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Ductile vs Brittle Fracture Analysis

The document discusses fracture and fracture mechanics. It defines ductile versus brittle fracture, noting that ductile fracture involves extensive plastic deformation while brittle fracture involves little plastic deformation. It also discusses stable versus unstable crack propagation. Crack tip stress concentration is defined using stress concentration factors. Griffith's theory of brittle fracture and the role of elastic strain energy are explained. Fracture toughness, critical stress intensity factor KIC, and the three modes of fracture are defined. Finally, the use of fracture mechanics for design by specifying allowable stress, flaw size, or material is covered.

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8 views4 pages

Ductile vs Brittle Fracture Analysis

The document discusses fracture and fracture mechanics. It defines ductile versus brittle fracture, noting that ductile fracture involves extensive plastic deformation while brittle fracture involves little plastic deformation. It also discusses stable versus unstable crack propagation. Crack tip stress concentration is defined using stress concentration factors. Griffith's theory of brittle fracture and the role of elastic strain energy are explained. Fracture toughness, critical stress intensity factor KIC, and the three modes of fracture are defined. Finally, the use of fracture mechanics for design by specifying allowable stress, flaw size, or material is covered.

Uploaded by

sharu4291
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Fracture

Objectives : identify design parameters limiting fracture and fatigue distinguish between catastrophic failure vs slow (!) fracture - leak before break predict life of structures based on fatigue and creep phenomena identify failure mechanisms and parameters controlling them

Ductile vs Brittle

Fig.8.1 - 8.3

(a) Highly ductile fracture (b) Moderately ductile fracture (c) Brittle fracture

Fracture involves (i) crack initiation and (ii) crack propagation stable vs unstable (brittle)

KL Murty

page 1

Ductile
extensive plastic deformation high et or RA dull fracture surface stable crack propagation (no further crack propagation when o)

vs

Brittle
little or no plastic deformation very low et or RA bright/shiny unstable (once cracks start propagating, they continue till fracture) leads to catastrophic crack propagation & failure

cup-and-cone type fracture

grainy-faceted fracture surfaces

dimpled fracture (Fig.8.4)

cleavage / transgranular (Fig.8.6a) or intergranular (Fig. 8.6b) v-shaped chevron markings (Fig.8.5)

Fig. 8.6a

Fig. 8.2

Fig. 8.6b
brittle fracture : crack motion is nearly r to the tensile stress axis - yields a relatively flat fracture surface

KL Murty

page 2

Fracture Mechanics
Stress Concentration at crack tips (Fig. 8.7)

max

crack-tip

= 2 o

a t

o is net section stress (nominal applied stress) = max


crack-tip

=2

a t (Eq. 8.2)

Griffith theory of brittle fracture :


fracture occurs when the tensile stress at some crack tip exceeds theoretical cohesive strength of the material (implies that when there are no cracks at all (!), fracture strength would be equal to the theoretical cohesive strength) With cracks (real situation) elastic strain energy released during crack propagation equals the surface energy increase due to the creation of 2 new surfaces Eq. 8.3 : c = 2Es defines the critical stress needed for crack propagation a
2 E( s + p ) ) a

If there is some plastic deformation (true in majority of cases), add plastic strain energy in Eq. 8.3 (Eq. 8.4) : c =

KL Murty

page 3

Fracture Toughness :
Modes I, II and III
Mode I opening

Mode II sliding tearing/shear

Mode III

Stress fields around cracks and stress intensity factor (K) : Eqs.8.5 ij =

K fij() 2r

r is distance from the crack tip & i,j = x , y ; K specifies stress distribution at crack tip Just like when c is approached, crack propagation can occur ; define a critical fracture toughness Kc = Y a (Eq. 8.6) , Y!1

Kc depends on the specimen geometry (specifically thickness) and decreases as size increases (Fig. 8.12) and it reaches a minimum value for thick specimens known as plane strain fracture toughness KIc which is a material parameter {f(T, , microstructure); KIc as grain-size } {condition for plane strain : B " 2.5 ( KIc 2 ) } y

i.e. when the applied fracture toughness, KI = Y a reaches KIc, fracture occurs or crack propagates [analogous to applied stress vs yield strength] (units of KI) large for ductile and low for brittle

Design using Fracture Mechanics


KIc (material parameter)
K IC (material parameter) Eqs. 8.9 & 8.10 3 variables : applied or imposed stress ( ) flaw size (a)

case (i) : if KIc and a are specified design stress c #

KIc

Y a

1 KIc case (ii): if KIc and are specified maximum allowable flaw size ac = ( ) 2 Y a is measured using various NDT methods (UT, optical, radiography, etc.)

Fracture Testing : CV etc.


KL Murty page 4

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