Cardiac Risk* Stratification for Noncardiac Surgical Procedures
High (Reported cardiac risk often greater than 5%)
· Emergent major operations, particularly in the elderly
· Aortic and other major vascular surgery
· Peripheral vascular surgery
· Anticipated prolonged surgical procedures associated with large fluid
shifts and/or blood loss
Intermediate (Reported cardiac risk generally less than 5%)
· Carotid endarterectomy
· Head and neck surgery
· Intraperitoneal and intrathoracic surgery
· Orthopedic surgery
· Prostate surgery
Low† (Reported cardiac risk generally less than 1%)
· Endoscopic procedures · Superficial procedure
· Cataract surgery · Breast surgery
*Combined incidence of cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction.
†Do not generally require further preoperative cardiac testing.