B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿsb sh√p-hn-fn®v

XI-gn-bpsS Xmh-gn-bn¬
A`n-apJw
N{µ apk-^v^¿ / apPo-_p¿d-lvam≥ In\m-eq¿

a\p-jym-h-Imi t]mcm-´-߃°pw km¿h-tZ-iob am\-hnI aqey-߃°pw th≠n PohnXw

am‰n-sh® {]ikvX ate-jy≥ Nn¥-I\pw {KŸ-Im-c\pw Du¿P-kz-e-\mb BIvSn-hn-Ãp-amWv
tUm. N{µ-ap-k^v^¿. t]mfntbm ]nSn-s]´v Ccp- Imep-I-fpw Xf¿∂pt]m-bn´pw ho¬sN-b-dn¬
temIw apgp-h≥ bm{X-sNbvXv BtKmf B[n-]Xy i‡n-Isf Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-
cn°p∂p At±-lw. tIc-f-Øn¬ thcp-I-fp≈, XIgn inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m-c-\mb
tUm.-N{µ apk-^v^¿ Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bpsS `oI-c-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v kwkm-cn-
°p-∂p.
? hy‡n-]-chpw IpSpw-_-]-c-hp-amb ]›m-Ø-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-™p-sIm≠p XpS-ßmw.
„ ate-jy-bnse sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ {]hn-iy-bmb sIZ-bn-emWv Rm≥ P\n-®-Xv; 1947¬. kvIqƒ
]T-\-Øn\p tijw knwK-∏q¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ \n∂v s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kn¬ _ncpZw
t\Sn. ]n∂oSv s]\m- ß nse bqWn- t h- g v k n‰n kb≥kv ate- j y- b n¬ Akn. eIv N - d - d mbn
tN¿∂p. AhnsS \n∂pXs∂ s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kn¬ amtÃgvkv _ncp-Zhpw Ic-ÿ-am-°n.
1977¬ knwK-∏q¿ bqWnth-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ \n∂v ]n F®v Un t\Sn. AtX h¿jw Xs∂ ALIRAN
(Movement for National Consciousness) F∂ t]cn¬ NGO cq]o-I-cn®v kmaqly kmº-ØnI
\oXn°p th≠n-bp≈ t]mcm´w Bcw-`n-®p. 1983 ¬ tPmen cmPn-sh®v ]q¿W-ambpw kmaqly
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apgp-In. 1992 ¬ ho≠pw bqWn-th-gn-Ãn-bn¬ A[ym-]-I-\mbn tN¿∂p. 1997
hsc AhnsS XpS¿∂p.
1997 ¬ Izemew ]qcn-ep≈ate-jy≥ bqWn-th-gvÃn-bn¬ sk‚¿ t^m¿ knhn-sse-tk-j-\n¬
Ub-tem-Kns‚ Ub-d-IvSdpw s{]m^k-dp-ambn \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. Gjy-bn¬ Xs∂ Cu ]T-
\-cw-KØv ÿm]nXamb BZy sk‚-dm-bn-cp∂p AXv. 1999¬ alm-Xo-dns\ Pbn-en-S® kml-
N-cy-Øn¬, cmjv{Sob Imc-W-ß-fm¬ B ]Zhn Dt]-£n-t°≠n h∂p. ]n∂oSv 2006 ¬ ho≠pw
kb≥kv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ t•m_¬ ÃUo-kn¬ s{]m^-k-dmbn tN¿∂p.
? A°m- Z - a nI ]fin- X ¿, tkmjy¬ BIv S nhnÃv F∂o \ne- I - f n¬ Cc- ´ - a p- J - a p≈ Hcp
{]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-bmWv Xm¶ƒ sXc-s™-Sp-sX∂v Npcp-°w.
„ AsX. ssh⁄m-\nI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]n≥_-e-an-√mØ kmaqly {]h¿Ø-\hpw kmaq-
ly-{]-h¿Ø\ cwKØp \n∂v amdns°m≠p≈ A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\hpw ^e-{]-Z-a-s√-∂mWv
Fs‚ \ne-]m-Sv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂-bmWv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ {]h¿Øn®p sIm≠n-cnt°
Xs∂ ALIRAN kwL-\-S°v cq]w \evIn-b-Xv. 1992 apX¬ Fs‚ kmaq-ly-{]-h¿Ø\ taJ-e,
A¥¿tZiob Xe-Øn-te°v hym]n-®p. Fs‚ A[y-£-X-bn¬ kmaqly \oXn°pw temI am\-
hnI aqey-߃°pw th≠n kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn®p hcp∂ C≥¿\m-j-W¬ aqhvsa‚ v t^m¿
GPkv‰v thƒUv (JUST) B h¿j-amWv ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv. CXn-\nsS \mK-cnI kwhm-Zw, aXw,
a\p-jym-h-Imiw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ 10 ]pkvX-I-ßfpw \qdpIW-°n\v {]_-‘-ßfpw
Cw•o-jv, aebv `mj-I-fn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
? tIc-f-hp-am-bp≈ c‡-_-‘-sØ-°p-dn®v H∂pw ]d-™n-√.
