unisel

UNIVERSITI SELANGOR

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
(FasBIO)
GENETICS LAB BBS 1134
(fingerprint analysis)
(LECTURER: [Link] AKMAL SULAIMAN)
GROUP 3
Devaraj a/l Ravindran 4111018161
Jeevitha a/p Tana sakaran 4111016861
Sujatha a/p kanniappan 4111009531
Premkumar a/l Subramaniam 4111017391
Theevindran a/l Kesavan 4111017311
Paveanthen a/l Ramachandran 4111023071

INTRODUCTION:
Fingerprint pattern will be examined in this experiment (polygenic inheritance). From the
population of male and female students in the genetics lab class will explored how the traits of
TRC illustrated the polygenic inheritance model by using the fingerprint total ridge count (TRC).
The polygenic inheritance model will describe the nature of fingerprint ridge patterns.
Environmental influences on the expression of a number of interacting genes resulted fingerprint
ridge patterns. In finger ridge formation, at least seven genes are thought to be involved.
(Penrose, 1969). There are 3 main types of fingerprint patterns: arch, loop (radial or ulnar), and
whorl. Arch is with no triradius and a ridge count of 0, loop is with one triradius and a ridge
count of 12 and whorl is with two triradii and a ridge count of 15 is surrounded by fields of
ridges. If triradius is on the side of the little finger and the loop opens towards the thumb, it is
called radial loop. An ulnar loop is its triradius is on the side of the thumb and the loop opens
towards the little [Link] average TRC of all 10 fingers are founded, for males are 145 and for
females are 126. By looking at the general population, the fingerprint ridges patterns tend to be:
arch, 5.0%; radial loop, 5.4%; ulnar loop, 63.5%; and whorl, 26.1%.



OBJECTIVE:
To classify the fingerprints into arch, loop or whorl and determines the total ridge count (TRC) for full set
fingerprints of the class members.
MATERIALS:
Stamp pad
Sheet plain white paper
Magnifying glass

METHODS:

1. A stamp pad was prepared.
2. One of the fingers has been rubbed in a circular motion on the stamp pad, making sure all of the
triradii on the fingerprint covered with ink. Then the finger was pressed against a white paper
and result was recorded in a table.
3. This process was repeated by preparing a print of each 10 fingers.
4. Each print was examined carefully. A magnifying glass was used to classify the pattern (arch,
loop, and whorl) and determined the ridge count for each print.
5. Fingerprint pattern data, total ridge count and sex data was obtained from the whole class.

OBSERVATION:
1. What is the average TRC for the class?

3060/ 25 = 122.4

2. What is the average TRC for the males and females in the class?

Male: 1233/ 9 = 137
Female: 1827/16 = 114.19

3. How does your TRC compare to the average for the class? The average for your sex?

DEVA PREM PAVE JEEVI SUJA
TRC 144 114 145 106 103
AVERAGE OF
SEX
137 137 137 114.19 114.19
AVERAGE OF
THE CLASS
122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4 122.4


4. (a) Is there a difference between male and female average TRCs?

Yes. Average TRC of males is higher than average TRC of females.


(b) What might account for this difference?

Gene expression for female and male are different. Active alleles of male produce
different ridge count from female.

(c) How do the class data compare to the average published by Holt (1968): 145 for
males and 126 for females?

The average published by Holt for males is 146 and the average of TRC of males in my
class is 137, which is nearly to the average TRC of Holts. Where else, average published
by Holt for females is 126 and the average of TRC of males in class is 114.29. The
different between 126 and 114.9 are 11.81. Both ratios are 1:1.

5. In your own words, summarize and described the histogram you produced from the
class data. How do the data collected by your class compare to Figure 23.2?

The higher total ridge count (TRC) is between 120 to 130. There are 6 students who
having higher TRC. The lowest TRC is 70-80 and 90-100. 2 students are having lower
TRC. The data was collected by doing group discussion.

6. If you had collected TRC data from more people, do you think the histogram for this
larger sample of data would look different from the one you prepared? Explain.

Yes. Because everyone has different kinds of ridge count.

RESULTS:
(Table 23.2, Data sheet for fingerprints was attached behind the report)
Table 23.3
RECORD OF CLASS DATA FOR FINGERPRINT PATTERNS, TOTAL RIDGE COUNT, AND SEX OF
STUDENTS
NUMBER OF FINGERS HAVING
STUDENTS LOOP WHORL ARCH TRC SEX
1 4 6 0 124 Female
2 1 9 0 120 Female
3 8 2 0 122 Female
4 1 9 0 124 Female
5 2 8 0 144 Male
6 8 2 0 144 Male
7 4 3 3 114 Male
8 9 1 0 141 Male
9 2 4 4 96 Female
10 7 3 0 106 Female
11 7 1 2 106 Female
12 3 5 2 103 Female
13 3 5 2 139 Male
14 6 1 3 132 Male
15 3 6 1 138 Male
16 4 6 0 136 Male
17 4 0 6 76 Female
18 5 4 1 117 Female
19 5 3 2 122 Female
20 7 0 3 119 Female
21 10 0 0 120 Female
22 7 0 3 126 Female
23 2 8 0 126 Female
24 0 10 0 120 Female
25 1 9 0 145 Male

