Chapter 2 AC to DC Converters

Outline
2.1 Single-phase controlled rectifier
2.2 Three-phase controlled rectifier
2.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on rectifier circuits
2.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifier
2.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits
2.6 High power controlled rectifier
2.7 Inverter mode operation of rectifier circuit
2.8 Thyristor-DC motor system
2.9 Realization of phase-control in rectifier
2.1 Single- phase controlled (controllable) rectifier

2.1.1 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier

Resistive load

T
VT
R
a )
u
1
u
2
u
VT
u
d
i
d
0

t
1

2
t
u
2
u
g
u
d
u
VT


0
b )
c )
d )
e )
0
0
t
t
t

+
+

2
cos 1
45 . 0 ) cos 1 (
2
2
) ( sin 2
2
1
2
2
2 d
U
U
t td U U
2-1
Inductive (resistor-inductor) load

a )
u
1
T
VT
R
L
u
2
u
VT
u
d
i
d
u
2
0 t
1

2
t
u
g
0
u
d
0
i
d
0
u
VT
0


b )
c )
d )
e )
f )
+ +
t
t
t
t
Basic thought process of time-domain analysis for power electronic ci
rcuits
The time- domain behavior of a power electronic circuit is actually the co
mbination of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits when th
e power semiconductor devices are in different states.

a ) b )
VT
R
L
VT
R
L
u
2 u 2

t U Ri
t
i
L sin 2
d
d
2 d
d
+

t= a

i
d
=0
) sin(
2
) sin(
2
2
) (
2
d

+

t
Z
U
e
Z
U
i
t
L
R
2-2
2-3
Single- phase half- wave controlled rectifier with freewheeling diode
load (L is large enough) Inductive

a )
L
T
VT
R
u
1
u
2
u
VT
u
d
VD
R
i
d
i
VD
u 2
u d
i
d
u
VT
i
VT
I d
I
d
t O
O
O
O
O
O

-

+
b
)
i
VD
R
t
t
t
t
t
g
)
c
)
e
)
f
)
d
)
T1
Maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse voltage
Disadvantages:
Only single pulse in one line cycle
DC component in the transformer current

d dVT
2
I I

d
2
d VT
2
) (
2
1
I t d I I

d
2
2
d VD
2
) (
2
1
R
I t d I I

+
d dVD
2
R
I I

2-5

2-6

2-7

2-8

2.1.2 Single- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

Resistive load


t
0
0
0
i
2
u
d
i
d
b )
c )
d )
u
d
( i
d
)


R
T
u
1
u
2
a )
i
2
a
b
VT3
u
d
i
d
u
VT
1 , 4
t
t
VT4
VT1
VT2
Average output (rectified) voltage:
Average output current:
For thyristor:
For transformer:

2
cos 1
9 . 0
2
cos 1 2 2
) ( d sin 2
1
2
2
2 d
U
U
t t U U
2-9

2-10

2
cos 1
9 . 0
2
cos 1 2 2
2 2 d
d

+

R
U
R
U
R
U
I

2-11

2
cos 1
45 . 0
2
1
2
d dVT
+

R
U
I I

2 sin
2
1
2
) ( d ) sin
2
(
2
1
2 2 2
VT
R
U
t t
R
U
I

2-12

2 sin
2
1
) ( ) sin
2
(
1
2
2
2
2
R
U
t d t
R
U
I I
(2-13)

Inductive load (L is large enough)

t
t
t
t
t
t
t







u2
ud
id
Id
Id
Id
Id
Id
iVT1,4
iVT2,3
uVT1,4
i2
,
b )
R
T
u
1
u
2
a )
i
2
a
b
VT3
u
d
i
d
VT4
VT1
VT2

Electro- motive-force (EMF) load With resistor

cos 9 . 0 cos
2 2
) ( d sin 2
1
2 2 2 d
U U t t U U
2-15

a )
b )
R
E
i d
u d
i d
O
E
u
d
t
I
d
O t

With resistor and inductor

When L is large enough, the output voltage and current waveforms are the
same as ordinary inductive load.
When L is at a critical value