„ A—\pw AΩbpw ate-jy-bn¬ P\n®p hf¿∂-h-cm-Wv. c≠p-t]cpw lnµp-a-X-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ct∏mƒ Pohn- ® n- c n- ∏ n- √ . F∂m¬ Ah- c psS ap≥X- e - a pd 1920˛30- I - f n¬ tIc- f - Ø n¬ \n∂v
atejybn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cm-Wv. Fs‚ hey-—≥ I∏¬ hyh-km-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv
ate-jy-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv. A—≥ Hcp Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ AUvan-\n-kvt{S-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p. AΩ-bpsS
c≠p ktlm-Z-c∑m¿ ]n∂oSv Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Fs‚ Kth-jW]T-\-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ At\z-j-W-Øn-\-S-bn¬ Rm\pw Ckvem-ans\ Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
(1)
? XIgn inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈-bp-ambn Xm¶ƒ°v IpSpw-_-_-‘-ap-s≠∂v tI´n-´p-≠v. XIgn ae-bm-fn-
Iƒ°v F°m-ehpw A`n-am-\-am-Wv.
„ XIgn Bcm-sW∂pw ae-bm-fn-I-fn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ÿm-\-sa-¥m-sW-∂p-sam-s° apXn¿∂
tij-amWv Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xv. Rm≥ "sNΩo≥' I≠n-´p-≠v. AXnse B Km\w?
"IS-en-\s° t]mtWmsc...'
AsX AXv F\n°v henb CjvS-am-Wv. AXns‚ A¿Y-a-dn-bn-s√-¶n-epw.
? XI-gnsb I≠n-´pt≠m?
„ F\n°v HºXp hb- p-≈-t∏mƒ At±lw ate-jy-bn¬ h∂n-cp∂p; 1956 ¬. A∂v Rß-fpsS
ho´n-emWv Xma-kn-®-Xv. Fs∂ hnfn®v emfn® sNdnb Hm¿a-bp-≠v. A∂v B a\p-jys‚ hen-
∏-sam∂pw F\n-°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. B hwim-h-en-bn¬ \n∂m-h-Ww a¿Zn-X-tcmSpw CS-Xp-]-
£-tØm-Sp-sam-s°-bp≈ B`n-apJyw Fs‚ c‡Ønepw Ie¿∂Xv!
? hniz- a m- \ - h n- I - X bv ° pw BtKmf ss\Xn- I X (Global ethics) °pw th≠n k‘n- b n- √ msX
kacw XpS-cp∂ Xm¶-fpsS {]`m-j-W-ß-fnepw Nn¥-I-fnepw B[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-Isf kw_-
‘n® B[n-I-fmWv \nd-™p-\n-ev°p-∂-Xv.
„ hniz am\- h n- I - X sbbpw km¿h- P - \ o\ ss\Xn- I - a q- e y- ß - s f- b p- s a√mw A]- I - S - s ∏- S p- Ø p∂
kp{]-[m\ i‡n, B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-I-fm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bpsS
`oIc kzcq-]-sØbpw {]h¿Ø\ coXn-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v Du∂n-∏-d-tb≠n hcp-∂-Xv.
A[o-im-[n-Imc hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Ht´sd cq]-`m-h-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ASn-a-Øw,
^yqU- e n- k w, B¨tIm- b v a , PmXn- k - { º- Z m- b w, tImf- \ o- I - c - W w, h¿W shdn, hwio- b - X ,
\mknkw, ^mknkw, Iayq-Wnkw, Iym∏n-‰n-ekw XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms° Hcp hn[-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬
as‰mcp hn[- Ø n¬ a\p- j ys‚ sshb- ‡ nIhpw kmaq- l n- I - h p- a mb \oXn- s bbpw A¥-   n-
s\bpw If- ¶ - s ∏- S - Ø n- b , If- ¶ - s ∏- S p- Ø n- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂ A[oi hyh- ÿ - I ƒ, AYhm
kmaqly ÿm]-\-ß-fm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu A[o-i-hyhÿI-fp-sS-sb√mw `mh-{]-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Hscm-
‰-°-≈n-bn-sem-Xp-°m-hp-∂-X-√. Xo¿®-bmbpw At\Iw sshhn-[y-ßfpw k¶o¿W-X-I-fpw Ah-
bv°n-S-bn-ep-≠v. B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bpsS {]h¿Ø\ coXnIfpw Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn amdn-s°m-
≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp ]m›mXy sImtfm-Wn-b¬ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS-tbm, {]mNo\ sslµh
kaq-l-Ønse {_m“Wy A[o-iXzsØtbm B[p-\nI apX-em-fn-Ø-Ønse hyh-km-bnI
GIm-[n-]-Xn-bp-sStbm, B[p-\nI ImØ-enIv N¿®nse ]ptcm-ln-X-s‚tbm A[n-Imc kwhn-
[m- \ - ß - f p- a mbn Xpe- \ - s ∏- S p- Ø m- h p- ∂ - X - √ . ASn- a - Ø w, sImtfm- W n- b - e n- k w, h¿W- s h- d n,
\mknkw XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS km{º-Zm-bnI cq]-߃ C∂v \ne-hn-en-√. \oXnbpw ]c-kv]c
_lp-am-\-hp-sams° kaq-l-Øns‚ _mly-L-S-\-bn¬ Ipd-s®ms° {]I-S-am-bn-´p-≠v. hnZym-
`ymk cwKØv temI-Øp-≠mb IpXn-®p-I-b-‰w, kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xn, kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-
\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv Cu am‰w {]I-S-am°n LS-I-߃. AtXm-sSm∏w A]tImf-\o-I-cW
apt∂-‰hpw tZi-cm-jv{S-ß-fpsS DW¿®bpw kaq-l-ß-fpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy ]cn-jvI-c-W-hp-sam-
s°, G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb A¿Y-Øn¬ B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿsb B¥-co-I-
cn-®n-´p-≠v.
