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Все учебники Казахстана на OKULYK.

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согласно Приказа Министра образования и науки Республики Казахстан от 17 мая 2019 года № 217
Все учебники Казахстана на [Link]

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CONTENTS
PREFACE

CHAPTER 1

COMPUTER BASICS

1.1 Correct ways of using a computer

1.2 Measuring data: bits and bytes

1.3 Encoding information

1.4 CPU

1.5 Network

1.6 Bandwidth

1.7 Cybersecurity

Check yourself

CHAPTER 2

SPREADSHEETS

2.1 Spreadsheets

2.2 Creating your ﬁrst spreadsheet

2.3 Formatting table

2.4 Formulas

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2.5 Functions

2.6 Charts/If statement

2.7 Problem solving: Functions and Formulas

Check yourself

CHAPTER 3

PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

3.1 Intro to programming

3.2 Your First Program

3.3 Variables

3.4 Input. Comments

3.5 Tracing an algorithm

3.6 Conditional statements (If/else)

3.7 Conditional statements (If/elif/else)

3.8 Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT)

3.9 Problem Solving: Conditional statements and Logical

operators

Check yourself

CHAPTER 4

PROGRAMMING

4.1 Loops

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4.2 Problem Solving: For loop

4.3 While loop

4.4 Problem Solving: While loop

4.5 Project work: Guess the number

4.6 Project work: A quiz game

4.7 Project work: “Rock, Scissors and Paper“ game

Check yourself

Glossary

References

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PREFACE
Natural science is an exciting and very useful subject. This
textbook will show you all the beauty of it and will help you
become true explorers. The main aim of this book is to
answer the fundamental question: “What is science and what
is its importance in our life?”

Starting from the ﬁrst pages, you will realise that this
textbook is completely diﬀerent from any other usual
textbook full of theoretical passages and formulas. Every
chapter contains useful information, curious facts, tasks for
individual and group work. You will also learn how to conduct
research and experiments yourselves, search for information,
make your own discoveries.

One more valuable feature of this textbook is the language.

Every sentence has been carefully chosen so that it is not
diﬃcult for you to understand science in the English
language. Each page contains translations of all the
important terms, both in Kazakh and Russian. This textbook
will not only help you improve your English, but it will also
make you a part of a big international science community.

Please pay attention to the structure of this textbook.

Remember: a textbook is no longer the only source of
information in the modern world. With the help of carefully
selected tasks, you are going to learn such important skills as
critical thinking, problem solving, information analysis,
creativity, imagination, teamwork, digital literacy etc.

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If you have any questions, suggestions or ideas regarding the

contents of this book, please feel free to contact us:

via email: admin@[Link]

via telegram app: @astanakitap

Best regards,

team of authors, “Астана-кітап”

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CHAPTER 1
COMPUTER BASICS

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1.1 CORRECT WAYS OF USING

A COMPUTER
You will:
identify harmful eﬀects of electronic devices;
learn ways of protecting from negative eﬀects of using
electronic devices.

Negative eﬀects of using electronic devices:

Computers and gadgets are made revolution in world of

information. Now, we have an access to any information in
the world in seconds. Today these powerful calculating
machines are used in all fi elds of human activities,
however these electronic devices may cause several
problems.
It is important to spend some time for outdoor activity
with family and friends. The time spent using electronic
devices may reduce outdoor activities.
When people play violent games for a long period of
time, they become more aggressive.
People may have a difficulty in concentrating on their
studies, when most of their time is spent on these
devices.
Spending too much time using computers can be
addictive. This can negatively affect lifestyle, health, time
management and eating habits.
The effects of music players, like headphones, MP3
players, iPods and mobile phones, can cause hearing
disabilities.

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Using the keyboard and mouse for a long time will cause
pain in neck, shoulders and in the wrists.

Ways of protecting from negative eﬀects of electronic

devices:

Be careful when using media, including video games,

television, movies, and the Internet. Inappropriate material
can cause disinformation and harm psychologically.
Make media rules. For example, place a time limit of how
often or long to use an electronic device, including games
and television.
Pay attention to how to use electronic devices in correct
ways.

Look at the picture below. Is the man using the electronic

device correctly?

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You can learn correct and incorrect ways of using electronic

devices from the following pictures

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Literacy
1. Do you use electronic devices correctly? Which pieces of
advice are you going to use?
2. Explain what is wrong in these pictures. How would you
like to improve the posture?