O
u
d
0
E
i
d
t
t



=

dmin
2
3
dmin
2
10 87 . 2
2 2
I
U
I
U
L

2-17

2.1.3 Single- phase full- wave controlled rectifier

a )
b )
u
1
T
R
u
2
u
2
i 1
VT 1
VT
2
u
d
u
d
i 1
O
O


t

t
2.1.4 Single- phase bridge half-controlled rectifier
a)
T
a
b
R
L
O
b)
u
2
i
2
u
d
i
d
V
T
1
V
T
2
V
D
3
V
D
4
V
D
R
u
2
O
u
d
i
d I
d
O
O
O
O
O
i
2
I
d
I
d
I
d
I
d
I
d

t
t
t
t
t
t
t

i
VT
1
i
VD
4
i
VT
2 i
VD
3
i
VD
R

Another single- phase bridge half-controlled rectifier

Comparison with previous circuit:
No need for additional freewheeling diode
Isolation is necessary between the drive circuits of the two thyristors

load

T
u
2
VT2
VT4
VT1 VT3
Summary of some important points in analysis
When analyzing a thyristor circuit, start from a diode circuit with the sam
e topology. The behavior of the diode circuit is exactly the same as the thy
ristor circuit when firing angle is 0.
A power electronic circuit can be considered as different linear circuits w
hen the power semiconductor devices are in different states. The time- do
main behavior of the power electronic circuit is actually the combination
of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits.
Take different principle when dealing with different load
For resistive load: current waveform of a resistor is the same as the volt
age waveform
For inductive load with a large inductor: the inductor current can
be considered constant
2.2 Three- phase controlled (controllable) rectifier
2.2.1 Three- phase half- wave controlled rectifier
Resistive load, = 0
a
b
c
T
R
u
d
i
d
VT 2
VT
1
VT 3
u
2
O
O
O
u ab u ac
O
i VT
1
u VT
1
t
t
t
t
t
u a u b u c
u G
u d
t1 t2 t3
Common-cathode connection
Natural commutation point
Resistive load, = 30
u
2
u a u b u c
O
O
O
t
O
t
O
t
u
G
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
t
1
i
VT
1
u
VT
1 u
ac
t
t
a
b
c
T
R
u
d
i
d
VT 2
VT
1
VT 3
Resistive load, = 60

t
u
2 u
a
u
b
u
c
O
O
O
O
u
G
u
d
i
VT
1
t
t
t
a
b
c
T
R
u
d
i
d
VT 2
VT
1
VT 3
Resistive load, quantitative analysis
When 30 , load current id is continuous.

When > 30 , load current id is discontinuous.
Average load current
Thyristor voltages

cos 17 . 1 cos
2
6 3
) ( sin 2
3
2
1
2 2
6
5
6
2 d
U U t td U U

+
+

2-18

1
]
1

+ +
1
]
1

+ +

+
)
6
cos( 1 675 . 0 )
6
cos( 1
2
2 3
) ( sin 2
3
2
1
2
6
2 d

U t td U U
(2-19)


R
U
I
d
d

2-20

0 30 60 90 120 150
0 . 4
0 . 8
1 . 2
1 . 17
3
2
1
/( )
Ud/U2

Inductive load, L is large enough

T
R
L
u d
e L
i
d
VT 3
u d
i
a
u a
u b u c
i
b
i c
i
d
u
ac
u ab
u ac
O
O
O
O
O
O
t
u
VT
1

t

t

t

t

t
a
b
c
VT 2
Thyristor voltage and currents, transformer current :

cos 17 . 1 cos
2
6 3
) ( sin 2
3
2
1
2 2
6
5
6
2 d
U U t td U U

+
+

2-18

d d VT 2
577 . 0
3
1
I I I I
d
VT
VT(AV)
368 . 0
57 . 1
I
I
I
2 RM FM
45 . 2 U U U

2-23

2-25

2-24

2.2.2 Three- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
Circuit diagram
Common- cathode group and common- anode group of thyristors
Numbering of the 6 thyristors indicates the trigger sequence.