Cu am‰w A[o-im-[n-Imc hyhÿ Zp¿_-e-s∏-´p-sht∂m Ah-km-\n-®p-sht∂m A¿Y-am-°p-
∂n-√. F∂-√, A[n-Imc hyhÿ F√m A¿Y-Ønepw i‡-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv ]pXnb Ime-
Øv. at\m-`m-h-ß-fnepw hyh-ÿ-I-fnepw AXv \ng-en-°p-∂Xp ImWmw. `qcn-`mKw tZi cmjv{S-
ß- f n¬ htc- W y- A - [ o- i - X z- a mWv C∂v \ne- \ n- e v ° p- ∂ - X v . temIØv h¿[n- ® p- h - c p∂
kmaqly˛km-º-ØnI Ak-a-Xz-ß-fpsS thcp-Iƒ Chn-sS-bmWv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ad-hn¬
t]mepw htcWy \yq\-]£w A[n-Imcw Iøm-fp∂ ÿnXn-bmWv temI-Øp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬
CXn- t \- ° m- s f√mw temI- \ oXn°pw a\- h nI ss\XnI aqey- ß ƒ°pw ISpØ sh√p- h nfn
Db¿Øp∂Xv BtKmf B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. tZi-cm-jv{S-ß-sft∏mepw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-
XXmWv. ]c-a-i-‡-amb BtKmf A[oi LS-\sb \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°msX temI-\o-Xn-
sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp Btem-N-\bpw A¿Y-h-Øm-In-s√∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xp∂X-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.
(2)
? Ata- c n- ° ≥ B[n- ] Xy hyh- ÿ , BtKmf ss\XnI aqey- ß sf Fß- s \- s bms° _m[n-
°p∂p?
„ B[p-\nI temIØv B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂Xv Ht´sd am\-ß-fp≈ A[n-Imc
hyql-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. anen-´-dn, cmjv{Sobm-[n-Im-cw, kmº-ØnI ta[m-hn-Xzw, kwkvIm-c-˛-am-
[y-a-˛-A-°m-Z-anI taJ-e-I-fnse ta¬t°mbva F∂n-h-bmWv AXn¬ {][m-\w. C∂v Cu am\-
ß-sf√mw Nqgv∂p \nev°p∂ Htcsbmcp ]c-am-[n-Imc i‡n, hmjnw-KvS¨ tI{µo-I-cn-®p≈
Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. temI Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m CS-ßfnepw Ata-cn-°≥
B[n]Xyw \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bpsS ]cm-{Iaw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv AXns‚
ssk\nI i‡n-bn-eqsS Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ata-cn-°, AXn\p Xmsg hcp∂ ]Xn-\mep cmjv{S-ß-
fpsS samØw ssk\nI _e- Ø n\p Xpey- a mb ssk\nI _ew Iø- S °n h®n- c n- ° p∂p.
temIØv 800 anen-´dn t_kp-Iƒ ÿm]n®p Ign-™n-´p-≠v Cu cmjv{Sw. 400 _ney≥ bp Fkv
tUmf-dn\p apI-fn¬ hcpw Cu cmPy-Øns‚ hm¿jnI ssk\nI _P-‰v. Bg-°-S¬ apX¬
_ln- c m- I miw hsc \o≠p- I n- S - ° p∂p Ata- c n- ° ≥ ssk\nIm[nImcØns‚ hnkv X r- X n.
CXn\p Xpey-amb ssk\ym-[n-]-Xyw, Ncn-{X-Øn-en-t∂mfw as‰mcp cmjv{Stam km{am-Pytam
ssIø-S-°n-bn-´n-√.
Cu A{Im-a-I-amb ssk\nI _e-am-Wv, Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠nse c≠p bp≤-ßsf krjvSn-
®-Xv. A^vKm-\nepw Cdm-Jnepw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v \n-c-]-cm-[n-I-fmWv sIm√-s∏-´-Xv. CdmJv A[n-
\n-thiw Xo¿Øpw A\o-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v temIw apgps° A]-e-]n-®n-´p-≠v. \nc-]-cm-[n-
Isf \njvTq-c-ambn sIms∂m-Sp-°p∂ bp≤shdn-b-∑m¿ am-\-hn-I-aq-ey-߃°v Atijw hne-
I- e v ] n- ° n- s √∂v Dd- ∏ n®p ]d- b mw. Ata- c n- ° ≥ B[n- ] Xy hyh- k v Y sb Xmßn- \ n¿Øp∂
ssk\nI _e-X-{¥-amWv temIØv {]mY-an-I-ambn \oXn Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ aqey-ßsf \ncm-I-
cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ata-cn° {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ AXn-i-‡-amb cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw \nb-{¥n-°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Is´ GXm\pw Nne Ic-ß-fm¬ am{X-amWv. Ah-cmWv temIØv bp≤tam kam-[m-
\tam th≠- s X∂v Xocp- a m- \ n- ° p- ∂ - X v . temIsØ 191 tZicmjv { S- ß ƒt°m, AXnse P\-
߃t°m C∂sØ temI-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ i_vZw \jvS-s∏´p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. hmjnw-KvS-
Wnse Hcp ]‰w {]am-Wn-am¿ (elite) \SØns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂, Xo¿Øpw P\m-[n-]Xy hncp-≤-
amb Hcp temI-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ tImSn-°-W-°n\p hcp∂ km[-m-c-W-°m¿°pw kv{XoIƒ°pw
Ip´n-Iƒ°pw \oXn e`n-°n-s√∂v Dd-∏m-Wv.