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Terminology
harmful - зиянды - вредный
electronic devices - электрондық құрылғылар -
электронные устройства
screen - экран - экран
to protect - қорғау - защищать
posture - қалып - поза
addiction - әдеттену - привыкание
headphones - құлаққап - наушники
inappropriate - үйлесімсіз - неприличный
disinformation - жалған ақпарат - дезинформация
attention - внимание - назар

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1.2 MEASURING DATA: BITS

AND BYTES
You will:
learn how a computer stores information;
learn how to convert binary to decimal and decimal to
binary number system.

Bits and Bytes

A computer stores all data as numbers of 0 and 1. Electronic

devices have 2 states: ON or OFF. We can use binary numbers
to control these ON’s and OFF’s: ON = 1, OFF = 0. The
smallest unit of information is called a bit. The word “bit”
comes from “Binary digIT”.
Group of 8 bits is called a Byte. The word byte comes from
“BinarY TErm”.

Binary and decimal:

Computing machines understand digits of 0 and 1 while

people use digits from 0 to 9.
The digits from 0 to 9 are called decimal numbers. So to use
the decimal numbers computers convert decimal numbers to
binary. Now let us see how this convertion works:
In order to convert a decimal number to its binary equivalent,
we will repeatedly divide the decimal number by 2, the base
of the binary system. Division by 2 will either give a remainder
of 1 (dividing an odd number) or no remainder (dividing an
even number). Collecting the remainders from our repeated
divisions will give us the binary answer.

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The steps below show how to convert a decimal number 13 to

a binary number using repeated division.

DIVISION REMINDER ANSWER

13 / 2 = 6 1 ???1

6/2=3 0 ??01

3/2=1 1 ?101

1/2=0 1 1101

Converting from binary to decimal.

To ﬁnd the decimal value of a binary number, we simply

calculate the value of each binary digit and sum these
values to convert the binary number to decimal number, we
will calculate the position value for each binary digit and sum
these values.

Digit * Base position#

We write the position values above each digit. The table

below shows the position values in powers of 2 and their
decimal value.

24 23 22 21 20
Position Values
16 8 4 2 1

Binary Digits 1 1 1 0 1

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Finally, we sum the values to get the decimal answer. 1*16 +

1*8 + 1*4 + 0*2 + 1*1 = 29 so, 11101(binary) = 29(decimal).

Activity
Today Assiya celebrates her 14th birthday. Her mother put 5
candles on a cake. Assiya knows binary numbers from
informatics classes and wants to make the number ‘14’ using 5
candles. She puts 5 candles in a row and tries to solve it.
For example:

Which candles should Assiya light up to show number ‘14’?

Literacy
1. What is the smallest unit of information?
2. How do computers store information?
3. Discuss which of the followings might have bigger size:
text, video, audio or image.
4. Calculate the greatest decimal number that 1 byte can
store.

Terminology
to convert - ауыстыру - переводить, менять
data - деректер - данные
binary - екілік - двоичный

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to transform - түрлендіру - преобразовывать

decimal - ондық - десятичные
to store - сақтау - хранить

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1.3 ENCODING INFORMATION

You will:
identify encoding standards;
calculate the amount of information.

Computers do not speak Kazakh or any other human

language. Computers’ language consists of only 0s and 1s. So
to understand letters, numbers and symbols, computers use
an alphabet that is called ASCII.
ASCII is a collection of 8-bit characters. Every letter or
symbol has its own ASCII code. For example, in ASCII the
letter ‘A’ has its own code that is ‘01000001’.

Keep in mind:
NOTE:
A lowercase “b” is used for bits. An uppercase “B” is used for
bytes.
For example, 100 KB (kilobytes) = 800 Kb (kilobits)

Fact:
Before 1963, there were more than 60 diﬀerent ways of
showing characters in computers. Computers could not
communicate with each other.
That year, ASCII (pronounced “AS-KEE”), the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange, became a
common language of computers.

Practice 1

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Your friend Steve has sent you a very important message, but
your computer shows it as binary numbers.
Use your ASCII knowledge to convert and read Steve’s
message.
Message from Steve:
01110100 01101000 01101001 01101110 01101011 01100100
01101001 01100110 01100110 01100101 01110010 01100101
01101110 01110100 Hint: each symbol is equal to 1 byte.
Example: 01110100 (binary) = 84(decimal) = “T“
* Write a “Stay hungry!” message to Steve in binary number

Data measurement:

Everyday amounts of information become larger and larger.