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6 VT
2
d
2
d
1
Resistive load, = 0

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
2
u
d 1
u
d 2
u
2 L
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
I II III IV V VI
u
a
u
c
u
b

t
1 O t
O t
O t
O t
= 0

i
VT
1
u
VT
1
Resistive load, = 30

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
d 1
u
d 2

= 30

i
a
O
O
O
O t
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
u
a
u
b
u
c

t
1
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
II III IV V VI
u
ab
u
ac
u bc u ba u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u ac u
VT
1
t
t
t
Resistive load, = 60

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

= 60

u
d 1
u
d 2
u
d
u
ac
u
ac
u
ab
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
a
I II III IV V VI
u
b
u
c
O
t
1
O
t
O
u
VT
1
t
t
Resistive load, = 90

b
a
c
T
n
load

i
a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
d 1
u
d 2
u
d
u a
u
b u c u a u b
t
O
O
O
O
O
i
a
i
d
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
i
VT
1
t

t
t
t
Inductive load, = 0

b
a
c
T
n
load

i
a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
d 1
u
2
u
d 2
u
2 L
u
d
i
d
O
O
O
t
O
u
a
= 0
u
b
u
c
t
1
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
I II III IV V VI
i
VT
1
t
t
t

Inductive load, = 30

b
a
c
T
n
load

i
a
i
d
u d
VT
1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
d 1
= 30
u
d 2
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
I II III IV V VI
t O
t O

t
O
t O
i
d
i a
t 1
u
a
u
b
u c

Inductive load, = 90

b
a
c
T
n
load

i
a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1


= 90

u
d 1
u
d 2
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
ab
I
II
III IV V VI
u
d
u
ac
u
ab
u
ac

t O

t O

t O
u
b
u c u
a
t
1
u
VT
1
Quantitative analysis
Average output voltage:
For resistive load, When a > 60, load current id is discontinuous.
everage output current (load current):
Transformer current:

cos 34 . 2 ) ( sin 6
3
1
2
3
2
3
2 d
U t td U U

+
+

2-26

2-27

1
]
1

+ +

+
)
3
cos( 1 34 . 2 ) ( sin 6
3
2
3
2 d

U t td U U

R
U
I
d
d


2-20

d d d d
I I I I I 816 . 0
3
2
3
2
) (
3
2
2
1
2 2
2

,
_

2-28

2.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on rectifier circuits
In practical, the transformer leakage inductance has to be taken into account.
Commutation between thyristors, thus can not happen instantly,but with a commut
ation process.
a
b
c
T
L
u d
i c
i
b
i a
L B
L B
L B
i k
VT1
VT2
VT3
R
i d
O

i c i
a i b
i
c i a I d
u d

t
u a u
b
u c


t
O
Commutation process analysis
Circulating current ik during commutation
Output voltage during commutation
ik: 0 Id

ub-ua = 2LBdia/dt
ia = Id-ik : Id

ib = ik : 0 Id
0


2 d
d
d
d
b a k
B b
k
B a d
u u
t
i
L u
t
i
L u u
+
+

2-30

Quantitative calculation
Reduction of average output voltage due to the commutation process
Calculation of commutation angle
Id ,
XB,
For 90 , ,
d B
0
B
6
5
6
5 B
6
5
6
5 B b b
6
5
6
5 d b d
2
3
d
2
3
) ( d
d
d
2
3
) ( d )]
d
d
( [
2
3
) ( d ) (
3 / 2
1
I X i L t
t
i
L
t
t
i
L u u t u u U
I

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
d
k
k
k

2-31

2
d B
6
2
) cos( cos
U
I X
+

2-36

Summary of the effect on rectifier circuits
Circuits
Single-
phase
Full wave
Single-
phase
bridge
Three-
phase
half wave
Three-
phase
bridge
m-pulse recfifier













d
U
d
B
I
X

d
B
2
I
X

d
B
2
3
I
X

d
B
3
I
X

d
B
2
I
mX

) cos( cos +
2
B d
2U
X I
2
B d
2
2
U
X I
2
d B
6
2
U
I X
2
d B
6
2
U
I X
m
U
X I

sin 2
2
B d

Conclusions
Commutation process actually provides additional working states of the
circuit.
di/dt of the thyristor current is reduced.
The average output voltage is reduced.
Positive du/dt
Notching in the AC side voltag
2.4 Capacitor- filtered uncontrolled (uncontrollable) rectifier
2.4.1 Capacitor- filtered single- phase uncontrolled rectifier
Single-phase bridge, RC load:

a )
+
R
C
u
1
u
2
i
2
VD
1
VD
3
VD
2
VD
4
i
d
i
C
i
R
u
d
b )
0
i
u
d


2 t
i , u
d
Single-phase bridge, RLC load

a ) b )
-
+
R
C
L
+
u 1 u 2
i
2
u d
u
L
i d
i C
i R
VD
2
VD
4
VD 1
VD 3
u
2
u d
i
2
0



t
i
2
,
u 2
,
u d
2.4.2 Capacitor- filtered three- phase uncontrolled rectifier
Three-phase bridge, RC load

a)
+
a
b
c
T
i a
R
C
u d
i d
i C
i R
VD 2
b)
O
i
a
u
d
i
d
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
0