? Ata-cn-°≥ \nb-{¥nX BtKmf kºZv hyhÿ kaXzw F∂ Bi-bsØ kºq¿W-ambn
XI¿°p-sa∂v Xm¶ƒ IcpXp-∂pt≠m?
„ Xo¿®-bmbpw. C∂v temIw km£n-bm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \·-amb kmº-ØnI Ak-a-Xzw,
Ign™ Nne Zi-I-ß-fmbn Ata-cn° \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p≈ \ntbm en_-d¬ Im∏n-‰-en-k-Øns‚
^e-am-Wv. s]mXp \∑-sb-°p-dn®v bmsXmcp Nn¥-bp-an-√mØ `oa≥ tIm¿∏-td-‰p-Ifpw kzImcy
kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\-ß-fp-amWv DZmc apX-em-fn-Xz-Øns‚ {]mtbm-P-I¿. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
DZmc apXm-fn-Ø-Øns‚ DZ-b-tØmsS BtKmf hym]-I-ambn [\n-Icpw Zcn-{Zcpw XΩn-ep≈
A¥cw h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. 1960 ¬, temIØv Ccp-]Xv iX-a-\m\w hcp∂ G‰hpw
Db¿∂ kº-∂-cpsS hcp-am\w G‰hpw Zcn-{Z-cmb Ccp-]Xp iX-am\Øns‚ ap∏Xp aSßv IqSp-
X-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, 2002¬ AXv sXmÆqdp aS-ßm-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v temIsØ shdpw aq∂p
tImSn-iz-c-∑m-cpS hcp-am\w 48 Zcn-{Z-cm-Py-ß-fpsS samØw B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z\ hf¿® (GDP)
bv°p Xpey-am-Wv! temI-P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd t]¿ {]Xn-Zn\w tIhew c≠p tUmf¿
sIm≠v D]- P o- h \w Ign- ° p- I bpw, aq∂n- s em∂v P\- h n- ` m- K - Ø n\v {]mY- a nI hnZym- ` ymk
kuIcyw A{]m-]y-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈ Hcp temI-km-l-N-cy-Øn-em-Wn-sX-t∂m¿°-Ww.
? Ata- c n- ° ≥ B[n- ] Xy hyhÿ kmwkv I m- c nI cwK- Ø p- ≠ m- ° p∂ ]cn- W m- a - ß - s f- ° p-
dn®pIqSn Aev]w hni-Z-am-°mtam?
„ ]pXnb B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ, temIØv Bbn-c-Øm-≠p-I-fmbn \ne-\n-ev°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI
(3)
 sshPm-Xy-ßsf CSn®p \nc-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v \mw au\km£n-I-fm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m.
hkv{Xw, jq, `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ, ]m\o-b-߃, kwKo-Xw, tIman-°p-Iƒ, Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ, kn\n-
a, hoUntbm apX-em-b PohnX ssiensb {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS
ta¬ Ata-cn° kºq¿W B[n-]Xyw hmgp-I-bm-Wv. Hmtcm kaq-l-Øn\pw kz¥-am-bp≈
aqey-hy-h-ÿbpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw A¥¿eo\-amb kmwkvIm-cnI Dev]-∂-ßsf \n¿aq-e\w
sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS Hcp-Xcw kmwkvIm-cnI GI-PmXnhXvI-c-W-amWv ÿm]n-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. as‰m-
cp `mj-bn¬ ]d-™m¬, hy‡n-tI-{µn-X-amb Ata-cn-°≥ kmwkvIm-cnIX IpSpw-_-˛-km-aqly
Zm¿Vy-ap≈ Xt±-iob kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-I-ßsf A{]-k-‡-am-°n-s°m-≠n-cn°p∂p. Cu
kmwkvIm-cnI BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-Ww, CXc kwkvIm-c-߃°v BZ-chpw \oXnbpw \evIp-sa∂v
{]Xo-£n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
? am[ya˛hn-hc hn\n-ab cwK-Øp≈ Ata-cn-°≥ tImbva-sb-°p-dn®pw Xm¶ƒ kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-
∂p.
