Title : Determine the area of the flower plot such that the cost of
constructing the garden is minimum.
Part 1 (Bahagian 1)
(a) Collection of pictures of things that related to circles or parts of circle.
Pengumpulan 5 objek ang berlkaitan dengan buatan atau sebahagian daripada
bulatan.
!
(b) (i) Definition of Pi ()
The number P"# denoted b the $reek letter % & pronounced 'pie'# is one of the
most common constants in all of mathematics. "t is the circumference of an circle#
di(ided b its diameter. )obod knows its e*act (alue# because no matter how man
digits ou calculate it to# the number ne(er ends. +or most practical uses# ou can assume
it is ,.!-..
"n /uclidean plane geometr# % is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its
diameter:
The ratio C0d is constant# regardless of a circle's si1e. +or e*ample# if a circle has twice
the diameter d of another circle it will also ha(e twice the circumference C# preser(ing
the ratio C0d.
2rea of the circle 3 % 4 area of the shaded s5uare
2lternati(el % can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area to the area of a s5uare
whose side is e5ual to the radius:
These definitions depend on results of /uclidean geometr# such as the fact that all circles
are similar. This can be considered a problem when % occurs in areas of mathematics that
otherwise do not in(ol(e geometr. +or this reason# mathematicians often prefer to define
% without reference to geometr# instead selecting one of its analtic properties as a
definition. 2 common choice is to define % as twice the smallest positi(e * for which
cos(*) 3 6.
.
b(ii) Brief History of Pi ()
The ancient 7ablonians calculated the area of a circle b taking , times the s5uare of its
radius# which ga(e a (alue of pi 3 ,. 8ne 7ablonian tablet (ca. !966:!;<6 7C) indicates
a (alue of ,.!.5 for pi# which is a closer appro*imation.
"n the /gptian =hind Paprus (ca.!;56 7C)# there is e(idence that the /gptians
calculated the area of a circle b a formula that ga(e the appro*imate (alue of ,.!;65 for
pi.
The ancient cultures mentioned abo(e found their appro*imations b measurement. The
first calculation of pi was done b 2rchimedes of >racuse (.<?:.!. 7C)# one of the
greatest mathematicians of the ancient world. 2rchimedes appro*imated the area of a
circle b using the Pthagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular polgons: the
polgon inscribed within the circle and the polgon within which the circle was
circumscribed. >ince the actual area of the circle lies between the areas of the inscribed
and circumscribed polgons# the areas of the polgons ga(e upper and lower bounds for
the area of the circle. 2rchimedes knew that he had not found the (alue of pi but onl an
appro*imation within those limits. "n this wa# 2rchimedes showed that pi is between ,
!0? and , !60?!.
2 similar approach was used b @u Chong1hi (-.9:56!)# a brilliant Chinese
mathematician and astronomer. @u Chong1hi would not ha(e been familiar with
2rchimedesA methodBbut because his book has been lost# little is known of his work. Ce
calculated the (alue of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter to be
,550!!,. To compute this accurac for pi# he must ha(e started with an inscribed regular
.-#5?;&gon and performed length calculations in(ol(ing hundreds of s5uare roots
carried out to 9 decimal places.
Dathematicians began using the $reek letter % in the !?66s. "ntroduced b Eilliam Fones
in !?6;# use of the smbol was populari1ed b /uler# who adopted it in !?,?.
2n !<th centur +rench mathematician named $eorges 7uffon de(ised a wa to calculate
pi based on probabilit.
,
Part 2 (Bahagian 2)
(a)
d
!
d
.
Length of arc
PQR (cm)
Panjang
lengkok PQR
(cm)
Length of arc
PAB (cm)
Panjang
lengkok PAB
(cm)
Length of arc
BCR (cm)
Panjang
lengkok BCR
(cm)
! !! ; % 6.5 % 5.5 %
. !6 ; % ! % 5 %
, 9 ; % !.5 % 4.5 %
- < ; % . % -%
5 ? ; % ..5 % 3.5%
; ; ; % , % 3 %
? 5 ; % ,.5 % 2.5 %
< - ; % - % 2 %
9 , ; % -.5 % 1.5 %
!6 . ; % 5 % 1 %
!! ! ; % 5.5 % 6.5 %
Relation beteen length of arc PQR, PAB an! BCR
Hubungan antara panjang lengkok PQR, PAB an! BCR
"he length of arc PQR is e#$al to the s$m of length of arc PAB an! arc BCR%
Panjang lengkok PQR adalah sama dengan jumlah panjang lengkok PAB dan panjang
lengkok BCR
-
(b)
(a)
d
!
