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to Operation, Safety
and Licensing
DRIVERS
GUIDE
CARS & LIGHT TRUCKS
to Operation, Safety
and Licensing
CARS & LIGHT TRUCKS
DRIVERS
GUIDE
2 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Introduction
When you are in the drivers seat, a whole
new world opens to you. For drivers of all
ages, getting an operators licence can be a
rite of passage, providing opportunities for
employment, mobility and independence.
Driving involves responsibility
and risk. The following are the key skills
you must develop to prepare yourself for
this responsibility.
ATTITUDE:
Develop an attitude of safe and responsible
driving every time you drive.
AWARENESS:
Be aware of what is happening around you
as you drive, and always make responsible
decisions about hazards and problems.
KNOWLEDGE:
Learn and understand trafc laws and rules
of the road.
SKILL:
Enrol in driver education programs to
learn more about operating a motor
vehicle safely.
It takes education, training and practice
to develop this awareness, knowledge and
skill. Your attitude shows in the decisions
you make about being a responsible driver.
Be prepared to be courteous with other
road users. Always drive proactively.
Along with all the benets that motor
vehicles provide, there are also costs.
Beyond the direct costs of building and
maintaining our roadways, there are
environmental and human costs. Recent
statistics on road safety in Alberta show
that in 2008 there were 158,055 collisions
reported. In this year, 410 people were
killed in those collisions and 22,015 were
injured. Most collisions can be prevented.
The Ofce of Trafc Safety recommend
that you obtain training and education
from a licensed driving school to enhance
your knowledge and skill. Driver education
courses are available for the operation of
passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles,
and motorcycles.
If you require information about
schools that provide driver education, or
information about the testing process to
obtain an operators licence:
refer to your local directory
visit [Link]
(under Drivers and Vehicles)
contact a Driver Programs Administrator
in Edmonton 7804278901 or Calgary
4032976679. You can reach Alberta
Government ofces toll-free from
anywhere in the province by rst calling
3100000
INTRODUCTION 3
The following guides provide information
about the safe operation of cars and
light trucks, commercial vehicles, and
motorcycles, and the licensing of drivers and
riders. These guides provide information for
all classes of operator licences in Alberta,
and will help you obtain an Alberta operators
licence. Consider keeping the guides in your
vehicle as a reference.
A DRIVERS GUIDE TO OPERATION,
SAFETY AND LICENSING
Cars and Light Trucks
This guide provides information
for all drivers.
A COMMERCIAL DRIVERS GUIDE TO
OPERATION, SAFETY AND LICENSING
Trucks, Buses, Emergency Responders,
and Taxis
This guide provides information about
driving commercial vehicles. It is used with
A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and
Licensing. Both of these guides should be
used when preparing for the knowledge
test and when learning to operate trucks,
emergency response vehicles, taxis,
buses as well as when handling
dangerous goods.
A RIDERS GUIDE TO OPERATION,
SAFETY AND LICENSING
Motorcycles, Mopeds and Power-
Assisted Bicycles
This guide provides information on the
safe operation of motorcycles, mopeds
and power-assisted bicycles. It is used
with A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety
and Licensing.
GEARED TO GO: A WORKBOOK
FOR COACHING NEW DRIVERS
This guide assists coaches who are
providing supervision to new drivers
as they gain experience and skills.
Guides available:
Geared to Go
A Workbook for
Coaching New Drivers
4 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
The information in these guides explains
best practices for driving a vehicle, but
cannot cover all circumstances. You must
use judgment and a safety-rst attitude to
make decisions in real on-road situations.
These guides interpret the laws that
govern the movement of vehicles and
people on Alberta roadways. They are
guides only and have no legal authority.
The laws that apply to driving a vehicle
can be found in the Trafc Safety Act and
its related regulations. These documents
are available at [Link]/Laws_
[Link], and:

Queens Printer Bookstore
Main Floor, Park Plaza
1061198 Avenue
Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2P7

Tel: 7804274952
Fax: 7804520668
For toll free service anywhere in Alberta,
call 3100000, then the number.
For more driver and
vehicle information
Some registry agent ofces provide
knowledge tests and arrange road
tests with driver examiners. The driver
examiners operate independently and are
not employees of the registry.
To nd testing services, and
information about driver licensing and
vehicle registration:
visit [Link]/[Link]
visit the Association of Alberta Registries
at [Link]
refer to your local directory under
License and Registry Services
call 7804277013 (Service Alberta)
Contents
Licensing
Information
10 Graduated Driver Licensing
11 Knowledge test
11 Vision requirements
12 Class 5 road tests
13 Types of vehicles for licence class
14 For hire operator licence
requirements
14 Air brake endorsement (Q)
15 Licensed driver examiner
15 Operators licence
15 Applying for your Alberta
operators licence
16 Non-Alberta licence for tourists
and visitors
16 New Alberta residents
17 Medical requirements
18 Condition codes and
endorsements
19 Re-classing your licence
19 Replacing your Alberta operators
licence
19 Renewing your Alberta operators
licence
20 Updating your Alberta operators
licence
20 Registration and insurance

Trafc
Control
22 Trafc control signals
23 Pedestrian signals and signs
24 Lane reversal signals
25 Sign shapes and colours
26 Trafc regulatory signs
27 Trafc direction signs
27 Speed limit signs
28 Designated lane signs
29 Permissive signs
29 Prohibitive signs
30 School zones and areas
31 Playground zones and areas
32 Parking services for persons
with disabilities
32 TTY capabilities
33 Warning signs
36 Information and guide signs
37 Other signs
37 Construction
38 Pavement markings
39 Shared-use lanes
40 Other roadway markings

1 2
6 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
The Basics
of Driving
42 Pre-drive basics
43 Driving a vehicle with an
automatic transmission
44 Driving a vehicle with a
manual (standard) transmission
45 Steering
46 Signalling
47 Accelerating
47 Stopping time and distance
48 Reversing
49 Parking
Intersections
and Turns
56 Right-of-way
56 Intersections
57 Uncontrolled intersections
58 Keep intersections clear
59 Trafc Circles and Roundabouts
61 Turning
64 Turning lanes
65 U-turns
Highways
and Freeways
68 Lane selection and position in
your lane
69 Passing
70 Emergency stopping lane
71 Entering and exiting a major
roadway

Emergency Situations
and Challenging
Conditions
76 Emergency braking
76 Loss of control
78 Vehicle mechanical problems
79 Challenging conditions
82 Emergency supplies
82 Animals
82 Collisions
83 Emergency response
vehicles and tow trucks
83 Emergency vehicles
84 Maintenance and construction
vehicles
Responsible
Driving
88 Proactive driving
89 Cellular phones and other
distractions
90 Securing passengers
92 Fuel efciency and helping our
environment
93 Trafc laws
Sharing
the Road
96 Vulnerable road users
98 Commercial vehicles
99 Log hauling vehicles
99 School buses
101 Snowplows
101 Railway crossings
103 Vehicles carrying passengers or
dangerous goods
3
4
5
6
7
8
INTRODUCTION 7
103 Light rail transit
103 Off-highway vehicles
104 Funeral processions
Driving Within
the Law
106 Driver tness
107 Driving responsibly
109 Driving laws Federal:
Criminal Code of Canada
110 Provincial: Trafc Safety Act
112 Operators licence suspensions
and disqualications
114 Alberta Transportation Safety
Board (ATSB)
Towing
a Trailer
116 Registration and licence plate
116 Equipment
116 Towing a trailer
9
10
8 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
1
Licensing
Information
10 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Graduated driver
licensing
Regardless of age, all new drivers are
part of the Graduated Driver Licensing
(GDL) program. This program ensures
new drivers get the support, skills and
experience they need to handle the
complex task of driving. GDL improves
road safety by creating a safe and
controlled environment for all new drivers.
As a GDL driver, you will hold one of the
following operators licence:
Stage One: Class 7
(Learners Operators Licence)
Stage Two: Class 5-GDL
(Probationary Licence)

The following information highlights the
key features of the Learner (Stage One)
and Probationary (Stage Two) phases of
the Graduated Driver Licensing program.
Stage 1: Learner (Class 7)
To obtain a class 7 learners operators
licence you must:

be 14 years of age or older

pass a vision screening

pass a knowledge test on the rules

of the road

have parental consent if you are

under 18 years of age

have valid identication

LEARNERS CONDITIONS:
You must hold a learners operators
licence (class 7) for at least one year.
You must be accompanied by a fully
licensed (non-GDL probationary) driver
who is 18 years of age or older and is
seated next to you.
You are not permitted to drive from
midnight to 5 a.m.
You are not permitted to have more
passengers than seat belts.
You will be suspended if you accumulate
eight or more demerit points.
You must have a zero alcohol level when
driving (or riding a motorcycle).
Stage 2: GDL Probationary
(Class 5-GDL)
To become a probationary driver you must:

hold your class 7 operators licence for

a year (this time will be extended if you
receive a suspension of your driving
privileges)

be 16 years of age or older

pass the basic Alberta class 5 road test

PROBATIONARY CONDITIONS:
You must be a probationary driver for a
minimum of two years.
You must have no more passengers
than seat belts.
You will be suspended if you
accumulate 8 or more demerit points.
You must have a zero alcohol level
when driving.
You are not able to re-class your licence
to a commercial operators licence
(classes 1, 2, 3 or 4).
You cannot serve as an accompanying
driver to a learner.
Stage 3: Full, non-GDL
operators licence (Class 5)
To become a fully licensed driver you must:

have been suspension free for the

last twelve months of the two-year
probationary stage

pass the advanced road test

LICENSING INFORMATION 11 CHAPTER ONE
It will take a minimum of three years
to complete both the learners and
probationary stages of the program.
Exiting the GDL program
Exiting the GDL program is not mandatory.
However, if you do exit from GDL you will:
move from a class 5-GDL to a full
class 5 operators licence
qualify to re-class to a class 1, 2, 3,
or 4 operators licence
increase the number of demerits
you are allowed
remove the zero alcohol tolerance
condition
be able to be an accompanying
driver to a learner
To exit the GDL program you must:

be in the probationary stage for

a minimum of two years

be suspension free for the last

twelve months of the two-year
probationary stage

pass the advanced road test

Knowledge test
To obtain your learners operators licence,
you will need to pass a knowledge test.
You can take your knowledge test at most
Alberta Registry Agent ofces. The test
is based on questions taken from this
guide. You will be asked about safe driving
practices, driving laws and road signs.
The test is 30 multiple choice questions
and you must score a minimum of 25
correct responses out of 30 to pass the
test. You will do the test on a computer.
When you pass the knowledge test
you must take the knowledge test permit
you purchased to do the test to a registry
agent to ensure your operator licence
is updated. The test permit is not an
operators licence.
The electronic driver knowledge test is
available in the following 10 languages:
English
Arabic
Chinese (Traditional)
Farsi
French
Hindi
Punjabi
Spanish
Tagalog (Philippines)
Vietnamese
There is a fee for each knowledge test
that you take, and you can take only one
test per day.
Vision requirements
A vision assessment is required before
you are eligible to obtain an Alberta
Operators Licence. If you do not meet the
vision standards, you will be referred to an
optometrist or an ophthalmologist to have
a Vision Referral form completed. If you
have corrective glasses or contact lenses,
bring them with you for your
vision assessment.
12 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Class 5 road tests
Class 5 is the most commonly held
operators licence, allowing drivers to
operate cars and other light vehicles.
The basic road test
Passing the basic road test allows GDL
drivers to move from a class 7 (Learner)
to a class 5-GDL operators licence. This
test determines whether a learner has
developed the driving skills necessary
like safe vehicle handling, judgment and
knowledge of the rules of the road to
become a class 5-GDL probationary driver.
When you pass the basic road test
you must take the road test permit you
purchased to do the test to a registry
agent to ensure your operator licence
is updated. The test permit is not an
operators licence.
During the probationary stage you
will have a minimum of two years to
further develop the skills necessary to
take the advanced road test and exit
the GDL program.
This road test is approximately
25 to 30 minutes. This will include the
driver examiners pre-test instructions
and summary of your results. You will
be required to demonstrate the ability
to operate your vehicle safely without
supervision while interacting with other
road users.
The vehicle for your road test must be
in acceptable working condition and must
have the following:
a valid licence plate and insurance
headlights, brake lights and signal lights
horn
speedometer
brakes/park brake
unobstructed windshield/wipers
tires
driver and passenger doors
vehicle seats/seat belts
exhaust system/mufer
mirrors
enough fuel for a road test

The test will include identifying
and operating your vehicles controls.
In addition you will be required to
demonstrate your knowledge and skill in:
handling the vehicle (steering, braking
and speed control)
selecting the proper lane for turns
observing and obeying speed zones
determining right of way at intersections
and while changing lanes
demonstrating knowledge and skill at
intersections with and without sign and
signal controls
interacting with other road users in a
non-obstructive manner
parking parallel and on a hill
The advanced road test
The advanced road test determines
whether a probationary driver has gained
the necessary advanced driving skills and
experience under challenging conditions
to become a fully licensed driver. You
will need to pass this test to exit the
Graduated Licensing Program and be a full
class 5 (non-GDL) driver.
This road test is approximately 60
minutes, including your driver examiners
pre-test instructions and summary of
your results. The advanced road test will
also include:
LICENSING INFORMATION 13 CHAPTER ONE
a variety of intersection types, including
uncontrolled T intersections
high speed roadways of 80 to 100 km/hr
merging on the highway, with
acceleration and deceleration lanes
high volume trafc areas
parking an angle or perpendicular
park. The advanced test does include a
parallel and hill park
Some common reasons for
not passing the road tests
Exceeding the minimum number of
points for errors.
Regardless of the number of points
for errors, the following are some of the
reasons for automatic failure:
Exceeding the speed limit or driving
too fast for the conditions.
Failing to stop completely before
proceeding through an intersection
controlled by a stop sign, or before
turning right on a red light.
Failing to yield the right of way at an
intersection or during a lane change.
Obstructing trafc by driving too
slowly or stopping unnecessarily.
Climbing over the curb while parking,
or being unable to park legally in
three attempts.
Failing to slow or observe adequately at
uncontrolled intersections (you must be
prepared to yield to drivers to your right).
When you pass the advanced road
test you must take the road test permit
you purchased to do the test to a registry
agent to ensure your operator licence
is updated. The test permit is not an
operators licence.
Types of vehicles
for licence class

Class 7 (GDL)
A person 14 years of age or older may
apply for a Learners Operators Licence.
A parent or guardian must give consent
on the application if the person applying
is under 18 years of age. For learning and
while accompanied by a full licensed driver,
the holder of a class 7 operators licence
may operate, the following:
a vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination
that the holder of a Class 5 operators
licence may operate
a motorcycle (must be 16 years of age
or older when learning with a supervisor
who holds a Class 6 non-GDL licence)
a moped
Class 5 - GDL
The minimum licensing age is 16 years.
Anyone under the age of 18 years
applying for an operators licence must
have parental or guardian consent.
The holder of a class 5 GDL operators
licence may operate, the following:
a vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination
that the holder of a Class 5 operators
licence may operate
Class 5 NON-GDL
The minimum licensing age is 18
years. The holder of a class 5 NON-GDL
operators licence may operate,
the following:
a vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination
that the holder of a Class 5 operators
licence may operate
14 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
VEHICLES THAT MAY BE OPERATED
WITH A CLASS 5 OPERATORS
LICENCE:
a vehicle with only two-axles
a recreational vehicle with not more
than three axles
a vehicle with only two-axles while that
vehicle is towing a trailer with one or
more axles, and is not equipped with
air brakes
a recreational vehicle with only two
axles while that vehicle is towing a
trailer with one or more axles, and the
trailer is not equipped with air brakes
a recreational vehicle with three axles
while that vehicle is towing a trailer
that has one or two axles and is not
equipped with air brakes
a moped
all motor vehicles included under
classes 1, 2, 3 and 4 and the learner
is at least 18 years of age. For learning
(you must have a supervisor with a
valid operators licence for the type
of vehicle)
a motorcycle (for learning with a
supervisor who holds a Class 6 non-
GDL licence)
The holder of a Class 5 operators
licence shall not operate:
a motorcycle (unless for learning)
a vehicle with a seating capacity of
more than 15 while that vehicle is
transporting any person other than
the driver
a vehicle transporting passengers
for hire
a vehicle equipped with air brakes,
unless the supervisor has an air brake
endorsement
For hire operator
licence requirements
A Class 4 operators licence is
required when the vehicle owner or
operator, or the operators employer, is
being paid for the service that the vehicle is
being used to provide.
A Class 4 operators licence is
NOT required when the vehicle owner
or operator, or the operators employer
drives a private passenger vehicle for
the transportation of passengers on an
incidental or occasional basis and receives
compensation for:
payment for the kilometres travelled, or
straight reimbursement for out-of-
pocket expenses directly related
to the transportation such as gas,
parking, gate passes and tolls, or when
the vehicle operator is party to an
agreement to provide transportation for
compensation only to:
the operators family members
members of the operators household
persons for whom the operator is a
legal guardian
Air brake
endorsement (Q)
When a person successfully completes
an approved Alberta air brake course
through an authorized agency, an air brake
endorsement (the letter Q) will be placed
on that drivers operators licence, for any
licence class other than Class 1.

LICENSING INFORMATION 15 CHAPTER ONE
NOTE: Drivers with a Class 1 operators
licence automatically have an air brake
endorsement although it will not appear
on the operators licence. A Class 1
operator licence cannot be obtained
without the holder rst having
successfully completed an approved air
brake course. Therefore, the air brake
endorsement is implied with the Class 1
operator licence.

An air brake endorsement is required
for drivers of vehicles with:
an air-only braking system, or
a combination of air and hydraulic
braking system
For information on taking an approved air
brake course, please refer to our web site:
[Link]/[Link].
Licensed driver
examiner
A licensed driver examiner is a person
who conducts road tests on behalf of the
Alberta government. These are private
sector individuals trained, licensed,
monitored and audited by the government
and who provide examining through a
registry agent ofce.
Operators licence
An operators licence is a licence to
operate a motor vehicle issued pursuant
to the Trafc Safety Act. A person shall not
drive a motor vehicle on a highway unless
that persons operators licence is in that
persons possession. On the request of
a peace ofcer, a person driving a motor
vehicle shall produce their subsisting
operators licence, insurance and
registration. Ensure that these documents
are with you every time you operate a
motor vehicle.
Applying for your
Alberta operators
licence
Operator licensing services are provided
through the Alberta registry agent network.
When applying for an Alberta operators
licence you must provide identication.
For information on the identication
requirements visit [Link].
[Link]/[Link], or contact a registry
agent at [Link].
An operators licence may only be
issued to residents of Alberta. A resident
is a person lawfully entitled to be in
Canada, who makes their home in Alberta
and is ordinarily present in Alberta.
Applicants originating from outside Canada
or the United States must produce suitable
immigration documents to be considered
as residents.
Parental consent requirement
If you are under the age of 18, and are
applying for an operators licence for the
rst time, your parent or legal guardian,
who must show proof of guardianship,
must accompany you to a registry ofce to
sign a consent on your licence application.
Parents or legal guardians have the right
to withdraw their consent in writing at any
time until the person reaches the age of
16 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
18 years. If they do, the operators licence
privileges will be suspended.
The signature of your parent or legal
guardian is not required if you can provide
documentation that you are married or
self-supporting.
Non-Alberta
license for tourists
and visitors
A person visiting Alberta who is authorized
to drive a motor vehicle of a particular class
or type under a valid licence or permit
issued outside Alberta is not required to
hold a current and valid operators licence if
the person drives the same type or class of
motor vehicle while visiting in Alberta.
New Alberta
residents
From other places in Canada
People who have recently moved to
Alberta may use their valid operators
licence from outside of Alberta for the rst
90 days of their residency.
They must apply for an Alberta
operators licence and give their old licence
to an Alberta registry agent ofce within
those 90 days. It is illegal to hold more
than one operators licence.
An operators licence from another
jurisdiction within Canada is accepted as
the same class without testing. Applicants
for class 1, 2 or 4 licences must provide a
medical report and pass a vision screening.
From the United States
Licence holders from the United States,
other than those in the class 5, 6 and 7,
must complete all requirements.
When you apply, you may be required to
provide documents to prove residency.
For details, inquire at your local registry
agent ofce.
Countries with reciprocal
licensing agreements
Alberta has Reciprocal Licensing
Agreements with the following countries:
Austria
Australia
Belgium
England
France
Germany
Isle of Man
Japan
Republic of Korea
Scotland
Switzerland
United States
Wales
A valid licence from a country that has
a Reciprocal Licensing Agreement with
Alberta can be exchanged for a Class 5
licence when the applicant presents a valid
licence of equivalent class.
The reciprocal licensing agreements
with Switzerland and Japan include the
exchange of a class 6 (motorcycle) licence
when the applicant presents a valid licence
of equivalent class.
LICENSING INFORMATION 17 CHAPTER ONE
NOTE: Japanese licence exchanges
must be completed at an approved
registry agent ofce. Parental consent
for applicants under 18 years of age
is required.
All other licence classes require testing
and vision screening. The applicants
must disclose all medical conditions and
physical disabilities that may affect their
ability to safely operate a motor vehicle.
All applicants must produce immigration
and residency documentation along
with acceptable identication.
Countries without reciprocal
licensing agreements
A person coming to Alberta from outside
Canada may apply to have their previous
driving history credited to their Alberta
driving record. A successful application
will grant exemption from the Graduated
Driver Licensing (GDL) program and allow
for Class 5 road testing without being
required to hold a Class 7 drivers licence
for one year. More information about the
process for exchanging a licence from a
non-reciprocal country is available at any
registry agent ofce.
Students
A student is not required to obtain an
Alberta operators licence when operating
a motor vehicle if the following apply:
The student is authorized to operate a
motor vehicle of the same type or class
by the laws of the jurisdiction in which
the student ordinarily resides.
The documents required by the laws
of the jurisdiction where the student
ordinarily resides are carried by the
student or are in the vehicle.
The student must carry proof showing
that he or she is a full time student in
this province.
Medical requirements
It is your responsibility and legal obligation
to disclose any medical or physical
condition that may interfere with the safe
operation of a motor vehicle. If you have a
medical or physical condition, you will be
required to provide a completed Medical
Examination for Motor Vehicle Operators
form. Medical Examination forms can
be obtained from an Alberta Registry
Agent ofce or your doctor. Your doctor
must complete this form. The Medical
Examination form must be returned to an
Alberta Registry Agent ofce.
A person 75 years of age or older, who
applies for an operators licence, or is
renewing their existing operators licence,
must provide a Medical Examination for
Motor Vehicle Operators form, and have
their vision assessed at an Alberta Registry
Agent ofce. The Medical Examination for
Motor Vehicle Operators form must be
completed and signed by a physician.
You may be requested to provide a
medical report, regardless of your age, to
determine your medical tness to operate
a motor vehicle.
The basic road test may be requested,
for any driver, if there are concerns about
their medical tness.
18 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Operator Licence classes
1, 2 or 4
A person who applies for, or renews, a
class 1, 2 or 4 operators licence must
provide a completed Medical Examination
for Motor Vehicle Operators form. This will
be required every ve years to age 45, then
every two years until the age of 65, and
annually thereafter.
Condition codes
and endorsements

