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Drying Techniques: Conventional vs Enhanced

The document discusses various drying mechanisms and processes. It describes drying as the removal of liquid from materials through transport and evaporation. The drying mechanism involves the transport of energy and liquid through pores to the meniscus where evaporation occurs. Common drying processes include conventional drying where evaporation occurs from the wet surface and enhanced drying where evaporation occurs from menisci and smaller pores. The document also discusses freeze drying which works by freezing the material and reducing pressure to allow frozen water to sublime from solid to gas phase below the triple point of water.

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Faziri Abdul Haq
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9 views9 pages

Drying Techniques: Conventional vs Enhanced

The document discusses various drying mechanisms and processes. It describes drying as the removal of liquid from materials through transport and evaporation. The drying mechanism involves the transport of energy and liquid through pores to the meniscus where evaporation occurs. Common drying processes include conventional drying where evaporation occurs from the wet surface and enhanced drying where evaporation occurs from menisci and smaller pores. The document also discusses freeze drying which works by freezing the material and reducing pressure to allow frozen water to sublime from solid to gas phase below the triple point of water.

Uploaded by

Faziri Abdul Haq
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

9/16/2015

DRYING
(conventional vs enhanced)

Solid Liquid Separation

9/16/2015

Drying
Drying is removal of liquid from materials by means of its its
transport and evaporation.

Drying is a highly energy-intensive process


An effective and efficient drying process can significantly
decrease total production costs

Drying Mechanism
Mechanism of drying:
Transport of energy into the wetted material
Transport of liquid through pores to the
meniscus
Evaporation at the meniscus
Transport of vapor through pores
Transport of vapor to surroundings

9/16/2015

Drying Mechanism (2)


T, P
Po

Po : saturated vapor pressure


T : absolute temperature
Vmol : molar volume
r : meniscus radius

Rate of Evaporation
Mass transport from wetted surface

kg : mass transport coefficient


Po : saturated vapor pressure at temperature T
Pi : vapor pressure in bulk

Heat transport
h : heat transport coefficient
T : bulk temperature
Ts : temperature at wetted surface
: heat of evaporation at temperature T

9/16/2015

Dry and Wet Bulb Temperature


In case of water evaporation and the process is
adiabatic
flowing air

wet

dry
H : absolute humidity
Hs : absolute humidity at saturation

Relative Humidity and


Absolute Humidity
Absolute humidity, H
mass of water / mass of dry air

Relative humidity, RH

p : partial water pressure


ps : saturates water pressure = Po
P : total pressure
Mw : molecular weight of water
Ma : molecular weight of air

9/16/2015

Psychrometric Chart

Drying Process

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Drying Process (2)


A : evaporation from wet external surface, heating rate >
evaporation rate
B : similar to A, but heating rate = evaporation rate, liquid at the
external surface may be replenished by interparticle liquid
to cause shringkage
C : evaporation from menisci of liquid in pores begins. The rate
of transport < evaporation rate
D : evaporation from smaller pores and interparticle distances.
The remaining liquid can be removed above boiling point of
the liquid or long exposure of heating

Drying Process (3)

9/16/2015

Drying Process (4)

Moisture content

Low Temperature Drying


wetted air

compressor

drying chamber

valve

warm dry air


condensate

9/16/2015

Freeze Drying
Also called lyophilization or cryodesiccation
Freeze-drying works by freezing the material
and then reducing the surrounding pressure
and adding enough heat to allow the frozen
water in the material to sublime directly from
the solid phase to the gas phase.
Operating condition is below the triple point

Freeze Drying (2)


Water phase diagram

1 atm = 760 torr

9/16/2015

Freeze Drying (3)

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