che ° “The a vale nanan fore outs (1.69 ough (1.3) ‘eammarted abe orb te peel om (120) “| ‘Tre stesssae gety Sobstiing (han he scone oe Det Ape ae otis $1 w o ko! ‘Tes consoling nr iets ‘ae 12. Vasu pan frais, fa eee eee ee eee Ss << Senate ater as — ea fies} pm amr 1” . bes : aa. e jist = “Tmo menber fete exis nes of by (1.72) ee Ix ot le a i re dteg ° it tn oe acorn, xpd nee A, ae LAS al afte ad ie la} lat 4] I fay ~ {feb e800. Nan Aa. Ad so! ” ‘The aed vate sn coi forth vos fore meth oman ‘eceommarond nts Exercises ‘i exerci 11,12 an 3, ame te paceman to ofl mi hopin Ses pom 4: ine suet dglcemens and sgn vies [SAND, (15) he dees vrais pce 8), 0.57, ‘ecg sat ate make ont cpa 1.1 The gamete ws sow i Fig 118 aso dose ale x ‘Scone sd theme Xy The toma on eet me 2300, 180. The per ound on be wera dispcenem ate ie me rf = 0.02 tnd bunds on Xy ae: XF = 30% Xf = i, Te mals of ela is S01 wl cove aetna te oume othe as 4.27 synmeeie vss owe ia F119 Na wo design vale = ‘toesecton aes mente 1nd 2 estan meets 2 nd The aj aga een he ume of este bonds oe Sewesar of = 2h0, = 1a band the mca of easy 3000. 1ayiosrmtgmaia nh eho rm gee Suggraaner sashes re ects Siena ee Mts een Se Motul of son =X Moment ofa 38, ‘ae toms on seat! = of» 200, The conned ‘Becerin atone B,C Dd dean ence epese he oF Sohne ie moto ceay 30000 B. In sees 14-18 asm te fre md of sai Formule pa si pce: 4 te spec of tna os ad sn vis SAND. 58 (1.6): Sines vues spe ie) Ei teLP ern (a, Sine LP (9) 1 ote he ts of xe 12, aig N= det oes meter 3, 1.5 soe we ba of ox 13, asumig N= being manent ve Be InreSpr une an = bea amano e ne Supt a abe 1.6 The fame shown a Fig. 121 bce sso oti contin of Iwo omenrad loa Alta the flowing dein vis Sod sind fees =r Svea west eet hand sa Xs ems act ‘nthe beams Xo ssl sine gh hand columy N= eng ‘Monee sco The Rd ton, be memento nei, de Boude (ces and the och of tasty ae at sven exeroe La The ‘Solent reread sees mmo 1,262 4,5 ashe eject ‘con esos Volume of he fame, Het papel he eile ‘Bpon i fomaaion r=) 2, fod he opal wit sd ey ‘Spang he sonal 17 Asume he symm ple town Fig 1.16 wit he long a: Pei0g, 100, G18, Ais 1.2) wee romana seas. The mos tne mame inert bonds ner ante mot of saely sea fe mene {Site emmy ergs reer ac co a ese fem he Icon ts be hd ors we ‘ep ly tment Each enn {emo ft =) nd he nl nso sn ety by sng {nh sms of rua 2 1.4 Te sme geitge sows in Fig 1.22 wid a Sg odie ondion of wo corti eT bon on st a == 3h ‘ne mals day 360 The conse anes al ‘tea toes adhe cine neon Terese he lane zero +39 eX Xs sen vite peeing he cose eas of be | ‘ess The folowing esos he ee ame = “e € bhi! Cho te vere neracon fre a he into of ht Beas a he ‘eine oc ednepe ron ny oe semen 2 Optimization Methods pinion ples dain caper a be oie inte pnt fem pesené S134, nha he shev nto td ie ong ‘epi ft of evn he in ede cen fe Etstenion of oto meat comics sec seas sea eo ‘Scie pnaiy eda mets we exiely a prs inca ‘wl be sealife. 3a ths chp gone pupore mata Feowrnming OL) ets, wich we Gomaealy seo omacice Fob in ser Sls, walt oa Tse mehole ave e enage ‘er apliabisty and tne of eso. At ae eficct and raeie ‘Teo rectal dep Apying MD mete sca ein, ed vey fas cbc Seas Comp sca sens i oe fe mids neh eed Scien ‘s 4. Gael rh pening cos dines epoery «, Veco Stine ei shri aden esp vt, 4 Amr ejctnefncion mpesnung te Saute ii he Maen peranning metals i nd optimum in robes where tere exe «gl abl optimum, sme sare apices toe ‘lie rene etna ea! tna) may etn sane tie Ste our hh sagt Rie mma mayen Plone ac ‘Se of bah te ej union an he nara p11), fac ‘ss isl abe dp oh il Sea a wich be Sach [cedar sare. Ths iicay canbe sensed etn te ceo fom fee eng pois an Comparing De lan ual ele ‘eect up i ll pin has ence, ‘Nenaas MP cots ave ten deveioped- However, no single general Eras mehr ong ec) np moe sc io thee mos wich te mos commtaly wedi rcp ae ‘cused Meds apa opens opin tm scsi ouaning, geome epanming and ol coal igs en fonder Hower, eat eave ive ben pd suse vas ‘ecules joo [Ee MP med x acpi 58 20pm Made wih ge bes vases acon ne fen sed on spose ‘hoe Sn fe aes al presen Cap. 5 coimund lens n ceeded gata we sn one coma ‘Stic pom uur aoe se Oceana fr psble mina ‘See ra he casa rom» pode Some onan once rand {ecncutand nanan und ntrased inmate Sueur Sot? CS inst dng ie ea pc ace con Finn af seven vals acon Sect 3 Meter oan (pumice Sand Sects 73 fou ogame oie) and 3 (tener roaming poten) 21 Optimization Concepts 2.11 Uncontrined Minimo A pm 3 inn ini oe ton 08 on 1959) en for X ie bate. Ase te Tylor ses expansion off abot X" wp to Soiaictem soe (0 9rFax sL awa ea) nerf, FT Hae compu aX" In 2, UF se vee of it evraver ce padi vector (G) alfa H be mato Sn ‘fen re ian mar ee) rawr [2.2] reer fd ey # ey aay” ar, ay oy may aT ‘The rouge in te ein vrs, ge by x ea 2 Opinii Cops $9 Awe nee ra iin Xen 22) aeayon-y" -rtaxedaxtatexeo es ein nyo einer rn ere it 20 al posible vw eo gatn 2.0 pests arena conics rhe minima of fon ie Wh eh a A png ced {aden ptm Cf) Coning tesco tm 3) erate ‘Soar pln be pnt of 3 we