Condition codes
A condition code may be added to a
persons operators licence to ensure that
person meets the requirements to operate
a motor vehicle. For example, all drivers
must meet specic vision requirements to
operate a vehicle. If you require glasses or
contact lenses to improve your vision to
these specic standards, you will have a
Condition code placed on your operators
licence indicating this requirement. Also,
a person can be required to have a health
examination by a doctor periodically to be
allowed to drive, and this will be indicated
on the operators licence.
In more extreme situations, a change in
a persons situation can make it impossible
for him or her to safely operate a vehicle.
These situations are not common, but do
mean that the person is not able to be
licensed to operate a vehicle.
Endorsement codes
An endorsement code on an operators
licence shows that the person has
had specic education or training, like
completing a novice driver education
course or a course specic to operating
a school bus. An endorsement may also
indicate that the person is permitted to
drive a vehicle that has a specic feature,
like a vehicle with air brakes.
Each condition or endorsement has a
letter code attached to it and may be shown
on the operators licence. Conditions and
endorsements specic to you are placed
on the front of the licence, in the Cond/End
section. Some of the condition codes and
endorsements have an explanation on the
back of the operators licence.
OPERATOR LICENCE
CONDITION CODES:
A Adequate Lenses
B Special Conditions
C Periodic Medical
D Periodic Vision Report*
E Periodic Driver Examination*
F Valid Temporary Licence
G Valid without Photo
H Daylight Driving Only
J Outside Mirrors
K Automatic Transmission
L Hand Controls
M Under Alberta Transportation
Safety Board Review*
N Excludes Class 2 and 4
P Testing to be conducted by
Provincial Examiner only*
T Special Medical*
LICENSING INFORMATION 19 CHAPTER ONE
OPERATOR LICENCE
ENDORSEMENTS:
Q Air Brakes
S School Bus
V Extended Length Vehicle
Combinations
U Completed Driver
Education Course*

*Do not appear on the operators licence
Re-classing your
licence
When re-classing your operators licence
(excluding class 7 to class 5), you must
present proof that you have completed a
knowledge test and vision test through a
registry agent ofce.
Re-classing your operators licence
from your current class to a class 1, 2 or
4 licence will also require a medical report.
See the medical requirements section for
more information.
A fee is charged for each knowledge
test, road test, and for the nal licence
re-classication service. For information
regarding current fees, contact a registry
agent ofce or driver examiner. Road test
fees may vary between registry agent ofces.
Driving with the wrong licence class is
against the law. It is an offence for vehicle
owners to allow their vehicle to be used by
someone who does not have the proper
class of licence for that vehicle.
Replacing your
Alberta operators
licence
If your operators licence is lost, stolen,
destroyed or is unreadable, you must
apply for a replacement immediately at a
registry agent ofce.
If your operator licence is stolen, you
must report it to the police, and provide
a copy of the police report to the registry
agent when you apply for your replacement.
All services for your operators licence must
be done in person.
Renewing your
Alberta operators
licence
A renewal application will be mailed
to the address on your operator record
well before the expiry date. To be eligible
to drive you must renew your operators
licence before it expires. If your operator
licence expires prior to renewing, you will
not be able to drive until it is renewed.
If you do not receive your renewal
application prior to your expiry date, it is
your responsibility to ensure it is renewed
before you operate a vehicle.
20 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Updating your
Alberta operators
licence
To change the information, such as your
name, address, or licence class, on your
operators licence visit an Alberta registry
agent ofce.
The law requires that you have the
correct information, such as a name
or address change, on your operators
licence. You may be required to provide
proper identication before any change,
replacement or renewal can be made.
To replace, renew or update your
Alberta operators licence contact a registry
agent by visiting [Link].
[Link]/[Link].
Registration
and insurance

Registration
Motor vehicles and trailers travelling on
Alberta roadways must be registered.
Registration certicates cannot be issued
to anyone under the age of 18 years,
unless the application for registration
is also signed by a parent or guardian.
A parent or guardian has the right to
withdraw consent in writing during this
time. If consent is withdrawn, the licence
plate and vehicle registration will be
suspended. The signature of your parent
or guardian is not required if you can
prove you are married or self-supporting.
In Alberta, licence plates remain with
the owner of the vehicle and are not
transferable to another person.
A vehicle owner must register his or her
vehicle within three months of moving
to Alberta.
Insurance requirements
All motor vehicles must be insured with
a public liability insurance policy as
outlined in the Alberta Insurance Act.
It is illegal to operate an uninsured
motor vehicle.
Your insurance company issues a
nancial responsibility card (pink
card) which must be presented
when registering a vehicle and when
requested by a peace ofcer.
2
Trafc Control
22 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Trafc control signals
Trafc control signals are lights that use
the colors green, yellow and red to control
the ow of trafc at intersections or where
roadways merge. The color of the light
determines which stream of trafc has the
right of way. The trafc control signal may
be vertical or horizontal.

SOLID RED LIGHT:
Drivers facing a trafc control signal
displaying a solid red light must bring their
vehicles to a complete stop before the
stop line or crosswalk that is directly in
front of the vehicle. If there is no stop line
or crosswalk, drivers must stop before the
intersection. Vehicles must remain stopped
at the red light until it turns green, unless
safely turning right after stopping.
A solid double red light has the same
meaning as a single red light.
Right turn at red light Unless a sign
prohibits the turn, a driver may turn right
at a red light after stopping completely
before the stop line or crosswalk, if the
turn can be made safely after yielding to
other trafc.

Left turn at red light Unless a sign
prohibits the turn, the only left turn
permitted at a red light is onto a one-way
street from a one-way street. This turn is
only permitted after the vehicle is brought
to a complete stop before the stop line or
crosswalk, and if the turn can be made
safely after yielding to other trafc.
SOLID YELLOW LIGHT:
When a green light changes to yellow,
it warns that the light will change to red
immediately and drivers must prepare
to stop or clear the intersection. Drivers
approaching an intersection with a solid
(not ashing) yellow trafc control light must
bring their vehicles to a complete stop
before the stop line or crosswalk, unless a
point has been reached at the intersection
where stopping cannot be done safely. If
there is no stop line or crosswalk, vehicles
must stop before the intersection.
Drivers already in the intersection
and facing a yellow light must safely clear
the intersection.
SOLID GREEN LIGHT:
Drivers facing a solid green trafc control
light are permitted to travel through the
intersection without stopping, unless
required to yield to oncoming trafc
when turning left or to pedestrians in the
crosswalk when turning right or left.
The order of lights
for a vertical trafc
control signal is red
at the top, yellow
in the centre, and
green at the bottom.
The order of lights
for a horizontal trafc
control signal is red
on the left, yellow in
the centre, and green
on the right.
TRAFFIC CONTROL 23 CHAPTER TWO
When approaching a green light,
anticipate that it will turn yellow. A stale
green light means the light has been green
for a while and will turn yellow soon. A
good tip is to check the pedestrian walk
light at the intersection. If it shows the
WALK symbol, the light will stay green. If it
shows the DONT WALK symbol, be ready
to stop. If the trafc light does change, the
driver must stop before the intersection if it
can be done safely.
GREEN ARROW WITH GREEN LIGHT:
Drivers facing a trafc control light with
a green arrow and solid green trafc
control light may enter the intersection and
proceed without yielding in the direction
indicated by the arrow. Drivers facing the
green light may also proceed in the other
directions when it is safe and legal.
GREEN ARROW WITH RED LIGHT:
Drivers facing a trafc control light with a
green arrow and a red control light may
enter the intersection and proceed without
stopping only in the direction indicated by
the arrow.
FLASHING RED LIGHT:
Drivers facing a ashing red trafc control
light must stop before the stop line or
crosswalk. If there is no stop line or
crosswalk, drivers must stop before the
intersection. Drivers should proceed only
when it is safe and after yielding the right-
of way. The ashing red light is treated like
a stop sign.
When the lights in all directions are
ashing red the intersection becomes a
4-way stop.
FLASHING YELLOW LIGHT:
Drivers facing a ashing yellow trafc
control light may proceed with caution after
yielding to pedestrians and other vehicles
within the intersection.
FLASHING GREEN LIGHT:
Drivers facing a ashing green trafc
control light are permitted to go through,
turn left or turn right without stopping.
Opposing trafc will be facing a red
light; however a driver must still yield to
pedestrians or other vehicles lawfully
in the intersection.
Pedestrian signals
and signs
Drivers must understand pedestrian control
lights so they can anticipate the actions
of those sharing the road. Pedestrians
facing a trafc control signal where a word
or symbol indicating WALK is displayed,
may enter the crosswalk or roadway when
it is safe, and proceed in that direction.
A pedestrian facing a trafc signal where
a word or symbol indicates DONT WALK
24 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
must not enter the crosswalk or roadway.
Pedestrians who have begun crossing when
the word or symbol appears may continue
crossing and clear the crosswalk. Some
pedestrian signals include a countdown timer
to show how much time remains before the
light changes.
Yellow lights on a sign with a symbol
indicate that caution is required because
of school zones or areas, playground
zones or areas, school crossings, and
pedestrian crossings. When the yellow
lights are ashing, the driver must reduce
speed to a maximum of 30 km/h and yield
or stop for pedestrians.
At intersections with trafc control signals,
but without pedestrian WALK and DONT
WALK signals, pedestrians must obey the
rules for the colour of light they are facing.
Solid red light Do not enter
the intersection.
Solid yellow light Clear the
intersection if already crossing,
or do not enter the intersection.
Solid green light Proceed across
the road within any marked or
unmarked crosswalk.
Pedestrians should check for vehicles
before starting to cross.
Lane reversal signals
Lane reversal signals are used to control
the direction of trafc on specic lanes of
a roadway. A common use of this control
is reversible lanes that change the ow of
trafc during different times of the day.
The signal(s) over one or more lanes change
between a red X and a green arrow.
SOLID RED X:
When a red X is displayed over a driving
lane, the driver does not enter or remain in
that lane. This signal indicates that the lane
is being used by oncoming trafc. Move
safely into a lane with a green arrow.
DOWNWARD POINTING
GREEN ARROW:
A driver facing the downward pointing green
arrow is permitted to travel in that lane.
Pedestrian signal
indicating WALK
Pedestrian signal
indicating DONT
WALK or WAIT
Pedestrian crossing
signs with yellow lights
(above) and without
yellow lights (at right).
TRAFFIC CONTROL 25 CHAPTER TWO
SIGN SHAPES
AND COLOURS
The word or symbol on trafc regulation
signs tell the driver what can or cannot
be done at a specic location or time,
and provide information. The shape and
colour will vary depending on the type
of message.
Trafc regulation signs include those
that show right-of-way and road access
that is permitted or prohibited. They also
show control of speed, turns, direction
of travel, passing, trafc lanes, parking
and crosswalks.

Action or activity within the circle is
not permitted.

Action or activity within circle is permitted.
Regulatory message such as speed limit
Indicates school zone/area or school
crosswalk.
Indicates lane control.
Provides construction area information.
Vehicle moving from red X lane to green
arrow lane.
Square shape
Red circle and slash
on white background
Green circle on white
background
Square shape
Fluorescent yellow
green background
Pentagon shape
White message on
black background
Square shape
Information or picture
on orange background
Diamond shape
Regulatory message
on white background
Rectangle shape
26 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
YIELD:
Yield the right of way to trafc not facing the
sign and to all pedestrians waiting to cross
and within the crosswalk or intersection.
WRONG WAY:
Indicates trafc is moving in an
oncoming direction.
DO NOT ENTER:
RAILWAY CROSSING:
Provides information such as distance
to destination.
Indicates place for fuel, food, lodging
or assistance.
Indicates caution or warning of hazard
displayed on sign.
Trafc regulatory signs
STOP:
Come to a complete stop and do not
proceed until safe.
White message on
blue background
Square shape
White message on
brown background
Square shape
Black lettering on
yellow background
Diamond shape
White message on
green background
Rectangle shape
TRAFFIC CONTROL 27 CHAPTER TWO
Unless otherwise posted:
100 km/h is the maximum speed
limit on a provincial highway located
outside an urban area.
80 km/h is the maximum speed limit on
a provincial highway located inside
a corporate limit of a city.
80 km/h is the maximum speed limit on
a roadway that is located outside an
urban area.
A local road generally would not have a
route marker but could be identied by a
name, such as Irricana Road, a township
road, such as TWP RD 52, or a range
road, such as RGE RD 252.
50 km/h is the maximum speed limit on
a roadway that is located within an
urban area.
Trafc direction signs
PROCEED IN DIRECTION
OF ARROW ONLY:
TWO WAY TRAFFIC:
DIVIDER AHEAD KEEP RIGHT:
Speed limit signs
Speed limits do not indicate the maximum
speed drivers should travel. They are
the maximum speed permitted when
conditions are ideal. Any speed that is
unsafe for the current conditions is illegal.
A provincial highway is identied by either
a single-digit, two-digit or three-digit
highway route marker.
Speed limit signs are in kilometres per hour
(km/h).
28 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Designated lane
signs
The message or symbol on these signs
indicates the direction(s) a vehicle must
travel in the lane.
RIGHT TURN: LEFT TURN:
STRAIGHT OR STRAIGHT OR
RIGHT TURN: LEFT TURN:
STRAIGHT LEFT TURN
ONLY: LANE CONTROL:
Some intersections allow more than one
vehicle travelling in the same direction to
turn at the same time. Maintain your lane
position during and after the turn.
DUAL DUAL
RIGHT TURN: LEFT TURN:
LEFT LANE TURN LEFT,
RIGHT LANE STRAIGHT
OR TURN LEFT:
LEFT LANE TURN LEFT,
RIGHT LANE STRAIGHT:
LEFT LANE TURN LEFT,
CENTRE LANE STRAIGHT,
RIGHT LANE STRAIGHT
OR TURN RIGHT:
Indicated lanes are reserved for specic
vehicles like buses, taxis and bicycles.
The symbol on the sign will identify the
vehicles permitted to travel in this lane.
Reserved lanes may operate at all times or
only some of the time. Reserved lanes that
operate only some of the time will show
the hours of the day and the days of the
week when the lane is reserved.
TRAFFIC CONTROL 29 CHAPTER TWO
Permissive signs
Permission signs are a green circle on a
white square. The action within the green
circle is permitted.
TURN LEFT ONLY:
TURN RIGHT ONLY:

STRAIGHT ONLY:
DANGEROUS MOTORIZED
GOODS: SNOW VEHICLES:

TRUCKS: BICYCLES:
PASSING PERMITTED:
Prohibitive signs
The symbol prohibiting an action is a red
circle and diagonal red bar on a white
square. The action within the red circle is
not permitted.
NO LEFT TURN: NO RIGHT TURN:
NO U-TURN: DO NOT PASS:
DO NOT PASS BICYCLES
30 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
NO NO MOTORIZED
PEDESTRIANS: SNOW VEHICLES:

