SIGNALS: FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL
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Analog and digital signals
In many cases, the signal of interest is initially in the form of an analog electrical voltage or current, produced for example by a microphone or some other type of transducer In some situations, such as the output from the readout system of a CD (compact disc) player, the data is already in digital form.
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Analog and digital signals
An analog signal must be converted into digital form before DSP techniques can be applied. An analog electrical voltage signal, for example, can be digitized using an electronic circuit called an analog-to-digital converter or ADC
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Analog to digital converters
This generates a digital output as a stream of binary numbers whose values represent the electrical voltage input to the device at each sampling instant Digital signal is discrete time signal with each sample digitized for arithmetic processing
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SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS
SIGNAL IS DEFINED AT ALL TIME
E.G. ANALOGUE SIGNALS
DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL
SIGNAL IS DEFINED AT CERTAIN INTERVAL OF TIME
E.G DIGITAL SIGNALS
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AN ANALOGUE SIGNAL
AMPLITUDE
TIME
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A DIGITAL SIGNAL
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A DSP SYSTEM
DIGITAL SIGNALS
ANALOG
INPUT SIGNAL
ANALOG TO DIGITAL (A/D) CONVERTER
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING DIGITAL TO ANALOG (D/A) CONVERTER
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ANALOG OUTPUT SIGNAL
A/D CONVERTER
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SAMPLING
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DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL PROCESSING
CHARACTERIZATION & ANALYSIS ARE PERFORMED IN
TIME DOMAIN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
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TIME DOMAIN PARAMETERS
Analog signal before sampling
xa(t)
Discrete-time signal after sampling
x (n)=xa(nT)
..-2T -T
2T 3T
4T t=nT
T is the sampling interval Fs=1/T is the sampling frequency
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ANALOG PARAMETERS
Analog frequency : F (Hz or cycles per second), (rad/sec)
Example : xa(t)=A cos (2Ft + ) = A cos (t + ) Where = 2 F
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DISCRETE PARAMETERS
Discrete-time or digital frequencies: f (cycles/sample), (radians per sample) After sampling with a sampling rate of Fs=1/T i.e. substitute t=nT
x(n)= A cos (2F nT + ) = A cos (2 F n/Fs + ) = A cos (2 f n + ) = A cos ( n + ) Where f = F/Fs : also known as normalized frequency.
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ANALOG & DIGITAL FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIP
f=F/Fs = (/2) /(1/T) or 2f=T =T
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SAMPLING OR NYQUIST THEOREM
AN ANALOG SIGNAL WITH A HIGHEST FREQUENCY Fmax MUST BE SAMPLED AT A SAMPLING FREQUENCY
Fs 2 Fmax s 2 max
NON-COMPLIANCE WILL RESULT IN UNDESIRABLE ALIASING EFFECT
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FOURIER TRANSFORM
ANALOG SIGNAL BEFORE SAMPLING Xa [F]
-Fmax 0
Fmax
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FOURIER TRANSFORM
AFTER SAMPLING AT Fs=2 Fmax X[F]
-Fs
Fs
SAMPLING PROCESS CAUSES THE SPECTRUM KL3064_Lecture2 TO REPEAT ITSELF AT EVERY Fs
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FOURIER TRANSFORM
AFTER SAMPLING AT Fs 2 Fmax X[F]
-Fs
Fs
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FOURIER TRANSFORM
AFTER SAMPLING AT Fs < 2 Fmax
X[F]
-Fs
Fs
ALIASING EFFECTS DUE TO UNDERSAMPLING : SPECTRUM IS CORRUPTED
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FREQUENCY RANGE
ANALOG
-<F< -<<
DIGITAL Maximum f=Fmax/Fs=Fmax/2Fmax=1/2 - < f < Maximum =2 f =
-<<
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EXAMPLE
Consider an analog signal xa (t)= 6cos (60t) + 3sin (300t) + 2cos(340t) + 4 cos(500t) + 10sin(660t) Q: What are the frequency components in Hz? A: F = 30 Hz, 150 Hz, 170 Hz, 250 Hz, 330 Hz.
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EXAMPLE
Q: What is the minimum sampling frequency to avoid the aliasing effect? A: Fs=2 Fmax = 2 (330)= 660 Hz Q: What is the sampling interval T? A: T=1/Fs=1.52 msec
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EXAMPLE
Q: If the analog signal is sampled at 660 Hz, what are the digital frequency components f of the sampled signal? A: f=F/Fs F = 30 Hz, 150 Hz, 170 Hz, 250 Hz, 330 Hz. f= 0.045, 0.227, 0.258,0.379,0.5 cycles/sample.
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EXAMPLE
Q: What is the mathematical equation that represents the sampled signal? A: x [n] = 6cos (0.09 n) + 3sin (0.45 n) + 2cos (0.51 n) + 4cos (0.75 n) +10sin (n)
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QUIZ 1
THE SAMPLING PROCESS CAUSES A SPECTRUM TO REPEAT ITSELF EVERY Fs. Q1: AT WHAT INTERVAL DOES THE SPECTRUM REPEAT ITSELF IN TERMS OF 1. f 2.
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QUIZ 1
Q2. SKETCH THE FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTRUM OF THE DISCTERE SIGNAL SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF SAMPLING AT Fs=2Fmax, Fs 2 Fmax, AND Fs < Fmax WITH f AND AS THE x axis variables.
X(f), X()
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