anaxtutaxs0 en fea 9X #0, Eguaion 27 i is cae aif condone tin,‘ cto ne Save a Teal be now a we am comet Xo we my 3) ay ishecintn de non psn buchos ee “hein Wrst dine mac einen 2 mito ty Ars apse foment mari geanwaxeo en Andis inde i postive fo me we Xa neue fr ts ‘Te martH epse dnt and ny al espe, {phe esti adel ia gers fae ee ‘mete some eigen epost and ae > ‘Sev mets caste eda chstg efor 0¢ HO wy ying lectgl mito & prin! miter Mee sb OF Ho ie ‘ose poi agora es slong the pcp Sagal oa H, The Ita Hsp Sie be erin on ppd mie cad Steer eas te ‘Re maa Sedat he deeminn pnpal mi noe sega Fete em tm rn Sth ne ‘hath mses condins ors mats, ee Lagrange Multiplier. Constr te problem of mininising fncon| ‘ett eget earns At he opm, the ill hangs ‘Shsve ncn 3) terms of be owns cng Yeo anh 682 Opinitne Mende Ee + hats, ee cera m om scemmoninrs aaa hayes am ‘rn 25) and 211 wean [XB ler of Ploy one( For B ao ex Engage og} ‘noch. an omc ane mip. Fon (212) a en BeaBeo tae an ‘Thayne have a yt ot ego (210) 2d 2.13) an angus satin esse taupe onesie ap-0 6 ae ‘seve ied Lagang maior ech consi, is be Langan nize x oe f00+S 1,400) eas ‘more fn snr pant f overall Kandel a, fo 218) Feats am 21 Opininan Conan og he necesy (4) ents fora iia - ew Fg-0 fata ew 1 od be sted ae i cgi ne oct a or sae of ‘also uve sev slam Nata lone wil fe cosa ‘Sin sone ought fe snatned musa salle pt Furbo onsets pss minum The proms eye of C18) ‘Shr ar misma WY mat expat nga ombiaon Saas oe ries ges y (21). "Me can api be constants he aly cons 1950 J haat em yang lac orale S, 0%, 5)" 9)00+5}=0 a2 115)=0 on £(X) ~0 55,0, han 9) < 0. Equation 2.21) car be ‘tie 10550 ig egg sir mead w ec 008.8. ver Snes a Thenscaryconstons oro ae BBS Meo ein em Bergye0 be ycaee toh ea Bewesyo * a9 5 Pas 225 ene te ing gO life gin 25] Sas Se in | Geo int nde comic ing or me y=. | ee ey (Sepeibacateomnan 62 2 open Meats Natta Condos he je oe si st eh ce rom ven got ners tf Cunios 223) (22) (GaS, Dele sof pers sen End see mci o oe sai hat ove ae pat ag id A pole X may be 2 ‘inmate ota gO xe sats ie 29) and ee ss 225 Eun (26 a ado he condense (22 coding ely he ve "Stn Wh Ss een cos 2.8) Stow be “ovo son wh be cna (226 ead md yt 02 tel iinan eee 420 Jaton em Eauaons (225 and 227 we he Ku Tuler (KD condo fr ive ‘mtumom (5. Dla cane a st pons ela he 2 ‘Eamon fe 20. The ace een er combuton cao. = oom a comes cont, The KT condos regu hat be within he ames Soe srs ie ea om = sh he Sac 9 este te miman, Thien bee far ele ye se ‘Stpomt nig 15 coe egarening poems cued a he st ‘Seni he anton re cory a sti ra ain ‘wo dimen pronase ote cmos show ‘ul inbecare of gin Wf nin on formed by Vr To pst isroopial bate ay be dees wien vag oman: Kat “Tuer codon te sled ce we cam sepa rich “Bi eget ae «Ine combraticn og, In he eae of Fg 21 he Sendionsaeidand ep opal canbe ean hat win fhocoe of Ya andes we sa male ny nove trae athe abe Sooner fe "ols yl mening of eLagnge mls cms he ‘mhion 8.8) min ex 20950) e200 21 Opinion Cop 63 Pe 2 4 xT conti wane, 6, KT no ti se tesa ge aunt The KT condos eth pce a en ‘rae anc 22h, em show bu te opine fo, aay ‘Taisen rice hat ey intent m nce in te eve Fenton ar making he const mer cao sa. Ts exp why 1e-cpumum al te Lapge ups he tobe oh ae. A gue ‘agane mpi went 0) cane eed waking 2 ‘plsiss coe minum: Pace spain of KT cna rau ors Eine euler la of aicoar ar ete ey ‘Aree lchop amd ten) Te KT emo poe rample 21 Conse he opiminton probing. 22) Poxd-as0 2580 2 Opin Mea | ie 22. Sp of ease 2. ee Beatie a ey Aung posses of wo see ins we fd are 2a), 2 atshy= 025d hg hy= Oey eco etre Moaiing escent 21 Oinienon Comers 65 LOM) $ofQ\+C-aX) ewe aa) “oe fancton vty comer fe ic ny bl A cane so it ‘asada Fig Den fen f coe ten Cf) Seances A es ctor ‘be cont te mr ey coe sty Scena be ele coer tr soem a 2.30) 66 ropinten Matos Ascot pins is calle cone fe ae semes ning any wo pins, ‘nd Xcode wit he at Maha, brs core or x, dyin nd Ove © epi’ Vw aNy + 0-a)ey was ‘Sag wt ig 24). These maybe bund atau The un (2) del Somes cme i oe Hsin a ore tect fanon fi) a cones esa cin XT ‘ie eae oma fn 1 sgl conta ca fe ova {emer Farherar te inerecion cone dma cane Th i "nan armas) 0 ue cave. bdo a ees by a ‘em ram comes A ates wih guy conan ecosex Be Oa Sse ad fE)andg(X) ae conve. The iesecdon oer equally ‘ani coves, sine lg lvarouly conse acme ba, ‘Shes all toa fntons conve, oar pogumming bien aes ver progeny Anak sully cnteu annys nes asa fehl tee pot ur cones poparming roles he Keb-Tctr cua condone at |ao ttcent he sgubeanes of save denon rar na eaves | ammingpblem sy cal minima es tl om. However tan {Eeat ie tceain weer he uscont i pve pdien scene, | Siibyacy bested rhe eine sane ih ors et ean ‘Mek omega pcces cma be hws tb corer: wove se cle atime poten pwnd rin Can Secon 22 Unconstrained Minimization ‘Problem Sntement Coser hc in which poi ye be od by Ket Kyra es Diedeacantanain gray vena Tones Kei) RKy 408) =f) 30) Tae cj in te vl of ent, hich minnie i). Ti [iblon a ftinesmainam a foci op ae ‘et imurantof uncmard opamp tem