NO TRUCKS: NO BICYCLES:
NO DANGEROUS GOODS:
PARKING AND STOPPING
NOT PERMITTED:
The arrow under the symbol indicates
where the action indicated on the sign
is not permitted.
NO PARKING ON THE DAYS AND
TIMES SHOWN::
NO STOPPING ON THE DAYS
AND TIMES SHOWN:
School zones
and areas
SCHOOL ZONE:
When you approach
a school sign, with
a maximum speed
posted with it, you
are entering a school
zone. You must not
exceed the posted
speed when the zone
is in effect.
Times (school days only) are:
8:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m.
11:30 a.m. 1:30 p.m.
3:00 p.m. 4:30 p.m.
TRAFFIC CONTROL 31 CHAPTER TWO
These hours may vary for different
towns and cities according to municipal
bylaws. If a municipality does establish
times different from these, the times will
be posted beneath the school sign.
You are not permitted to pass or
attempt to pass another vehicle travelling
in the same direction within a school zone,
when the zone is in effect.
The speed limit for both urban and
rural school zones is 30 km/h unless
otherwise posted.
SCHOOL ZONE ENDS:
A school zone ends where a trafc
sign indicates:
1. a higher maximum speed, or
2. the end of the school zone.
SCHOOL AREA:
When you approach a school sign without
a speed sign attached to it, you are entering
a school area. This sign is to alert drivers
that children may be walking or crossing
the road and you must use caution when
driving through the school area.
SCHOOL CROSSWALK
This sign alerts drivers to watch
for pedestrians.
Playground zones
and areas
PLAYGROUND ZONE:
When you approach
a playground sign with
a maximum speed sign
attached to it, you are
entering a playground
zone. You must not
exceed the posted
speed, when the zone
is in effect.
Playground restrictions are in effect
every day from 8:30 a.m. to one hour
after sunset.
You are not permitted to pass
or attempt to pass another vehicle
travelling in the same direction within
a playground zone when the speed
restriction is in effect.
The speed limit for both urban
and rural playground zones, when the
times are in effect, is 30 km/h unless
otherwise posted.
32 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
PLAYGROUND ZONE ENDS:
A playground zone ends where a trafc
sign indicates:
1. a higher maximum speed, or
2. the end of the playground zone.
PLAYGROUND AREA:
When you approach a playground sign
without a speed limit sign attached to it,
you are entering a playground area. This
sign is to alert drivers that children may
be near and you must use caution when
driving through the playground area.
Parking services
for persons
with disabilities
This sign indicates parking for persons with
disabilities. These parking spaces ensure
that persons with disabilities have safe
access to goods and services.
It is illegal for any vehicle to park or
stop in a parking stall reserved for persons
with disabilities unless the vehicle has an
identifying parking placard or licence plate.
The application for a parking placard for
persons with disabilities can be found at
[Link]/pdf/ParkingPlacards
[Link] or by contacting a registry
agent or family doctor.
TTY capabilities
This sign indicates pay phones that have
a TTY (teletypewriter) that assists people
who are hearing or speech-impaired to
use telephone networks.
TRAFFIC CONTROL 33 CHAPTER TWO
Warning signs
Warning signs give drivers advance
notice of actions required, or potentially
hazardous conditions on or near a road.
Some of these signs warn of:
a trafc regulation, such as stop
or yield
features or physical conditions
of the road
hazards that may require a driver
to respond
TRAFFIC REGULATIONS:
STOP AT TRAFFIC LIGHTS AHEAD
WHEN YELLOW LIGHTS FLASHING:
This warning sign is placed in advance
of some intersections with trafc control
signals. When the yellow lights are ashing,
drivers approaching the intersection must
prepare to stop because the trafc control
signal light will be turning from green to
yellow or yellow to red, or is currently red.
TURN OR CURVE AHEAD:
Recommended maximum
speed through this curve
under ideal driving conditions
Sharp turn right Curve right
Road turns left/right
Road curves left Sharp turn left
Winding road
Stop ahead Yield ahead
School bus stop ahead Trafc control
signals ahead
34 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
CROSSINGS AHEAD:
INTERSECTIONS AHEAD:
ROADWAYS AHEAD SIDE-BY-SIDE
BUT DO NOT JOIN:
Pedestrian crossing Animal crossing
Moose crossing Bicycle crossing
School crosswalk Motorized snow
vehicles crossing
Hidden road right
Hidden road Y intersection
Hidden road left
T intersection T intersection
Railway crossing Trucks entering from right
Dead end Roundabout
Merging trafc
ROADWAYS AHEAD THAT JOIN:
Free ow (added lane)
TRAFFIC CONTROL 35 CHAPTER TWO
SI NGLE
LI NE
Road narrows
both sides
Left lane narrows
to right
Left lane ends Right lane ends
Right lane narrows
to left
Narrow passage
NARROW ROADWAYS AHEAD:
Divided highway begins Divided highway ends
DIVIDED HIGHWAY:
Hill Bump
Pavement ends Slippery when wet
Hazard marker
object on right
Hazard marker
object on left
Rumble strips Falling rock
Chevron sign indicates a sharp bend in the road
Warns motorists to
provide space for
cyclists
Warns that cyclists are
allowed full use of the
lane ahead and that the
lane is too narrow for
side-by-side driving.
CHANGING ROAD CONDITIONS:
SHARED-USE
36 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Information and
guide signs
Information and guide signs provide
information about routes, off-road
facilities, and geographical features
and points of interest.
ROUTE MARKERS:
Route markers indicate numbers,
names or other designations of roads.
HIGHWAY INFORMATION:
Destination signs provide direction
and distance to a destination.
Directional
Distance
Combination of direction and distance
Trans-Canada highway
Bicycle route marker
Yellowhead highway
OFF-ROAD SERVICES
AND FACILITIES:
Signs for off-road facilities indicate
availability and direction to the services
or recreational areas.
Hospital Airport
Parking Fuel
Food Trailer campground
Telephone Accommodation
RCMP or city police
Recreation area ahead
Highway route marker Highway route marker
TRAFFIC CONTROL 37 CHAPTER TWO
Other signs
SLOW MOVING VEHICLE:
A slow-moving vehicle sign is placed on
the back of vehicles that travel less than
40 km/h, such as farm tractors, machinery
or construction equipment. This sign
warns drivers to be prepared to reduce
their speed.
OVER SIZED LOADS:
This sign indicates a wide load is being
transported. Use caution when passing
vehicles displaying this sign.
People working Flag person
Survey crew ahead Uneven pavement
Detour next ___ km
Construction zone ends
Construction
The speed limit in construction zones
must be obeyed at all times. This applies
even when people and equipment are
not working, since hazards like bumps,
fresh oil and loose gravel may be present.
If workers are present, the nes in these
areas will be doubled.
Obey the ag persons signal.
Be prepared to slow down and stop
if required.
The following are some of the warning
signs about road construction:
38 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Solid yellow lines, single or double, indicate
that passing is not permitted.
Broken yellow lines indicate that passing is
permitted. Be sure that the lane is clear and
the pass can be completed safely.
YELLOW LINE MARKINGS:
Yellow lines mean that vehicles on each
side of the yellow line must travel in
opposite directions. A yellow line should
always be on the drivers left side.
WHITE LINE MARKINGS:
White lines mean that vehicles on each
side of the white line are travelling in the
same direction.
Pavement markings
Markings on the roadway can provide the
following information:
lane identication separating
opposing trafc
trafc movement in the same direction
trafc movement in the opposite
direction
passing zones and no passing zones
lane use and designation
pedestrian crosswalks
stop lines
parking areas
word or symbol messages
In some cases pavement markings
are used along with other trafc control
signs or signals.
Lane markings
Lane markings can be yellow or white,
single or double, solid or broken. These
lines provide important information about
direction of trafc ow, lane changing, lane
restrictions and passing.
SOLID LINE MARKINGS:
Solid lines mean that crossing the solid line
to pass or change lanes is not permitted.
BROKEN LINE MARKINGS:
Broken lines mean that crossing the
broken line to pass or change lanes
is permitted.
A solid yellow line and a broken yellow line
together indicate that a pass is permitted for
the driver who has the broken line on his or her
side of the roadway. Passing is not permitted
for the driver with the solid yellow line on their
side of the roadway.
TRAFFIC CONTROL 39 CHAPTER TWO
Symbols
Symbols may be used on the pavement
to supplement standard signs or by
themselves to warn drivers, or to regulate
or guide trafc. These markings include:
ARROWS:
Arrows indicate the vehicle movements
permitted in a lane.
DIAMOND MARKINGS:
Diamond markings indicate that a lane is
reserved for specic vehicles. There may
also be signs that will indicate time or
vehicle restrictions.
Shared-use lanes
Bicycle lanes are painted in the curb lane
of the road with bicycle-shaped stencils
and street signage. Bicycle lanes can also
be positioned beside a row of parking
spots. Vehicles are not allowed to drive in
the bicycle lanes, except when needing
to turn or enter/exit a parking spot. The
bicycle lane paint line is usually dashed
near corners to indicate that it is permitted
to enter the bicycle lane to turn right. Be
very careful and watch for bicycles when
entering the bicycle lane when turning.
Broken white lines indicate that lane changing
is permitted.
Solid white lines indicate that lane changing
is not permitted.
On a two way left turn lane, the centre lane of
the road is shared and reserved for left turning
trafc travelling in either direction.
Reserved bicycle lane ahead
Bicycle lane markings
40 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Other roadway
markings
CROSSWALKS:
Crosswalk lines mark pedestrian
crosswalks. Crosswalks also exist
at intersections even when they are
unmarked, unless a sign indicates
no crossing. Stop lines indicate where
vehicles must stop at intersections or
railway crossings.
Drivers should not stop in a no stopping
zone because they may interfere with other
vehicles that are turning from one roadway
to another. This is usually where large
vehicles need extra room to turn.
This lane is reserved for cyclists. It is
separated from trafc and parking by solid
white lines and is marked with an image of
a bicycle and diamond.
The image of a bicycle capped by a pair
of arrows guides cyclists and reminds drivers
to expect cyclists in the same travel lane.
X MARKINGS:
X markings on rural highways indicate
the approach to a railway crossing. An
advanced warning sign will also indicate
the approach to a railway crossing.
PAINTED ISLAND:
Painted islands indicate that this area is
not to be used for travel by any road users.
Motorists can cross painted islands for the
purpose of entering or leaving a driveway,
alleyway or private drive.
Do not park or stop in this area.
Crosswalk lines
Stop line
No stopping zone
3
The Basics
of Driving
42 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Pre-drive basics
Walk around your vehicle before entering
to check for children, pedestrians, and
anything in your vehicles path. Check
your tires for proper ination, as well as
around and under your vehicle for uid
leaks and other problems that may affect
the safe operation of your vehicle. When
you are doing this while parked along a
roadway, walk in a direction that allows
you to see trafc coming toward you in
the lane next to you.
After you have completed this check,
you will be ready to take your place in
the drivers seat and prepare yourself for
safe driving.
Before driving do the following basic
habits in this order:
1 Lock your doors.
2 Adjust your seat and seat back.
3 Adjust your head restraint.
4 Adjust your inside and outside
rear view mirrors.
5 Fasten your seat belt.
Lock your doors
Lock your doors to prevent unwanted
persons from opening your door or
entering your vehicle. Locking the doors
also reduces the possibility of the doors
opening if you are involved in a collision.
Adjust your seat
and seat back
Adjust your seat and seat back support
properly so that you are at least 25
centimeters (10 inches) away from the
steering wheel. This is the distance
recommended by Transport Canada.
Be sure you can see over the steering
wheel. Many vehicles have a steering
wheel that can be tilted or moved
back and forth. Find a position that is
comfortable for you and that does not
block your view of the instrument panel.
Your elbows should be slightly bent when
your hands are properly positioned on
the steering wheel. Placing your left hand
at about the 9 oclock position and your
right hand at about the 3 oclock position
is recommended. (See Steering in this
chapter for more information.) As well,
your position must allow you to operate
the brake pedal and the accelerator. In a
standard transmission vehicle, you must
also be able to push the clutch pedal all
the way to the oor.
Be sure you can reach all the controls
and can relax your arms when you hold
the steering wheel.
Note: Newer vehicles are equipped
with a driver-side air bag system that
is part of the steering wheel.