Having a lot of bytes led to new measurement units. Today
devices have measurements such as kilobytes, megabytes,
gigabytes, etc.

DATA STORAGE MEASUREMENT

1 bit 1 bit

1 byte 8 bits

1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes

1 megabyte 1,024 kilobytes

1 gigabyte 1,024 megabytes

1 terabyte 1,024 gigabytes

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DATA STORAGE MEASUREMENT

1 petabyte 1,024 terabytes

1 exabyte 1,024 petabytes

Fact
Petabyte (PB)
A Petabyte is 1,125,899,906,842,624 (250) bytes, 1,024
Terabytes.

938,249,922,368 pages of text (1,200 characters on each

page)
4,691,249,611 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
671,088,640 web pages (with 1.6MB average fi le size)
357,913,941 digital pictures (with 3MB average fi le size)
268,435,456 MP3 audio fi les (with 4MB average fi le
size)
1,651,910 650 MB CD’s
239,400 4.38 GB DVD’s
41,943 25 GB Blu-ray discs

Practice 2
Calculate:
1024 megabytes = __________ bits
9216 bytes = __________ kilobyte
1 terabyte = __________ kilobyte
131072 bits = __________ megabyte
25600 gigabytes = __________ petabyte

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Literacy
1. What is the size of the text ﬁ le with 100 symbols?
2. Convert the following symbols to binary: B, I, N, A, R, Y.

Terminology
to encode - кодтау - кодирование
measurement - өлшем - измерение
amount - мөлшер - количество
to measure - өлшеу - измерять
character - таңба - символ
lowercase - кіші әріп - строчная буква
collection - жинақ - коллекция
uppercase - бас әріптер - заглавная буква

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1.4 CPU
You will:
deﬁne the main functions of CPU;
compare CPU performance.

CPU

CPU (Central Processing Unit or processor) controls other

parts of a computer like human brain controls the body. CPU
works on tasks(instructions). It reads the list of instructions
one by one.

ALU

ALU is a part of CPU. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) does

simple arithmetic and logical operations. One or more ALUs
get data from Cache and perform instructions of the CPU.
Then ALU stores the result again in the Cache.

The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer’s central

processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the
processor. It tells the computer’s memory, arithmetic/logic
unit and input and output devices on how to respond to a
program’s instructions.

Cache

Cache is a part of CPU. Cache is a high-speed memory which

stores, copies and retrieves instructions.

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Fact
If human brain was a computer, it could perform
38000000000000000 instructions per second. “BlueGene”,
the world’s most powerful supercomputer, can manage only
0.002% of that performace.

Types of socket

A socket is a place where we set a CPU. Motherboards have

diﬀerent socket types.

Number of Cores

CPU can have several cores. Number of cores aﬀects the

performance of a CPU.

CPU speed

CPU’s speed is measured in Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz

(GHz).
- One MHz processes one million instructions per second.
- One GHz processes one billion instructions per second.
Today most CPUs run at a speed of 2 - 3 GHz.

Transistors

Transistors are the devices through which information (bits)

moves inside the CPU. Transistors store and move bits within
the processor.

Practice 1
You have 3 computers with diﬀerent CPUs. How many
seconds do they need to process 100 billion instructions?

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1. Computer with 300 MHz

2. Computer with 1.6 GHz
3. Computer with 2.9 GHz

Manufacturers of CPU

Here is a table of two popular manufacturers and their CPU

types:

Activity
Aizhan loves to cook. Her favorite meal is fried chicken. When
she uses a single (one) frying pan, Aizhan performs the
following actions step by step:

1. Cook an onion (10 minutes)

2. Cook a bell pepper (10 minutes)
3. Combine the cooked onion and cooked bell pepper, add a
tomato and cook them together (20 minutes)
4. Cook a chicken (30 minutes)
5. Combine everything from steps 3 and 4, add some spices,
and cook it all. (20 minutes)

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In total Aizhan needs 90 minutes to prepare her

chicken. When Aizhan cooks at home she can use many frying
pans. How much time she can save by using 2, 3, 4 frying
pans?