pe se tonay smu (Net ode tps he pl Sma of ‘Freie ine “Xs, xine he pba mina pow) Derek ‘eae ie yw avalube” Im pera pom cs beste ina Aiea epeatons a we tena Sad al a sia fe Snip ths sen he glen schon mea ad oem ig ‘igs wich as consol e fos inguin some ha fe) wal faction Ta, isin sit and ui he eral of mare For ton te ‘Sida ne cae sly sos minimum amo mason ocr an Erle wo pee Golden Seton Mead. Using tt mets ead athe acto / ‘Smid bark med nn secu Goees tne ona seen fel 22 hehathe n223, ‘Thats any nanber i obey altng We previo manda, 2 he ‘Bueno nantes each tdlee Tie ease ey fone “Bia erento cen amb ees ld he ‘Siting a a 0, we fit evaluat A for = 8, wire 8 > 0 anal eke hoch pe aN wc te acho 0) 5 16188-2618 ee a ceri sen y . sd he inl leva of 682 Opinzson Matas oS ey ao Ymca a en ie an ae apr m lover iis 0 te ina of ceri, "hs cj now ice he url o uncer. Asse mo ton vale the ena! pmol atl st ans oo at ‘ncn he ta vo sys TRe to elo uncaan “deminer tele he rapt poten of simi. ‘Goering te pron ote nena keane a en ag 3 oprpan 38 ng. B= 68 = 0618 (e mcond ot et mening, Tha. 0 [in oan aaa Sane oa O38 hom er de a evwcral “he solxion poco for elu ener sallow: 4 Fare pen 0 i (235 and 8 (acs mal sp en), ‘ei acd y 27. fad ant fo) oe compa aay a +0382 an ey =a O61 AL Be fend =, aes ncaa, « lifag fag es te main pot let wee nd Ase = ey, cape fl OSES a and oo ep 4 1fo0 fag te miinam poe es etcen Sn a Asan fee, aye gy cone 0810" a) an goose 4 lyfoctnfaavastme c= og a= og =e and go spb Fie a mera wean = eo gall enough 1 sity 0 ‘anergence eon a T'20) ke a= (or +78 wd ip, Oe, ‘eto eps Os Be er reps ley ge mee of etn “The Quadra Fig, toni icing ction ae ot fot ed tend ie slant sh lien eran) we fc Be wel ety mca pam For he gan eng em ‘SPs beorgorinay he une fina He nasbasen? ex» i has an ely dein minum poi. Ate sna of (we hve est a0) a 4 ean) ‘cation and (rot ced can te teri by oming Infsty te vie off) ate een ve ony nd a he ms fivavto, at ho, eah ean Byres by sea} ne wea =.= ded) +280, wee A tx pled al ep, ‘satis 24) cane fee feaemerciaay ea) Peopeseneer ty 202 Opinion Ha Px p24 Qn points off, ae eh ifeph ow Suing 28 24, Oe apna veo cemespnting oe nina a oft AAO 5m eas ahah Fe" cng nant ssa 4 en Shs 26 extn scene tect Bhs amy “ocean ht veo fe ow ie canning fe Fp 26. ncompted y 9) oe 0 Gee. 27) Thewequremet oe ‘teminimon | Eb cresses0 ax Sowing (232) in (253, we may fad Wa ely he pl ni 251i ae Conia nnn minnow te cre anion 2 =) ‘She miaimootrhre no erstainanpaed cco of Te Sonaee fsa of osm sens fm Se falowing esos “a Some design probions ze cite snconmined or can be etd at ‘Stine dng ein sage of hese (Siete oct oct eve mit org cnr Fob se bre onsen oe poem fe of cota bimzau suck mabods sshd ait 1 Familarty wth uncoeanedtninnzton meio proves 9 got ‘Secale for sng soe: sue ‘is slo uncsndepenieaon a te tend an apd Seraned sine Te fllonng se aes sold be conse ef eng Sisco mene “© diteenanay ne contny of) 5 wl oan ht manera Stormont ea pe pean a age ingreae exe ces a (xa nent, fe A, fra conga etre ey. 4 eget ey oe et tee nae teraetnson xno neces och sma of pee “6 Spec mc), Aouph np cas saad ie ‘So ont el rs vl Sk sg ‘Srmucof bepaion marcomaas Mos epininaon mets cn sk nya aie miu nd amerss 0 ‘he pl minum sot sual) sacome net In pas res wc etn) inp Sc lt ‘cmon mber 0 uncool a ayes ‘agri pomance, Since no sg mab tb tic appl I peeos many saris have hn dented 9 nl ee pet ot Spamiaons Te dvlooment floes for anna maniac {Bae aie car ad ar rch ol grime se Sool he \ayroed ant vw sponse energy The meade esl eon ‘fot Towing carp “1 ge ma a nn po fear eter Saige eeee een eee Sa seas SS eee ee ere See reese eee ‘tres off He Eos aprocimaice eet erence Eiger mere meet ernest ieee oe eee Soe ater aee ites eaera micaispacrees vec temts ars oak piansas ema uray cmegen made 8 he iscason at os we esr be ‘fone enon aaxTaXextbr a4 aan postive aie manne mati hie a ven veces i ‘Total parame of fr at any fees ay ‘pay eect na ie ena ‘pected umber of petone a5 fe imsng mono ogra ‘rey eed he muber of tral ten he poss Isa 0 (poston comerpe Mangan cnet more io Sojermotes one concp of congue teen Aston none dion ‘ech 883, ae ad be oie w ech coor WN eget a Bed (oat pie tie smear mare. 0 fe te ess ‘sto ach deco posses an exo gone oper [107 many, {feu fron (0 minined spel neon exhale le ndeenden conte econ he oa anima 9 wi be ed a 14 2 opine Meats itis oosine ae aadtsimeacal opti, ne (Genser gun te Tals epson ow ema anon f bout is smiinam ee 2a), kb bat enon (oe 6) ar VF =8 are finmum_Ar AX Spencer so, pero tert 9 the mies a Be ‘ele and 3X) spect tr guane form. Mews, pores {hei pyogenic unset ke minimus otX Nong ‘indy exert meas oa poner fnesen rca Teh es ‘Somme oe gnc toms ec minim ons adores Stenaghtenndoe weap Conga retons method. Among he vate ets ed 0 esse ‘xcmju reuone pelt m0] nan oe ler le ‘Steet The mos neuer nee fe ss at SS Sy cin. oem gerne of tpl me Cennscrhe trosmonsonl ximple hows ni. 28. Teac fst sinimsed se ech of te coolants Srestons (steed $) Mniieton en estrmdin he aterm veo, ome