Adjust your head restraint
Use your head restraint correctly. Head
restraints in the proper position greatly
reduce the risk of injuries due to collisions
and sudden vehicle movements.
If your vehicle has an adjustable head
restraint, it should be positioned so that
the centre of the head restraint is level
with the top of your ears.
If your head restraint tilts, move it
forward to decrease the space between
your head and the restraint. Less than
10 centimeters (4 inches) is ideal.
THE BASICS OF DRIVING 43 CHAPTER THREE
Always check that the head restraint
for each passenger is adjusted to the
correct height.
Adjust your inside and
outside rear view mirrors
Set your rear view mirrors in the
correct position.
Adjust your inside rear view mirror to
show as much behind you as possible
by having the rear window framed within
the mirror.
Adjust the outside rear view mirrors
to reduce blind spots. You should be
able to see your own vehicle in a small
portion of the side view mirror closest to
the vehicle.
Fasten your seat belt
Fasten your seat belt and shoulder strap
correctly. Seat belts save lives and reduce
injuries, and provide the greatest protection
when worn properly. The law requires you
to wear your seat belt.
Wear the lap belt low and snug over
your hips. The shoulder belt must t
over your chest and shoulder.
Do not tuck the shoulder belt behind
your back or under your arm.
You are still required to wear your seat
belt when in a vehicle with air bags.
When you are ready to go, do
the following:
Check to be sure your intended path
of travel is clear.
Check your inside and outside rear
view mirrors.
Do a shoulder check to be sure
your blind spots are clear.
If you are moving away from the right
side of the road, use your left turn signal
to indicate that you are entering trafc. If
you are on the left side of a one way road,
use your right turn signal. In this situation,
it can be difcult to see trafc clearly from
the drivers seat.
Driving a vehicle
with an automatic
transmission
A vehicle with an automatic
transmission allows the driver to place
the vehicle in a gear that will allow the
transmission to change the vehicles
forward gears automatically as speed
increases and decreases.
A properly adjusted head restraint protects
the head and neck.
Seat belt use is required
by law
Correct Too low
44 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Automatic transmissions have a lock
release button or control built into the gear
selector to reduce the possibility of shifting
incorrectly. The lock release provides the
following safety features:
It must be used to move the gear
selector from Park to Reverse or any
forward gear while the brake pedal
is pressed.
It must be used to shift the vehicle from
Drive to a lower gear (rst or second).
It must be used to shift into Park from
any gear.
Refer to your owners manual for
more information about the transmission
lock release.
P PARK
To be used when starting the engine and
when leaving the vehicle parked. The
Park position locks the transmission,
which prevents the wheels from turning.
The vehicles engine will start when the
transmission is in Park.
R REVERSE
To be used when backing or reversing the
vehicle. When the vehicle is in reverse gear
the white or clear lights at the rear of the
vehicle will be lit. The vehicles engine will
not start in Reverse.
N NEUTRAL
To be used when the transmission is in
a position that no gear is selected. The
wheels are not locked, and there is no
power to the wheels. This position is used
for towing the vehicle. The vehicles engine
will start in Neutral.
D DRIVE
To be used for normal forward driving.
The transmission will change up
and down through the driving gears
automatically. The vehicles engine will not
start in this gear.
3 THIRD, 2 SECOND,
AND 1 FIRST GEAR
To be used when you require more
power but less speed and to prevent the
transmission from shifting to a higher gear.
These gears may be used when going
up or down hills and on road conditions
like slush, loose gravel, snow, sand or
ice, where you need more power but less
speed. The vehicles engine will not start
in this gear.
O OVERDRIVE (IF EQUIPPED)
To be used for driving at higher speeds.
This gear helps to save fuel. Not all
vehicles have this option. The vehicles
engine will not start in this gear.
For more information about
gear selection and use, refer to your
vehicles owners manual.
Driving a vehicle with
a manual (standard)
transmission
Shifting gears in a vehicle equipped with
a manual transmission is a skill requiring
considerable practice. You must operate a
clutch pedal with your left foot while using
a gear shift lever with the right hand to
manually select the desired gear.
THE BASICS OF DRIVING 45 CHAPTER THREE
When the clutch pedal is pressed
down, the connection between
the transmission and the wheels is
disengaged. This prevents the transfer
of engine power to the wheels. It is while
the clutch pedal is pressed down that the
driver changes gears.
The clutch pedal is used to connect
and disconnect the vehicles engine and
transmission. When the clutch pedal is
not pressed down, there is a connection
between the engine and transmission, and
the power of the engine is transmitted to
the wheels of the vehicle.
When starting the engine of a vehicle
equipped with a manual transmission, the
gear shift lever should be in the neutral
position and the clutch pedal should be
pressed down completely.
As you begin to release the clutch
pedal by slowly lifting your left foot, the
connection between the engine and the
transmission will begin to be felt before the
pedal is fully released. The point where this
occurs is called the friction point.
It is at the friction point that you must
slowly release the clutch pedal to prevent
the engine from stalling. At the friction
point, carefully using the gas pedal with the
slow release of the clutch pedal will help
achieve a smooth start. To learn to use
the clutch smoothly, new drivers should
practice using the friction point without the
use of the gas pedal.
When driving a manual transmission
vehicle, it is important to select the proper
gear so that the engine does not lug (move
in rough, bumpy fashion) or race (rev the
engine but not move the car effectively).
The vehicles owners manual will provide
the approximate speeds at which you
should change gears.
Shifting patterns vary between vehicles
as do the number of gears. Your vehicles
owners manual will describe the shifting
pattern for your vehicle. A pattern is usually
found at the top of the gear shift lever.
You can practice moving the gear shift
lever, when the vehicle is not running and
the clutch pedal is pressed all the way
down, into the various gears until you are
sure of the gear locations. You need to be
able to nd each gear without looking at
the gear shift when you are driving.
When you are driving, be sure to
remove your foot from the clutch pedal
each time you nish changing to another
gear. Leaving your foot on the clutch pedal
unnecessarily is called riding the clutch
and can cause extra wear on the clutch.
When you wish to brake or come to a
stop, do not coast to a stop while pressing
the clutch pedal. Pressing on the clutch
pedal like this prevents you from being
able to use the accelerator.
When turning corners, be sure your
vehicle is in the proper gear for the speed
of the turn, and that your foot is off the
clutch pedal.
Only use the clutch pedal to start the
vehicle, change from one gear to the next,
and just before you stop to prevent stalling.
Steering
Think of the steering wheel as a clock.
To have the best vehicle control, place
your left hand at about the 9 oclock
position. Your right hand should be at
about the 3 oclock position. If this is not
possible due to the design of the steering
46 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
wheel, place your left hand at about the
10 oclock position and your right hand at
about the 2 oclock position.
When turning a corner, steer using the
hand-over-hand method. When returning
the wheel from a turning position, use the
hand-over-hand method. You can also
let the steering wheel slide through your
hands back into position by loosening your
grip slightly, but keeping contact with the
steering wheel.
Signalling
Signal lights and brake lights tell other
drivers what you are going to do.
You must use your signal light when
you are:
moving away from the curb or
parking lane
turning left or right
changing lanes
When you apply your brakes, your
brake lights are activated to alert other
drivers that you are slowing or stopping.
Do not confuse other drivers by
signaling too early or too late. Remember
to turn off your turn signal light if it does
not turn off automatically.
HAND PLACEMENTS DURING
A RIGHT TURN:
A B
C D
E
A. Hand position to begin a left or right turn.
B. For right turns, the left hand applies turning
power. Right hand releases the steering
wheel, and moves to the top of the steering
wheel. C. Right hand takes new position and
applies turning power. D. Left hand releases
the steering wheel, and returns to 9 oclock
position. E. Reverse the steps to complete
the turn and return the steering wheel to the
normal position. Turn completed, return hands
to driving position.
ELECTRICAL
SIGNALS:
HAND
SIGNALS:
Left signal Left signal
Right signal Right signal
Slowing or stopping Slowing or stopping
THE BASICS OF DRIVING 47 CHAPTER THREE
Accelerating
When you are driving your vehicle, your
ability to control your speed depends on
looking where you want to go and using
the accelerator correctly. Gradually press
on the accelerator to move the vehicle,
and then hold it at the proper position for
the selected speed. This will take some
practice. Keep the following in mind:
Accelerate smoothly.
Adjust to the weather, road and
trafc conditions.
Do not accelerate or reduce speed
unnecessarily.
Never exceed the posted speed limit.
Do not accelerate so quickly that the
vehicles tires spin.
Drive with the ow of trafc to reduce
the risk of being in a collision. Driving
too slowly can be a hazard.
Glance occasionally at your
speedometer to check your speed.
Stopping time and
distance
Knowing how much time and distance it
takes to apply your brakes to completely
stop your vehicle can help avoid errors in
judgment that can lead to a collision. Three
factors determine the time and distance it
takes to stop.
PERCEPTION TIME:
Perception time is how long it takes to
recognize a situation and understand that
you need to stop. This can take about
three-quarters of a second. Drivers with
less experience often take longer to realize
a danger exists. Perception distance is
how far a vehicle travels during this time.
REACTION TIME:
Reaction time is how long it takes to
respond to a situation by moving your foot
from the accelerator pedal to the brake
pedal. The average reaction time is three-
quarters of a second. Reaction distance
is how far a vehicle travels during this time.
BRAKING TIME:
Braking time is how long it takes a
vehicle to stop after the brakes are
applied. Braking distance is how far the
vehicle travels during this time.
The chart below illustrates the minimum
stopping distance for various speeds.
The stopping distances are averages for
stopping on smooth, dry pavement.
Distance travelled while perceiving the
need to stop (based on an average perception
time of second)
Distance travelled while reacting (based on
an average reaction time of second)
Distance travelled after brakes applied
(under normal road conditions and brake
efciency)
Perception distance
+ Reaction distance
+ Braking distance
= TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE
110 km/h
100 km/h
80 km/h
50 km/h
30 km/h
48 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Many factors affect your stopping time
and distance. These include road and
weather conditions. Some factors you can
control are:
your visual search skills as you scan
the roadway ahead
your decision-making ability
your alertness and level of fatigue
your use of alcohol or other drugs
your vehicles speed
the condition of your vehicles brakes
and tires
Braking
When stopping, begin braking early.
If you brake too late, your braking
distance may not be sufcient.
Release pressure on the accelerator
before applying the brake to reduce
your speed.
To nish braking smoothly, release
pressure on the brake pedal slightly and
then reapply pressure on the pedal just
before you come to a stop.
If you must stop quickly, use threshold
braking. This is applying the brakes
without locking the wheels. This
is where braking efciency is at its
maximum while still allowing you to
steer your vehicle. If the wheels lock,
release your pressure on the brake
pedal slightly. Applying the brakes
hard enough to lock the wheels will
cause a loss of steering control. For
vehicles with anti-lock brakes (ABS),
see information in Chapter 6 under
emergency braking.
Reversing
All reversing must be done at a
crawl or slow walking speed. Before
reversing, look behind the vehicle and
only drive in reverse when your path is
clear of trafc, pedestrians and obstacles.
Before reversing out of a driveway, walk
around the vehicle and check for possible
dangers behind the vehicle.
To reverse in a straight line, do
the following:
Place your left hand at the top of
the steering wheel and shift slightly
onto your right hip. For support, place
your right hand on the back of the
passenger seat.
Look over your right shoulder through
the rear window. Reverse slowly while
covering your brake pedal.
Glance to the front to be sure that
the front of the vehicle does not
contact anything.
To correct your steering, turn the
steering wheel no more than a quarter
turn in the same direction that you want
the rear of your vehicle to go.
When reversing to the left or right, do
the following:
Use both hands on the steering wheel
at about 9 and 3 oclock if you need to
turn more than one-half turn.
To reverse to the left, look over your
left shoulder with frequent glances to
the front.
To reverse to the right, look over your
right shoulder with frequent glances to
the front.
Turn the steering wheel in the direction
you want the rear of the vehicle to go.
THE BASICS OF DRIVING 49 CHAPTER THREE
Reverse straight very slowly (crawl speed)
about one-half metre (1.5 feet). While still
moving slowly, steer sharply to the right until
your vehicle is at about a 45-degree angle to
the curb. Continue to look in the direction you
are moving while glancing to the front. Your
steering wheel should now be in line with the
rear bumper of vehicle B.
A
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C A
A
A
A
A
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C A
A
A
A
A
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C A
A
A
A
While reversing very slowly, straighten your
front wheels and continue reversing until the
right corner of your front bumper is in line with
the rear bumper of vehicle B. Be careful not to
make contact with this vehicle.
Turn the wheel sharply to the left. Continue
to look in the direction you are moving while
glancing to the front. Reverse until your
vehicle is parallel with the curb. Be careful
not to make contact with the bumper of the
vehicle behind you. The law requires that the
wheels of the parked vehicle not be more
than 50 centimetres from the curb.
Remember: The front of the vehicle will
move in the opposite direction from the
direction the rear of the vehicle is moving.
OTHER TIPS FOR REVERSING:
When reversing out of a driveway, steer
your vehicle into the nearest trafc lane
and then go forward. Do not reverse
into a second trafc lane.
It is illegal to move your vehicle in reverse
into an intersection or a crosswalk.
If you see white reverse lights on
a vehicle, be aware that it may move
backwards. These lights show that the
vehicle is in reverse gear.
Parking
Parking requires good control of the
vehicle, accurate judgment and steering
skill. The next three sections will explain
different types of parking.
Parallel parking
This type of parking may seem difcult at
rst and will require practice. To park in a
space between two vehicles at the right-
side curb, follow the steps illustrated. Note
the position of the front tires (in red).
A
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C A
A
A
A
A
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C A
A
A
A
When approaching your intended parallel parking
space, check behind you for trafc. Gradually
apply your brakes well in advance of the parking
space to begin slowing. Your brake lights alert
other drivers of your intent to stop. Determine if
the parking space is large enough for your vehicle.
Stop when the rear bumper of your vehicle
(vehicle A) is in line with the rear bumper of
vehicle B. Your vehicle should be parallel with
vehicle B, with about one metre (3 feet) of
space between the two vehicles. Place your
vehicle in reverse gear. Look over your right
shoulder and behind you to make sure nothing
is there and the space is still available.
50 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
When you are leaving a parallel park
position with a vehicle parked in front of
you, do the following:
Check all mirrors to see if it is safe to
leave the parking location.
Reverse while looking over your right
shoulder through your rear window,
until you are close to the vehicle parked
behind you, without making contact.
Turn on the left turn signal.
Before moving forward, look over your
left shoulder for trafc and cyclists not
visible in the mirrors.
Move forward slowly about one metre
(three feet) while steering sharply all
the way to the left. When it is safe,
drive into the nearest travel lane taking
care not to make contact with the
vehicle parked in front.
Be alert for trafc approaching from
the rear.
ENTERING AND EXITING A VEHICLE
PARKED PARALLEL TO THE CURB ON
A TWO-WAY STREET:
When leaving a vehicle parked parallel to
the curb, check all mirrors carefully for any
trafc or cyclists approaching from behind.
Do a shoulder check to your blind spots to
the left. When it is safe, open the door no
wider than necessary to get out and leave
the vehicle quickly. Walk to the rear of the
vehicle facing trafc to get to the curb.
When entering a vehicle parked parallel
to the curb, always approach from the
front of the vehicle. Look for trafc passing
in the nearest lane before you open
the door. Open the door no wider than
necessary to get in and close the door
quickly behind you.
Angle parking
Angle parking is most often used in parking
lots. The spaces may be on an angle of
approximately 45 degrees to the trafc
lane.
The following steps should be used to
enter an angle parking space on the right:
Turn on your right turn signal and
reduce your speed.
Drive parallel to the curb and remain
about 1.5 metres (ve feet) away from
the rear of the parked vehicle.
When you can see along the left side
of the vehicle parked to the right of the
vacant parking space, steer sharply
to the right. Look through the centre
of your stall while moving your vehicle
slowly ahead. Your vehicle should be
centred in the space.
At about the mid-point of the parking
space, straighten your wheels and
continue to move forward slowly.
Check the left front bumper and the
right rear bumper of your vehicle,
making sure they are not too close to
the parked vehicles on either side.
Keep moving slowly forward until the
front wheel makes light contact with
the curb or is within 50 centimeters
(20 inches) of the curb.
Entering angle parking space from the right
THE BASICS OF DRIVING 51 CHAPTER THREE
WHEN LEAVING AN ANGLE
PARKING SPACE:
Reverse carefully and slowly. Be sure there
is nothing behind your vehicle. Reversing
can be hazardous because it is difcult to
see trafc as you move out of the space.
Yield the right-of-way as you back out and
look carefully behind your vehicle.
Move slowly and be prepared to stop
if necessary. If the vehicle on your right is
longer than your vehicle, stop when the
rear of your vehicle is even with the rear
of the longer vehicle. Check for trafc and
pedestrians. Continue reversing straight
until you can see past the parked vehicle.
When your front bumper clears the rear
of the vehicle to your left, turn the steering
wheel sharply to the right. Continue
reversing into the rst lane behind the
parked vehicle. Stop when your vehicle is
parallel with the curb.
Drive ahead in your present lane. Watch
for other vehicles moving out of angle
parking stalls in front of you.
Perpendicular parking
Perpendicular parking (spaces at a 90
degree angle to the curb) to the right can
be difcult. As you approach your parking
space, keep about two metres (six feet)
between your vehicle and the rear of the
vehicle parked to your right. Travel very
slowly. When your front bumper is even
with the left side of the vehicle parked
to the right of your intended space, look
through the vacant space. While you are
driving very slowly, turn your wheels quickly
all the way to the right. Check the left front
corner and the right side of your vehicle
as you enter the parking space to be sure
you do not contact any parked vehicles.
Look through the vacant space, and drive
in slowly. Be sure your vehicle is centered
and completely in the stall.
Entering a 90-degree angle parking
stall in a parking lot on the left is easier
than on the right because you have more
room to achieve the proper angle. Be
sure to check for oncoming trafc before
you cross the oncoming trafc lane. Look
through the center of your stall as you
turn and enter it. This is similar to turning
left onto another roadway.
Only enter a perpendicular or angle
parking stall to your left when you are in
a parking lot.
2 meters
2 meters
Entering a perpendicular parking space from
the left.
Entering a perpendicular parking space from
the right.
52 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Hill parking
The following information applies to
parking on the right side of the road.
When parking facing uphill on a street
with a curb, turn the front wheels to the
left (toward the centre of the road). With
the wheels turned, allow your vehicle to
roll back slowly until the right front tire is
touching the curb. This helps to prevent
the vehicle from rolling into trafc if it
starts to move.
When parking facing uphill on a street
without a curb, turn your front wheels to
the right (toward the edge of the road). By
doing this, if the vehicle starts to move it
will go off the road and not into trafc.
When parking facing downhill, always
turn your front wheels to the right. If there
is a curb, allow your vehicle to roll to the
point where your right front tire is making
contact with it. With the tires turned to the
right, if the vehicle starts moving it will go
off the road and not into trafc.
To prevent a parked vehicle from rolling
down a hill, always set your park brake
and place your transmission in park (for an
automatic transmission) or low gear (for a
manual transmission).
When parking on the left side of the
road, turn the front wheels in the opposite
direction.
Do not park here
Do not park your vehicle:
on a sidewalk or boulevard
on a crosswalk or on any part of a
crosswalk
within an intersection
within 1.5 metres (5 feet) of access
to a garage, private roadway or
driveway
alongside or opposite any street
construction or obstruction
when stopping or parking would
obstruct trafc
on a bridge or underpass or the
approaches to a bridge or underpass
where a trafc control device prohibits
stopping or parking
No parking within 5
metres (16 feet) of a
stop or yield sign.
No parking within 5
metres (16 feet) of a
marked crosswalk.
Uphill with curb
Uphill without curb Downhill
THE BASICS OF DRIVING 53 CHAPTER THREE
within ve metres of a stop sign or
yield sign
within ve metres (16 feet) of the nearest
side of a marked crosswalk
within ve metres (16 feet) of a re
hydrant. When the hydrant is not
located at the curb, do not park within
ve metres of the point on the curb
nearest the hydrant.
beside other vehicles where you may be
double-parked
closer than ve metres (16 feet) of
the edge of the intersecting roadway,
except where there is an indication that
parking is permitted, such as with a
parking meter
at or near the site of a re, explosion,
motor vehicle crash or other incident,
where parking would obstruct trafc
or emergency response personnel
and equipment
On a roadway outside an urban area,
do not park:
on the roadway, parking lane or shoulder
of a primary highway except where:
your vehicle is incapable of moving
under its own power,
an emergency arises, or
it is permitted by law
No parking within 5 metres (16 feet) of a re
hydrant.
unless there is a clear passage for
other motor vehicles, and
your vehicle can be seen for 60
metres (200 feet) along the roadway
in both directions
54 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
4
Intersections
and Turns
56 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Right-of-way
Where roadways meet and intersect, there
is the possibility for a collision. Who should
proceed and who must wait?
Right-of-way rules require one person
