CHAPTER 4: INTRAMURAL AND COMPETITIVE SPORT PROGRAMS

The Role of Sport in Society

Emotional release Serves to release emotions and relieve stress, acts as

a safety valve, and provides a catharsis to relieve

aggressive tendencies
Affirmation of identity

Offer opportunities to be recognized and to express

ones individual qualities

 Social control
Provides a means of control over and containment of

people
Socialization Serves as a mean of socializing those individuals who

identify with it
Change agent Results in social change and new behavior patterns and

is a factor that may contribute to changes in the course of history

 Collective Conscience

Creates a communal spirit that brings people

together in search of common goals, such as building

community
Success
Provides a feeling of success both for participant and

for the spectator when a player or team with whom

one identifies achieves

Benefits of Competitive Sport

Physical Fitness Contribute to physical fitness by developing organic

vigor, cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory endurance, neuromuscular skill, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and agility as well as

desirable psychosocial attitudes toward play, fitness,

and exercise

 Sport Skill and Knowledge To respond instantly and effectively in a competitive

sport situation
Leads to a high level of proficiency and a further

desire to engage in physical activity

Feelings of accomplishment, recognition, and

affiliation as well as contributing to be a more

positive self-image

 Individual Development Facilitates the development of leadership,

cooperation, teamwork, fair play, and loyalty

Enhance commitment, decision making and self

worth
Improves self-control, mood states, self-discipline,

self-realization

 Social Development Provides opportunities for competition, cooperation,

and individualistic participation

Fairness, adherence to the rules of the game, the

ability to accept defeat, gaining respect for others,

and the love of the game continue to shape the player as the player shapes the game

Management Personnel Involved in Sports Programs

The Director of Athletics The Coach Coaching certification and licensure

Athletic Trainer/Sports Medicine Specialists

Qualifications for Athletic Trainers The Port/Athletic Council Academic Counseling Compliance Officer

Selected Management Functions in Competitive Sport Programs

Event, game, facility and practice scheduling
Scheduling involves:

Maintaining a proper balance between home and

away contests,
Seeking contests with organizations and

institutions of approximately the same size and caliber of play

 trying to restrict the scope of the geographical area in

which contests are conducted to minimize transportation costs

All contests, games, competitive sport events should

have sanction and approval of school, state, college, or other organizational authorities
Season lengths should be arranged so that they

interfere as little as possible with institutional

academic priorities

 Practice schedules before the first contest should be

adequate and appropriate so that the players are in match or game condition and thoroughly prepared to play
Factors that affect scheduling:
Environmental conditions Maximizing gate receipts

Number of participants
State playoffs and invitational tournaments

 Transportation and logistic

Availability of facilities Different sport appeal to the same students Limitations concerning number of games or contests

permitted
Potential educational impact on the student-athlete Event, game, facility, and practice scheduling should be

fairly and equitably managed permitting equal time, opportunity, and accessibility for all sport participants

 Contracts
Best to have written contract between the schools and all

those concern to avoid misunderstanding and confusion

Contracts should be properly executed and signed by

official representatives of all schools involved

The use of form that contain the names of the schools,

dates, times, and circumstances and condition under which the contests will be held
Provide penalties if contracts are breached by either

party

 Health, Safety, and Welfare of the Student Athlete Every participant involved in a sport program should

be a thorough, vigorous, pre-participation medical

examination
Proper training and conditioning should take place

before any player is subjected to competition

Proper facilities and equipment should be available

to ensure the safety and health of the players

 Protective equipment meeting all current safety

specifications should be provided as required in the various sports

Proper sanitary measures should be taken

Playing areas and equipment should be well

maintained, clean and safe

Facilities should be kept clean and up to code

 Injuries and Insurance

Injured athlete should be examined and diagnosed by

a physician and administered proper treatment

There should be complete medical supervision of the

entire sports program and a physician should be present at all games

A player should not be permitted to participate again

until the coach receives an approved statement from the family, school physician

 Sport participants should get insurance to cover all

the injury that might happen

Officials
Should be well qualified, certified, and licensed, and

hold membership in their respective officiating

association
Are frequently chosen by the home team with

approval of opponents or the conference

 Should be medically fit and required to pass

examinations on rules and demonstrate their competence

Should know the rules and be able to interpret them

accurately, recognize their responsibility to the

players, be courteous, honest, friendly, cooperative,

impartial, and able to control the game at all time

 Transportation
Athletes should only travel only in transportation

provided by the school

When private cars belonging to coaches, the teacher

or coaches should be sure to determine whether the procedures are in conformity with the organization and state statutes regarding liability
A copy of the transportation contract is distributed to

the athletic director, the coach, and the principal

 Event and Game Management Details that must be attended to planning:

Pregame responsibilities
Game responsibilities

Postgame responsibilities
Emergency plans

Preparation for away game

 Responsibilities before game: Contracts

Eligibility records
Equipment

Facility availability
Tickets

Medical supervision
Medical examination

 Responsibility for home games: Checking such items as supplies and equipment Parking Pregame and half-time entertainment Tickets and credentials

Security and volunteer ushers

Score and message boards Game statistics Public address system Emergency care procedures

 Responsibilities after game: Checking such item as payments to officials Evaluation of officials Attendance and participation records Contact of local media outlets Financial records Ticket sale reports

 Crowd Control School district and authorities are taking increased

precautions to avoid crowd problems at sporting

contests as it increase potential security problems

and incidents
Security personnel, volunteer teachers, and parents

who are on duty before, during, and after the event are key elements to vigilant crowd control

 Protests, Forfeitures, and Called Games Protests and forfeitures procedure should be clearly

stated in writing and should contain all the details,

such as the person or responsible organization to whom the protest should be addressed
Time limits and time frame involved, person or

group responsible for action, legal counsel, and any other necessary information should be readily available for the parties involved

 Calling games because of environmental or other

foreseen conditions also requires following the

policies and procedures set down by management

Short notice is the great concern

Awards and Honors

Award policy should be determined by the sport

council, league, or management team at each

sporting event

 The practice granting award in the form of letters,

plaques, pins, medals or some other symbol is almost

universal
Award criteria should call for equal treatment among

potential recipients
Record Keeping Requires accurate records of all the details concerned

with the sport-specific situation

 The following record should be considered:

Medical status

Insurance information
Participant information

Budget
Contract

Schedule
Transportation

 Records conduct of various sport from year to year,

season to season, and game to game so that they can be compared over time

Competitive Structuring
Three most common are : Leagues popular in the domain of team sports Tournaments elimination tournaments used to a

great extent after culmination of league play

Special events recognize the closure of a season or

year of sports activity

 Round-robin or league tournament One of the most widely used and one of the best types of

competitive structures, because it allows for maximal

play
Work best with no more than eight teams

Each team plays every other team at least once during

the tournament
The winner is the one who has the highest percentage,

based on wins and losses, at the end of the scheduled play

 Single elimination tournament One defeat eliminates a player or team

Does not allow for maximal play: the winner

continue to play, but the losers drop out

The most economical from the standpoint of time in

determining the winning player or team

Drawing for position takes place

 Byes are awarded in the first round of play whenever

the number of entrants does not fall into units to the power of two
The number of byes is determined by subtracting the

number of entrants from the next higher power of

two