ape ough the il an be lat pois af be revi ep (econ Se of he forint dons dared no (en 8) a te pate Geeta ‘Slash ert minis A no pation det, Sy fe tnd an cos tecnico sae ested {Sl corergnce ran be shown tn ie sem cts Sy and nj A sip ttn oa spe verse Powel met (Coote ail point X an» ini independent detos (eg the ‘Sorts sien, Sy, Fi of w minnie AX +05) and et XOX 40°Sy fog 1 SHU Syn XY fod o's minis fC FAS. ances Ne ee 4 Repe Sy fr @= 1,2 F. Repetto se. Sle te congue secon a nt anguty det. et wt of indent mal cout ectan on ond. Te aos ape {snsnng tach dreion fom eB for Gece moe ao whe ae "Sime afar may as ne prea splcton of Pols eto One ohom Step sequel obama te en dca Eompwcng the exc minimum in wah furan spay oe uch Semper Usa ans emer ot ana ‘Hern a seats ans ae Fer ure cons we geet Festa ean er Soy ade ber ape eu eo ue of ancon evans a" For sous stone ht et may sept ene i tr ti iin neeee ee ar peace mance eens ed Saige rynanerasotcaees ‘overcome tis dificult so rest the diectoes othe crim coordinate veers es Su Ree Gradient methods. Grazr metas ae aly more effet than dct ‘Schnee ri is iene tic et iron st ‘etait an ese nebo in perio por cts wc ave ‘Sisntnama fir dere Whe m ieetseues meso te vale ot ‘Se cece anton we us Semi he disown of nme ne Inca! Sep pate: mets ws formation aa by computing he [tien wer Ges 3), Css 6 noma o eng ane ‘hae devoon of © cools tha of pees ao hana fe lectonal serps Trlr, Glee ieeten of epee Fg 2 Pro sah sng cone Ss 26 2 Opinion Mae iva it Xt be do mae eth enon ale woud seen tote ona wich the ce Stes oe py ay KernXHeeGy 236) were Gy te gain visor poi Xi. The slain is oiled by mpuungseceessely Gy fy (2) a” Oy ization slong is) and Xr 0] unl th minim ound. Th mad ced Be mtd | ‘sips deren n be fl ae oes, eet ns tas at of Straw ont pom lk sy en pesos nny a ‘Sceuny he mado cally tsi ey smote Te ‘ee my ok wl my stra pnp he 29, em te ‘Ane pre oes i compen date Soh ‘sin tds one bn core bwin ie aos _ «Esq fr OX, can eri ut ine consming comp. 5 Repabeetretsoeei bps rg a cal Then vet tad ey ne fsa seocamtnces consent ine no ne die pnts of pra see: hl stn noe if SEE So i iocce as pom sng dco Be “Conugue rai meh. The coreg cies fe sp dase ‘at canbe peat raed by asap mean hse he ‘Soa pmo mot of Mehta fees Te con eat ‘Ens porn by ns ed ie aot oaogen eat eRabe st ‘econ enc dag caps he agrees Ses ds ‘Tepmurs psec mings poten ae lane 4 Choos mn pie Xy Compute Gy= Wha demi Sy~-Gy 1 Fereahre epg ele KK 4058, 1g. 29,Teotinesin ae of et Scent sy psa ff ate seaccbesemane thar tara eee ether mi memes SS Scat siemens eens create nage ene reek Sri ahoerc tee et irre pec cnymeenar ear ceke Eriaeear semi cesta Sai ooneegaees Newion and QuasiNewion Methods. We desided inte precoding ‘Mouse is sar tn wach des er ll pre ‘rode wih we fr emer Ie estan toasted one ‘thc fond drags Ho opwennan lb ssi, ‘Gnsser agua te Tapio ses anf f abate pot Xy- Beg spring te manu po The expr op be asa ess {fven ty (22) At he opeibum the conison (28) tnt te salle Bitcniaig (2: we cain a vsorX whch suse te abve cmos foo yo Hoey 6 es in i oe wasn BABA as5 elbing by HG sn dsinatingX athe ewe wea as) 14 2 Optmason Meda ‘This he wana NewionRapion meta, which oe of he fered ‘hod of aig muiueonpencar equate fea gunn nen ‘Se cain he mina isl ep, ce be Tp ses exanin 1 ‘ace n many problems be recs cn comers ply bt tay ne Some ear Wl cometpe sae pene nd mie sd tne ‘marc Hy an espe ex singar. The meted 6239) nb lmpoved| yang ase wh nsf, XyaeXy-o MH, oo ‘ee moticaton ha s mumbo of avant, Fit i wl wally spend {ltverpns anc ven sce conven nbn eet eo ergs Som twill uly rod conevacse to? sade pt ert masse Siete Snag od hd at eps rare ‘plied pote. Fs hy sia rina to compar oe ‘Stun of yes feral uns, be soe saves off ay be ‘mplzntd of uinecnrming 1 emt. Seie, compen o he vee img ing olen, At pil ay i at ‘may te sgl, of a st ot pose ee ai ood to ara ‘Steen fora minor of) cas wie saree ae ‘eae arbi e sll be onl sd oc Healt ss ‘Fileaenay boolean Novant mebol fencers oppo Voralemer metho The emetic mat of Darn (2) send Powel [28] ic hse an veplicog te nese of the Hessian by an approve mati J Te madeline not for van ond Serves an peng max ero Yr the meh qty Somergn sod the mas J, whch improved a eh sraon Smergt 1 tie a cosjate econ mete, it cen be views ao a gai "Nevion ot Newtonian. Qs Nevo eds wel wie ely Sit ‘vanes ae aati tw Newson’ mtd cate ped ey, ‘ihe st tty a mcd pee ‘Ung evar mae mao, ns wi iv nl Xpand tine an ‘na postive deine mane To Wnty an T aly eve pst nay Jst. Anis secon Sy dried by 8 = Jy (Erno G2 Wh tnd diersnn sep i promed fads fo crmpse X=, ro ahr a iii 8 6 Compan Sys ede, hee aarp? =a os Hebe-6, Fe comnts SS Thing te eae mt sn ne Sat ped wh ee nga hc rie forks Samaras Lee Sth patent pc elvan heh tama re sa So aires Seen oe omnes Eferiacee cas eee Comey nt Emienitinhinacenas tees Direc paate methods, Aoaer apo: known ashe Broden Phe ‘chin 8) hs ge kn ae an ee, Tae (Shen: fancied ty aye poste ese mars My Het and he pdt var, Gy Ve realaed Teg oe ps pete