3
t
VD 6 VD 4
VD 1 VD 3 VD 5
t
Three- phase bridge, RC load Waveform when RC1.732

a ) b )
t
t
t t
i
a
i
d
i
a
i
d
O
O
O
O
aRC=

bRC<

3
3
Three- phase bridge, RLC load

a )
b )
c )
+
a
b
c
T
i
a
R
C
u
d
i d
i
C
i
R
VD
4
VD
6
VD
1
VD
3
VD
5
VD
2
i a
i a
O
O
t
t
2.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits
2.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics and reactive power
For pure sinusoidal waveform
For periodic non-sinusoidal waveform
where

Harmonics-related specifications
Take current harmonics as examples
Content of nth harmonics
In is the effective (RMS) value of nth harmonics.
I1 is the effective (RMS) value of fundamental component.
Total harmonic distortion
Ih is the total effective (RMS) value of all the harmonic components.

% 100
1

I
I
HRI
n
n
2-57


% 100
1

I
I
THD
h
i
2-58

Definition of power and power factor for sinusoidal circuits

Active power
Reactive power
Apparent power
Power factor

2
0
cos ) (
2
1
UI t uid P

2-59

Q=U I sin

2-61

S=UI

2-60

2 2 2
Q P S +

2-63

S
P

2-62

=cos

2-64

Definition of power and power factor For non- sinusoidal circuit

Active power:
Power factor:
Distortion factor (fundamental- component factor):
Displacement factor (power factor of fundamental component):
Definition of reactive power is still in dispute

P=U I
1
cos
1

2-65

2-66
1 1
1 1 1
cos cos
cos

I
I
UI
UI
S
P

=I
1
/ I

=cos
1
1

Review of the reactive power concept

The reactive power Q does not lead to net transmission of energy between
the source and load. When Q 0, the rms current and apparent power are
greater than the minimum amount necessary to transmit the average powe
r P.
Inductor: current lags voltage by 90, hence displacement factor is zero. T
he alternate storing and releasing of energy in an inductor leads to current
flow and nonzero apparent power, but P = 0. Just as resistors consume re
al (average) power P, inductors can be viewed as consumers of reactive po
wer Q.
Capacitor: current leads voltage by 90, hence displacement factor is zero.
Capacitors supply reactive power Q. They are often placed in the utility p
ower distribution system near inductive loads. If Q supplied by capacitor i
s equal to Q consumed by inductor, then the net current (flowing from the
source into the capacitor- inductive- load combination) is in phase with th
e voltage, leading to unity power factor and minimum rms current magnit
ude.
2.5.2 AC side harmonics and power factor of controlled rectifiers with
inductive load

Single- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

R
T
u
1
u
2
a )
i
2
a
b
VT3
u
d
i
d
VT4
VT1
VT2
t
t
t
t
t
t
t







u2
ud
id
Id
Id
Id
Id
Id
iVT1,4
iVT2,3
uVT1,4
i2
,
b )
AC side current harmonics of single- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifie
r with inductive load
Where
Conclusions
Only odd order harmonics exist
In1/n
In / I1 = 1/n




+ + +

, 5 , 3 , 1 , 5 , 3 , 1
d
d 2
sin 2 sin
1 4
) 5 sin
5
1
3 sin
3
1
(sin
4
n
n
n
t n I t n
n
I
t t t I i

2-72

n
I
I
n
d
2 2
n=1,3,5,

2-73

A typical gate triggering control circuit

220 V 36V
+
B
TP
+ 15 V
A
VS
+ 15 V
- 15 V
- 15 V X Y
Disable

R
Q
u
ts
VD
1
VD
2
C
1
R
2
R
4
T S
V
2
R
5
R
8
R
6
R 7
R
3
R
9
R
10
R
11
R
12
R
13
R
14
R
16
R
15
R
18
R
17
RP
1
u
co
u p
C
2
C 3
C
3
C
5
C
6
C
7
R
1
RP
2
V 1
I
1c
V
3
V
4
V 6
V
5
V
7
V
8
VD
4
VD
10
VD
5
VD
6
VD 7
VD
9
VD 8
VD
15
VD
11
~VD
14