„ AsX. A¥¿ tZiob cwKØv {]ap- J - a mb am[y- a - ß fpw hm¿Øm t{kmX-   p- I fpsa√mw
]m›mXycpsS hninjym Ata-cn-°-bpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Cu am[y-a-߃
]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ hm¿Ø-Ifpw hnh-c-ßfpw hni-I-e-\-ßfpw A]-{K-Y-\-ß-fp-sa√mw ]m›m-
Xym-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ se≥kn-eqsS ImW-s∏-Sp∂Xmbn-cn-°pw. ]m›m-tXy-Xcmb \ΩpsS temI-
ho-£-W-Øn-t\m, ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒt°m AXn¬ CSw ImWn-√. ]m›mXy _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS
"B[n-Im-cn-I-X'°v Hcp hniz-am\w ssIh-cm≥ CXv CS-bm-°p-∂p. P\m-[n-]-Xyw, `c-Ww, am¿°-
‰v, kmº-ØnI cwKw, hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, Ie, hmkvXp-hnZy XpS-ßnb Pohn-X-Øns‚
F√m hyh-lmc taJ-e-I-fnepw ]m›mXy ta[m-hnXzw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-SmsX AwKo-I-cn-°-
s∏-Sp∂Xn\pw, ]m›mXy bp‡n-I-tfmSv temI-Øn\v samØ-Øn¬ Xs∂ Hcp hn[-Øn-ep≈
am\-knI hnt[-bXzw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu kml-Ncyw CS \evIp-∂p-≠v. ]m›mXy
kwkvImcw/ PohnX ho£Ww Hcp "temIalm-\m-K-cn-IX'bmbn t{]£Ww sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xn¬ am[y-a-cw-KsØ B[n-]Xyw kp{]-[m-\-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-X-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.
? Hcp temI-ta-[m-hn-Xz-i-‡n-bmbn kzbw Ah-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ata-cn-°sb t{]cn-∏n-°p∂
{][m\ LS-I-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmhmw?
„ A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw B[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw th≠nbp≈ Zpc, Ncn-{X-Øn-epS-\ofw km{am-PyXz ÿm]-
\-ß-fpsS t{]c-W-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ioX-k-a-cm-\-¥-cw, tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ Xntcm-[m\w Xß-
fpsS km{am-PyXzw ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ kph¿Wm-h-k-c-ambn hmjnw-KvS¨ ImWp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
2001¬ tPm¿Pv Uªyq _pjv ssh‰v lukn-te°p sXc-s™Sp°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv AØcw Hcp AP-
≠bp-am-bn-´m-Wv. F√m-h¿°p-a-dn-bm-hp-∂- t]mse Ata-cn-°≥ A[oi hyh-ÿ-bpsS H∂m-
asØ Xmßpw t{]c-W-bpw Bbp-[-hy-hkmbw Xs∂-bm-Wv. c≠m-aXv s]t{Sm-fnbw Iº-\n-
I-fm-Wv. temI-Øp≈ FÆ dnk¿hp-Iƒ hmjnw-KvS-Wns‚ A[o-\-X-bn¬ htc-≠Xv Ah¿°v
\n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. 2001 HIvtSm-_-dnse A^vKm≥ A[n-\n-th-iw, at[y-jy-bnsebpw Imkv]n-
b≥ IS-en-sebpw kº-∂-amb FÆ tiJ-c-ßsf \nb-{¥W hnt[-b-am-°m≥ Ata-cn-°°v
Ah-kcw \evIn. 2003 ¬ Cdm-Jns\ Iog-S-°n-b-tXmsS temI-Ønse c≠m-asØ Hmb¬
dnk¿hpw ssI∏n-Sn-bn-sem-Xp-°n. k]vXw-_¿ 11 F∏n-tkm-Un¬ {]Xn-I-fmbn Btcm-]n-°-s∏-
Sp∂ 19¬ 15 t]cpw kpCu-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. kpDu-Zn-bmIs´ temI-Ønse H∂mw-InS FÆ
Ib-‰p-aXn cmPy-hp-am-Wv. kpDuZn `mhn-bn¬ Hcp `ojWn-bm-tb-°p-sa∂ `oXn IqSn s]s´-
∂p≈ CdmJv A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v Ata-cn-°sb t{]cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
A[n-Im-chpw Bbp-[hpw FÆbpw am{X-ambn-cp-∂n√ Ata-cn-°-bpsS D∂-߃. kXy-Øn¬
hmjnw-KvS¨ Np°m≥ ]nSn-°p∂ \ntbm en_-d¬ Im]n-‰¬ hyhÿ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
hym]n-°p-∂-Xn-\pap≈ ap∂p-]m-[n-bmWv B[n-]Xy ÿm]\w. tIm¿]-td‰v `oa-∑mcpw Id≥kn
am¿°-‰p-Ifpw BtKmf Xe-Øn¬ ]pjvSn-s∏-Sm\pw hmjnw-KvS-Wns‚ cmjv{Sob˛ssk-\nI
A[oi hyhÿ ÿm]n- X - a m- t I- ≠ n- b n- c p- ∂ p. CØcw LS- I - ß ƒ ]c- k v ] c ]qc- I - a mbn
{]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv Ata-cn-°≥ km{am-PyXz IqS-sØ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-sX∂p Icp-Xp-∂-
XmWv IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-k-lw.