fa 4 Calne the so of he ute vector IG TFG eth sop he These etn Ss ermine by svg te nar sn of gains beeen HS\=-6, i: “Te opin ps compte iinine PO, 8 Theses pled by Xp ny The estan promo saps 102 Opinion Meat pep 86 mars GS BAO, Keys Gy FO) wean shown int he BFS ype frmala ps ie Hessian sproxinaton athe ene ifenat ne oath mc Nl iis cn ae ewe ‘BE ical can come singlet ao aprox aro BESS tren, Se nacional ocneome ts 2.3. Constrained Minimization: Linear Programming 21 Introdacton Liar poring (La enamel matenacalprounning nebod ‘nt ra on a ae conn nd oe Te eres in near tog oft vaatce Te coments mie Smee or equate andthe cect fncton minced or ee SS oath ol ernivaly aap tency protec (fmt EP te mood ely nd. Some of esos fo prea ae Meu pum rtd ober of tpn a 1», Gams prams of LP ae mot etic PBs wi realy re SSRESHMCGR nt cna canbe sated aveaate compen Heise compote progams wich ane wed ae" ows” ae abe ies jereman ec 1 BeBe eficeney ad retin of Lrg ya on a ‘Eons nso sna peoymming ones. Lia ome a SLSR chew ne denon sonal ee a. «Sibel tontncaspotems we sen apposinaed Oy 2 Gar ‘Stmallon sed oe LF spn ‘ns capefrulion of he LP ele pes ede single etd Batiste wy sacsed eter ened moreso sgh {Ssecdbehpnndicent oc oumre brn mo o ewe mca ec ing ila aehenon em aia ee n20 bs es a a and conan efile The aon (=) mess at he onmlns might eer ones reqs (2) This femal Ce es nd ap of posons, an be sn fm he lowe sa Atbough he objective fnstion Za 261 6 mininizd, robles of Aug Sees added the pct frau vad ae eee ee a aeenne ea} mint se gues er meas 02 From Teena otc ets 6, eer te See SeePERitomem can alms besa sce in eso <0 we may ‘inc sn may smal Geng eens, we can apr ea 8 “itt bce vo mene iis kerry as wher M42 Oand X20, Tht contains 2.6 cam ava sists TOSSEE ett at abi nrc tes wana an Pe ene tc menegainy ate eae efor exe See 4.10. Ste cane nar iwerton ison wien, 265 see Xf <0, en ne my nfm 2 00 wre, he by x 5 The canta 268) eae osx, an $22 Opinion ado ‘he avanage in sig th wansformaon 2.66 6 a be numberof ‘ic ris ese as nthe em I aio, we 6 ot ‘et comer he Conan, ses aed nh some fens 2. Fee proses of ompaatn anc oo of Lil pes us of Sunda agin id pir te asus of i aypbeaton tw be ‘town tha Imar peimming rotems cam be onten me flowing ono toa ST) Ba ces mY 28) subcto Sarink fore ew) x20 jetn em ‘ng cet te eer 0 pi 24 ence Micah cnar wn ato devise am seep at wit aie id ein an Sactirta amy Semon om ee — a1 “Th dk ad plus ais sy nome posts (25, Ths, thy eae ate he eqeies (9) (250) wl sy a 23 Comat Minin: Li Prpeing 89 na euaes 2.71) and 27). aio, sic al bcos of he ‘en ares nt jee acon cl re eon rod igh neon 5) waned ge tr.) or (2) oe ‘hepa, ei polon canbe formal mts sacar fom ot Gah. Boyan, mon te soni frm problem ad one ofthe eunns (2.68) ae sedutan ety e sain oe yen of ea ns ‘he lanl equon htc te nad rc em bath in Meaicios ofc n't ie gece pees ably of usa TESS SSE oo So ic Phere ncey fete sion wich inner he secs fchon 2-4 ase eae ‘olunteer oa more arm sone noe words fasten) hat Sra. A ondeenerse Ban ese sn Sa ‘ely m pose Nee 2 Opinieson Mette rome near. Soe sean ma ‘Senn euamper eg S10 sod 21), Comer anya ne trip oem, cna ite se epontumd Wy pore ‘Strole pas pk) + ay = icant enh be pam of iSotaed tone oe vrs (none peu) Esk veep a ae ‘asm ft andr or pr mp wT ‘he ce as he naion Sido te uebounded We LP hs atone ‘sel aban mma rf may on ts Senalnng tre verses, be Tse okra cn te ol riousy ‘Sereda proven ot tae taro 3). TB 210, LP plems win coma nee css of oe ons we denon. The i repo i ov len opal soles sand nig P11 Oe cio ‘hs fale mio enone cn be se hal he opi sie ‘pete eshr sta ene ray apa = Zosom af Me 2, Beep seen in 23 Comsint Maicane: Lie Pgannine #5 234° Method of Slaton ‘can mw be std if ht frm iar programming poem as 2 {a eon imam 2d eo he fs ase ‘Shins fhe pg, sean extenty powell since ee ‘it eoner tbe san atte cae no mre Banh weber ct ‘Spt vusabaceanbe ltl com ssrop om mnoc or 7 (2) 035, Tenia nul tre ae och ower poses, since many combinons are (nese per meso, thw te series re, poweal Simon cee aang tans eens anak them ora pose fr ng pring a ele ‘Zins whch as pov sae of The poo epee Fre mater a cp yee a 2a op ou ow 9) a eee om aut pats con Guticests tanto 235) 28 aKa isos place hi ssn nfo Fe ch ae on stn can ‘oaly be datas: We cba ms fom by repay te gil sce of ‘alte what oe fe se se eee a nar combate of be Stes trate eel ibe ett Baboon Tec cacty he sane soos We'may ees open cee sm tal Hos SitRacleme et caning stand sng 0" Tho can aes ‘eaemged fons % Fina Kant ak 4 HegmaMnatn tae ste ines ha he it ae hag am he xg ne. Sha gyoum aside tecnica! ons canna frm. Oe oon oon alone -m em XeO fame Ome ex) 36 2Optnzaon Maas ‘ht salon daemon and efit Be ase arabe al ‘Be we tonepae, ten e slain gen by 2.70 and 2.79) iva tae ‘abl ston, Te gnc procure orig LP pats ssn FON ‘Sm ancora Sm, oun ped oe we te pin an ‘ianmang meso soon be eons at hod eave a 4 What wee ee chong an ingore teen? 5, How otion cota tae auto oer ene How find an nia Ss aslo asi ay? CCrteria for Choosing An