Three- phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

b
a
c
T
n
load

i a
i
d
u d
VT 1
VT
3
VT
5
VT
4
VT
6
VT
2
d
2
d
1

u
d 1
= 30
u
d 2
u
d
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
I II III IV V VI
t O
t O

t
O
t O
i
d
i a
t 1
u
a
u
b
u c

AC side current harmonics of three- phase bridge fully- controlled

rectifier with inductive load
where

t
+ +
+ +

3 , 2 , 1
1 6
1
3 , 2 , 1
1 6
d d
d a
sin 2 ) 1 ( sin 2 sin
1
) 1 (
3 2
sin
3 2
] 13 sin
13
1
11 sin
11
1
7 sin
7
1
5 sin
5
1
[sin
3 2
k
k n
n
k
k
k n
k
t n I t I t n
n
I t I
t t t t t I i

2-79

2-80

'

, 3 , 2 , 1 , 1 6 ,
6
6
d
d 1
k k n I
n
I
I I
n

2.5.3 AC side harmonics and power factor of capacitor- filtered uncon

trolled rectifiers
Situation is a little complicated than rectifiers with inductive load.
Some conclusions that are easy to remember:
Only odd order harmonics exist in single- phase circuit, and only 6k1
(k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in three- phase circuit.

Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order increases.

Harmonics increases and power factor decreases as capacitor increases.

Harmonics decreases and power factor increases as inductor increases.
2.5.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage and current

1
]
1

t n
n
k
U t n b U u
mk n mk n
n

cos
1
cos 2
1 cos
2
d0 d0 d0
2-85

2-86

m
m
U U

sin 2
2 d0

d0
2
1
cos 2
U
n
k
b
n

2-87

u
d
t O

m

m
2
m
U
2
2
Output voltage of m- pulse
rectifier when = 0
Ripple factor in the output voltage
Output voltage ripple factor
where UR is the total RMS value of all the harmonic components in the o
utput voltage
and U is the total RMS value of the output voltage

d0
R
U
U
u


2-88

2-89

2
d0
2 2
R
U U U U
mk n
n

Harmonics in the output current

where

) cos(
d d n
mk n
n
t n d I i +

2-92

2-93

R
E U
I

d0
d
2 2
) ( L n R
b
z
b
d
n
n
n
n
+

R
L n
n

arctan

2-94

2-95

Conclusions
for = 0
Only mk (k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in the output voltage
and current of m- pulse rectifiers
Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order increases when m is
constant.
The order number of the lowest harmonics increases as m increases. The c
orresponding magnitude of the lowest harmonics decreases accordingly.
For 0
Quantitative harmonic analysis of output voltage and current is very
complicated for 0.
As an example,for 3- phase bridge fully- controlled rectifie
2.6 High power controlled rectifier
2.6.1 Double- star controlled rectifier
Circuit Waveforms When = 0

T
a b
c
L
R
n
i
P
L
P
u
d
i
d
VT5
c a
'
b
'
n
1
n
2
'
VT4 VT6 VT2 VT3 VT1
u
d 1
u
a
u
b
u
c
i
a
u
d 2
i
a
'
u
c
' u
a
'
u
b
' u
c
'
O t
O t
O t
O t
I
d
1
2
I
d
1
6
I
d
1
2
I
d
1
6

Effect of interphase reactor(inductor, transformer)

n
L
R
+
- + -
u
d 1
L
P
u
b
'
u
d 2
u
d
n
2
n
1
i
P
u
a
VT
1
VT
6
u
P
1
2
u
p
u
d 1
, u
d 2
O
O
60
360


t 1 t
t
b )
a )
u
a
u
b
u
c
u
c
'
u
a
'
u
b
'
u
b
'

d1 d2 p
u u u
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
d2 d1 p d1 p d2 d
u u U u u u u + +

2-97

2-98

Quantitative analysis when = 0

] 9 cos
40
1
6 cos
35
2
3 cos
4
1
1 [
2
6 3
2
d1
+ + t t t
U
u

] 9 cos
40
1
6 cos
35
2
3 cos
4
1
1 [
2
6 3
] ) 60 ( 9 cos
40
1
) 60 ( 6 cos
35
2
) 60 ( 3 cos
4
1
1 [
2
6 3
2
2
d2