TOTALS 113 105 32 3060
PERCENTAGES
OF TOTALS
45.2% 42% 12.8%
MEAN TRC 122.4
MEAN TRC,
FEMALES
114.19
MEAN TRC,
MALES
137
(Histogram for whole class was attached behind the report)



DISCUSSION:
A SAMPLE OF DATA
The following fingerprint data were collected from 36 individuals participating in a workshop at Ball
State University (Figure 23.2). The average TRC for the 19males in the sample population was 149.2 and
that for the females was 129.6. These results compare favorably with those reported by Holt (1968) :
145 for males and for 126 for females.
The frequencies for the different fingerprint patterns for the 36 participants in the workshop also
compared favorably with Holts (1968) data from the general population:
WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS GENERAL POPULATION
LOOP 62.2% 68.9%
WHORL 29.7% 26.1%
ARCH 8.1% 5.0%
TOTALS 100.0% 100.0%

EXTEND YOUR UNDERSTANDING WITH ADDITIONAL TRC PROBLEMS
Total fingerprint ridge count exemplifies a polygenic inheritance pattern. Penrose (1969) and others
have suggested that a minimum of seven gene loci contribute to TRC, but a four-locus model is
hypothesized in the problems that follow. Thus, AABBCCDD represents the genotype for maximum ridge
count and aabbccdd symbolizes the genotype for the minimum ridge count. Assume that each active
allele adds 10 ridges to the TRC of the males and 8 to the TRC of the female and that has genotype
aabbccdd produces a baseline TRC of 70 for males and 60 for females.
1. Predict the TRC for each of the following individuals.
GENOTYPE MALE FEMALE
AABBCCDD 150 124
AabbccDd 90 76
AaBBCcDD 130 108
aaBbCCDd 110 92


2. Write the genotype of parents who are heterozygous for all four genes.
Write the genotype of their child who has the maximum number of active alleles possible.
a. What are the TRCs for the parents and their child (assume that the child is a male)?

PARENTS: AaBbCcDd (TRC :202)

CHILD: AABBCCDD (TRC : 150)

b. Calculate the probability that these parents would produce a child with the minimum
number of active alleles. Show your calculations.
P( Aabbccdd , aaBbccdd, aabbCcdd, aabbccDd)
= (

) + (

) + (

) + (

)
= 1/32

3. If an AaBbCcDd male mates with an AaBbCCDD female,
a. What is the minimum number of ridge-producing genes possible in one of their children?
aabbCcDd
b. What would be the TRC for this child if it is a male and a female?
Male: 90 Female: 76
c. If this child is a male, will he have a higher or lower TRC than the parent with the lower ridge
count?
Lower. ( child (90) < male parent (110) )
d. What is the maximum number of ridge-producing genes possible in a child of this couple?
AABBCCDD : 150 (male)
e. If this child is a female, will she have a higher or lower TRC than the parent with the higher
ridge count? Explain.

female child male parent with highest
TRC
genotype AABBCCDD AaBbCcDd
TRC 134 110

Therefore, the TRC of child is more than TRC of male parent.

4. If an AaBBCcdd male mates with an AABbCcDd female,
a. What is the minimum number of active alleles possible in a child this couple could produce?
AaBbccdd
b. What would be the probability of producing a child with the minimum number of active
alleles? Show your calculations.

P(AaBbccdd)
= x x x
= 1/64
c. What would be the TRC for this child if it were male and female?
Male: 90 Female: 76
5. How would you expect your TRC to compare with that of your parent, siblings, and
grandparents?

6. In solving problems 1-4, you made some predictions of TRCs based on the genotypes of the
individuals involved. Suppose we could measure the TRCs for some people with those genotypes
and found the actual values to be different from those predicted by your calculations. How
would you explain these discrepancies?

These discrepancies might be due to the influence of other genes rather than the 4 genes
focused in calculation. Basically there are 7 genes affecting the ridge count, however only 4
genes were consider having the highest level of influence.

7. Write a paragraph in which you discuss the genetic and environmental components of
multifactorial inheritance.

Some multifactorial traits are often expressed more frequently in one or the other sex. For
example, TRC tend to be higher in males. One subgroup of multifactorial traits, such as TCR,
exhibit a threshold effect. This refers to the condition that one must have a certain number of
genes for the trait to express. In the case of TCR female have a higher threshold and must have
more genes to express the trait


CONCLUSION:
The result shows that the class population altogether has 320 fingers. 129 of them are loop, 153
are whorl and 38 are arch. These shows that whorls and loops are more common in both
gender and arch are rare. The results also show that the mean for the TRC in female is lower
than the mean of the male TRC.


REFENRENCES:
Title: polygenic inheritance fingerprint ridge count. Accessed from:
[Link]
s___fingerpri_L82841.html. Accessed date: 18/10/2011.