Improved Fanible Solution, Given a ‘sr hn 7) geen ene ten Provo muehonte ty bmg me ei aoe [bw i fa ple of sme 4 The ctv en Zen eed ‘sree oot varlesy cling de si nes prs Sez, = ner 2 fae vate ed ae ant enn of Zin no form ‘Nici pens the le of 2 forse samen tas saan (ae = mem ie (21), The sion ow show hoo sed, isy eis cnet ¢ Comespendng 3 sont varie £) the hee ton a te cance fr (2.50 2 epi, ean a can ‘eee ate te tem mi erie me och in te ais ano neue, wean cue sy them tone petiy lochs te 1 for which event) ean ‘hho tg ei wh etn etn en te ‘Pet as sold wnt at sneer sis may pace ree [Efrovai in 2 However, shove cians ipl ad epee ha ‘Swe tobe lic min (2) ons gave en es ail ‘tener mimo seve nen the opal conc i Thing cen ai, we ae to detain ow wt asa “xi is Gang fm on tase minon asta we see, te okey soln fel, we ns Sera em me re Ba {Sor onus he wf yon, ace nee arr nl mae cpa Suppose we ike camel sym (77 en eon al i aber np ip ne can ue the ct of ce, Be eva 25 Comal Minin: Lac Popanning 87 flame om em es eae no pose Xi mak X, agate These, Xs undead Xiomiidsié,) for an0 es nas im ting nee SRS mae os SNS cis te aca AS Felicctgtlas dtc teat Scarica Ee Oe netng sect nie SeUTas cummantwtone eo % Wd or ay ass) oem Jeno seh + exits es Be sn > OX an be ices indtniely ‘ethoat de sclaton becoming nae and We havea unbound ste ‘erie we porta anew base ae ee nae ns Ging From One Base Feasible Solution to Another One, Once 1 ‘nde hn ben deemans, Entomol by ‘Siowas phe opetons, shows ot nek as6 weredisy ies an 2 n/a otc wand cut es eps a Bea ‘he andthe hol, The ansormatns (285 and (27) carl oth {Gre coomncd io ow ft obec anc Z sample 22, Asan example cose te ans fa cnet tien <5 tyaneit, zon ‘Toe tact ec caged Hr ems eb vies, Tis edb by emaauny be bn ws, sn The si to Med Nes emeneo ‘Frm he att ca ota ht: Since £5 <0, me can ngeove Ihe jet tucon by binge nto be Dl, To deo te ves ‘iene ae baw compas pe aedertines trm), Using he oration (285) mt 28 then onal ont ee “Te imgrove vote objec fen = 8, Sine? te tte fant ca be npoved by rigng Ys te Rs Ts wey fe ne us proce th he tore poste el eopma od Speci Casts, If pvt on 7 fr ih te ig ds 20, Ite ale oe cbt Tuono an eet wilt ange Soc cs he vl th as vale srepondg aie aod ‘Rehaeadegewra tase faut oon Inte ent: eb ooene ‘isetn cet pon een Soaps abe whichis aera a lteter ne wil pte oi pope se ‘hig woiay aw ood aber naeera tans 23 Comin Maui: Liar Ppeniag 69 recut may soln + corspndig 4 nese ¢ t nseny tt wie sales ¢) we nese, canbe mead cn ‘ito cing ay sabi to came aoc (280). Tere at (Speen canbe dco nine and we ave unnaned on Inia Baie Fea Sloion. A base fee slain esd a Steer Tera el mtd et ‘SS aa en be fund. al coma gil poen ‘Segui wit ome by ten ortgt be andar fe weave {plc al oa cram Tax atic of te ck varies minum nit at sth an becom tl avril oF emer Titec or a ea es (3S) segues oer arte ston wih mai Wea (Schofmecrearine anew varie cae art mle Ts pal sem ‘eqasons (271 nis mr re wl ce enki tinly Fo oh oe a) atts Mh oh ute (2.8 we ers in canna whee (tn ‘Stanicalvarabs A bse eel a ss oO) X20 Jat dou een aaa es “Te conic fe hv in eon bee fantom rset Si cone rome te Som arenes easy See enon Seige 2-35 om snl sb minis ke minima of Z smo, al ita ‘ahs hve ben mina om bans a new be esd sen ‘SSUNG win cis ony evra of onal nim j= 2-2 Then ew wc an oie uncon (2) ane dpe nd We ‘ocd sn eps sate oben ih ial ales od ‘eve fant ff he moan of rarer ha ey cn mo baie (aie on orl poe xs 902 Opinion Mad General tcnie Froeedare. Sung wk be sytem in anni form in ease bas we on tow Ste era pce or pay oe Ses ei ty one io, nay aes» ‘Sono ny whe bane ese san ona oat Wee tots tiny eomepecg 3 toc varie, negate, Beets cite anor A sing etic irr sesig ‘Sgoeny Gi) We uve ten nat en forcings ane te eliminated ram Gets s given by (2.49). So we havea gener ‘naive read fx pce om sta ase santa igs eee ars oar ct ei eee Shy ewe fone anon ss cng ese ‘Basen Z 0, en te points ofa sae, We ca ao ‘Sern de etcndcee fb o tstecase en son ‘Seale cnticene in any um ceepesig ot sgne ee ts seule, tee sluen tte Fly, we ine «wee ft ‘sega canal yom or al seen We cat we ale stow ones nr rns pf or sig CP robes flows «Female do LP pote ns nde fem, sey 2 ieee re oe vous 6 (260 ees) ep eainy Se enaaaaby I necesn) coe male io egal sk or mapa vro, co ized (change sign, if necessary) = Seopa tio inning ata) 3, Ran atc on ates A hs Sey wehbe te tin eg hm fia poe am eon 4 Pago 0 Spins i an Terie poet ite 2 sen at a trod OES Nt Sickie: Sateen” «Foca ts ern ‘mia as 1 20, hcp henoFermin proce 0d ‘steam fom oe ry cpa Fecmsnbiiay) or a>0 a em 4 Moss + exes te salam oul Termine prose hss etn anaemia an json ie oy peice ds asm cy 298 4 lt ow in which X ha costco 10,2 a yar he {ostten of e now an Be arent coil ns wena Bete ih pe fn wl ria -Appcaio of e sate pseu is enone ine flowing amples. example 23, Fad hopin saan of LP pole (i 2:10) me use imiss ‘nao, te nomen coins X20 mee std Conerig ‘cece enon igs varie, Be Sud om ple ornate fom a a | + + ‘Sic all he consis re () legis With sone