+ +
t t t
U
t t t
U
u

] 9 cos
20
1
3 cos
2
1
[
2
6 3
2
p
t t
U
u

] 6 cos
35
2
1 [
2
6 3
2
d
t
U
u

2-99

2-100

2-101

2-102

Waveforms when > 0

U
d
=1.17 U
2
cos


90


60


30

u
d
u
d
u
d
t O
t O

t O
u
a
u
b
u
c
u
c
'
u
a
'
u
b
'
u
b
u
c
u
c
'
u
a
'
u
b
'
u
b
u
c
u
c
'
u
a
'
u
b
'
2.6.2 Connection of multiple rectifiers

Connection
of multiple
rectifiers

To increase the
output capacity

To improve the AC side current waveform
and DC side voltage waveform

Larger output voltage:
series connection


Larger output current:
parallel connection

Phase-shift connection of multiple rectifiers

Parallel connection

M
L
T
VT
1 2
c
1
b
1
a
1
c
2
b
2
a
2
L
P
12- pulse rectifier realized by
paralleled 3- phase bridge rectifiers

Series connection
C
?
L
R B
A
1
*
?
?
*
*
0
30

3
i
A
c
1
b
1
a
1
1
c
2
b
2
a
2
i
ab
2
u
a 2
b
2
u a
1
b 1
i
a
1
i
d
u
d
I
II
I
III
0
a)
b)
c)
d)
i
a1
I
d




i
a2
i
ab2
'
i
A
I
d
i
ab2
t
t
t
t
0
0
0
I
d
2
3
3
3
I
d
3
3
I
d
I
d
3
2 3
(1+ ) I
d
3
2 3
(1+ )I
d
3
3
I
d
1
3
12- pulse rectifier realized by
series 3- phase bridge rectifiers

Sequential control of multiple series-connected rectifiers

L
i
a)
l oad



u
2
u
2
u
2
I
d
VT11
u
d
b)
c)
i
I
d
2 I
d
u
d
O
+
VT12
VT13
VT14
VT21
VT22
VT23
VT24
VT31
VT32
VT33
VT34
Circuit and waveforms of series- connected
three single-phase bridge rectifiers

2.7 Inverter mode operationof rectifiers

Review of DC generator- motor system

c)
b) a)
M G M G M G
E
G
E
M
I
d
R

E
G
E
M
I
d
R

E
G
E
M
I
d
R

Id
=
EG EM
R
-
Id
=
EM EG
R
-
should be avoided

Inverter mode operation of rectifiers

Rectifier and inverter mode operation of single- phase full- wave conv
erter

a )
b )
R
+
-
engry
M
1
0
2
u
10
u
20
u
d
i
d
L
VT 1
VT 2
u
10
u
d
u
20
u
10

O
O t
t
I
d
i
d
U
d
> E
M
E
M
engry
M
R
+
-
1
0
2
u
d
i
d
L
VT
1
VT
2
u
10
u
d
u
20
u
10
O
O
t
t
I
d
i
d
U
d
< E
M

E
M
i
VT
1
i
VT
2
i
VT
1
i
VT
2
i
VT
1
i
VT
2
i
VT
2
i
d
= +
i
VT
1
i
VT
2
i
VT
1
i
VT
2
i
VT
1
i
d
= +
i
VT
1
i
VT
2
Id
=
Ud EG
R
-
Id
=
Ud EM
R
-
Necessary conditions for the inverter mode operation of controlled re
ctifiers
There must be DC EMF in the load and the direction of the DC EMF mus
t be enabling current flow in
thyristors. (In other word EM must be negative if taking the ordinary outp
ut voltage direction as positive.)
> 90 so that the output voltage Ud is also negative.

