Dr.
BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Presentation on
Pointers , Virtual Functions and Polymorphism.
By ,
Ruturaj Nalawade
Sanjay Bidkar
Swapnil Sarwade
Under the Guidance of ,
Mrs . Ladda
POINTERS
INTRODUCTION
POINTERS ARE THE
VARIABLES WHICH HOLDS
THE ADDRESSES OF OTHER
VARIABLES.
POINTER VARIABLES ARE
DENOTED BY
* PTR
POINTERS ARE THE DERIVED
DATA TYPES.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
E.g. :=
{
int i , *j;
i= 3;
j = &i;
cout<<The value of i is \t<<i<<endl;
cout<<The value of *j is \t<<*j;
}
Output : :
The value of i is 3
The value of *j is 3
INTRODUCTION CONT.
E.g. :=
{
int i , *j;
i= 3;
j = &i;
cout<<The value of i is \t<<i<<endl;
*j
cout<<The value of *j is \t<<*j;
}
Output : :
The value of i is 3
The value of *j is 3
Introduction - Cont.
How the *j gets the value of i ?
int i , *j ;
Variable
65524
65522
Names
Value
Memory
Address
Introduction - Cont.
How the *j gets the value of i ?
int i , *j ;
i=3;
Variable
Names
Value
Memory
Address
3
65524
65522
Introduction - Cont.
How the *j gets the value of i ?
int i , *j ;
i=3;
j=&i;
Variable
65524
65524
65522
Names
Value
Memory
Address
*j refers to the value at address j.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
Pointers are used for memory management and
achieving polymorphism.
C++
adds the concept of
CONSTANT POINTER
& POINTER TO A CONSTANT . :=
INTRODUCTION - CONT.
1. Constant Pointer
Declaration
::
data type * const pointer
INTRODUCTION - CONT.
2. Pointer to a Constant ::
data type const * pointer
3.
const data type * const pointer
POINTERS TO OBJECTS Pointers can point to an object created by
class .
Declaration : classname object;
classname * pointer;
Definition
: pointer = & object;
POINTERS TO OBJECTS - CONT.
Object pointers are useful in creating
objects at run time.
We can also use an object pointer to access
the public members & member function
of an object , by using -> operator and
the object pointer .
POINTERS TO OBJECTS CONT.
E.g.
pointer -> getdata( );
We can also use
( * pointer ) . function( );
THIS POINTER
C++ uses keyword this to represent an
object that invokes a member function.
E.g. The function call A. max( ) will set the
pointer this to the address of the object A.
E.g. To access private variables inside a
member function
a=123;
or
this -> a = 123;
THIS POINTER - APPLICATIONS
In operator overloading using member
function we use implicitly 'this pointer.
The another important application of the
pointer 'this' is to return the object it
points to .
POINTERS TO DERIVED CLASS
Pointers to objects of a base class are
type compatible with pointers to objects of
a derived class.
A single pointer variable can be made to
point to objects belonging to different
classes.
POINTERS TO DERIVED CLASS
CONT.
e.g.
B *cptr;
B b;
D d;
cptr = & b;
we can also make cptr to point to the object
d as follows:
cptr = & d
POINTERS TO DERIVED CLASS
CONT.
Base Class
Derived Class
Public:
a,b
Public / Private /
Protected :
Private /
Protected:
c,d
e,f,g,h
If cptr = & d;
cptr
a,b
POINTERS TO DERIVED CLASS
CONT.
This shows that , although a base pointer
can be made to point to any number of
derived objects, it can not directly access
the members defined by a derived class.
To access the members defined by a
derived class , cast base pointer to the
derived class type.
POINTERS TO DERIVED CLASS
CONT.
E.g
. Casting
dptr -> show ( ) ;
( ( DC * ) bptr ) -> show ( ) ;
VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS
VIRTUAL FUNCTION
The application of polymorphism is the
ability to refer the objects without any
regard to their classes.
This necessitates the use of a single
pointer variable to refer to the objects of
different classes.
VIRTUAL FUNCTION CONT.
By making the function 'virtual' in base
class C++ determines which function to
use at run time based on the type of object
pointed to by the base pointer , rather
than the type of the pointer.
Runtime polymorphism is achieved only
when a virtual function is accessed
through a pointer to the base class.
VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS - RULES
1. The virtual functions must be members
2.
3.
4.
5.
of some class.
They cannot be static members.
They are accessed by using object
pointers.
A virtual function can be friend of other
function.
A virtual function in a base class must be
defined , even though it may not be used.
RULES CONT.
6. We cannot have a virtual constructors,
but we can have virtual destructors.
7. While a base pointer can point to any
type of derived object, the reverse is not
true.
RULES CONT.
8. The prototypes of the base class version
of a virtual function and all the derived
class versions must be identical.
9. When a base pointer points to a derived
class , incrementing or decrementing it
will not make it to point to the next
object of the derived class.
RULES CONT.
[Link] a virtual function is define in the base
class ,it need not be necessarily redefined
in the derived class.
POLYMORPHISM
POLYMORPHISM
Polymorphism is crucial feature of
Object Oriented Programming.
Polymorphism simply means one name
having multiple forms.
POLYMORPHISM - CONT.
Polymorphism
is the genie in OOP who
takes instruction from clients and properly
interprets their wishes.
Ira Pohl, Object Oriented Programming
using C++.
POLYMORPHISM CONT.
Definition:
Polymorphism is the ability to create a
variable, a function or an object that has
more than one form.
EXAMPLE:
For example:
The + (plus) operator in C++:
4+5
<-- Integer addition
3.14 + 2.0 <-- Floating point addition
s1 + "bar" <-- String concatenation!
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM
Polymorphism
Compile-time
Polymorphism
Function
Overloading
Operator
Overloading
Run-time
Polymorphism
Virtual
Function
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM
In
compile time polymorphism, compiler
is able to select the appropriate function
a particular call at the compile time.
In
run time polymorphism, an appropriate
member function is selected while the
program is running.
BENEFITS OF
POLYMORPHISM
Simplicity:
This makes your code easier for you to write
and easier for others to understand.
Extensibility:
Polymorphism design and implements
system that are more extensible.
REFERENCES :
Let us C++
by Yeshwant Kanetkar.
Object Oriented Programming with C++
by E . BALAGURUSAMY.
Internet.
THANK YOU !!