by, aia ‘erate seed ad re stu cy was Ie slo, The It ic est siucon y= 6 ype OZ =O nich ‘he vere (0,0) nF. 2108, Se c= Cymer cme ‘se Chong X=; we snp tear Se mie se Bae [7 sel is elimi fom thts. The et vt = 2, edd ‘Gone ube, The «done etc, shows Be new ee varie and te ail eee a. Pati eo OpHNS He Mi enew anal sen Bo mk 2 fa ae i 1 ‘ ‘salle 20, hi se opin slain: My = S12, X= B= 16, X= Kes0ving Z=-i/s="28 (ow ut fer bo oral pion, Z= 28). ‘peste y vere [02,1] wg ia Tet xan wee how ‘Shae, ace rom co vera ban non, w trey and {mprovedoo tt we fn een hh he ej fete ober as nlite argiunng vette: We donechie © ae Yom sae be hake ‘po de te aon. ‘Ecample 24. Find te cpima soln of be LP elem 31-2 182K Ha A 4 eS + mi 1 ee w havea i as sion wen no anil ali, ad SH O42 Gare =20 Ree ene A H6m- m+ Hee se = 25 min Binning Xan; fom Z wee theming yen fr pase | ESE = EES eS + + In ves of te objec ein 1 pe ren 2 Inia: ut tdeeans sede ao fr frmg he et fo ‘seh x ye al an 8 Sa Aa za Ss * i aS a ot eo —— er ‘Since = 0 and he sil abl ae ot te apa comple ‘ow eo can top he afi arable ste row ef Zi he ee ‘ton pas af eon Be tg ve ht er ‘Seal i ite pia aon Kei en Hetetoe 242 Opinion Met 2.34 arther Considerations ‘he Dual Problem. The egal LP problem (26D, (282) and (248) can sbveyetefrmlaed as oe ef eosig XP» OX oN Sec a Sonam os = Sanrh team 290 mp0 ates osm “Thien te ace by expensing equates 2 fom. Now at We 6 a ‘Recht dee cnet ke egress Satien on cane epzadby Be fosoing Wolnegais Bann Sane om “eb 95. a7 ll rl ri, wa oS ome 10 aa Zansy tae exon a0 oe eae scent ont atten ee neem se sta tn ors we amen sehen neaenat Dept gicepateoilne e e petgpinnmin me ae eee isboe eines mca Sees ee wee eenes eeisorecteckiinee merece Simiaisnteieurscee commer pomp Soon ome at eerie oe epee Aaa eisse ears oss Sa ees "ithe pia rome nh anda orm: fo Be any San : ay mao iets an ‘ene conepntit alpen ht A yo at 9% 2 option Mees oS eiyomm aw Coe exw es ann ‘A ima prem in any fhe forms (29) ou 297 2108) tough (2s) nay changed nya by ge owing Sve 4 epceanueonrie rly ecient 9 momen ab, 4 ce on txqay carat thon ona ang Sek or ue ‘bl auc inca come byro pone nse ‘We casinos corespniec eer he Ga asain 2 peal cosa ang betwen eh ema vane and eh Scan eS exh lege. - seen min percha a i: ys ax aun (2108) acai be rage in wih cans in >not change ‘Se a oft pin sn tt eal be abe fhe bese vanes, Semulivity Ansty. The opin ston safle by he cons So ale ety hea me ‘Be sensty af te sin Shag i haw colic sot oh Sesh pon Chau nan al ang a Se runs, Te sonst) las might computing ole ima von frsach te, Die he ar tant ec ie oie ayy and respectively Changer Sa Sh Bc as ‘Sehr moaid als ay, by ab eye Be SENS en) ‘in hich andy ae negative Sea Cela of Band Yan be 2..Ginen th geen eda con Subtiute X=X" a8 and deriv a oma foro Conegoding she ‘inum vae OF arab Xm fax -ays, e242 Assumig te Int) plat XF=(0, cary out miinzaons in wo ‘ccs dicts fe seeps sce in emma tach eon i Te fla dia Eerie 24 lave ah ons ‘epee mete me 2B ne ae EES 1222 Opmtain Mee 246 Stow at scemiv deco of suet deena etogna 9 ee {oversee of 230, 2 Give he fncon Foxt-anyXf eX} ox} 245 a Stach ie conbu/n45, 8, f= 6nd pc of a 2, Mimize he fn, string the ial pit X7=(0 I] by te aug denne meta. Ue quai inteplation for he oe ‘err mins rdsu papal the des of me. Seb bye conju pat eo 24 Compe ro ans fhe ato of ngs and cone [Faden tring toa gen poo forbs owing ceo a 80 a peap aed —ax, 20m 2.9 Sole pobems a, By he pocelue deste it Sect 233. Show aly the conrad oben anton ccs nce [End what ange we may vr be caer oy ne ne fabeton) without aging th as fhe opti sub. See dal ‘hon mn vey atlas fein ee fa pode a ei, . e825 + mae 3h oye 10 peer) ® eX) Hh min xine. Pret) “rane 2.10 Soe problems by he oct et Set. 233 * 20%,420,-9 mm Midis Mees ayicx 22 wabo 231 Gite he elem 280) 33405-9790 «Sve yt exter pny futon fo 7201 r= 1, Show egy "WG ans fn of X= yf Oe a Soe byte near ey unos ey 74 = ODL. Stow gapialy "Fier fecton of 2X, = Fy forth to ver off Go he xmplton arr = Osta ie option «Steby emp spanee mae eh 2.1 Gre te poi 220: my? aia eo «Sov by te exer ey fan fo 9} = 0.7 + 108. Sow ppiealy onus of = 1,7 a fork » Seb merely inte 9 =1.0, 7 onbusef¥= 510 1Strexh ca 1. Stow pany 200-17 05 sin 124 2 Opinion Meds Save by he anges Lange map medodsllons Wie he exes espe Langan wing Basing sab herbs = peti dre Rea pany epi Wi 2 11 Repent ps8, esing wah = 246 Salve he pb of ae 211 by be method ffs ens. ‘erm ro ites, sing a he lone XT =, 4). Show sgialy the Gros ol move nthe es 8, 2.15 Given te poe zaX220X} min hekede0 Ste i da pol nm lone a fre opm aus of Saas Whar ce ae opumun vals of he pomal nde Sa ese 2.16 Given te poten antjem-30 perues arery fax Sntos0 Sve he len ng al edad. Fn te ota vale of he snl nd ual ven th po an a ejeive cos De he ols ‘actor prem end vote oe, 3. Approximation Concepts reel mai cei en opi Sg ens the Mod Snptatonal cst sou oe song lag ale woken, Appl spposinateeconcp src pasa hve bs mead ‘Blowing chancernr fe tae ten ~ The prob (number of varies and conse) usualy