(4)
 Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ, Hm¿t°≠ {][m-\-amb c≠p t{]I-i-‡n-
Iƒ IqSn-bp-≠v. Ata-cn-°-bnepw CkvdmCu-enepw \n¿Wm-bI cmjv{Sob i‡n-bmb kb-
WnÃv he-Xp-]-£-am-W-Xn¬ BZy-tØ-Xv. Hcp-]-s£, Ata-cn-°≥ km{am-PyXzw G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬ Bh-iy-am-bn-´p-≈Xv kb-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ°m-Wv. ImcWw Ad_v temI-Øns‚ a[y-Øn-ep≈
\t∂ sNdpXpw F∂m¬ X{¥-{]-[m-\-hp-amb C{km-Cu¬ cmjv{S-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]v Ata-cn-
°≥ A[oi hyh-ÿ-bpsS hnP-b-]-cm-P-b-ßsf B{i-bn-®mWv. _pjv AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j-
s‚bpw AXns‚ kplrZv I£n-bmb sX¬ Aho-hnse `c-W-]m¿´n-bmb en°pUv ]m¿´n-bp-
sSbpw \nb-{¥W tI{µ-amb \h-bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I-cmWv (\ntbm tIm¨) Ata-cn-°-bpsS anUv¬
CuÃv \bw cq]s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. Cdm-Jns\ B{I-an®v k±m-ans\ h[n-®Xpw \mj-W-enÃv _mØv
]m¿´n `c-WsØ XI¿ØXpw Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°nb Zo¿L-Ime ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-am-bn-´mWv.
kb-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ Ign-™m¬ c≠m-asØ t{]c-I-i-‡n, C{km-Cu¬ ta¬t°mbva B{K-ln-
°p∂ {InkvXy≥ he-Xp-]-£-am-Wv. temIw apgps° ss{IkvXhhXvIcn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw aninlm
Xncn-®p hcn-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv ss__nƒ {]h-N-\-Øns‚ kXy-k-‘X ]pe-cm≥ A\n-hm-
cy-am-sW∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xp∂p!
_pjv `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Xmt°m¬ ÿm\-߃ ss{IkvXh he-Xp-]-£-am-Wv ssIImcyw
sNøp-∂-Xv. CXp-hgn Ata-cn-°-bpsS \nc-¶p-i-amb B[n-]Xy hmgvN°v Hcp aX-]-c-amb \oXo-
I-cWw ssIh-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
? At∏mƒ ss{IkvXh˛PqX aX-Øns‚ ]n¥pWtbmsS-bmWv Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]Xy hyhÿ
\ne-\n-ev°p-∂-sX-∂mtWm?
„ Hcn-°-ep-a-√. C∂v bqtdm-∏nepw Ata-cn-°bn¬ Xs∂bpw ss{IkvXh ho-£W tImWn-eqsS
Ata-cn-°≥ km{am-Py-XzsØ \nin-X-ambn FXn¿°p∂ Ht´sd {Kq∏p-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-®p-h-cp-
∂p≠v. 2003 se bp≤-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\v ss{IkvXh¿ enwK {]mb-
t`-Z-at\y, hyXykvX N¿®-pIƒ°p Iogn¬ temI-Øp-S-\ofw hºn® {]Xn-tj[ {]I-S-\-߃
\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-t√m. CdmJv A[-n\n-th-i-Øns\Xncn¬ Ct∏mgpw Ah¿ {]t£m`w XpS-cp-∂p.
C{km-Cu-ens\ am‰n \n¿Øn Hcp kzX{¥ ^e-kvXzo≥ cmjv{Sw ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-
s∏´v At\Iw ss{Ikv X h kwL- S - \ - I ƒ Ata- c n- ° - b nepw bqtdm- ∏ nepw kPo- h - a mbn
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. shÃv _m¶nepw Kmk-bnepw C{km-Cu¬ IpSn-tb‰w \S-Ønb kµ¿`-
ß- f n¬ C{km- C u¬ Dev ] - ∂ - ß ƒ _ln- j v I - c n- ® p- s Im≠v {]Xn- t j- [ n- ° m≥ Hcp N¿®v
Blzm\w sNbvXXv {it≤-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Bbp[ \nb-{¥-Ww, BWh \ncm-bq-[o-I-c-Ww, sFIy-cmjv{S k`-bpsS ]p\- w-L-S-\, Ak-
¥p- e nX kmº- Ø nI {Ia- Ø ns\- X nsc i_v Z - a p- b ¿Ø¬, Zcn{Z cmPy- ß ƒ°v hmbv ] - b n¬
Cfhp sNbv X p sImSp°¬, temI- Ø ns‚ kmwkv I m- c nI sshhn- [ y- ß ƒ kwc- £ n- ° ¬
XpSßn Ht´sd {]iv \ - ß - f n¬ km[m- c W ss{Ikv X h hnizm- k n- I fpw k`- I fpw tN¿∂v
BtKmf Xe-Øn¬ Xs∂ Imw]bv≥ \S-Øp-∂p-≠v. 1960 Ifnepw 70 Ifnepw ImØenk-k-
Øn\p-≈n¬ Xs∂ Ata-cn-°≥ GIm-[n-]Xy {]h-WXsb FXn¿°p∂ kwL-SnX [mc cq]-
s∏-´n-cp-∂p. CXmWv em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ hnI-kn®p h∂ hntam-N\ ssZh-im-kv{X-Øns‚
XpS-°w. CX¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv bYm¿Y ss{IkvXh hnizmk-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-`m-K-am-Wv A\o-
Xnbvs°Xn-sc-bp≈ kacw F∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.
? PqX kaq-l-ß-fn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]-XysØ FXn¿°p∂ kwL-SnX apt∂-‰-߃ h√-
Xp-apt≠m?