Fact
History of the Transistors

In 1954, IBM stopped using vacuum tubes and introduced its

ﬁrst computer which was working using 2000 transistors.
Today they are widely used in all electronic devices.
Nowadays, the most powerful computer processors have
more than 7 billion transistors.

Literacy
1. Explain how does a CPU work?
2. Compare which of the followings is better - “Intel i3” with
2 cores or “AMD A-series” with 4 cores. Explain why.

Terminology
performance - өнімділік - производительность
to retrieve - шығарып алу - извлекать
to process - өңдеу - обработка
arithmetic - арифметикалық - арифметика
processor - процессор - процессор

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features - ерекшеліктері - функции

instructions - нұсқаулар - инструкции
core - ядро - ядро
manufacturer - өндіруші - производитель
vacuum tube - вакуумдық лампа - вакуумная лампа
to save - үнемдеу - сэкономить, сохранить
logical operations - логикалық амалдар - логические
операций

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1.5 NETWORK
You will:
deﬁne how network works;
identify network parts.

Deﬁnition of Network

Network is a connection of things. For example, roads

connect diﬀerent places. Connections with your friends create
a network of people.
People use the following networks everyday:

telephone network;
public transport;
the Internet.

1. Askar from Aktobe sends a message to his friend Marina.

He uses a Personal Computer that is connected to the
modem by a cable. Modem’s IP address is [Link]
2. Marina receives Askar’s message and resends it to Aisha
from Almaty. She uses a laptop that is connected by
WiFi. IP address is [Link]
3. Server receives Askar’s message and directs it to Marina
in Astana.
4. Server receives message from Marina and sends it to
Aisha’s smartphone in Almaty.
5. Aisha gets Marina’s message on her smartphone. The
smartphone is connected through 4G mobile network.
Her IP address is [Link]

Network cables transmit data in bits (0 or 1). Bits represent all

the data (pictures, videos or songs)

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IP address

Each device has its own unique address number within a

network. An address number is called an Internet Protocol (IP
address).

Server

A server is a device that provides services for other programs

or devices, called “clients”. Multiple clients can share data
through a server. A single server can serve multiple clients,
and a single client can use multiple servers.

Fact
There are two versions of Internet Protocols:

1. IPv4 was designed in 1973 and adopted in 1980s. It

provides 4,294,967,296 addresses worldwide.
2. IPv6 has 128 bits that
is 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
addresses.

Example: IP address of “[Link]“ website is [Link]

The ancestor of the Internet

In 1969 the US users met the ﬁrst network called ARPANET. It

is an ancestor of the Internet. ARPANET was invented for
communication between computers.

Practice
What is your IP address?

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Click “Start” button. Type “cmd” and press “Enter”. Type

“ipconﬁ g” command. Now you can see the IP address of your
computer.

Activity
Instructions (Internet Protocol):
Divide into groups.
In each group there must be students who represent the
following roles:

internet users (IP addresses) (2-3 students);

websites (2-3 students);
server (1 student).

1. Give roles to each group member.

2. Form a circle.
3. Put server in the center of circle.

1-step.

An “Internet user” ﬁlls envelope “From: City. School. Class.

Student” and “To: Website name”. Give envelope to “Server”.
From: Astana. Nurorda. 8a. Amanbol
To: [Link]

2-step.

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“Server” gives envelope to a receiver (Website).

3-step.

“Website” opens the envelope and puts its content (A4) into
that. Then “Website” swaps “From” and “To” and gives the
envelope back to “Server”.

4-step.

“Server” gives the envelope to its initial owner (Internet user).

5-step.

In the end “Internet user” will get the content of requesting

website. Repeat these steps several times.

Literacy
1. How will information be transmitted if Aisha wants to
send a message to Askar?

Terminology
connection - байланыс - подключение
envelope - конверт - конверт
to connect - қосу - подключить
ancestor - арғы ата - прородитель
сopper cable - мыс кабелі - медный кабель
to represent - ұсыну - представлять
to transmit - жолдау - передавать
unique - бірегей - уникальный
wireless - сымсыз - беспроводной
to receive - қабылдау - получать

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to provide - қамтамасыз ету - предоставлять

ﬁber-optic cable - талшықты-оптикалық кабель - опто-
волоконный кабель

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1.6 BANDWIDTH
You will:
deﬁne what a bandwidth is;
measure the bandwidth speed.