age Fa ‘let ileal eas ne alan Yau ae ode ude eh a ‘Seana conde cn ~ TRecamarcre ly ipl anton fe sg vale, Thai ‘nana te cena frat pee esis cesses at ‘Stan eqsions Inn ts ose equa oe cont cvates wah eet den vr ~ now he sits apa Sega poten sire and const of ‘eps aan (ome oy redenge aoe ie me of eS ‘pte alas analy aca fe proton sane oe pt sn pens ach ees invtes exes calls nd ‘be eden se Cnty he a compte ip ‘csc joie, Incoocio i powat moe he eat Ske ‘terms the ign vr nt wee compu Cts ‘beste sleet deg poems Is cop at oa eb {Right nne many im malas a sie prt Sg ‘pleas In src opumeaa, be as ae wi ee mo fe Soomaali ea ponent set Sete pac ec — "ahs ape apgocmaion corp cura pinion ae died in Sot ttf ean dave of aplcemen ih eget (ag ab ef induc. Tew rans mene tr ace ‘pximutces of Oe Cnet ad lesen saben ef te pieation ‘Mion tices vrti ec und marae onion cad aes ‘Slconseqcnal appoint are hen dacs In Sect varus ‘nocache or evauon dope, eee snd es ‘Soot din as we sen. \ 31 General Approximations SALA Design Sensiey Anagss Cdaaton of dues of te cana feos wth eect odin | ei en nt at end mg mo Free of ema ein, Sc ea of ree ‘Suu! eigus a cual nos gato” Cones the ‘Spleen amici) keer on the bjt ist fo dens fe cpacemens Desanes of esse ‘Stand handy aloceson be os Spleen eqns (12) o=sr 82) Baers king up he pe of senstvy andi sew nate at ‘Sisto (or he dmaomens ie fe compton 2 Sans mare Ko a rofast of oper ng main Unde Lovee ‘agate main u es) “Thi can be dace by spl reunie apritn, Te dopucenems se hen ‘raphy fora toed aba ‘era poke ih ndesign arabes 3) = 2 i cerence are aon he pace wid majo en ais equ ie wpe est for nr) ail sise maces. Howser, he ‘ever canbe aaa tly mr eet wa and he ae amie of seven whe ifr clas eet ‘Boe tes serie mae fr schol calaton of ae {he ducumad,Funhrdevopmane ura ne sowed by Ha 2 ‘Satan eet Meo, Jn his apc he diplomas we exrse n ms of Benepe sen sabes X ty 1) np ern ot pcb ye 2 3, a) later 3. Ger Aepiaions 127 ale na as, a es) shitanulttny emt Sosy ara meres See cotta gl sasreeae ra ie” an a os ten Pome on 1 tol be neg tat (39) and (1) ave te se cet marixK ‘hae, te evomposed frm (3.2) av, aly rear 2 ‘Md bnone a msde oe “oobam devas o asp plement we conpete OE vel oat Bowen eam ser ea ethinyl the ona aw any rote whet te nd veo sine of Os dep ries, amare eds) reed ie aK dy ey nth eps 0 er 4), Pema tee gace by 1K and ‘Rist 6.10) ye ‘header cor & i ean cf ete se eon Kye, ay soaing 1) 12 ges Bagg zu om wha Bet ade of he yet of K The ital mod ‘testo 3nd en clin of 3/0 by C8, "Numi ie er Xo aden ran the (3.1 aes Hav -yv ais, oe atin Vii y (8 Once ye (3:19 sed he i Tae veckr oe en (oa vrs Sc (13) a (ane We ime fice max K, agin cal ora and taka ‘Sate mater ‘Virtat-Lond Mee, This te lo hse Oe ssunpioe a he ‘Chena gles eens ems Beene Seg copie Reus ican of acca i er Soe WDE 2 alder needs uGe a9 were vit vec, ving a vale te aon an 05 ‘ewer butaenioe (6-10 wanteges BX Bree 2H egpoop = Baw of em “Te valde ec crependig te ond ee 5 enty Rp=0, ow Sig (18 07, ee oes wy ope a1 Sein 9 mo 019 efi mein or Be ts oi way ox vere V 5 pee by Gl he cleo of by (1, alae voy ld mats UU ecb ‘Tofiadte eae vse Ve te? i fie cmp ymin be ‘18 The ose aes compas (3.2). peas hee oi re penn of Sas artes RAN Oat odiiendaat ean Ine calles of Ke sites mate a he meme. Ky can feemated (2) noes ay prs Beer “ om ‘Tevet rf and coating be edu conic ose depees of many set Ses tons ier etn of, Tha 023) Fat a2) cr stn, ig i tt Bee orto eras 1305 Asin Cone Using te ajinaaie meted, he unowe vee feat by shin 2 th om he define ohne, 59, 29 so eat gins (13) canbe ena KE=0 29 conaring (26) nd 2.1, Xsan be sen ate ear vecr Stato te via plement vee #2 ae om seiiaig 629 no 19 eee wy =upry i chat 2 te ty vie ‘Shiela sar se rane Sexy ® 0» Shining 0.25 1.94.10 gre wy eapey as Spingatatormrtt spon nent ipenanrts seems onc Seber ete ar ae See ee Meee Hevea neat nica sie So veeenaraemume yaaa s ieee croieoa eae gunmen e Sa cee e ee oueanas SSeS apa cai 7a opizeent vcs by (3.18. Ts, pombe operation fr Be 0 ‘sete eral Ine it mete umber fi ha ie te dein by (35) where mis sunt of ng conto Depenng on va of Jann ne mst nt pte one erected com he it ntfs an ee ‘Sth Hower soa te cepaoed atm mon deen er sis ‘il dno omar nde mane fdas woe Seybeeone tee ume of ria coma cs angen wb nee of Isc fae sme edt he ae f Senn en Feige hs epee se nr en [Ale medode gu cao of 3/3, (86 sme cases ‘mse exes or ue eats ae canter an expen Far thee mans JK 3, ane ompued yf tesa, Ticombin ot ‘eal dees of coupled wh ne eee erate of fst ivi knows be ve anand mcd Uso sme ‘Boel err fe se pcs ale Seem of des say ei Tat ane ee inter ipcenes becom intr fg erate mero ag conse Example SL Comite tes rts how ni 1. Te etiam LT an ox of 1829 Agponinatin Cot ‘vee ofa csely 30,0 Asumig ens x19, 19 £7 (0.0565, 006 ect finde ees a X* [at at) ae |) | sme, hs Viet cindy 28) ofS" onl-Le i} feem)* tse a] ‘ein 0.08 soft 8) aera [Gone on “aD sake lf MEE bet) eee Sebiing (0) md) 15 goes « s 2. 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