to yield and allow the other to proceed.
Signs, signals, and sometimes the position
of your vehicle to other vehicles at an
intersection determine the rules. However,
even if you have the right-of-way, you are
still responsible to do everything you can to
prevent a collision.
Intersections
An intersection is where two or more
roadways meet, creating a possible conict
between vehicles on those roads and
with pedestrians crossing the roadways.
These are high-risk locations for collisions.
Intersections may be controlled by
trafc signs, trafc signal lights, or both.
Intersections not controlled by signs
or signals are controlled by rules and
regulations. To drive safely through an
intersection with or without controls you
must know the rules and regulations that
determine who has the right-of-way.
Always be careful. Other drivers may
not be paying attention to the signs and
signals, or may be unaware of the rules at
intersections without signs or signals.
Note: For information about trafc signs
and trafc signals, refer to Chapter 2.
Directions given by a peace ofcer or
police ofcer must be followed over trafc
signs or signals.
Intersections controlled
by signs
STOP SIGNS:
A stop sign indicates
that your vehicle
must come to a
complete stop. After
stopping, check the
intersection carefully
for pedestrians and other trafc. When
safe, you may proceed.
There are rules about where you
must stop your vehicle when you come
to a stop sign.
RULES FOR STOPPING
AT INTERSECTIONS:
Where a stop line has been marked, bring your
vehicle to a complete stop before the stop line.
Before moving forward, give pedestrians and
trafc the right-of-way.
Stop before the stop
line at a marked
crosswalk.
Where there is no stop
line, stop before the
marked crosswalk.
INTERSECTIONS AND TURNS 57 CHAPTER FOUR
Three and four-way stops:
Intersections where stop signs are
located at all corners are often referred
to as courtesy corners. Vehicles
approaching from each direction are
required to stop. All drivers must use
courtesy and caution. Courtesy is to
allow the vehicle that arrived rst to
proceed rst. If two vehicles arrive at the
same time, courtesy allows the vehicle on
the right to proceed rst. You must not
proceed unless you can do so safely.
YIELD SIGNS:
A yield sign
means that you
must allow other
vehicles that do
not face a yield
sign the right-of-
way to proceed. When approaching a
yield sign, reduce speed as you near the
intersection and be prepared to stop.
You may be required to stop and yield
the right-of-way to trafc or pedestrians.
Wait for a safe gap in the trafc before
you proceed.
If there are no pedestrians or trafc
that you are required to yield to, you may
proceed through the intersection without
coming to a complete stop.
Your approach must be at a speed
that allows you to stop easily to prevent a
collision with another vehicle or person.
Uncontrolled
intersections
Some intersections have no trafc signs
and no trafc signal lights. At these
intersections, you must yield the right-
of-way to a vehicle on your right.
Check for trafc approaching from your
left and right when you are approaching
an intersection without a trafc control
device. Similar to an intersection
controlled by a stop sign, adjust your
speed to the visibility and road conditions.
Your view may be obstructed by fences,
trees, or parked cars. You must reduce
your speed enough to be able to stop
your vehicle easily. When road conditions
are slippery, reduce your speed to allow
for the increased stopping distance.
If there is no stop line or marked crosswalk
at the intersection, you must stop within
three metres (10 feet) of the intersecting
roadway. Stop where you will not interfere with
pedestrians who are crossing or are about to
cross the roadway.
Vehicle at yield sign allows other vehicle
to pass.
58 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
When exiting from service roads, alleys,
parking lots and driveways, you must:
stop before any sidewalk crossing
stop before entering a main street
yield to pedestrians
INTERSECTION REMINDERS:
A driver turning left across the path of
an approaching vehicle cannot turn left
until it is safe.
Parking lots have intersections without
signs or signals, and the right-of-way
rules apply.
All intersections have crosswalks that
may be marked or unmarked and you
must not pass another vehicle that has
stopped for a pedestrian.
Keep intersections
clear
Do not enter an intersection until you are
able to clear it completely.
If trafc is delayed at an intersection,
do not enter the intersection until you
can completely clear the intersection and
crosswalk on the other side.
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
A yields to B: This intersection has no signs
or signals and B is to the right of A. For safety,
drivers in the position of vehicle B must wait until
the right-of-way is given before proceeding.
A
A
A
B
B
B
Use caution and judgment at all
intersections without signs or signals.
Even if you have the right-of-way, be
sure the other vehicle is going to yield
before you proceed.
The T intersection without signs or
signals (also known as an uncontrolled
intersection) is a unique situation. There
are no trafc control signs or signals,
therefore the driver on the right (vehicle
B) has the right-of-way. Be careful in this
situation in case the driver going straight
through (vehicle A) incorrectly assumes the
right-of-way.
A yields to B: This intersection has no
signs or signals and B is to the right of A.
A yields to B: A would be crossing Bs
path and neither is to the right of the other.
INTERSECTIONS AND TURNS 59 CHAPTER FOUR
Trafc circles and
Roundabouts
Trafc circles and roundabouts are circular
intersections designed to improve trafc
ow and safety. Trafc always circulates
in a counterclockwise direction around
a centre island. Vehicles entering the
intersection must yield to trafc already in
the circle.
There are differences between trafc
circles and roundabouts. The centre island
of a roundabout is smaller than the centre
island of a trafc circle. The roundabout
has been designed with a tighter curve
around the island to encourage lower
speeds and may have a sloped curb to
allow more room for larger commercial
vehicles. Pedestrian crossings on
roundabouts are located away from the
intersection for safety, as well as improved
lines of sight for motorists and pedestrians.
Drivers must follow similar rules when
using roundabouts or trafc circles.
One lane trafc circle /
roundabout
ENTERING CIRCULAR
INTERSECTIONS:
Drivers entering a one lane circular
intersection must yield to drivers already in
the circle. Once in the circle, drivers must
activate the right signal when preparing
to exit.
EXITING CIRCULAR INTERSECTIONS:
Always wait to activate your right turn
signal after passing the exit that is before
your intended exit. This tells other drivers
that you intend to leave the circle at the
next exit.
When you intend to exit at the rst
available exit:
Use your right signal as you approach.
Leave it on until you have exited the
circle.
As you approach, scan for pedestrians
and cyclists at the crosswalks at the
entrance and exits of the circle.
Vehicles A is in the proper location. Vehicle
B has blocked the crosswalk. Vehicles C and
D have used poor judgment and have had to
stop in the intersection. Cross trafc has been
affected. Ensure that there is enough space
to allow your vehicle to completely clear the
intersection and crosswalks before entering.
An example of a single lane circular intersection.
60 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
When you intend to use at any
other exit:
As you approach, scan for pedestrians
and cyclists at the crosswalks at the
entrance and exits of the circle.
Activate your right signal when
approaching the exit you wish to use.
Two lane trafc circle /
roundabout
ENTERING CIRCULAR INTERSECTION
Drivers entering the circular intersection
must yield to drivers already in the circle.
Once in the circle, drivers must activate the
right signal when preparing to exit.
USING THE RIGHT LANE TO ENTER
AND EXIT:
Drivers entering the circle from the right
lane must do so when it is safe and stay in
the right lane while in the circle. They must
exit using the right lane.
USING THE LEFT LANE TO ENTER
AND EXIT:
Drivers using the left lane to enter the circle
must do so when it is safe and stay in the
left lane while in the circle/roundabout.
They must exit using the left lane. Drivers
planning to travel past the rst exit should
use the left lane to enter and exit.
IN CIRCULAR INTERSECTIONS
While in the circle, the driver on the right
must yield to the driver on the left. Activate
the right signal when preparing to exit. Use
caution when exiting and crossing through
the right (outside) lane. Do not change
lanes in the circle. Trafc in the red lanes
(white arrows) must yield to trafc in the
yellow lanes (black arrows). Trafc entering
the circle (grey lanes) must yield to trafc in
the circle (both red and yellow lanes).
Vehicles B and C must yield to vehicle A.
Vehicle E must yield to vehicle D, while
vehicles F and D may proceed together.
INTERSECTIONS AND TURNS 61 CHAPTER FOUR
EXITING CIRCULAR INTERSECTIONS
Always wait to activate your right turn
signal after passing the exit that is before
your intended exit. This tells other drivers
that you intend to leave the circle at the
next exit.
When you intend to use at the rst
available exit:
Approach the circle using the right lane.
Use your right signal as you approach.
Leave it on until you have exited
the circle.
As you approach, scan for pedestrians
and cyclists at the crosswalks at the
entrance and exits of the circle.
Yield to trafc in the circle.
Exit the circle using the right lane.
When you intend to leave at any other exit:
Approach the circle using the left lane.
Activate your left signal to communicate
that you do not plan to use the rst exit.
As you approach, scan for pedestrians
and cyclists at the crosswalks at the
entrance and exits of the circle.
Yield to trafc in the circle.
Exit the circle using the left lane.
Remember, when you exit using the
left lane:
Use your right signal when you pass
the exit that is one before the exit you
will use.
Check for trafc in the right lane that
may be continuing around the circle.
Look ahead for pedestrians at the
crosswalk where you will be exiting.
Exit the circle using the left lane.
If you cannot stop or exit safely, stay in
your lane and travel around the circle/
roundabout again.
Turning
Many collisions are caused by drivers
who fail to turn safely.
Right turns
Remember that travel lanes are not
always marked with lines on the road
or signs. A travel lane is a section of
roadway wide enough to allow the
passage of a single line of vehicles. This
includes a curb lane lined with parking
meters. The lane next to the curb where
vehicles park is best referred to as a curb
lane, not a parking lane. Curb lanes are
not just for parking. They are used to turn
off a road and onto a road.
Prepare for a turn well in advance. If you
are not in the proper turning lane, check
your rear view and outside mirrors and
do a shoulder check. Signal and change
lanes when it is safe. You should be in your
proper turning lane at least 15 metres (50
feet) before the intersection.
Vehicle H must yield to vehicle G.
62 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Be sure you yield the right-of-way to
pedestrians and trafc on the cross street.
Before you begin to turn, check the street
you are turning onto to decide if there is
room to turn into the curb lane. Check
over your right shoulder for cyclists and
pedestrians approaching the intersections.
When turning right from a two-way road
onto another two-way road, stay centred
in your turning lane, and no more than one
metre (3 feet) from the curb or edge of
the road. Stay approximately this distance
as you approach the intersection, while
turning, and as you leave the intersection.
Remember the following when turning:
Yield to pedestrians crossing in
the crosswalk.
Do not enter the crosswalk to turn
until pedestrians are safely out of
the intersection.
Do not turn wide and occupy two lanes
when turning. Unless prohibited by a sign,
you may turn right on a red light after you
come to a complete stop at the proper
stopping point (stop line or crosswalk).
If a parked vehicle or obstruction is far enough
away, complete the turn in the lane behind the
vehicle or obstruction. Then change lanes to the
left when safe. It is recommended for this type
of turn that the curb lane be clear of parked
vehicles for at least one-half a block.
Parked
vehicle
If the rst available lane of the street you are
turning onto has a parked vehicle or obstruction
close to the corner, turn into the rst available
lane to the left of the parked vehicle. When the
lane is free, turn directly into that lane.
Note: Yield to other vehicles approaching from
your left that are travelling in the lane you will enter.
If it is safe, complete your turn by turning
into the rst available trafc lane on the right
when there is space to allow you to gently
accelerate and change lanes. After you
complete the turn, look well ahead along your
intended path.
INTERSECTIONS AND TURNS 63 CHAPTER FOUR
Two-way onto a two-way
When it is safe and legal, turn from the lane
nearest and to the right of the yellow line.
Turn into the lane nearest and to the right
of the yellow line. Be sure you have enough
time and space to turn safely if there is
oncoming trafc. Yield to oncoming trafc
and pedestrians crossing to your left.
Two-way onto a one-way
When it is safe and legal, turn from the lane
nearest the yellow line. Turn into the rst
available lane on the left side of the road.
Yield to oncoming trafc and pedestrians
crossing to your left.
Left turns
Poor judgment of time and space when
turning left is one of the leading causes
of crashes. Left turns can be dangerous
because there can be trafc approaching
from more than one direction and your
vehicle will be crossing the lanes of the
oncoming trafc.
Prepare well in advance. You should
be in your proper turning lane at least 15
metres (50 feet) before the intersection.
When turning from a two-way road onto
another two-way road with a single left
turn lane, drive into the lane to the right
side of the yellow line.
Remain behind the crosswalk if there
is only room for one vehicle ahead of
you in your lane in the intersection.
Enter the intersection if it is legal to do
so when the vehicle ahead of you clears
the intersection. If you must stop in the
intersection prior to completing a left turn,
stay to the right of the yellow line and
keep your front wheels pointed straight
ahead. This will prevent you from being
pushed into oncoming trafc if you are hit
from behind.
Check the crosswalk of the road you
are turning onto for pedestrians and
cyclists. Look well along your intended
path. When it is safe, turn the vehicle left
at the intersection. Complete the turn by
driving to the right side of the yellow line of
the road you have entered.
Do not turn wide and occupy two lanes
when turning.
Before turning left off a two-lane
highway, do a shoulder check to the left
to be sure you are not being passed by
another vehicle on your left.
64 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Turning lanes
Some lanes are designated as turning
lanes. As you approach an intersection,
always check the signs and pavement
markings. Make sure you are in the correct
lane to turn or go straight ahead.
Dual lane turns
When turning right or left where dual lane
turns are indicated by pavement markings
or signs, approach the intersection in
one of the marked lanes and turn into the
corresponding lane.
Dual lane turns can only be made where
indicated. Never swing wide or change
lanes in dual lane turn intersections as
another vehicle could be turning beside
you. Watch the vehicle turning beside you,
as it may swing wide into your lane.
Unless prohibited by a sign, at a dual
right turn intersection, you may turn right
on a red light after you come to a complete
stop at the proper stopping point (stop line
or crosswalk).
One-way onto a two-way
When it is safe and legal, turn from the lane
nearest the left side of the road. Turn into the
nearest lane to the right of the yellow line.
Yield to pedestrians to your left.
One-way onto a one-way
When it is safe and legal, turn from the lane
nearest the left side of the road. Turn into the
lane nearest to the left side of the road. Yield to
pedestrians crossing to your left.
When the light is red, if there are no signs
prohibiting the turn, you may turn left on a
red light from a one way to a one way after
you come to a complete stop at the proper
stopping location (stop line or crosswalk) and
it is safe. This also applies to dual lane turns.
Yield to pedestrians crossing to your left.
Dual lane turns
INTERSECTIONS AND TURNS 65 CHAPTER FOUR
After completing a turn, dual turn lanes
may converge into one lane. The driver
in the lane that ends must change to the
available lane by following the proper steps
for a lane change.
Two-way left turn lanes
A two-way left-turn lane allows vehicles
from each direction to turn left using the
same lane. Vehicles from both directions
share this centre lane to turn left. It is
permissible to cross the solid yellow line
to enter the shared turn lane. Only enter
the turning lane close to where you will be
turning. Watch for oncoming vehicles in
your lane.
Reminders for safe turning:
Check for trafc, do a shoulder check,
signal, and when safe, move into the
proper lane.
Signal with enough time to provide a
reasonable warning to other drivers and
pedestrians of your intention.
Check oncoming and cross trafc as
well as the crosswalk to your left for
pedestrians. Watch for both vehicle and
pedestrian trafc.
U-turns
A U-turn is done by turning your vehicle
around at an intersection to go in the
opposite direction by using oncoming lanes.
Do not do a U-turn unless you can do
it safely. U-turns are not permitted:
at an intersection controlled by a trafc
control signal (trafc lights) unless
permitted by a trafc control device
where a sign prohibits U-turns
In urban areas U-turns are not permitted:
on a roadway between intersections
at an alley intersection
at an intersection where one or more of
the roadways is an access to a public or
private parking lot which the public can
access
Outside urban areas (rural) U-turns are
not permitted:
on a curve
approach to or near the crest of a hill
where the driver of another vehicle
cannot see you that is approaching
within 150 metres from either direction
Two-way left-turn lane
This sign means U-turns
are not allowed.
66 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
5
Highways
and Freeways
68 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Lane selection and
position in your lane
Most major roadways and highways are
divided into lanes with lines on the road
surface to indicate where your vehicle
should travel and the rules of lane driving
that you should follow. Choose the lane
that best meets your needs for safety and
getting to your destination. Plan ahead. Do
not leave lane changes to the last minute.
When a roadway has been divided into
lanes by visible marking lines on the road
surface, you should drive in the centre of
your lane.
Blind spots
Your inside and outside rear view mirrors
will show you the trafc that is behind your
vehicle. They will not show you everything
to the sides or what is right beside and
slightly behind you in the lane next to you.
These are the blind spots.
The view you see in your inside rear
view mirror should show as much of
the view through your rear window as
possible. The outside rear view mirrors
should show you a little of your vehicle on
the side where the mirror is attached, as
well as the area behind you in the lane next
to you. They should be positioned to allow
you to see, from your driving position, the
horizon in the middle of your mirror behind
you. Be sure your inside and outside
rear view mirrors are adjusted properly to
minimize blind spots.
The following pictures show what can
be seen in properly adjusted mirrors.
Using the left outside mirror, the driver of
vehicle A can see vehicle C.
Using the inside rear view mirror, the driver of
vehicle A can see vehicle B.
B A
Using both outside mirrors and inside rear
view mirror, the driver of vehicle A can see
vehicles B, C and D. The driver of vehicle
A cannot see vehicles E and F, either in the
mirrors or through peripheral (side) vision.
Vehicles E and F are in vehicle As blind spots.
The red shading shows the blind spots for
driver A.
HIGHWAYS AND FREEWAYS 69 CHAPTER FIVE
Changing lanes
Because of the blind spots, you must
do shoulder checks in addition to mirror
checks before changing lanes. To do a
shoulder check properly, quickly glance
back over your shoulder through the rear
side windows in the direction you intend to
move. This allows you to see the area you
will not be able to see in your mirrors.
If you do not have backseat side
windows or a back rear window, you will
need to use your outside mirrors with an
attached convex mirror.
When moving from one lane to another,
do the following:
Be sure a lane change is allowed.
Check for trafc by glancing in your
inside and outside rear view mirrors.
Check over your shoulder to be sure there
is no vehicle or cyclist in your blind spots.
Turn on the proper signal light.
If safe, change lanes, while maintaining
your speed as much as possible.
Ensure your signal light is turned off.
Passing
Passing on a multi-lane
highway
On a multi-lane highway, slower trafc
should use the travel lane furthest to the
right (unless needing the left lane to turn
left). This leaves the left lane available for
drivers of other vehicles for passing.
Passing lanes
A passing lane is a lane added to a highway
to allow passing, often in the mountains.
Slower vehicles move into the passing lane
to the right, permitting other vehicles to
pass safely in the left lane. Signs will alert
drivers to a passing lane ahead.
When approaching the end of the
passing lane, drivers in the right lane
must merge safely with trafc to the left.
Drivers in the left lane must cooperate to
let drivers from the right lane merge. Signs
are posted to alert drivers that the passing
lane is ending.
Passing on a two lane
highway
On a two lane highway (one lane of
trafc in each direction), passing another
vehicle can be difcult and dangerous.
Errors in judgment can result in head-on
collisions, and these often cause fatalities.
Passing should be done only where it
is legal, when it is necessary, and with
extreme caution.
A passing lane permits other vehicles to
pass safely.
70 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Before passing another vehicle on a
two-lane road, do the following:
Pass only where it is permitted.
Keep a safe following distance behind
the vehicle you intend to pass.
Pass vehicles only when there is no
oncoming trafc for a safe distance.
Check your outside and inside rear
view mirrors.
Do a shoulder check to the left to look
for vehicles that may be passing you on
the left. These vehicles may be in your
blind spot.
Turn on your left signal light.
Check again that there is no oncoming
trafc for a safe distance before you
attempt to pass.
It is illegal to exceed the speed limit
when passing another vehicle.
Once the vehicle you have passed is
visible in your inside rear view mirror, do
a shoulder check to the right.
Turn on your right signal light.
Return to your original lane while
maintaining your speed.
Ensure your signal light is turned off.
When being passed on a two lane
highway, help the driver passing you by
staying in your lane. Move to the right side
of your lane to give the other driver a better
view of the road ahead.
When is it illegal to pass
another vehicle?
Do not pass when:
oncoming vehicles are too close. If you
have any doubts about safely completing
the pass, do not attempt to pass
a solid yellow line is on your side of the
centre line
a sign indicates a no passing zone
you are in a school or playground zone
during school or playground zone times
another vehicle is stopped to allow
a pedestrian to cross at a marked or
unmarked crosswalk
a school bus has ashing red lights and
the stop arm extended indicating the
school bus has stopped. (It is not the
safest choice to pass a school bus that
has ashing amber lights, indicating that
it is reducing speed, because it may be
stopping to allow passengers on and off
the school bus. If you do proceed, do it
with caution.)
Emergency
stopping lane
The portion of a primary highway that lies
between the edge of the roadway and the
rst lane of travel, sometimes referred to
as the shoulder, is for drivers who need to
stop due to an urgent situation or because
they have problems with their vehicle.
Passing on a two lane highway.
HIGHWAYS AND FREEWAYS 71 CHAPTER FIVE
Do not drive in the emergency
stopping lane of a highway. Do not pass
or assist another vehicle to pass you by
using this lane.
Entering and exiting
a major roadway