How fast is your internet speed?

A network cable is like a road and cars on the roads represent

data (0 and 1). Data moves in both directions.

Bandwith

Bandwidth in a network is like a road. Cars represent data

that is transmitted through networks. The number of lines
represent its bandwidth. So if there are 4 lines then 4 cars can
move at the same time. It means that 4 bits of information
can be transmitted at a moment.

Latency

The amount of time when data travel from one point to

another is called Latency. Network devices use latency when
they process and send data.

Delay

Data is like a car that travels on the road and faces stop signs
and traﬃ c lights. That can slow the movement of the car.
Such situation happens with movement of data as well.
Network devices and long cables can delay data
transmissions.

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Practice 1
Click ‘Start’ button. Type ‘cmd’ and press ‘Enter’. Write ‘ping
[Link]’ command. It will show you Latency.

Find latency of the following web addresses:

a) [Link]

b) [Link]

c) [Link]

d) [Link]

Keep in mind
Bandwidth is a number of bits that can be sent per second.
There are some examples of bandwidth measurements:

b/s - bits per second (bps)

kb/s - kilobits per second (kbps)

Mb/s - megabits per second (Mbps)

Gb/s - gigabits per second (Gbps)

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Mbps: Megabits per second

MBps: Megabytes per second

8 bits = 1 byte

1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bits per second

1 MBps = 1,000,000 bytes per second = 8,000,000 bits per

second = 8 Mbps

Upload and download speed

Upload speed is the speed of data transfer when you send

something to another computer. Download speed is the
speed of data transfer when you receive something from
another computer.

Download speed

How much time do we need to download images, audio or

video ﬁles?

Now we are going to learn how to calculate the download

time. We take an example of 20 MB data.

Firstly, convert 20 Megabytes into bits:

20 MB = 20 * 1024 kilobyte = 20 1024 1024 bytes = 20 *

1024 * 1024 * 8 bits=167772160 bits. So, 20 MB = 167 772 160
bits.

Now convert your download speed into bits per second.

(Example: 512 Kbps) 512 Kbps = 512 * 1000 bits per second.
So, 512 Kbps = 512 000 bps.

Finally, divide ﬁ le size by download speed (bits per second).

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Download time = Data in bits / Download speed in bits.

Download time = 167 772 160 / 512 000 = 327.68 seconds.

Practice 2
You want to download a video. Its size is 1.5 GB. How much
time will it take to download video? If your download speed
is:

a) 4 Mbps

b) 10 Mbps

c) 32 Mbps

d) 1 Gbps

Find your own download and upload speeds. Calculate the

time to download a 2.5 GB ﬁ le and time to upload a 1.5 GB
ﬁle.

Practice 3
Click ‘Start’ button. Type ‘cmd’ and press ‘Enter’. This article
describes TRACERT (Trace Route), a command-line utility
that you can use to trace the path that an Internet Protocol
(IP) packet takes to its destination.

Write path to the following web addresses:

a. [Link]

b. [Link]

c. [Link]

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Literacy
1. What factors aﬀects the bandwidth work?
2. Explain ways to calculate time necessary to download a
ﬁle.

Terminology
transmission - жолдама - передача
calculation - есептеу - расчет
to delay - кешіктіру - задержка
to divide - бөлу - делить
to process - өңдеу - обработать
approximate - шамамен - приблизительно
bandwidth - желінің өткізу қабілеті - пропускная
способность сети
latency - желідегі ақпараттың кешігу
уақыты - задержка по времени в сети
delay - кешігу - задержка

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1.7 CYBERSECURITY
You will:
identify possible threats;
learn how to protect computer against cybercrimes.

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is the security of computers and users’

information. It protects from cybercrimes.

Cybercrime

Crimes commited by computers or network is called

cybercrime. Those who commit cybercrimes are called
hackers. Hackers attack computers in diﬀerent ways.

The most common types of cybercrimes are:

computer virus;
phishing attack;
DDoS.

Computer Virus

A computer Virus harms computers. It can also spread itself

to other computers. Sometimes it looks like ‘useful’
programs.

For example, threats can mask itself as security update. A

computer virus can:

1. steal or delete your ﬁles;

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2. control programs;
3. allow someone to control your computer.

