INTRODUCTION
Linear algebra is the study of linear sets of equations and their
transformation properties. Linear algebra allows the analysis
of rotations in space, least squares fitting, solution of coupled differential
equations, determination of a circle passing through three given points, as
well as many other problems in mathematics, physics, and engineering.
Confusingly, linear algebra is not actually an algebra in the technical
sense of the word "algebra" (i.e., a vector space over a field , and so
on).
The matrix and determinant are extremely useful tools of linear algebra.
One central problem of linear algebra is the solution of the matrix
equation
for . While this can, in theory, be solved using a matrix inverse
other techniques such as Gaussian elimination are numerically more
robust.
In addition to being used to describe the study of linear sets of equations,
the term "linear algebra" is also used to describe a particular type of
algebra. In particular, a linear algebra over a field has the structure of
a ring with all the usual axioms for an inner addition and an inner
multiplication together with distributive laws, therefore giving it more
structure than a ring. A linear algebra also admits an outer operation of
multiplication by scalars (that are elements of the underlying field ). For
example, the set of all linear transformations from a vector space to
itself over a field forms a linear algebra over . Another example of a
linear algebra is the set of all real square matrices over the field of the
real numbers.