Merging
Merging is done
when two roadways
join into one and
the trafc on the
main roadway must
cooperate to allow
enough space for
vehicles to enter from the merging lane.
Neither the merging vehicle nor the
vehicles already on the highway have
the right-of-way. Merging is a shared
responsibility between the vehicles joining
the roadway and the vehicles already on
the roadway.
Avoid reducing your speed
abruptly or stopping when merging.
This merging lane is designed to allow you
to bring your vehicle to the posted speed
of the road onto which you are merging.
The drivers behind you are expecting you
to continue moving ahead. If you
slow or stop, your vehicle may be hit
from behind.
Here are some tips on merging safely:
Merging requires that you plan and
time your approach to blend smoothly
with trafc, without stopping or
abruptly reducing your speed.
Check the trafc ow on the highway
as soon as you can see the lane
where you will be merging.
Choose your gap in the trafc, and
begin adjusting your speed, if required.
Keep glancing at the gap you chose to
ensure you are making the speed and
timing adjustments necessary to safely
merge without affecting trafc.
Use your signal light before or when
you are on the acceleration lane.
Accelerate to the speed of the trafc
on the main road.
Keep shoulder checking to view the
gap and look in your rear view mirror
for vehicles following you.
When it is safe and legal, move into
the gap after you are past the solid
white line of the acceleration lane.
Maintain your speed at or near the
speed of the other vehicles.
Ensure your signal light is turned off.
If you are on the main roadway, and
trafc is merging, move left to the next
lane if it is safe. This leaves the right
travel lane clear for the merging vehicles
to enter.
Emergency stopping lanes border the lanes
of travel on a primary highway.
Emergency
Stopping
Lane
Emergency
Stopping
Lane
72 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Exiting
Here are some tips on how to exit a major
roadway or highway safely:
Plan ahead. Be in the proper lane well
before you reach your exit.
Use your turn signal well in advance of
the exit to alert the drivers behind you.
Move into the deceleration lane if
there is one.
If possible, do most of the slowing
in the deceleration lane. Some
deceleration lanes are short; you may
need to start to reduce your speed
while still on the highway.
When you have exited, ensure your
signal light is turned off.
If you miss your exit, do not stop.
Continue to the next exit and make
plans to return to your route. Do not
stop and reverse on the highway, the
emergency stopping lane or shoulder.
Weave zones
On some roadway interchanges, there are
places where the highway entrance and
exit use the same lane. The entrance and
exit can be close together. These areas
require caution and cooperation because
vehicles share the same lane to slow to
exit the highway while other vehicles are
using it to increase speed to enter the
highway. The area that these vehicles
share is called a weave zone.
Correct (safe) and incorrect (unsafe) method for exiting from a highway.
TRAFFIC FLOW
ADJUST TO HIGHWAY
SPEED IN ACCELERATION
LANE
DO NOT
ENTER
HIGHWAY HERE AT
A SHARP ANGLE
SIGNAL AND MOVE CAREFULLY
INTO HIGHWAY LANE
BE PREPARED TO
ADJUST SPEED
WHEN APPROACHING
MERGING AREA
W
R
O
N
G
Correct and incorrect method for merging.
CHECK POSTED
SAFE SPEED
FOR RAMP
DO NOT SLOW
DOWN HERE
DO NOT MAKE
LAST MINUTE
TURN-OFF
W
R
O
N
G
TRAFFIC FLOW
SLOW DOWN AFTER TURNING
INTO DECELERATION LANE
HIGHWAYS AND FREEWAYS 73 CHAPTER FIVE
Vehicles will cross paths in a weave zone.
In weave zones, control your speed
and the timing of your lane change to
merge with other trafc. This requires
skillful use of time and space. Use caution
in these zones to ensure safe highway
exiting and entering for all vehicles.
Curves
Curves require special attention. Here are
some things to remember about curves:
If you need to reduce your speed, do
it before entering the curve, and stay
centered in your lane.
To stay centred in your lane, look
well ahead and around the curve.
This will assist you with steering and
speed control.
Maintain a safe and steady speed after
entering the curve.
Do not pass vehicles on curves
on highways with one lane in each
direction. It is unsafe and illegal.
Curves become more dangerous when
wet or icy as these conditions make
them slippery.
On a curve, your vehicle will want to
go straight ahead, due to kinetic energy,
even though you are turning the wheels. If
your tires lose traction with the road as you
enter or travel around a curve to the left
(vehicle A), your vehicle may skid to the
right side of the road. If this happens, stay
off the accelerator and brake.
If your tires lose traction with the road
as you enter a curve to the right (vehicle
B), your vehicle may skid into oncoming
trafc. If you skid in a curve, stay off the
brake and the accelerator. Continue to
look in the direction you want to go, and
make small steering adjustments to come
out of the skid.
The lines show where the drivers are looking
to help them stay centred in their lanes .
B
A
74 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Hills
Hills also require special attention.
Remember the following when travelling
up a hill:
Use caution and move to the right in
your lane as you approach the top of a
hill. This may keep you from being hit by
an oncoming vehicle that has crossed
over the centre line and is in your lane.
Do not pass near the top of a hill on a
two lane highway, as you cannot see
what is ahead of you.
Remember the following when travelling
down a hill:
If the hill is very steep, adjust your
speed. The time it takes you to stop will
increase when travelling down a hill.
In a vehicle with a standard transmission,
shifting to a lower gear can reduce the
risk of your brakes overheating.
6
Emergency
Situations and
Challenging
Conditions
76 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Emergency braking
There are times when something unexpected
occurs that requires you to brake suddenly.
The key to emergency braking is to stop the
vehicle as quickly as possible without losing
control of your vehicle.
If your vehicle has ABS brakes
Most vehicles are equipped with an anti-
lock braking system (ABS). The ABS allows
you to steer while the brakes are being
applied. ABS applies brake pressure at
each wheel, cycling from locked to slightly
rolling. You will feel this as a vibration
through the brake pedal. With ABS you
can brake as hard as you need without
losing your ability to steer.
To brake in an emergency, follow
these steps:
Apply steady rm pressure to the
brake pedal.
Do not pump or release the
brake pedal.
Look and steer in the direction you
want to go.
Be sure to check your vehicles owners
manual for more information on
emergency braking techniques.
If your vehicle does
not have ABS brakes
In vehicles without ABS, braking hard
can cause the wheels to stop rolling. The
wheels are locked when the brakes are
applied and they stop rolling. This can
cause you to lose steering control. If your
wheels lock, ease off the brake pedal.
Brake again but not as hard.
To brake in an emergency, follow
these steps:
Press rmly on the brake pedal to the
point just before the wheels lock. This is
called threshold braking.
If the wheels lock, release the brake
pedal slightly to regain steering control.
Press the brake pedal rmly again
without locking the wheels.
Look and steer in the direction you want
the front of the vehicle to go.
Loss of control
The road surface, the speed of your vehicle,
turning, and the condition of your tires can
contribute to a skid. Skidding means you
have lost control of the vehicle. To regain
control, do not touch the brake or the
accelerator, and look and steer where you
want the front of the vehicle to go.
Most skids are the result of driver error.
A skid can occur when you:
drive too quickly on poor road
conditions like ice, snow, rain, mud,
sand or gravel
turn the steering wheel too sharply
turn the steering wheel too much for the
speed you are travelling
brake too rmly
accelerate too quickly
Skid recovery
Drive in a manner that reduces the
possibility of having your vehicle skid. Plan
ahead so you will not have to suddenly
brake or steer. Driving in a smooth and
controlled manner will reduce the chance
of a skid. If the road is not familiar to you
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AND CHALLENGING CONDITIONS 77 CHAPTER SIX
or the conditions are not ideal, reduce
your speed.
It is very important that you keep
your foot off the brake pedal if you
start to skid. How you steer depends on
the direction of the skid. Look and steer
in the direction you want the front of the
vehicle to go. Do not make large steering
adjustments, point the tires along the
centre of your lane.
Braking skid (non-ABS)
If your vehicle does not have anti-lock
brakes, a braking skid could occur when
you apply your brakes too rmly, causing the
wheels to lock. Steering control will be lost.
If you experience this type of skid, do
the following:
Take your foot off the brake pedal. When
the vehicles wheels start to roll, steering
control will return.
Look and steer in the direction you want
the front of the vehicle to go.
If you need to apply the brakes again,
use rm pressure but not hard enough to
lock the wheels.
Power (acceleration) skid
A power skid occurs when you accelerate
too quickly, causing the wheels to spin.
If you experience a power skid, do
the following:
Take your foot off the gas pedal to allow
the wheels to stop spinning.
Make any needed steering corrections.
Look and steer in the direction you want
the front of the vehicle to go.
Be careful not to over correct your
steering or you may skid in the
opposite direction.
Use gentle acceleration to continue
moving forward.
Cornering skid
A cornering skid occurs when you are
travelling too quickly when turning,
causing the vehicle to slide sideways.
Speed, tire condition, road surface, and
the slope of the road can all play a part
in this type of skid.
If you experience a cornering skid,
do the following:
Take your foot off the gas pedal.
Do not use your brakes.
Look and steer in the direction you
want the front of the vehicle to go.
Off-road recovery
If you drive off the paved portion of the
roadway, do the following:
Keep a rm grip on the steering wheel.
Do not try to steer the vehicle back onto
the road immediately.
Take your foot off the gas pedal to
reduce your speed.
Look and steer in the direction you want the
front of the vehicle to go. Note the position of
the front tires (in red).
A
A
A
78 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Try to avoid braking. If you need to
brake, use gradual pressure on the
brake pedal to keep control.
Check for trafc before attempting to
steer the vehicle back onto the road.
With controlled speed, return to the
road gradually and straighten your
vehicle in the proper travel lane.
Vehicle mechanical
problems
It is important to keep your vehicle working
properly. If your vehicle breaks down while
you are driving, it can be dangerous as well
as inconvenient.
If your vehicle is having mechanical
problems that require you to stop,
remember the following for your safety:
Change lanes safely and park in a safe
location, if possible.
Do not stop on a bridge or in a tunnel.
This can be very dangerous.
If the vehicle is left in a potentially
dangerous location, turn on your
hazard lights (four-way ashers).
Raise your hood.
Carry reective triangles. On the
highway or in a location that is
potentially dangerous, when it is safe,
place them to the rear of your vehicle,
about 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66ft) apart.
Do not try to do roadside repairs on
crowded or fast-moving highways.
If it is a potentially dangerous situation,
have all occupants leave the vehicle
and wait at a safe location to the rear
and away from the vehicle, as shown
in the diagram.
If a motorist stops to offer help, you
could ask them to call for assistance.
Brake failure
Most vehicles come with a brake system that
will protect you against a total failure of your
brakes. A warning light on your instrument
panel will light if there is a problem. It should
light before your brakes stop working. When
you see the brake warning light come on,
and you have checked that the park brake
has been released, move to the side of the
road as soon as it is safe.
If you have a vehicle with power
brakes, the power system could fail. This
may occur if your engine stops while you
are still moving. If the vehicle does not
slow with normal pressure on the brake,
push the brake pedal harder and apply
steady pressure.
Move away from the vehicle while waiting
for help.
DO NOT WAIT
IN THIS AREA
Gradual return to the roadway.
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EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AND CHALLENGING CONDITIONS 79 CHAPTER SIX
If your brakes fail, and your wheels
are not turned, carefully use your park
brake to slow your vehicle. You may be
able to shift to a lower gear to bring your
vehicle to a safe and controlled stop.
Check your vehicles owners manual for
more information.
Park your vehicle in a safe location.
Do not drive until the brakes have been
checked and repaired properly.
Power steering failure
If your power steering fails, you can still
steer the vehicle. You will have to use extra
effort to turn the steering wheel.
Tire failure
If a tire has an air leak you may feel,
through the steering wheel, the vehicle
begin to pull and a vibration as you hold
the steering wheel. If this air leak is not
corrected soon, the tire will become at.
When a front tire is at, the vehicle will pull
strongly to the side that has the at tire. A
at rear tire may make your vehicle weave.
You may nd it hard to steer.
If a tire goes at while you are driving,
the following tips will help:
Resist the urge to immediately apply
the brakes.
Take your foot off the gas pedal and
allow the engine to slow you down.
Hold the steering wheel with a rm grip.
Keep the vehicle on a straight course by
looking and steering in the direction you
want to go.
When you have the vehicle under
control and speed is reduced, apply the
brake with gentle and steady pressure.
Safely move to the emergency stopping
lane or edge of the road and park in a
safe place.
Turn on your hazard warning lights.
Headlight failure
If both headlights fail, do the following:
Turn on your hazard lights.
Turn the headlight control off and on.
If the headlights are still not on,
reduce your speed, safely move to the
emergency stopping lane or edge of the
road, and park in a safe place.
Note: Replace a headlight or headlight
bulb as soon as it burns out. Driving with
only one headlight increases the risk of
being without both headlights.
Challenging
conditions
When road conditions are poor due to
bad weather, allow more time for your
trip. Increase your following distance,
reduce your speed and maintain your
space cushion.
DRIVING AT NIGHT:
When you are driving at night or at any
time when you cannot see clearly 150
metres (500 feet) in front of you, you must
turn your headlights on. Daytime running
lights are not bright enough to be used at
night. They are too dim and the tail-lights
and instrument panel lights will not be on.
80 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Use your low-beam headlights if there
is oncoming trafc, even when the
highway is divided.
Be sure that your headlights are
properly aimed so that they do not
bother or interfere with other drivers.
Keep your headlights clean.
Avoid looking directly at oncoming
headlights so they do not blind you.
Look slightly down and to the right edge
of your driving lane until the vehicle
passes you.
Visibility is reduced at night. Do not
overdrive your headlights. Travel at a speed
that allows you to respond safely or stop in
the distance lit by your headlights.
GLARE:
Glare from the sun, reections, and the lights
of other vehicles can affect your vision in the
daytime or at night. If glare makes it difcult
to see the road, reduce your speed. Ensure
your vehicles windows are properly cleaned
inside and outside to improve visibility.
SMOKE AND FOG:
In smoke and fog, use low beam
headlights, as high beams reect the light
back to you, creating glare. If visibility
becomes so poor that it is no longer safe
to continue driving, slow down and move
your vehicle well off the road to a safe
location. Turn on your hazard lights (four-
way ashers). Do not attempt to drive until
conditions improve. If a safe place to park
is not available, ensure that you and your
passengers move to a safe location away
from the vehicle in case it is hit.
Road surface conditions
that affect traction
BLACK ICE:
Black ice is caused by moisture freezing on
the road surface. Often a driver cannot see
it. However, if the asphalt looks shiny and
black instead of grey-white, be cautious,
and reduce your speed without braking.
Use your low beam headlights when you are following within 150 metres (one-and-one-half city
blocks) of another vehicle.
Use your low beam headlights when you are within 300 metres of oncoming vehicles.
WHEN DRIVING AT NIGHT:
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AND CHALLENGING CONDITIONS 81 CHAPTER SIX
SHADED AREAS:
Shaded areas may still be icy even after
the sun has melted the ice on other parts
of the road.
BRIDGES AND OVERPASSES:
Bridge decks and overpasses tend to form
slippery patches more readily than other
road surfaces. Use extra caution and try to
avoid unnecessary lane or speed changes.
RAIN AND HYDROPLANING:
When it is raining, use low beam
headlights, as high beams reect the light
back to you, creating glare. Your vehicle
can also be sprayed with water and mud,
interfering with your view through the
windshield and windows. Be careful not to
splash other vehicles and pedestrians.
On wet roads, your tires may lose
contact with the road surface. This is called
hydroplaning. The loss of contact between
the road surface and your tires can cause
you to lose control of your vehicle.
If this happens, do not brake. Release
pressure on the accelerator to allow the
vehicle to slow. Look and steer where you
want the front of the vehicle to go.
ICE AND SNOW:
During the winter you can experience poor
weather conditions that can make driving
more dangerous. Winter conditions include
freezing rain, very low temperatures,
blowing snow, high wind chill, blizzards
and heavy snowfalls.
Maintain your vehicle. Have it serviced
before winter arrives. Be sure that your
vehicles battery, tires, exhaust system,
windshield wipers and heating system are
in good working condition.
Intersection areas may become icy more
quickly because of vehicle exhaust, engine
heat, and vehicles spinning their wheels or
skidding. Allow more time and distance for
stopping and starting. The most important
thing is to reduce your speed.
When the temperature rises to the
point where the snow begins to melt,
roads can become very slippery. When
the frost begins to come out of the
ground, a thin layer of water is formed on
the road surface.
Note: Do not use cruise control when
the weather and road conditions are
poor. When your tires contact ice, the
cruise control will continue to apply the
accelerator and you could lose control.
Ensure your vehicles windows and
windshield are not obstructed by snow,
frost, steam, mud, or anything else that
may make driving the vehicle dangerous.
If you nd yourself stranded off the
highway and your vehicle is in a safe place,
it is usually safer to stay with your vehicle.
Run the engine just enough to stay warm.
Keep the vehicle ventilated while the
engine is running. Open a window a small
amount to assist air circulation to prevent
carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon
monoxide can get into your vehicle from a
leaky exhaust system. Carbon monoxide
is a poisonous gas that is colourless,
odourless, tasteless and, therefore, very
dangerous. Be sure your exhaust system is
checked whenever you take your vehicle in
for servicing.
Winter emergency supplies to carry in
your vehicle:
blankets and extra clothing
sand or road salt
82 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
shovel
heat source, candle, matches and a
deep can to hold the candle
ice scraper and snow brush
tire chains
Emergency supplies
Consider having the following emergency
supplies in your car at all times:
rst aid kit
approved warning devices like
reective triangles
booster cables
non-perishable food
jack and inated spare tire
ashlight with extra batteries
tow rope
headlight replacement bulbs
Animals
To reduce the chance of a collision with an
animal, do the following:
Reduce your speed, look well ahead,
and use caution in areas with wildlife
warning signs.
Scan the sides of the road for animals.
Be careful at dusk and dawn since
animals tend to be more active at
these times.
Watch for sudden, unusual spots of light
on or near the road at night. This may
be the reection of your headlights from
an animals eyes.
Animals sometimes move in groups. If
you see one animal, there may be more.
If an animal suddenly appears in front
of you brake hard and prepare to take
evasive action. Choose an escape route
away from oncoming trafc.
Collisions
If you are the rst person at the scene of a
collision, stop away from the collision in a
safe location. Offer assistance if possible,
and protect the scene with ashing hazard
lights and warning triangles so that other
vehicles do not become involved. If it is
necessary to notify the police or emergency
medical services, be as accurate as you can,
especially about the condition of any injured
people and the location of the collision.
If you are involved in a collision, give
assistance where you can, protect the
scene, and notify emergency assistance
if needed.
Exchange names, contact information
and insurance details with the other
driver(s) involved.
Record the names and contact
information of all witnesses.
Do not discuss who was at fault.
Record the time, location, weather and
any other details that may be important.
Notify your insurance company as soon
as possible.
You are required to report all collisions
to the police or local law enforcement if:
anyone has been injured
anyone has been killed
overall damage exceeds $2,000
if police are called to the scene, all
drivers must remain
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AND CHALLENGING CONDITIONS 83 CHAPTER SIX
If you damage any trafc control device,
a parking meter or any public property, you
must report this to the police immediately,
even if the damages are less than $2,000.
You must notify the owner of an
unattended vehicle of any damage caused
through a collision. If you are unable to
locate the owner, you must securely
attach your name, address, drivers
licence number, vehicle plate number and
phone number and phone number to the
damaged vehicle.
Emergency
response vehicles
and tow trucks
When driving, incidents may cause the lanes
of the roadway to be blocked or narrowed.
Some examples of this are trafc collisions,
disabled vehicles, spilled cargo, and
highway maintenance or construction.
Flashing lights from emergency
vehicles will warn you of a problem ahead.
Reduce speed, carefully change lanes if
necessary and be prepared to stop. Follow
directions given by emergency personnel
directing trafc. Be aware that the vehicle
ahead of you may stop or reduce speed
unexpectedly to view the scene.
One of the most serious problems
associated with these types of incidents
is the risk of response personnel or
equipment being struck by passing
vehicles. Services that typically respond
to highway incidents include:
law enforcement
ambulance
re
towing
Motorists must reduce speed to
60 km/h or the posted speed, whichever
is lower, when passing emergency vehicles
or tow trucks that are stopped with their
lights ashing. This law applies to the
lane(s) immediately next to the stopped
vehicles. The ne for speeding in these
areas is doubled.
If you are not in the lane next to the
stopped vehicles, you still need to be
watchful and cautious.
Reduce your speed and leave lots of
space between yourself and emergency
personnel and equipment at the scene.
Also, watch for the movement of personnel
around the scene.
Emergency vehicles
When an ambulance, re or police
emergency vehicle is approaching
from any direction and is sounding a
siren, you must yield the right-of-way.
Safely move your vehicle to allow the
emergency vehicle passage.
Drive as closely as possible to the right
curb or edge of a two-way roadway.
Move right or left to the nearest curb on
one-way streets.
84 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Stop until the emergency vehicle has
passed. Check that no other emergency
vehicles are approaching.
If you see a vehicle with ashing green
lights, treat it like any other emergency
vehicle. In some municipalities, volunteer
re ghters use ashing green lights on
their emergency response vehicles when
responding to a re or other emergencies.
Maintenance and
construction vehicles
Road maintenance and construction
vehicles can be used or parked on any
portion of the road. You will be given
adequate warning in advance of such
a vehicle. You are required to obey all
trafc control devices and the directions
of ag persons.
Signs will be posted well before a
construction zone warning you of a lane
reduction, lane closure or workers ahead.
In the construction zones, motorists
must observe the posted speed and
obey the ag person. When workers are
present, the nes for speeding in these
areas will be doubled.
Stopping your vehicle safely
for law enforcement
When a police ofcer is behind you, with
the emergency lights ashing you are
required to move to a safe location to allow
the police vehicle to pass or to stop safely
behind your vehicle.
On a two-way roadway, carefully and
legally stop your vehicle in a safe location
at the right edge of the roadway.
On a one-way roadway, carefully and
legally stop your vehicle in a safe location
at the nearest edge of the roadway.
Always ensure that there is enough
room for the police vehicle to stop safely
behind your vehicle.
When a police vehicle stops behind your
vehicle, to ensure your safety and
the safety of others in your vehicle, as
well as the safety of the police ofcers,
do the following:
Always yield to emergency vehicles with siren
or lights operating. Maintain a safe following
distance of at least 150 metres (500 feet).
Men at work Obey ag person
Lane ends or narrows
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AND CHALLENGING CONDITIONS 85 CHAPTER SIX
1 Remain calm. After you have stopped
your vehicle, ensure your vehicles
transmission is in the PARK gear
(automatic transmission) or NEUTRAL
gear (manual-shift transmission). Apply
the park brake.
2 Remain in your vehicle. Locate and
be prepared to provide your operators
license, vehicle registration and
vehicle insurance.
3 Wait for instructions from the police
ofcer when he or she approaches
your vehicle. Be cooperative. Provide
the documents requested by the
police ofcer.
4 DO NOT move your vehicle until
instructed by the police ofcer.
86 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
7
Responsible
Driving
88 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Proactive driving
Proactive driving is driving with the aim
to anticipate possible hazards and take
action to reduce, minimize or avoid danger
before it can occur.
Never assume other drivers are always
going to drive carefully or respond correctly
at all times. Anticipating what might
happen can help you to avoid collisions
caused by the driving errors of others. This
chapter describes the skills and techniques
you can use to drive proactively.
Scan all around your vehicle
Most of your attention should be given to
looking forward and scanning for hazards
that are developing ahead of you. When
you are driving in an urban area, look at
least 12 to 15 seconds ahead of your
vehicle. This is about one to one-and-a-
half blocks. When you are driving in rural
areas, look at least 20 to 25 seconds
ahead of your vehicle. This is your visual
lead time, which provides you with time to
respond to hazards ahead of you.
Check behind you by glancing in your
rear view mirrors every eight to 12 seconds
(about every block in an urban area).
Glance in your rear view mirrors when you
anticipate slowing or stopping. Be aware
of vehicles on both sides and in your blind
spots. Do not forget to glance at your
speedometer to check your speed.
Watch for potential hazards
Proactive driving involves a continuous