„ ka-Im-enI PqX-k-aq-l-ß-fnepw Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]-XysØ FXn¿Øp-sIm-≠p≈ i_vZ-
߃ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. C{km-Cu-enepw bp F n-ep-ap≠v CØcw kwL-S-\-Iƒ. C{km-
Cu¬ ^e-kvXzo≥ {]hn-iy-I-fn¬ A[n-\n-thiw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\bpw Ata-cn-°-bpsS hntZi
\b- ß - s fbpw i‡- a mbn hna¿in- ° p∂ C{km- C u¬ tI{µo- I - c n®p {]h¿Øn- ° p∂
"Kpjvimtemw' t]mep≈ a\p-jym-h-Imi kwL-S-\-Iƒ A°q-´-Øn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-
XmWv. CØcw hn`m-K-߃ anUv¬ CuÃns‚ `q]Sw am‰n hc-bv°m-\p≈ \ntbm-tIm-Wp-I-
fpsS \o°sØ FXn¿°p-∂p. hmjnw-KvS¨ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°p∂ BtKmf \b-߃
(5)
 Zpc-¥-]q¿W-amb ]cn-W-Xn-bmWv hcp-Øp-I-sb∂v Ah¿ Xd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ lnµp-
°ƒ°n- S - b n¬ {]h¿Øn- ° p∂ Bcy kam- P hpw P∏m≥ tI{µ- a m- b p≈ C‚¿ \mjW¬
s\‰vh¿°v Hm^v F≥tKPvUv _p≤nÃvkv t]mep≈ (INEB) _p≤ kwL-S-\-Ifpw km{am-
PyXz hncp≤ ka-c-ap-∂-Wn-bn¬ kPo-h-am-sW∂v F\n-°-dn-bmw. temIØv 1.4 _ney≥ hcp∂
apkvenwIƒ°n-S-bnepw ASpØ Ime-Øm-bn, km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnsc [oc-ambn t]mcm-Sp∂
\qdp IW-°n\v knhn¬ kwL-S-\-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≈Xv Bth-i-I-c-am-Wv.
? Ata-cn-°≥ km{am-PyXz hyhÿ apkvenw-Iƒs°-Xn-cn-ep≈ "Ipcn-ip-bp≤'ambn \nco-£n-
°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. Xm¶ƒ Cu \nco-£-WsØ Fß-s\-bmWv ImWp-∂Xv?
„ Cßs\ \nco-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Nne Imc-W-ß-fp-≠v. bp Fkv XmXv]cy∏´n-I-bn¬ BZyw
hcp∂ FÆ-bpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-Øm¬ anUv¬ CuÃnepw sk≥{S¬ Gjy-bn-ep-ap≈ Sm¿K-‰p-
Iƒ apkvenw cmPy-ß-fm-sW-∂Xp hmkvX-h-am-Wv. Ata-cn-°-bpsS as‰mcp XmXv]-cy-ta-Je
Ckvdm-Cu-em-Wv. CXm-I-s´, apkvenw temI-Øns‚ sshIm-cnI {]iv\-am-Wv. Xs∂-bp-a-√,
Ckvdm-Cu-ens‚ Ab¬ cmPy-ß-sf√mw an°-hmdpw apkvenw cmPy-ß-fp-am-Wv. Ata-cn-°-bpsS
\b-I¿Øm-°ƒ kb-Wn-Ãp-Ifpw \ntbm-tIm-Wp-I-fp-am-sW-∂-Xn-ep-ap≠v Hcp apkvenw hncp≤
LS-Iw. k¿thm-]cn, ]mivNm-Xy temIsØ apkvenw-Iƒs°-Xnsc \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn sX‰mb
ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-s≠-∂Xpw icn-X-s∂.
CsXms° AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]-Xy-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ hmjnw-
KvS-Wns‚ AP-≠-Iƒ°v apkvenw hncp-≤-sa∂ h¿Ww \evIp-∂Xv Xo¿Øpw sX‰m-sW∂
ho£-W-°m-c-\mWv Rm≥. A¥¿tZ-iob apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿ BtKmf ssk\nI hmgvN
F∂o e£y- ß ƒ ap≥\n¿Øn, apºv kqNn- ∏ n® t]mse H´p- h - f sc LS- I - ß ƒ tN¿∂
XmXv]cyhyql-amWv Ata-cn-°≥ km{amPy k¶-ev]-Øns‚ B[m-cw. hmjnw-KvS-Wns‚ B[n-
]Xy e£y-ß-fn¬ apkvenw cmPy-ß-sf∂ t]mse Xs∂ apkvenw-Iƒ hfsc Ipd-®p-am-{X-ap≈
em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°bpw Ing-°-t\-jy-bp-sams° s]Sp-∂p-≠v. Hcp-]-s£, Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-
]Xy hymtam-l-Øn\v G‰-hp-a-[nIw hne \evInbXv em‰n-\-ta-cn-°-bm-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂-Xmhpw
icn.
? km{am-PyXz hncp≤ ka-c-߃°v aX-h¿Ww hcp-∂-tXmsS AXv Zni amdp-Ibpw km{am-Py-
Xz-Øns‚ klm-b-I-ambn AXv ]cn-h¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. At√?