Phishing

Another cybercrime is to send spam emails to reveal people’s

conﬁdential details. People can open the spam email and
give their personal information. This is called phishing scam.
Phishing scam can be something that seems like a trusted
email. It can ask you to log into your account. But when you
click the link, it takes you to a fake website.

If you log into the fake website, you can give your username
and password away. Hackers can use your information to
open your real accounts and steal information or even
money.

DDOS-Attack

Hackers can attack websites with many computers

worldwide. They use viruses and attack from millions of
computers at the same time. In this case the victim can be
overloaded and stop working. This kind of attack is called a
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).

Keep in mind
Virus In Biology a virus is an organism that infects cells and
uses those cells to copy itself. In the result, the infected
organisms get ill and spread the virus to others. A computer
virus acts similarly.

Activity

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Pick one student in your class. Start asking diﬀerent

questions at the same time. Increase number of questions
and observe how the student replies.

1. What is the maximum number of questions this student

can answer?
2. How can you link this activity with DDoS attack?

Software Licensing

A software license is a legal agreement that provides terms

and conditions for using a program. Software must have a
license before installation. But there is also an open source
software that is free and does not need any license or legal
agreement.

Keep in mind
You cannot use a licensed software without a license
similarly. according to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan
dated June 10, 1996 № 6-I «On Copyright and Related
Rights».

Internet Safety Tips

A software license is a legal agreement that provides terms

and conditions for using a program. Software must have a
license before installation. But there is also an open source
software that is free and does not need any license or legal
agreement.

1. Use only licensed security programs to protect your

computer!
2. Do not give personal information online (e.g. address,
passwords, email address or mobile number).

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3. Think carefully before posting pictures or videos of

yourself. If you put such pictures online, other users will
be able to use it. So it will not be yours anymore!
4. Never tell your passwords to anyone!
5. While using a social network, do not add to friends the
people you do not know. They could be much diﬀerent
than they look like.
6. Do not meet up in real life with people you met online.
Tell your parents about people who suggest you to meet
up.
7. Think carefully before you post something online!
8. Respect other people’s views, even if you do not agree
with them.
9. If something online makes you feel uncomfortable,
unsafe or worried, leave the website, turn oﬀ your
computer and tell your parents immediately

Keep in mind
Today cybercrime generates huge problems. There are many
companies and law organizations that provide cybersecurity.
They work to make the Internet safer, but it is not enough.

You may think when someone hacked your computer, the

issue is the computer security. But in 90% of cases it is a
simple human mistake.

Literacy
1. Which ways of hacking do you know? Why do people
hack?
2. How to protect your personal data?

Terminology

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threat - қауып - угроза

to steal - ұрлау - красть
crime - қылмыс - преступление
to update - жаңарту - обновить
to infect - жұқтыру - заражать
to trust - сену - доверять
to spread - тарату - распространять
fake - жалған - фиктивный
to post - орналастыру - размещать
rules - ережелері - правила
to commit - жасау - совершать
spam - спам - спам
social network - әлеуметтік желі - социальная сеть

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CHECK YOURSELF
1. Which parts of the body should paid attention to use
electronic devices properly?
2. What kind of activities should be done to prevent from
negative eﬀects of using electronic devices?
3. The smallest unit of information is called __________ .
4. How is information stored in a computer?
5. Convert the following numbers from decimal to binary
equivalents:
254 = __________
112 = __________
25 = __________
6. Convert the following numbers from binary to decimal
equivalents:
100010 = __________
111010 = __________
100101 = __________
7. What is the encoding standard that computer uses to
represent data?
8. Represent the following message in binary using ASCII:
“Hello. I like to study ICT”
9. A computer transforms commands to computer
language and vice versa. So it will transform next binary
information into meaningful information for humans by
using ASCII code. What will be the result?
01001011 01000101 01000101 01010000
01001100 01000101 01000001 01010010 01001110
01001001 01001110 01000111
10. In ASCII each character is coded as a _____ byte or
_____ bits .
11. What will be the size of the ﬁ le, if it has a text
“Computer Science” inside?

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12. Represent “15 + 4 = 19” in binary number system.