process of watching your surroundings
and thinking about whether hazards
are developing, and then taking action
to reduce risks. There are two types of
hazards that should be recognized. These
are xed (those that do not change) and
variable (those that change).
Fixed hazards are permanent
conditions and situations along the
roadway, including:
restricted vision areas such as curves,
hills and hidden driveways
intersections
merging roadways
Variable hazards change through the
day, including:
school children and other pedestrians
left-turning vehicles
icy road surfaces
stale green lights
emergency vehicles
Be prepared to take action to avoid a
problem as the situation changes. Expect
the unexpected and always plan an
escape route.
Have a space cushion
Leave enough space between yourself
and the vehicle ahead, behind and to
either side to stop safely or steer around
a possible hazard. If someone is following
too closely, and if it is safe, reduce your
speed just enough to encourage them to
pass. If the person does not pass, create a
wider space cushion between you and the
vehicle ahead.
When stopping behind another vehicle
in trafc, leave enough space so that you
could move your vehicle into another
lane without having to reverse. The extra
space reduces the risk of hitting the vehicle
ahead if you are hit from behind. This also
RESPONSIBLE DRIVING 89 CHAPTER SEVEN
allows you to move out of the way of a
vehicle that may be skidding or slipping on
ice behind you.
Plan ahead
Plan your travel route before you set out,
and keep it in mind as you drive.
Be sure you are in the proper lane well in
advance of your exit or turning location.
This will help you avoid making quick and
dangerous lane changes. If you miss your
exit or turn, continue on to the next exit
or intersection. Never drive your vehicle in
reverse on a roadway to return to a missed
exit or turn. Use your signal lights to let
other drivers know what you intend to do.
Collision avoidance
Watch the road ahead and stay alert.
Watch for any possible problems. If you
must turn sharply to avoid something in
your lane, stay on your side of the yellow
line if possible.
You can learn more about proactive
driving and avoiding a collision by taking an
approved driver education course. These
courses, called Defensive Driving Courses,
are available throughout the province
from licensed driver training schools and
authorized agencies.
Maintain your following
time and distance
You should drive a minimum of two
seconds behind the vehicle ahead. This
is for normal road and weather conditions.
When conditions are less than ideal,
increase your following distance.
To know if you are two seconds behind
the vehicle in front of you, when it passes a
xed object like a road marking or a shadow
on the roadway, start counting. Count one-
thousand-and-one, one thousand-and-two.
If the front of your vehicle reaches the object
before you are nished counting, you are
following too closely. Reduce your speed
and count once more. The two-second rule
works at any speed.
An exception to this rule is for drivers
of large vehicles, such as motor homes. It
is recommended that you use a minimum
four-second following distance.
Cellular phones and
other distractions
Do not use a cellular phone or other
electronic devices while driving. Using a
cellular phone to make or receive a call,
or to receive or send a text message is
a distraction that can take your attention
away from the demanding task of
Keep a minimum two second-distance when following another vehicle.
90 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
driving. This applies to hands-free cellular
telephones as well. If you want to make
or receive a call, or receive or send a text
message, stop in a safe and legal place.
Do not do activities that allow you to
be distracted while driving. While all forms
of distracted driving can be hazardous,
the Trafc Safety Act includes nes for
certain distractions. These include using a
hand-held cell phone, texting or emailing,
using electronic devices, such as laptop
computers, video games, cameras, video
entertainment displays and programming
portable audio players, entering
information on GPS units, reading printed
materials in the vehicle, writing, printing or
sketching, and personal grooming.
Securing passengers
In Alberta, all drivers and passengers
must be properly secured in the vehicle
with a seat belt or an approved child
safety seat attached by a seat belt or
an anchor system. Passengers 16 years
of age and older not properly secured
in the vehicle can be ned. You, as the
driver, are responsible for ensuring that all
passengers in your vehicle under 16 years
of age are properly secured. You can be
ned if they are not properly secured.
Child safety seats
A child under the age of six years and who
does not weigh more than 18 kilograms
(40 pounds) must be properly secured in
a child safety seat. The child safety seat
must be installed in the vehicle according
to manufacturers instructions of the
vehicle and child safety seat.
All child safety seats used in Canada
must have a label on them that states
the product meets Canada Motor Vehicle
Safety Standard 213. Do not use a child
safety seat unless it has this label. Do not
use a child safety seat that is designed for
use in countries other than Canada.
There are various types of child safety
seats available. Choose one that is right for
your childs age or weight.
REAR FACING SAFETY SEATS:
All children, from birth, must ride in
either a rear-facing infant seat or a rear-
facing convertible seat until reaching
the recommended weight to switch to a
forward facing safety seat, according to
the manufacturers instructions.
All newer vehicles and child safety seats
come equipped with the universal anchor
system or UAS/LATCH. In older vehicles,
the child safety seat must be properly
secured into the vehicle using the seat
belt. Check the instruction manuals for
your vehicle and the child safety seat for
more information.
Rear-facing child safety seat.
RESPONSIBLE DRIVING 91 CHAPTER SEVEN
FORWARD-FACING SAFETY SEATS:
Forward-facing child safety seats are
designed for children 10 to 18 kilograms
(22 to 40 pounds). All newer vehicles and
child safety seats come equipped with the
universal anchor system or UAS/LATCH. In
older vehicles, a forward-facing seat must
be properly secured by using the vehicle
seat belt. The child safety seats tether strap
and vehicles tether anchor must be used.
(You may need to have a tether anchor
installed by your vehicle dealer.) Check the
instruction manuals for the vehicle and child
safety seat for more information.
Booster seats
Children who weigh more than 18 kilograms
(40 pounds) should be secured in an
approved booster seat prior to using only
the vehicles seat belt without a booster
seat. The seat must be used according to
the manufacturers instructions.
UAS/LATCH with tether
Convertible child safety seat
Examples of
booster seats.
92 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Fuel efciency
and helping our
environment
Improving fuel efciency
Most drivers can signicantly reduce
the amount of fuel used by applying the
following basic driving practices.
When buying a vehicle, consider fuel-
efcient models. Generally, the smaller
the engine, the less fuel it will use. When
shopping for a new vehicle, look for its
EnerGuide label. This identies the vehicle
fuel usage in terms of litres used for each
100 kilometres driven (litres/100 km), and
estimated annual fuel cost.
Travelling at higher speeds increases
fuel use. Every 10 km/hour above 90 km/
hour burns about 10 per cent more fuel.
Avoid quick acceleration. It is safer and
more fuel-efcient to gradually increase
your speed. As much as possible, maintain
a steady speed. Rapid acceleration
and changes in speed can increase fuel
consumption by as much as 40 per cent.
Cruise control can help maintain a fuel-
efcient steady speed on the highway.
Idling wastes fuel. Ten seconds of idling
can consume more fuel than turning off
your engine and re-starting it. If you are
parking for more than 10 seconds, turn off
your engine. For every 10 minutes of idling,
the average vehicle uses about one-third
of a litre of fuel. A vehicle with a larger
engine can use up to one-half of a litre.
Idling your engine is not the best way
to warm your vehicle in the winter. Idling
warms the engine and possibly the interior
of the vehicle, but it does not warm vehicle
parts like the tires, steering and other
moving parts. These parts of your vehicle
are only warmed by driving. According to
Natural Resources Canada, one minute of
idling on a cold winter day is enough. Start
your vehicle, and by the time you brush
off the snow and clean your windows, the
vehicle is ready to go.
Use a block heater in the winter to warm
the engine oil and make cold starts easier on
your engine. Use a timer to switch the block
heater on two hours before you plan to drive.
Proper use of a block heater can
improve your vehicles overall fuel economy
by as much as 10 per cent. Do not leave
your block heater on overnight or your
energy savings will disappear in higher
electricity costs. Remote vehicle starters
are handy on cold mornings, but do not
start your vehicle too early.
A vehicle that is properly maintained
will be more fuel efcient and safe. Have
regular maintenance checks done by a
qualied mechanic.
A poorly tuned engine can increase fuel
consumption by up to 50 per cent.
A clogged air lter can reduce fuel
efciency by 10 per cent.
Under-inated tires increase fuel
consumption by about ve per cent,
as well as increase tire wear and
reduce traction.
To get maximum fuel economy on a
vehicle with a manual transmission, shift
through the lower gears smoothly and
quickly. Build up speed in the higher gears.
An automatic transmission shifts to a
higher gear earlier if you reduce pressure
on the gas pedal as you increase speed.
RESPONSIBLE DRIVING 93 CHAPTER SEVEN
You can improve your fuel efciency
in summer by minimizing your use of
air conditioning. Air conditioners used
in stop and go trafc can increase fuel
consumption by as much as 10 to 25 per
cent. At highway speeds, air conditioning
increases fuel consumption by three to four
per cent. To stay cool at highway speeds,
use your vehicles ow through ventilation.
When driving in the city, open a window.
Extra weight means using extra fuel.
Heavy bags of sand and salt in the trunk
will help winter driving traction, but should
be removed when no longer needed.
Trip planning can save you time,
money and fuel. Avoid trafc congested
routes. Combine several errands into one
longer trip and avoid rush hour trafc
when possible.
Fuelling safety
Fuelling a vehicle should receive your
full attention.
Do not smoke, light matches or use
a lighter when fuelling your vehicle.
Gasoline vapours mix with air, which
contains oxygen. If you add an ignition
source such as cigarettes or matches,
a re or explosion can occur.
Do not use a cellular phone while
fuelling. Phones that light up when
switched on or when they ring may have
enough energy to provide a spark. The
spark could ignite gasoline vapours.
Turn your vehicle ignition off before
fuelling.
If you have a recreational vehicle (RV)
or trailer, be sure that any pilot lights
are turned off. These could provide a
source of ignition.
Inform the station attendant if there is a
fuel spill.
Do not let children handle the fuel
nozzle. Do not expose your child to the
potential risk of being splashed with
gasoline or inhaling fumes.
Never prop the fuel nozzle handle open
with an object. This greatly increases
the chance of spills.
Stay by the nozzle handle during
fuelling. Static electricity can be
generated as you move around or
get in and out of your vehicle. When
you return to the pump and touch the
nozzle handle, static electricity could be
released. This could ignite the gasoline
vapours and cause a re or explosion.
Do not overll your tank. Overow and
spills can affect the environment.
When lling extra containers, such as gas
containers for your lawn mower or snow
blower, remove them from your vehicle
and place them on the ground. This will
allow static electricity to discharge and
keep spills out of your vehicle.
Trafc laws
Here are some trafc laws that all drivers
should be aware of:
Do not use your vehicle to tow anyone,
for example, a person on skis, riding a
toboggan, motorcycle or bicycle.
It is against the law to let a person ride
in a trailer when it is being towed.
People under the age of 14 cannot
operate a tractor or any self-propelled
farm equipment on a highway.
If the view from your inside rear view
mirror is blocked, you must attach an
outside rear view mirror on each side of
the vehicle.
94 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
If a vehicles load extends 1.5 metres
(5 feet) or more beyond the rear of the
vehicle, the following is required:
During daylight hours, a red ag
should be attached to the end of
the extension or load. The ag must
be at least 30 centimeters (one foot)
long on each of the four sides of
the square.
At night, a red light must be attached
to the end of the extension or load.
In a residential area, you must not
operate a vehicle in a way that disturbs
the residents between the hours of
10 p.m. and 7 a.m.
If you drive a vehicle on a roadway
without care and attention, or without
reasonable consideration for others
using the road, you could be found
guilty of careless driving.
It is illegal to operate your vehicle using
two lanes on a highway, except when
conditions cause the use of a single
lane to be impractical.
When you are driving, you must not
allow anyone to ride on the outside of
your vehicle. This includes the open box
of a pick up truck. You and the other
person can be charged for this offence.
8
Sharing
the Road
96 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Vulnerable road users
Pedestrians, cyclists and motorcycle riders
also share the roadways with all vehicle
operators on a daily basis. These road
users have less protection than drivers of
other types of vehicles. Be cautious when
operating your vehicle around pedestrians,
cyclists, and motorcycle riders.
Pedestrian safety
When you see a yellow ashing
pedestrian-activated trafc light, slow to
30 km/h and yield to pedestrians wanting
to cross the street.
In an urban area, pedestrians may
indicate their intention to cross a street
by raising an arm at a right angle and
pointing to the opposite curb.
When pedestrians indicate their
intention to cross the street, you must
stop your vehicle safely before the
crosswalk and allow them to cross.
When a pedestrian has entered a
marked or unmarked crosswalk, you
must yield the right-of-way.
When stopping for a pedestrian at a
crosswalk, stop far enough back (about
two to three car lengths) so that trafc
in another lane will be able to see the
pedestrian and have time to stop.
Never pass another vehicle when you
are approaching a crosswalk. There is
always a chance that the other vehicle is
slowing or stopping for a pedestrian.
Not all crosswalks are marked, but the
rules of pedestrian safety should be
followed at all intersections.
Be considerate of visually impaired
pedestrians. Some will have a white
cane or guide dog.
At night, do not over-drive your
headlights. This means you should drive
so you are able to stop your vehicle
within the distance you can clearly see
with your headlights.
When it is dark, be alert for pedestrians.
If they are wearing dark clothing, they
can be difcult to see from a distance.
Children can be unpredictable. In
residential areas, watch for children
around parked vehicles, riding bikes
or playing on the street. Glance under
parked vehicles ahead on both sides
of the road to check for childrens feet,
toys, and bicycle wheels. These provide
warning that you may need to stop.
Bicycles
The law requires cyclists or passengers on
a bicycle, who are under 18 years of age, to
wear an approved bicycle safety helmet.
Remember the following tips when
sharing the road with a cyclist:
A cyclist who is walking beside and
pushing a bicycle is a pedestrian.
Pedestrian indicating intention to cross
the street.
SHARING THE ROAD 97 CHAPTER EIGHT
Cyclists are required to ride as close as
practicable to the right curb. However,
they may need to ride further out when
avoiding drainage grates, pot holes,
debris, gravel or sand, wet or slippery
surfaces, and rutted or grooved
pavement. Be aware of the roadway
conditions that may affect a cyclist.
A bicycle that is being ridden is a
vehicle. A cyclist must follow the rules of
the road like drivers of other vehicles.
A cyclist seated on a bicycle at an
intersection, waiting for a trafc
control signal, has the same rights
and responsibilities as any other
vehicle waiting to proceed.
Cyclists are required to use the
proper lane when turning left. A
bicycle and rider are smaller than
other vehicles, are less visible, and
more exposed to trafc on left turns.
Cyclists need extra consideration
when turning left, especially on
multi-lane roads.
When passing a cyclist, change lanes
like you would for other vehicles.
When you are preparing to turn right,
watch for cyclists who may ride along
side your vehicle. Remember to do a
shoulder check to your blind spots to
the right.
When parked at the curb, always check
for cyclists before you open your vehicle
door. It is the drivers responsibility to wait
until it is safe before opening the door.
Before moving away from the curb,
check for cyclists who may be riding
past your vehicle.
Do not follow too closely behind
cyclists. They do not have brake lights
to warn you when they are stopping.
Be alert for children on bicycles. They
may lack the necessary knowledge and
skills for safe cycling around trafc, and
may not be aware of all the dangers.
Children on oversized bicycles are at
risk of losing control.
Cyclists using the streets and highways
should do the following:
Keep both hands on the hand grips
except when hand signalling.
Keep both feet on the pedals.
Only carry the number of people the
bicycle is designed to carry.
Never hold onto, or attach the bicycle to
any other moving vehicle.
Ride single le except when passing
another bicycle.
For cycling after dark, equip the bicycle
with at least one headlamp (but not
more than two), one red tail lamp, and
at least one red reector mounted on
the rear of the bicycle. Wear bright and
reective clothing.
Be sure the bicycle has brakes that
work well.
Be sure that the bicycle is equipped
with a bell or horn.
Motorcycles
Motorcycle riders often travel in the left
portion of their lane. This helps make them
more visible to other road users. It does
not mean they will be turning left.
Sometimes a motorcycles turn signals
can be hard to see. Watch the rider for
clues. If the rider does a shoulder check,
he or she may be intending to change
lanes or turn.
98 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
When turning left, watch for oncoming
motorcycles. They can be hard to see,
especially in heavy trafc, at night or at
dusk. It may also be difcult to judge the
speed of the motorcycle.
Here are some tips to help you drive
safely when there are motorcycles on
the road:
Never share a lane with a motorcycle
rider. A motorcycle rider needs the
whole lane to travel safely.
Be aware that motorcycle riders will
often move within their lane to avoid road
hazards like pot holes and to maintain a
space cushion from other vehicles.
When you are following someone
riding a motorcycle, allow extra
space between your vehicle and the
motorcycle because motorcycles can
stop very quickly.
Be aware that poor weather and road
conditions and road hazards could
make the motorcycle rider lose control.
Commercial vehicles
Here are some tips that can help you
drive safely when sharing the road with
large vehicles.
Keep adequate space between you and
large vehicles.
When you are behind a large vehicle,
increase your following time and distance
so your viewing area will be larger.
Never move into the space in front of a
large vehicle that is approaching a trafc
light. If the trafc light changes to red
the driver may need that extra space in
front of the vehicle for stopping and may
not have enough room if another vehicle
moves in front. Remember that a large
vehicle needs extra distance to stop.
If you are on a hill and stopping behind
a large vehicle, leave extra space in
front of your vehicle. The large vehicle
may roll back when the driver releases
the brakes.
Large vehicles can spray debris, such
as rocks, onto your windshield. Stay
well back to avoid damage.
Be cautious around a large vehicle that
is backing. If you are too close behind,
the driver may not be able to see you in
the rear view mirrors.
Large vehicles have blind spots. If you
are driving behind a large vehicle and
cannot see both of its side mirrors, you
are too close. If you can see the driver
in the side mirror, then the driver can
see you.
You will need more time in the
oncoming lane when passing a large
vehicle. Do not pass unless you are sure
that you have enough time and distance
to complete the pass safely. Some large
vehicles are long and may pull more
than one trailer.
Heavy commercial vehicles will require
more distance to slow or stop. After
passing one, leave extra room before
you return to your lane in front of it.
This also applies to changing lanes in
front of one.
Heavy commercial vehicles require extra
room to turn. When a large vehicle is
turning to the right, stay well back and
do not drive in the space on the right of
the large vehicle. Your vehicle could be
squeezed between the large vehicle and
the curb or edge of the road.
If you are on a road that a large vehicle is
turning onto, be aware that the operator
of the vehicle may need to drive across
SHARING THE ROAD 99 CHAPTER EIGHT
the centre line, cut a corner, or use part of
your lane to complete the turn. Stop back
from the intersection to allow the operator
the space to complete the turn.
Large vehicles can create strong gusts
of wind when passing, especially when
there is a strong wind crossing the road.
This may affect your ability to control your
vehicle and maintain your lane position.
Drivers need to use caution when
approaching and passing oversized
vehicle loads. Some oversized vehicle
loads travel in a convoy with pilot vehicles
to the front and rear of the convoy.
Oversized vehicle loads often travel at
a reduced speed. Drivers of oversized
vehicle loads and convoys typically look
for opportunities to allow trafc to pass.
If trafc buildup behind the oversized
vehicle load or convoy becomes heavy,
the entire unit will typically move off the
travelled portion of the roadway to allow
trafc to pass safely. Drivers who wish to
pass oversized vehicle loads or convoys
should ensure it is safe to do so by
making sure they have enough room to
manoeuver around the oversized vehicle
load or convoy and that they have an
adequate sightline to ensure there is no
oncoming trafc.
Log hauling vehicles
Log hauling vehicles are long and heavy
when loaded.
Never pass a log hauling truck that is
turning left or right off the highway. The
extension of the logs from the rear of
the truck may be as long as nine metres
(30 feet). When these trucks are turning,
the logs can block all or some of the
lanes of the highway.
School buses
School buses are operated at 90 km/h
or less.
Students using a school bus can be at
risk when getting on or off the bus.
WHEN SCHOOL BUS LIGHTS ARE
FLASHING:
On an undivided highway (not divided by
a median), do the following:
When you approach a school bus
from either direction (from the front
or the rear), and it has the alternating
amber lights ashing, you must be
ready to stop. This is a warning that the
alternating red lights are going to begin
ashing and the school bus is stopping
to allow students to get on or off.
If you pass a school bus that has its
alternating amber lights ashing, pass
with caution.
Log hauling trucks may require all lanes of the
highway when turning.
100 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
When the school bus stops to let
students on or off, its alternating red
lights will begin ashing. You will also
see a stop sign extended from the
left side of the school bus. You must
come to a full stop about 20 metres
(about four to ve car lengths) away
from the school bus. This distance
allows drivers of other vehicles behind
you to see the ashing lights and
students crossing the highway.
You must remain stopped until the
alternating ashing red lights are turned
off and the stop sign on the drivers side
is no longer extended.
On a highway divided by a median,
do the following:
When you approach a school bus from
the rear and its alternating amber lights
are ashing, follow the same procedures
as you would for a highway that is not
divided by a median.
When you approach a school bus from
the front and the school bus has its
alternating amber or red lights ashing,
you may proceed with caution. Watch
for pedestrians. Remember, this is only
on a divided highway.
On a two lane undivided highway, both lanes must stop for a school bus.
On a four lane undivided highway, all four lanes must stop for a school bus.
On a highway divided by a median, vehicles to the rear of the school bus must stop.
STOP
approx. 20 metres
SCHOOL BUS
STOP
approx. 20 metres
STOP
approx. 20 metres
SCHOOL BUS
STOP
approx. 20 metres
STOP
approx. 20 metres
SCHOOL BUS
MAY PROCEED
WATCH FOR
PEDESTRIANS
Median
SHARING THE ROAD 101 CHAPTER EIGHT
These rules apply whenever and wherever
the school bus lights are activated. Some
municipalities have rules for school bus
operation specic to their region.
Snowplows
When clearing snow from the roads,
snowplows may create a snow cloud
that makes it difcult for drivers of other
vehicles to see them. It may also be
difcult to see past the snowplows for
oncoming vehicles.
Here are some safety tips when driving
near a snowplow:
Snowplows are equipped with ashing
amber and red lights to make them
more visible. Remember ashing amber
and red means snowplow ahead.
Maintain a safe following distance
behind the snowplow. Most
maintenance vehicles will have a sign
at the rear to let motorists know the
minimum safe following distance.
Keeping this distance will give you more
time to react to the unexpected, and
avoid rock damage to your vehicle from
the snowplows sanding unit.
Snow plow operators will move to the
side of the road, where it is safe, every
8 to 12 kilometers to allow vehicles to
pass. Even when passing is permitted,
it is safer to stay well back until the
snowplow operator can safely move
over to allow vehicles to pass.
Before passing a snowplow on a two
lane highway (one lane in each direction),
be sure you can see far enough ahead
and that passing is permitted by the road
markings or signs.
When a snowplow is approaching from
the opposite direction, look ahead in your
lane carefully. There may be an oncoming
vehicle that is passing the snowplow
using your lane. Be prepared to use an
escape route.
Railway crossings
Never try to outrace a train to a crossing.
Trains need a very long distance to come
to a stop. Always yield to them. Railway
crossings are marked with signs. They
can also have mechanical or electrical
warning devices.
ADVANCE WARNING SIGNS:
These signs tell you
to look, listen and
reduce speed because
you may have to
stop for a train. The
speed sign below the
advance warning sign
is the recommended
speed for the railroad
crossing. It will be less
than the posted speed
for the road.
PAVEMENT MARKINGS:
Pavement markings,
such as an X and/
or stop line, may
be marked on the
pavement at the
approach to some
railway crossings. If
you must stop for a
train, do it before the
stop line.
102 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
RAILWAY CROSSING SIGNS:
These signs are found
at all public railway
crossings. A railway
crossing sign means
drivers must yield to all
trains. If there is more
than one railway track,
the crossing sign will
show the number of
tracks. You must stop
when a train is visible
or sounding a signal and approaching
within 500 metres (about ve city blocks)
of the crossing.
RAILWAY CROSSING SIGNS
WITH A STOP SIGN:
A stop sign at a railway
crossing requires
the driver to come
to a complete stop
between ve metres
(15 feet) and 15
metres (50 feet) from
the nearest rail. Do
not proceed until you
are sure a train is not
approaching.
FLASHING RED LIGHT SIGNALS
AND BELL:
Red light signals are
used with railway signs
at many rail crossings.
Stop when the lights
begin to ash and the
bells ring because a
train is approaching.
