Scribd
Upload
13 views6 pages

Understanding Polar and Nonpolar Bonds

This document discusses different types of covalent bonds: 1) Polar covalent bonds where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges. Water and hydrogen chloride are examples of polar molecules with polar bonds. 2) Nonpolar covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally between atoms. Diatomic molecules like hydrogen gas are nonpolar. 3) Coordinate covalent bonds where one atom donates both electrons in the bond. Hydronium and ammonium ions are examples where hydrogen bonds this way.

Uploaded by

jerm655
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views6 pages

Understanding Polar and Nonpolar Bonds

This document discusses different types of covalent bonds: 1) Polar covalent bonds where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges. Water and hydrogen chloride are examples of polar molecules with polar bonds. 2) Nonpolar covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally between atoms. Diatomic molecules like hydrogen gas are nonpolar. 3) Coordinate covalent bonds where one atom donates both electrons in the bond. Hydronium and ammonium ions are examples where hydrogen bonds this way.

Uploaded by

jerm655
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

December 11, 2009

Covalent - a "sharing" of electrons between two nonmetals

1. Polar Covalent Bond - shared unequally (unequal distribution of charge)


H -- Cl H Cl The bigger the difference
in e-neg, the more polar.
N -- O N S

O -- F O F
slightly positive slightly negative

Polar Bonds
When atoms of different electronegativities form a bond, the electrons tend to be more controlled by the
atom with the higher electronegativity.
The resulting bond is a dipole -- it has a slight negative charge on the higher electronegativity side, and a
slight positive charge on the other end.
This type of bond is called a polar bond. Examples of polar bonded molecules include hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and water (H2O).

Polar Molecules
Not all molecules with polar bonds are polar molecules. To be a polar molecule, the entire molecule must be
a dipole - it must have slightly positive and slightly negative ends.
Hydrochloric acid is a polar molecule, since it has positive and negative ends.
December 11, 2009

Polar Molecules - are made from polar bonds and result in a


dipole (two poles d+ and d-)

a) H2O - water O H O H
H H

b) NH 3 - ammonia H N H H N H
H H

c) HF - hydrogen fluoride H F H F
December 11, 2009

2. Nonpolar Covalent Bond- electrons are shared equally(unequal distribution


of charge)

A) If the electronegativities are equal. (same pull on e- pair)


ex. all diatomic molecules

H H F F Cl Cl Br Br

I I O O N N

50% 50% (each has equal share of electron pair)

ex. F F
4.0 4.0 (same e - neg's pulling in opposite directions)
December 11, 2009

B. Structurally Balanced
There are molecules that are nonpolar overall even though
they are composed of polar bonds.

ex1. CO
2

ex 2. CH
4 methane

CCl4 carbon tetrachloride


December 11, 2009

3. Coordinate covalent - both e-s in a bond are donated by one atom alone
+
A. ex1) water gains an H to form hydronium ion

ex2) Ammonia gains an H+ to become ammonium ion

B. Carbon donates a pair to oxygen in carbon monoxide.

:C=O:
Carbon does not fulfill the octet rule so
oxygen donates one pair to the double bond.
December 11, 2009

C. When there are no more unpaired electrons, atoms like oxygen


can shift it's electrons to make room for an unused pair.

O S O=S
O O

You might also like