Inverter mode operation of 3- phase bridge rectifier

u ab u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u a u b u c u a u b u c u a u b u c u a u b u
2
u
d
t O
t O
=

4
=

3
=

6
=

4
=

3
=

6
t 1 t 3
t 2
Inversion angle (extinction angle)
+ =180
Inversion failure and minimum inversion angle
Possible reasons of inversion failures
Malfunction of triggering circuit
Failure in thyristors
Sudden dropout of AC source voltage
Insufficient margin for commutation of thyristors
Minimum inversion angle (extinction angle)
min= + + 2-109

L
a
b
c
+
-
M
u
d
i
d
E
M
L
B
L
B
L
B
VT
1
VT 2
VT 3
o
u
d
O
O
i
d
t
t
u
a
u
b
u
c
u
a
u
b
p


<




>

i
VT
1
i
VT
2
i
VT
3
i
VT
1
i
VT
2
i
VT
3
i
VT
1
i
VT
3
L
B
L
B
2.8 Thyristor- DC motor system
2.8.1 Rectifier mode of operation
Waveforms and equations

U
I R
E U
d M
d

+ +

(2-112)


where

R
R M



R B



3XB
2

+ +

(for 3- phase half-wave)



u
d
O
i
d

t
u
a
u
b
u
c

u
d
O
i
a
i
b
i
c
i
c
t
E
U
d
i
d
R
(Waveforms of 3- phase half- wave
rectifier with DC motor load

Speed- torque (mechanic) characteristic when load current is conti

nuous
n
E
M

C
e
2-113

For 3- phase half-wave

U
I
E
M


cos 1.17
2
U

R d
E
M

cos 1.17
2
U

e
d
e C
U I
R
C
U
n
+


cos 1.17 2

2-114

For 3-phase bridge


e
d
e
C
I
R
C
U
n


cos 2.34 2

2-115

2-116

O
n
a
1
<a
2
<a
3
a
3
a
2
a
1
I
d
(R
B
+R
M
+ )
I
d
C
e
3X
B
2
For 3- phase half-wave

Speed- torque (mechanic) characteristic when load current is disco

ntinuous
EMF at no load (taking 3- phase half-wave as example)

For 60


2
2U
Eo=


For >60


) 3 cos( 2
2
U
Eo=


discontinuouts
mode

continuous mode

E
E 0
E 0
'
O
I
dmin
I
d
( 0 . 585 U
2
)
( U 2 )
2
For 3- phase half-wave

2.8.2 Inverter mode of operation
Equations
are just the same as in the
rectifier mode of operation
except that Ud, EM and n
become negative. E.g., in
3- phase half- wave

U
I
E
M


cos 1.17
2
U

R d

e
d
e C
U I
R
C
U
n
+


cos 1.17 2

2-114

2-115

Or in another form

2-123

I)
0 cos + (

R I
U
E
d
d M
= -

2-122

e C
n


+
R
I
U
d d cos
0
1
rectifier
mode

n

3

2

1
I
d

4

2

3

4

1
= =

2
inverter
mode

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g


Speed-torque characteristic of
a DC motor fed by a thyristor
rectifier circuit
2.8.3 Reversible DC motor drive system(4-quadrant operation)

L
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
AC
source

converter 2 converter 1

converter 2

+ T - T
converter 1 rectifying

converter 2 rectifying

converter 2 inverting

converter 1 inverting
forward motoring

reverse motoring

forward braking(regenerating)

reverse braking(regenerating)

converter 1

converter 2

E
M
M
a
b
c
a
b
c
+ n
I
d
I
d
U d

M
E
M
I
d
M
E
M
M E
M
I
d
Energ
y

M
E
M
- n
U
d
U
d
U
d
O
AC
source

converter 1

Energ
y

Energ
y

Energ
y
converter 2 converter 2 converter 1

converter 1

AC
source

AC
source


Back-to-back
connection of two 3-
phase bridge circuits

converter 1

converter 2

n

3

2

1
I
d

4

2

3

4

1
= =

2
' = ' =

2
'
3
'
2
'
1
'
4
'
2
'
3
'
4
'
1

1
= '
1
; '
1
=
1

2
= '
2
; '
2
=
2

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g


2.9 Gate triggering control circuit for thyristor rectifiers
A typical gate triggering control circuit

220 V 36V
+
B
TP
+ 15 V
A
VS
+ 15 V
- 15 V
- 15 V X Y
Disable

R
Q
u
ts
VD
1
VD
2
C
1
R
2
R
4
T S
V
2
R
5
R
8
R
6
R 7
R
3
R
9
R
10
R
11
R
12
R
13
R
14
R
16
R
15
R
18
R
17
RP
1
u
co
u p
C
2
C 3
C
3
C
5
C
6
C
7
R
1
RP
2
V 1
I
1c
V
3
V
4
V 6
V
5
V
7
V
8
VD
4
VD
10
VD
5
VD
6
VD 7
VD
9
VD 8
VD
15
VD
11
~VD
14