d
.
d ,
Length of
arc PQR
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
PQR (cm)
Length of
arc PAB
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
PAB (cm)
Length of
arc BCD
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
BCD (cm)
Length of
arc D&R
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
DR (cm)
! . 9 ; % 6.5 % ! % -.5 %
. , ? ; % ! % !.5 % ,.5 %
, - 5 ; % !.5 % . % ..5 %
- 5 , ; % . % ..5 % !.5 %
5 ; ! ; % ..5 % , % 6.5 %
"he length of arc PQR is e#$al to the s$m of length of arc PAB' BCD an! D&R%
Panjang lengkok PQR adalah sama dengan jumlah panjang lengkok PAB! BCD dan
DR.
(b) (eneralisation from "able (a) an! (b) " #es$mpulan da%$pada &adual (a) dan (')(
Get (2ndaikan) : $) *nne% sem$c$%cle (+em$ 'ula,an lua%an)
o)-u,e% sem$c$%cle (+em$ 'ula,an dalaman)
,n $ $ $
. . . . . .........
, . ! 6
+ + + =
# n 3 .#,# -#HH..
5
(c)
(i) Diameter semicircle PQR is 2) cm%
Diameter semibulatan PI= ialah .6cm.
d
!
d
.
d ,
Length of
arc PQR
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
PQR (cm)
Length of
arc PAB
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
PAB (cm)
Length of
arc BCD
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
BCD (cm)
Length of
arc D&R
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
DR (cm)
! . !? 1/ % 6.5 % 1 % 0.5 %
. , !5 !6 % ! % !.5 % ?.5 %
, - !, !6 % !.5 % . % ;.5 %
- 5 !! !6 % . % ..5 % 5.5 %
5 ; 9 !6 % ..5 % , % -.5 %
"he length of arc PQR is e#$al to the s$m of length of arc PAB' BCD an! D&R%
Panjang lengkok PQR adalah sama dengan jumlah panjang lengkok PAB! BCD dan
DR.
,n $ $ $
. . . . . .........
, . ! 6
+ + + =
# n 3 .#,# -#HH..
("r$e for !ifferent *al$es of !iameters)
(7enar bagi nilai diameter ang berbe1a)
;
(c)
(ii) Diameter semicircle PQR is +) cm%
Diameter semibulatan PI= ialah ,6cm.
d
!
d
.
d ,
Length of
arc PQR
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
PQR (cm)
Length of
arc PAB
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
PAB (cm)
Length of
arc BCD
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
BCD (cm)
Length of
arc D&R
(cm)
Panjang
lengkok
DR (cm)
! . .? 15 % 6.5 % 1 % 13.5 %
. , .5 !5 % ! % !.5 % !..5 %
, - ., !5 % !.5 % . % !!.5 %
- 5 .! !5 % . % ..5 % !6.5 %
5 ; !9 !5 % ..5 % , % 9.5 %
; ? !? !5 % , % ,.5 % <.5 %
? < !5 !5 % ,.5 % - % ?.5 %
< 9 !, !5 % - % -.5 % ;.5 %
"he length of arc PQR is e#$al to the s$m of length of arc PAB' BCD an! D&R%
Panjang lengkok PQR adalah sama dengan jumlah panjang lengkok PAB! BCD dan
DR.
,n $ $ $
. . . . . .........
, . ! 6
+ + + =
# n 3 .#,# -#HH..
("r$e for !ifferent *al$es of !iameters)
(7enar bagi nilai diameter ang berbe1a)
?
Part +
<
9
!6
!!
!.
!,
=/+G/CT"8)
2s a result of doing this project# " ha(e learnt and practised a few (alues such as
cooperation. " ha(e worked together with m classmates and also se(eral friends from
other schools in m district.
8ther than that# " ha(e also learnt the meaning of perse(erance and patience when " was
working on this assignment. The assignment was 5uite difficult but " still managed to
complete it with the help of teachers and friends.
!-
Doreo(er# hardwork and punctualit was (er important in this assignment to ensure that
we properl and consistentl worked on this project and submitted it to our teachers on
time.
This project ha(e taught me ne(er to gi(e up and to alwas push mself harder to achi(e
great results.
!5