The driver of the
vehicle nearest the
crossing must stop at
least ve metres back
from the nearest rail.
Do not proceed until the lights and bells
have stopped, and the train has passed
or has come to a complete stop. If there is
more than one track, be sure all the tracks
are clear before crossing.
GATES (ARMS), LIGHTS AND BELLS:
Gates are used with red light signals and
bells at some railway crossings. Remain
stopped until the gates are raised, the lights
stop ashing and the bells stop ringing.
SHARING THE ROAD 103 CHAPTER EIGHT
Follow these safety tips whenever you
are driving near railway tracks:
Do not get trapped on the railway
tracks at a railway crossing. Wait on
the approach to the crossing and cross
only when you are sure you can clear
the crossing.
When the last car of a train passes the
crossing, make sure that another train
is not coming before you move ahead.
A second train can come on another
track from a different direction. You may
not be able to hear the second train
because of the noise of the rst one.
Never drive around the gates. If the gate
is down, or raising or lowering, do not
cross the tracks.
If your vehicle has a standard (manual)
transmission, do not change gears
while crossing the tracks. If you cannot
complete the shift, your vehicle could be
stalled on the tracks.
If your vehicle stalls on a railway
crossing, get everyone out of the
vehicle and away from the track
immediately. If a train is coming move
well away from your vehicle and
away from the tracks. If possible,
go in the direction where the train is
approaching. This will prevent you from
being hit with ying debris if the train
hits the stalled vehicle.
During poor weather or at night, be
alert for advance railway warning and
railway signs. Drive at a speed that will
allow you to be able to stop within the
distance clearly lit by your headlights.
Remember, it may take a kilometre or
more for a train to stop, even under full
emergency braking. The safety of you and
your passengers depends entirely on you,
the driver.
Vehicles carrying
passengers or
dangerous goods
Commercial vehicles transporting
passengers or dangerous goods can be
required by law or company policy to stop
at railway crossings. Be prepared to stop
when you are following a commercial
vehicle near a railway crossing.
Light rail transit
Light rail transit (LRT) crossings in Calgary
and Edmonton are similar to other railway
crossings and require pedestrians,
cyclists and motorists to use caution in
these locations.
LRT systems are powered by electricity,
which makes them very quiet. These
crossings use a variety of warning devices
like regular trafc signal lights, signs, bells
and gates. These warnings all mean stop
and do not cross the tracks.
Never drive around the gates, even if an
LRT train has just passed. Another one may
be coming from the other direction. Due to
its weight and speed, a train may take
up to 100 metres (330 feet) to stop in
an emergency.
Off-highway vehicles
When driving, be aware of off-highway
vehicles and their drivers operating close
to, or wanting to cross the highway. Use
caution if you see all-terrain vehicles,
snowmobiles, or similar vehicles.
104 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Funeral processions
If you are driving your vehicle in a funeral
procession, you may follow the procession
through an intersection controlled by
a stop sign or a red trafc control light
without stopping. You must have your
headlights on, and may only proceed if
you are following immediately behind the
vehicle ahead in the procession, and it is
safe to do so.
Do not pass through a funeral
procession. Yield the right-of-way until it
has passed before proceeding.
9
Driving Within
the Law
106 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Driver tness
Are you t to drive?
Alcohol and drugs, some medications,
stress, fatigue (mental, emotional, and
physical), and lack of sleep will impair your
judgment and ability to responsibly and
safely operate a vehicle.
Alcohol, and prescription and over-the-
counter medications also can impair your
judgment and vehicle-handling ability.
Fatigue
Fatigue can be deadly. It can be caused by:
lack of sleep or rest
emotional stress
boredom
driving for long periods of time
physical activity
illness
eye strain
Overeating, use of alcohol or drugs,
or a warm vehicle can increase the
effects of fatigue.
Fatigue can increase the time it takes you
to react. It can also impair your judgment
and decision-making. This can result in
driving errors like driving off the road or
into another lane or oncoming trafc. You
may not realize that you are in a dangerous
situation or be able to react quickly.
To reduce the risk, do the following:
Be sure you are well rested before you
start your trip.
Keep your vehicle at a comfortable
temperature. Make sure it is
well ventilated.
Keep your eyes moving by scanning
the road ahead and behind. Stay alert
to your surroundings and check your
vehicles gauges.
Use sunglasses on bright days.
If you are feeling tired, stop for a rest.
Walk around your vehicle.
Do not drive after drinking alcohol
or taking drugs.
Drugs and medications
Some prescription and non-prescription
(over-the-counter) medications can
have an impairing affect on your vehicle-
handling ability, judgment and responsible
decision-making when operating
a vehicle. Side effects can include
drowsiness or dizziness.
Talk with your doctor and pharmacist.
Know the effects of all prescription and
over-the-counter medication you are taking
before operating any motor vehicle. Know
what the effects of alcohol or drugs will be
if you combine them with your medication.
Alcohol
Choosing to consume alcohol while
operating a motor vehicle is a decision that
carries a very high risk.
Drinking alcohol before and while
driving continues to be a major cause of
trafc deaths and injuries in Alberta.
From 2004 to 2008, each year
approximately 110 people died and
another 1,900 were injured in collisions
related to alcohol on Alberta highways.
DRIVING WITHIN THE LAW 107 CHAPTER NINE
Illegal drugs or alcohol will impair your
driving. Operating a vehicle safely and
responsibly requires that you be alert.
Impairment begins with the rst drink or
drug use.
It is important that all drivers
understand the risks if drinking or drug
use and driving, and realize that there are
risks, laws and penalties involved with
this choice. You may face:
heavy nes
a criminal record
time in jail
the loss of your operators licence
privileges
increased vehicle insurance premiums
damage to property
serious injury or death
loss of employment, if driving is required
as part of the job
Driving responsibly
Demerit points and
consequences
Demerit points are recorded against
your driving record when you are
convicted of an offence.
You are convicted of an offence
when you:
pay the ne assessed on your ticket
voluntarily
appear in court and are found guilty
fail to appear in court and are
convicted (guilty) in absence
Convictions and times when your
operator licence privileges have been
suspended remain on your driving record
for 10 years and will appear on your
drivers abstract.
FULLY-LICENSED DRIVERS:
If you have accumulated eight to 14
demerit points within a two year period,
you will receive a letter notifying you of
your demerit point standing.
If you have accumulated 15 or more
demerit points within a two-year period
your operators licence privileges will
be automatically suspended for a period
of time.
When the time of your suspension
has been served, your operators licence
privileges will be reinstated with seven
demerit points remaining on your operators
licence record. These points remain on your
operator record for a period of two years
from the assessed date.
GRADUATED DRIVER LICENCE
(GDL) DRIVERS:
If you have accumulated four to seven
demerit points within two years, you
will receive a letter notifying you of your
demerit point standing.
If you have accumulated eight or more
demerit points within a two-year period,
your operators licence privileges will be
automatically suspended for a period of time.
When the time of your suspension
has been served, your operators
licence privileges will be reinstated with
three demerit points remaining on your
operators licence record. These points will
stay on your operator record for a period of
two years from the assessed date.
108 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Offence
Failing to remain at the scene of a collision
Careless driving
Failing to stop for a school bus
Racing
Speeding (exceeding limit by at least 51 km/h)
Failing to stop at a railway crossing (School bus or a vehicle
carrying explosives, gas or ammable liquids)
Failing to stop for a peace ofcer
Failing to yield right-of-way to a pedestrian in a crosswalk
Following too closely
Speeding (exceeding limit by 31 to 50 km/h)
Driving to the left of the yellow line / Driving left of center on
unmarked two-way
Driving in the wrong direction on a one-way highway
Failing to report a collision
Failing to stop at an intersection controlled by a stop sign
Failing to stop for a red light at an intersection
Impeding passing vehicle
Improper passing
Stunting
Speeding (exceeding limit by 16 to 30 km/h)
Failing to obey instruction of trafc control device
Improper backing - backing into an intersection or crosswalk
or unsafe backing onto a highway
Improper turns
Improper turns - U-turn
Trafc lane violation
Speeding (exceeding limit to maximum of 15 km/h)
Points
DEMERIT POINT PENALTIES FOR FULLY-LICENSED AND GDL DRIVERS:
7 points
6 points
5 points
4 points
3 points
2 points
For a complete listing of the Demerit Point Program visit: [Link].
[Link]/[Link]
DRIVING WITHIN THE LAW 109 CHAPTER NINE
FULLY-LICENSED AND GDL DRIVERS:
Operators licence privilege suspensions:
First automatic one month
suspension.
Second (within one year) automatic
three month suspension.
Third (within two years) automatic six
month suspension. You will be required
to attend a hearing with the Alberta
Transportation Safety Board.
You are required by law to give up your
operators licence on or before the date
your suspension begins. This can be done
at any Alberta Registry Agent ofce.
You may be eligible for a Restricted
Operators Licence. For more
information, visit [Link].
[Link]/[Link].
You may not appeal a demerit
point suspension. Convictions can only
be removed from your driving record
by an appeal through the courts.
Contact any Alberta Provincial Court
for more information.
When two years have passed from the
date of a conviction, the demerit points
assessed for that conviction are removed
from your operators record.
If a Government-approved defensive
driving course has been successfully
completed prior to accumulating 15 or
more points, a maximum of three demerit
points may be removed from your driving
record once in a two year period. Contact
a driving school for more information
about government-approved defensive
driving courses.
Driving laws
Federal: Criminal Code of
Canada
Offences related to impaired driving are:
impaired driving regardless of blood
alcohol content
blood alcohol level over the legal limit
drug or drug-alcohol combination or
a toxicological (blood or urine) sample
refusing to provide a breath or
blood sample
impaired driving causing bodily harm
impaired driving causing death
driving while suspended or disqualied
If you are found guilty under the Criminal
Code of Canada of driving while impaired,
and you have:
a prior offence in the last 10 years, you
will be disqualied from holding an
operators licence for three years from
the date of the conviction
Offence
Curfew - driving between midnight and 5 a.m. (Class 7 Learner
stage only)
Having more passengers than seat belts
Supervisor (accompanying driver) not fully qualied
Points
DEMERIT POINT PENALTIES SPECIFIC TO GDL DRIVERS:
2 points
110 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Alberta has progressive administrative
sanctions for impaired driving convictions:
1st Criminal Code Charge within
10 years:
Sustained licence suspension until
your criminal charges have been
dealt with by the courts
Towing and impound charges
3 day vehicle seizure
If convicted of the criminal code
offence, the driver is suspended for
one year and must participate in the
mandatory Ignition Interlock Program
for one year
If convicted, the driver must complete
a Planning Ahead impaired driving
course
2nd Criminal Code Charge within
10 years:
Sustained licence suspension until
your criminal charges have been
dealt with by the courts
Towing and impound charges
7 day vehicle seizure
If convicted of the criminal code
offence, the driver is suspended for
three years and must also participate
in the mandatory Ignition Interlock
Program for three years
If convicted, the driver must
complete an IMPACT weekend
impaired driving course, which may
include assessment and monitoring
3rd Criminal Code Charge within
10 years
Sustained licence suspension until
your criminal charges have been
dealt with by the courts
Towing and impound charges
two or more prior offences in the last
10 years, you will be disqualied from
holding an operators licence for ve
years from the date of the conviction.
if a death or injury occurs as a result
of an impaired offence, the minimum
licence suspension is ve years even
for a rst offender.
Provincial: Trafc Safety Act
ALBERTA ADMINISTRATIVE LICENCE
SUSPENSION (AALS) PROGRAM:
The Alberta Administrative Licence
Suspension (AALS) Program deals with
alcohol, drug-related impaired driving
offences and refusal to provide breath or
blood samples. This includes illegal drugs
as well as legal drugs such as prescription
medication with side effects that may
cause the driver to be impaired.
ADMINISTRATIVE LICENCE
SUSPENSIONS:
An Administrative Licence Suspension will
be issued to a driver charged under the
Criminal Code for:
Blood alcohol content greater than .08
Ability to operate a motor vehicle
is impaired by alcohol, drugs or a
combination
Refusal to comply with a lawful
demand of a peace ofcer (e.g.,
for a breath sample)
Drivers charged with an alcohol or drug
related impaired driving offence will face
an immediate licence suspension, which
remains in place until the criminal charge is
resolved.
DRIVING WITHIN THE LAW 111 CHAPTER NINE
7 day vehicle seizure
If convicted of the criminal code
offence, the driver is suspended for
ve years and must also participate
in the mandatory Ignition Interlock
Program for ve years
Complete the IMPACT or
assessment and monitoring
Attend a hearing with the Alberta
Transportation Safety Board
Drivers convicted of an impaired driving
offence that causes death or injury will
receive a mandatory ve year suspension
of their driving privileges.
Refusal to provide a breath sample
continues to result in a charge under
the Criminal Code (Canada). In
addition an immediate suspension
is issued and the driver will remain
suspended until the criminal charge is
resolved.
ALBERTA ZERO ALCOHOL
TOLERANCE (AZAT) PROGRAM FOR
GRADUATED DRIVER LICENCE (GDL)
DRIVERS:
Drivers licensed under the Graduated
Driver Licence (GDL) Program who have
consumed any amount of alcohol, cannot
operate a vehicle. GDL drivers who violate
this condition will have their operator
licence privileges suspended immediately
for 30 days under the GDL AZAT program.
The vehicle will also be seized for 7 days.
If a GDL driver violates this condition
a second time he or she will have their
operators licence privileges suspended
for 30 days with a 7 day vehicle seizure
and will be directed to appear before
the Alberta Transportation Safety Board
(ATSB).
If the suspension occurs in the last
year of GDL, the driver will be held in the
Graduated Drivers Licensing program until
they are suspension free for one year.
Charges under the Criminal Code of
Canada for Blood alcohol concentration of
.08 or greater; ability to operate a motor
vehicle is impaired by drugs, alcohol or a
combination, or refusal to provide a breath
sample for GDL drivers, will fall under the
Alberta Administrative Licence Suspension
Program.
IMMEDIATE ROADSIDE SANCTIONS
(IRS) PROGRAM
Driving skills are seriously affected when
blood alcohol levels reach 0.05 and
the risk of being in a serious collision
increases. Drivers who provide a breath
sample between 0.05 and 0.08 are
subject to immediate roadside sanctions
as follows:
1st Offence within 10 years:
Immediate 3 day licence suspension
Towing and impound charges
3 day vehicle seizure
2nd Offence within 10 years:
Immediate 15 day licence suspension
Towing and impound charges
7 day vehicle seizure
Complete a Planning Ahead
impaired driving course or equivalent
Upon referral by the Registrar the
driver will have to a hearing with the
Alberta Transportation Safety Board
3rd Subsequent offence within 10 years:
Immediate 30 day licence suspension
Towing and impound charges
7 day vehicle seizure
Complete the IMPACT or equivalent
112 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
and may include assessment and
monitoring
Attend a mandatory Alberta
Transportation Safety Board hearing
ALBERTA 24 HOUR SUSPENSION
This suspension is given to drivers whose
ability to operate a motor vehicle has
been impaired by a physical or medical
condition, or by drugs or alcohol. A 24
hour licence disqualication will be issued.
Operators licence
suspensions and
disqualications
In addition to any penalties under the
Criminal Code of Canada, the Province
of Alberta will suspend your operators
licence privileges and impose conditions
you must meet to have your driving
privileges reinstated. The Province of
Alberta suspension is served at the same
time as a court-ordered driving prohibition.
Driving while your operators
licence privileges are
suspended or disqualied
If you operate a motor vehicle while your
operators licence driving privileges are
suspended or disqualied you can face
time in jail, nes, or both. In addition, if
you are currently serving a suspension,
you will face another suspension. The
vehicle you are driving will be seized and
impounded for 30 days regardless of who
is the registered owner. All towing charges
and impound fees will be charged to the
registered owner of the vehicle.
Your operators license driving privileges
can be suspended or disqualied. If you
receive an operators licence suspension or
disqualication you will receive notication
via registered letter to the last recorded
address on your operators licence record,
from Driver Fitness and Monitoring ,
indicating the reasons for your suspension
or disqualication.
If your operators licence driving
privileges are suspended or
disqualied, your Notice of Suspension
letter will identify the length of your
suspension or disqualication and the
conditions that you must meet to have
your driving privileges reinstated.
When you have met the conditions of
your suspension or disqualication you
will receive another letter from Driver
Fitness and Monitoring, indicating that
your suspension or disqualication has
been removed and the date you are
eligible to operate a motor vehicle.
Reinstatement of your
operators licence privileges
as a result of an alcohol or
drug related offence
When you are convicted of an alcohol,
drug, or alcohol-drug-related offence, your
operators licence privileges suspension
takes effect at that time.
A Notice of Suspension will be sent to
you by mail to the last recorded address
on your operators licence. Make sure your
operators licence has your current address.
Suspensions remain in effect until all the
conditions on the Notice of Suspension
are met. This includes drivers who have left
the province. Read your notice carefully
to ensure you have met the conditions of
DRIVING WITHIN THE LAW 113 CHAPTER NINE
your suspension. If you have not met the
conditions of your suspension your driving
privileges may not be reinstated.
The Notice of Suspension will include
all the conditions that must be met prior to
reinstatement of your driving privileges.
For an alcohol, drug, or alcohol-
drug-related driving charge some of the
conditions that you may have to meet are:
1. Attend a one day driver program.
2. Attend a weekend driver program.
3. Mandatory participation in the Ignition
Interlock Program.
You will also be required to pay the
reinstatement fee and take a road test.
After your suspension period is over,
you must go to an Alberta Registry Agent
ofce and provide proof that you have
met your reinstatement requirements. The
registry agent will then be able to issue
you an operators licence. A written notice
that says your driving privileges have been
reinstated will be mailed to you.
If your operators licence expires
during the suspension period, it cannot
be renewed until all the conditions for
reinstatement have been met.
Ignition interlock program
WHAT IS THE IGNITION INTERLOCK
PROGRAM?
If you have lost your driving privileges
through an impaired driving conviction,
the Ignition Interlock Program can
allow you to gain driving privileges
with conditions. Depending on the
circumstances, participation may be
voluntary or mandatory.
The program is mandatory for:
all drivers who have more than one
alcohol-related Criminal Code conviction
in the past ten years
rst offences when the driver is
convicted for driving with a blood-
alcohol concentration (BAC) greater
than the legal limit of 0.08
Drivers who refuse to provide a
breath, blood or toxicological (blood
or urine) sample
The Alberta Transportation Safety Board
must approve your participation.
You will have to pay all costs associated
with the installation and maintenance of
the approved ignition interlock device.
More information about this program can
be found at [Link].
Reinstating your operators
licence privileges as a result
of a demerit point suspension
OPERATORS LICENCE SUSPENSION
A Notice of Suspension letter will be
mailed to the last address recorded
on your motor vehicle le. It is your
responsibility to notify an Alberta
Registry Agent ofce anytime you
change your mailing address.
The Notice of Suspension letter will
indicate the conditions that must be
completed prior to reinstatement of your
driving privileges.
The Notice of Suspension will indicate
the effective date of your suspension.
You must turn your operators licence
over to any Alberta Registry Agent
ofce on or before your effective date.
It is illegal to be in possession of your
operators licence while you are serving
a suspension. It is a serious offence to
114 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
operate a vehicle while serving
a suspension.
You must serve the term of
the suspension.
PROVINCIAL SUSPENSIONS
Provincial suspensions may be imposed
for reasons such as a poor driving record,
failure to pay a legal judgment, medical
reasons, or failure to comply with a Notice
to Report.
Alberta
Transportation Safety
Board (ATSB)
Driving a motor vehicle is an earned
privilege that carries a considerable
amount of responsibility. The driving habits
of each motorist contribute to the level
of trafc safety in Alberta. The primary
purpose of the provinces driver licensing
system is to supervise habits and apply
enforcement where necessary. In order to
achieve this goal, the ATSB concentrates
on driver rehabilitation. Individuals having
to appear before the ATSB may appear
with or without legal counsel.
The ATSB may suspend, for a denite
or indenite period of time, the operators
licence of any person referred by the
Registrar, the Minister, by the courts
or police. The ATSB may order that a
person take an education program or
prescribe other conditions to hold an
operators licence.
Before suspending or restricting driving
privileges, the ATSB gives the person
at least 10 days notice in writing (unless
driving privileges are already suspended).
In making a decision, the ATSB takes
into consideration the persons driving
record, driver attitude, driving skills and
knowledge, driving disabilities and any
other factors it considers relevant.
10
Towing a Trailer
116 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Registration and
licence plate
You must have valid registration from an
Alberta registry for your trailer and it must
be with you when you are towing the
trailer. There must also be a valid license
plate attached to the rear of the trailer and
clearly visible. The registration and licence
plate are required before the trailer can be
used on the road.
Equipment
Your trailer must have working tail-lights,
brake lights and turn signals that are
activated from the towing vehicle.
If you have a ball-and-socket hitch, you
will also need to attach safety chains
between the trailer and the towing
vehicle. Chains should be crossed
under the tongue of the trailer and
fastened securely. This applies to all
trailers except fth-wheel trailers.
If your trailer is equipped with a
secondary emergency breakaway
system, be sure that the system is
connected properly according to the
manufacturers instructions.
Adjust your vehicles mirrors so you can
see the trafc clearly that is approaching
from behind. You must use extension
mirrors if the trailer is wider than the
vehicle that is towing the trailer.
Brakes are required on a trailer if they
are needed to control the safe movement
of the trailer. However, the following trailers
do not require brakes:
trailers with a gross weight of 910
kilograms (2,000 pounds) or less, or
trailers with a gross weight that is less
than half the unloaded weight of the
vehicle that is doing the towing.
Towing a trailer
Allow more time and distance than
you would without a trailer between
oncoming vehicles and your own
before you enter into trafc. It will take
you longer to reach the speed of the
trafc ow because of the extra weight
of the trailer. As well, you need more
space to accommodate the added
length of the trailer.
It will take you longer to stop. Increase
the following distance between you and
the vehicle ahead.
If you are driving on a multi-lane
highway, remember that slower-moving
vehicles should travel in the right lane.
Plan your driving. Look well ahead
to anticipate and manage potential
hazards. Avoid situations that may
require quick lane changes or
unexpected stops.
If trafc builds behind you, nd a safe
place to stop off the road to allow
others to pass.
TOWING A TRAILER 117 CHAPTER TEN
Turning at intersections
TO TURN LEFT:
Approach the turn slowly. When you
are close to the intersection, travel
near the right edge of your lane without
crossing or extending any part of your
vehicle or trailer into the next lane. This
will give you more room to complete
the turn safely.
Begin your turn when the front of your
vehicle is even with the left side of your
intended lane.
Glance occasionally in your left outside
mirror at the trailer wheels during the
turn. The trailer wheels will travel a path
that is inside the path of the wheels of
your vehicle. This is called off-tracking.
To allow for the off-tracking, steer
towards the right side of the lane on the
road you are entering.
As soon as your trailer is through the
turn safely, steer the vehicle into the
centre of your lane.
To turn right, reverse these directions.
However, If you do not allow for the off-
tracking you could make contact with a
curb, a parked vehicle or a pedestrian.
Backing a trailer
Backing a trailer takes practice. At times,
to manoeuvre the trailer when reversing
you will turn the steering wheel in the
opposite direction than you would when
reversing without the trailer.
When using a vehicle to back a trailer,
do the following:
Have someone guide you.
If you do not have a guide, walk to the
back of the trailer to be sure the path
behind is clear.
Always reverse at not more than a
walking pace.
Turning left when towing a trailer -
note path of the vehicle and trailer wheels.
Turning right when towing a trailer -
note path of vehicle and trailer wheels.
118 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Begin backing by turning the steering
wheel in the opposite direction you want to
go. Turn the steering wheel right to go left.
Turn the steering wheel left to go right.
To avoid having your vehicle contact
the trailer, only turn the steering wheel
one-quarter to one-half turn. As soon
as the trailer begins to turn, return
the steering wheel to the normal
position. Use only small steering wheel
movements to steer the trailer.
When backing a trailer to the right, be
aware that your visibility is limited due to a
blind spots behind the trailer.
Position of the towing vehicles tires for
backing a trailer.
TOWING A TRAILER 119 CHAPTER TEN
NOTES

120 A Drivers Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
[Link]
May 2013