„ AsX, Zu¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ temIØv aXm-th-in-X-cmb Nne Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ {]Xn-tcm-
[-߃ km{am-PyXzw kzbw \ymbo-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ D]m-[n-bm-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. ]mh-s∏-
´-hcpw \nc-]-cm-[n-Ifpw h[n-°-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bp≈ Nmth¿ t_mw_m-{I-a-W-ßfpw a‰p Xo{h-hmZ
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Ata-cn-°≥ ssk\n-I-i-‡n-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\v \ymbo-I-c-W-am-bn-Øo-cp-
∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw apkvenw temI-Øp≈ ]fin-X-∑msc \nc-¥cw "Ckvemw `oI-c-hm-Z-Øn-s\-
Xn-cm-sW∂v' {]kvXm-h\ Cd-t°≠ KXn-bn-te°v X≈n-hn-Sp-∂Xv aX-Xo-{h-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv.
? Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-sb {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ a\p-jy-cpsS sFIy-\nc Db¿Øp-I-bm-
Wt√m Xm¶-fpsS kwL-S-\-bpsS apJy Imcy-]-cn-]m-Sn.
„ temIØv `qcn-]-£hpw aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-Wv. Hmtcm aX-Øn\pw A[n-Imc taml-sØbpw
B{Kl Nn¥-sbbpw Zpc-I-sfbpw XS-bm-\p≈ ssPh-i-‡n-bp-≠v. aX-ß-fpsS B¥-cnI aqey-
߃ \oXnbpw a\p-jy-Xz-hp-am-Wv. Cu km[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bkq-{XnX {ia-߃
Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ign™ GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn C°m-cy-Øn¬ henb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-
≠m-bn-´p-≠v. A^vKm≥-˛-C-dmJv bp≤-߃°p tijw, cmPym-¥c cwKØv \n¿Wm-bI {]Xn-
tcm[ i‡n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ "BtKmf knhn¬ kaqlw' {]Xo£ \evIp-∂p-≠v. knhn¬ kaql
ÿm]-\-ßsf hf¿Øm\pw Ahbv°v Zni \evIm\pw aX-ss\-XnI aqey-߃°pw kwL-S-
\-Iƒ°pw hln-°m-hp∂ ]¶v Xo¿®-bmbpw {][m\amsW∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
? tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn®v A`n-am-\n-°p∂ Hcm-fmWt√m Xm¶ƒ. CS-Xp-]£ cmjv{Sob {]_p-≤-X-
bp≈ tIc-fhpw Ct∏mƒ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hgn-bn-em-sW-∂-mWv kao-]-Ime {]h-W-X-Iƒ

(6)
 \evIp∂ kqN-\. C¥y-bnse apJy-[mc CS-Xp-]£w Xs∂ apX-em-fnØ B`n-ap-Jy-ap≈ \b-
ß-fmWv kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂ Bt£-]-ap-≠v.
„ F¨]-Xp-I-fn¬ hsc C¥y tkmjy-enÃv kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bm-Wv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc ]n¥p-S¿∂-
Xv. BtKm-f-h-XvIrX kml-N-cyw, C¥y-sbbpw hgn-am-dm≥ \n¿_-‘n-®p. temI-X-e-Øn¬
am¿Ivknkw Xs∂ AXns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ henb am‰w hcp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. hnb‰v \mapw
ssN\-bp-sams° apX-em-fnØ ]mX Xs∂ kzoI-cn-®p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Cu am‰w C¥y≥
am¿Ivkn-k-Øn\pw kw`-hn-®n-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ am¿°-‰ns\ D]-tbm-Kn®v tkmjy-en-k-Øn-\p-
th≠n {ian- ° - m - s a∂v Icp- X p- ∂ Xv auVy- a m- s W- ∂ mWv Fs‚ hy‡n]c- a mb A`n- { ]m- b w.
am¿°‰v, kaq-l-Øn¬ ]mh-s∏-´-hcpw [\n-Icpw XΩn-ep≈ hnShv h¿[n-∏n®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-
°pw. am¿°‰v Ft°m-W-an kaqly\oXn F∂ Bi-b-hp-ambn {]Xy-£-Øn¬ Xs∂ FXn¿Zn-
i-bn-em-Wv. \h DZmc \b-ß-fpsS ^e-amb hnI-k\ coXn C°mcyw hy‡-am-°pw. kq∏¿
am¿°-‰p-Ifpw FIvkv{]-kvth-Ifpw {]tXyI kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-fp-sam-s°-bmWv apX-em-
fn-Øw "hnI-k\'ambn apt∂m´p sh°p-∂-Xv. CXns‚ {]tbm-P\w e`n-°p-∂Xv Db¿∂ a[y-
h¿K-Øn\pw kº∂ hn`m-K-Øn-\p-am-bn-cn-°pw. sF Fw F^pw temI-_m-¶pw F Un _nbp-
apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ A¥m-cmjv{S kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\-߃ hmbv] \evIp-∂-Xn\p G¿s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ; {]tXy-In-®pw, s]mXp taJ-e-bpsS Agn®p ]Wn, em‚ v t]mfnkn apX-
em-bh hnI-kz-c, Ahn-In-knX cmPy-ßsf XI¿°pw. A¿P‚o-\, sImdn-b, Ct¥m-t\jy XpS-
ßnb cmPy-ß-fn¬ AXm-Wt√m \mw I≠-Xv. \nß-ƒ (tI-c-fo-b¿), C°m-cy-ß-fn¬ t_m[-
hm-∑m-cm-sW-∂Xpw ka-c-k-÷-cm-sW-∂Xpw Fs∂ kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

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