POWER POWER ELECTRICS ELECTRICS
INVERTERS
(DC-AC CONVERTERS)
Dr. Adel Gastli
Email: adel@[Link] [Link]
CONTENTS CONTENTS
1. SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER 2. THREE-PHASE INVERTER
Dr. Adel Gastli
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER
T1
Half-Bridge
Vs/2 Load Vs/2
D1
D2
T2
T1 Vs/2 D1 D3
T3
Full-Bridge
T4 Vs/2 Load D4 D2 T2
Dr. Adel Gastli
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
T1
Half-Bridge
Rules of Triggering
i) KVL ii) KCL
Vs/2 Load v0
D1 i0 D2 T2
Vs/2
T1 & T2 cant be on at the same time Satisfied by D1 & D2
Vs/2 i0 Vs/(2R) T/2 -Vs/2 T v0
Resistive Load
Vs 2 V 1 = 0 . 45 V s V 0 rms =
2V s v0 = sin( n t ) Point of symmetry: A =0 n n 1, 3 , 5
Dr. Adel Gastli DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
f(t)=f(t+T/2): Even harmonics =0
4
Purely (or highly) Inductive Load
Vs/2 Imax Imin -Vs/2 v0 i0 T/4 T/2 3T/4 T D1ON T2OFF Vs/2 T2ON Load v0 D1 i0 D2 T2 T1
T1ON
D2ON
Vs/2
T1OFF
Vs dio =L dt 2
Vs di =L o dt 2
i0 Quadrant 2 [T/4, T/2] Quadrant 1 [0, T/4] v0
I max
Dr. Adel Gastli
V = s 8 fL
I min
Vs = 8 fL
Quadrant 3 [T/2, 3T/4]
Quadrant 4 [3T/4, T]
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
Definitions:
Vn rms of the n th harmonic = HF = V1 rms of the fundamenta l
THD =
3, 5 , 7
V
V1
2 n
Measure of closeness in shape between a waveform and its fundamental.
2
DF =
Vn 2 3, 5 , 7 n V1
Measure of effectiveness of reducing unwanted harmonics using a second order attenuation factor 1/n2(second-order filter).
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters 6
Dr. Adel Gastli
T1
Full-Bridge
D1
v0 Load
D3 i0 D2
T3
Vs T4 D4 T2
Control Logic I: Inductive Load T1T2 D3D4 T3T4 D1D2
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T
Same as half-bridge (Vsinstead of Vs/2)
V0 rms = Vs
Vs Imax Imin -Vs T1T2
v0 i0 T/4 T/2 3T/4 D1D2 T
I max =
Vs 4 fL
D3D4
T3T4
Dr. Adel Gastli
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
Control Logic II: Inductive Load
T1 T2 T3 T4 D1 D2 D3 D4 V0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vs
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 -Vs
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 -Vs
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Vs
i0should reach zero
Dr. Adel Gastli DC-AC Conversion: Inverters 8
Vs Imax
v0 i0
T/6 T/3 T1D3 T/2 D 3D 4 T3T4 2T/3 T 3D 1 5T/6 D1D2 T
Imin -Vs
T 1T 2
Note that during the periods [T/6 T/3] and [2T/3 5T/6] the inductance current freewheels into the transistors and diodes. Since there are no sufficient resistances to discharge, in a short time, the magnetic energy stored in the inductance, then the inductor current remains constant.
Dr. Adel Gastli DC-AC Conversion: Inverters 9
THREE-PHASE INVERTER
Three-phase Bridge Inverter
180o Conduction 120o Conduction
Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation (SPWM)
Dr. Adel Gastli
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
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Three-Phase Bridge Inverter
Dr. Adel Gastli
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
11
Vs 3 2V vbn = s 3 V vcn = s 3 van =
2Vs 3 V vbn = s 3 Vs vcn = 3 van =
Vs 3 V vbn = s 3 2V vcn = s 3 van =
2 3 modes
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters 12
Dr. Adel Gastli
4Vs n n t cos sin + 6 6 n =1, 3, 5,K n 4Vs n vbc = cos sin n t 6 2 n =1, 3, 5,K n vab =
i.e. Vs = 100V VLm1 = 110.2V
4Vs n 7 vca = cos sin n t 6 6 n =1, 3, 5,K n
Note that for n=3,9,15,21,...
Dr. Adel Gastli
vab=vbc=vca=0
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DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
Line-to-line rms voltage
2 vL = 2
2 / 3
V d (t ) 0
2 s
1/ 2
2 = Vs = 0.8165Vs 3
Dr. Adel Gastli
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
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Line-to-line rms harmonic voltage
4Vs 4Vs n cos vLn = cos = 0.7797Vs vL1 = 6 6 2n 2
Phase rms voltage
2Vs vL vp = = = 0.4714Vs 3 3
Dr. Adel Gastli DC-AC Conversion: Inverters 15
/ 3 2 / 3
Only two transistors remain on at any time.
Vs 2 V vbn = s 2 vcn = 0 van =
Vs 2 vbn = 0 van = vcn = Vs 2
van = 0 Vs 2 V vcn = s 2 vbn =
Note: The waveforms of line voltages are the same as the waveforms of phase voltages with the only difference in the amplitudes ( 3Vs/2 instead of Vs/2) and phase angle (+30o).
Dr. Adel Gastli DC-AC Conversion: Inverters 16
2Vs n cos sin n t + 6 6 n n =1, 3, 5,K 2Vs n cos sin n t vbn = 6 2 n =1, 3, 5,K n van =
vcn =
vab = vbc =
2Vs 7 n cos sin n t 6 6 n n =1, 3, 5,K
2 3Vs n cos sin n t + 6 3 n =1, 3, 5,K n
vline = 3v ph
i.e. Vs = 100V V phm1 = 55.1V
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2 3Vs n cos sin n t n 6 3 n =1, 3, 5,K
2 3Vs n vca = cos sin n(t ) n 6 n =1, 3, 5,K
Dr. Adel Gastli
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation SPWM
fc p= 2 fo
Number of pulses per half-cycle
p 1/ 2
m Vo = Vs m =1
vo (t ) =
Dr. Adel Gastli
n =1, 3, 5
sin nt
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters 18
For the mth pulse:
bn ( m ) =
+ + m + m 1 m m = Vs cos(nt )d (t ) Vs cos(nt )d (t ) + m m
n 2Vs sin m sin n m + m sin n + m + m n 2 2 2
p m =1 p
Bn = bn ( m ) = n 2Vs sin m sin n m + m sin n + m + m 2 2 2 m =1 n
Dr. Adel Gastli
DC-AC Conversion: Inverters
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