13. A device that controls other parts of the computer. It
works same as the human brain controls the body.
14. Describe how parts of a CPU such as ALU, CU, Cache run
calculator programs on a computer.
15. CPU speed is measured in _________ and ___________.
16. Which types of network connection are used everyday?
17. IP address of your computer is [Link]. The
computer understands only the computer language. So
convert the IP address from decimal to binary.
18. Describe the network connections in “Instagram”
application. Say why this connection is important for
users.
19. What is the measurement of a network bandwidth?
20. Calculate the download speed if it takes 28 minutes to
download 200 MB file?
21. You are sending a message to your friend using Internet.
You want to attach a 15 MB file. Your download speed is 5
Mb/s and upload speed is 3 Mb/s. How much will it take
to send this mail?
22. You are calling your friend by Skype or Facetime. Quality
of image and voice signal is poor. Which of the following
factors can cause this problem? Why?
Bandwidth
Latency
Delay
23. List common cyber attacks to a computer.
24. If you can download a 3 MB song in 3 seconds, how
much time do you need to download a 1.5 GB movie
using the same connection?
25. How is it possible to protect devices from cyber attacks?
What common ways can we use?
26. What viruses in biology and informatics have in
common? What are their differences?
27. Relate to Baurzhan Momyshuly’s quote, how does it
relate to the topic of Software Licensing?

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28. Fill in the blanks.

A computer Virus can:
_____ your private information.
_____ your ﬁ les, so you cannot ﬁ nd them.
_____ your computer.
29. Which type of attacks is more dangerous for popular
websites such as [Link], [Link], [Link]?
30. Match the following ways of network connections with its
descriptions:

I. Copper cable
II. Fiber-optic cable
III. Wireless connection

A. Uses radio signals or satellite

B. Uses electrical signals to transmit information
between devices
C. Uses glass or ﬁ ber to send information as light
pulses

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CHAPTER 2
SPREADSHEETS

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2.1 SPREADSHEETS
You will:
identify what a spreadshet program is;
deﬁne the features of Google Sheets.

What is a spreadsheet?

Spreadsheet is an electronic table consisting of columns and rows.

Using Data Tables or Spreadsheets helps us to manage big amounts
of information in an easier way.

Spreadsheet features

Cell: A single data element in a spreadsheet.

Column: A vertical set of cells.
Row: A horizontal set of cells.
Table: A collection of columns and rows.
Worksheet (Sheet): Sets of rows and columns that make one
entire spreadsheet.
Spreadsheet: The entire document containing all your worksheets.
One spreadsheet can have several sheets.

In this chapter we will use a Google Sheets online program. You can
also work with Microsoft Excel, Openoﬃce Calc or Numbers (for
MacOS and iOS users).

Fact
Merrer’s diaries tell about papyrus spreadsheets used in ancient
Egypt. Paper was one of only choices for managing big amounts of
data.

Now, there are computers to complete all the work for us. VisiCalc is
the ﬁrst digital spreadsheet. It performed operations like writing data,
calculating numbers and storing paper physically. Nowadays, software

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like Excel or Google Sheets made digital spreadsheets one of the

Google Sheets features

With Google Sheets, you can organise data, create tables and use
other spreadsheet features. The important feature of using Google
Sheets is that you can create and edit spreadsheets in your web
browser online. Also, more than one user can work at the same time.
You can see other people’s changes in real time.

Creating a Google account:

1. Open a web browser and go to ‘[Link]’;

2. Click on Create an account;
3. Now you can see the Sign-up form. Follow the instructions and ﬁ
ll in the required information;
4. Now you are able to use some Google web-based features.
5. Hint: Use your surname and name to create an account name.
(e.g. Omarov Almas -> [Link]@[Link])

Activity
The following table contains information about spreadsheet
programs. Analyse this table:

1. Compare programs;
2. Decide which one is better for you.

MULTIPLE
SPREADSHEETS OPERATING AVAILABLE
USER COST
PROGRAMS SYSTEM ONLINE
USAGE

Windows, $
MS Oﬃce Excel Yes No
Mac OS 109.99
Linux,
Openoﬃce Calc Windows, Yes No Free
Mac OS

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MULTIPLE
SPREADSHEETS OPERATING AVAILABLE
USER COST
PROGRAMS SYSTEM ONLINE
USAGE

Numbers Only Mac OS Yes No $ 19.99

All operating
Google Sheets Yes Yes Free
systems

Fact
There are some programs that you can use within Google Drive:

Spreadsheets: For storing and organizing information (similar to

Microsoft Excel workbooks);
Documents: For writing electronic text ﬁ les (similar to Microsoft
Word documents);
Presentations: For creating slideshows (similar to Microsoft
PowerPoint presentations);
Forms: For making questionnaires;
Drawings: For drawing graphics or diagrams.

Literacy
1. Why do we use spreadsheets?
2. What are the advantages of Google Sheets?

Terminology
digital - сандық - цифровой
feature - мүмкіндік - опция
to organize - ұйымдастыру - организовать
set - жиынтық - комплект
papyrus - папирус - папирус
questionnaire - сауалнама - анкета
available - қол жетімді - доступный
multiple - бірнеше - множественный

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to manage - басқару - управлять

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2.2 CREATING YOUR FIRST

SPREADSHEET
You will:
сreate a new spreadsheet;
сustomize a spreadsheet.

Which way is more eﬀective to store and control your

todo list, using paper notebook or spreadsheet?

Creating a new spreadsheet

In this lesson we will make a to-do list in Google Sheets

1. To start the work open Google Drive ([Link])

2. Click on “NEW” and select Google Sheets.
3. To rename a document click on “Untitled spreadsheet”
ﬁeld and write “My to-do list”. A new ﬁ le will be created
in your Google Drive.
4. Fill in exactly the same cells with the information below.
The cell C3 contains ‘Deadline’, the cell D3 contains
‘Priority’ and E3 contains ’Note’. Deadline is a date when
you should complete your work.
5. If you want to resize columns click on the edge of the
columns and drag. To drag means to hold something and
move somewhere. You can also drag the rows.
6. Right click on a fourth row and select “Insert 1 above”.
7. Now we are going to combine several cells into one.
Select cells and click on ‘Merge cells’. Then write ‘To do
list’ in the merged area.

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8. You can see that the cell is smaller than the text inside.
You can easily resize rows or use “Text wrapping”
command to break the text into multiple lines.
9. You can use “Freeze” command to pin some cells. Such
cells will stay on the worksheet even when you scroll
up/down or scroll right/left. Now you must freeze rows (1
to 4) and columns (A to E).
10. Finally, the table will look like this. You can add your own
tasks or homeworks.

Keep in mind
You may notice that there is no “Save” button. This is
because Google Drive uses Autosave, which automatically
and immediately saves your ﬁles when you edit them.

Fact
Google Drive is the popular cloud storage service. It provides
15 gigabytes (15 GB) of free storage space. You can use
Google Drive from any device if you have Internet
connection.

Practice
What are your goals for this term?

Deﬁne and write them in a spreadsheet. Make sure you write

starting date, ending date (deadline), priority and make some
notes about this task.

Write at least 5 tasks.

Terminology

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to customize - баптау - настроить

to-do list - орындалатын жұмыстар тізімі - список дел
ﬁeld - алаң - поле
below - төменде - ниже
to resize - өлшемін өзгерту - изменить размер
edge - шеті - край
to apply - қолдану - применять
to combine - біріктіру - объединить
area - аудан - область
to break - бөлу - разделить
to scroll - айналдыру - прокручивать
immediate - тез арада - немедленный

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2.3 FORMATTING TABLE

You will:
pply formatting to the table;
use diﬀerent data types.

Formatting

Sometimes it is diﬃ cult to view and read all of your

information easily. You can customize the look and design of
your spreadsheet by using formatting tools. It makes your
table easier to view and understand.
Now we will continue with ‘My to-do list’ table. Open your
Google Drive and open ‘My to-do list’ ﬁ le. Follow step-by-
step instructions to make the following table.

1. alignment is a position of data in a cell. Change Alignment

(or ‘align’);

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2. change the font size. This highlights important

information in the table;
3. choose a diﬀerent font. Make the header cells in your
table;
4. change the font style to Bold or Italic;
5. you can change the colour of the text or cell background;
It makes your table look better;
6. you can use cell borders to create boundaries for your
table.

Data types

Data could be a number, text, date or time. Types of

information in Google Sheets are known as Data Types.

Data types in Google Sheets

Data
Explanation Example
type

5, 6.5,
Number displays cell as number
2,500,000
displays cell as percentage
Percent 50.00%
with decimal places

Scientiﬁc displays cell as exponential like 5.6E+01

100 000
Financial used for accounting
000,00
displays cell as currency with
Currency $2,999.00
currency sign
Currency
rounds the Currency value $3,000
(rounded)

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Data
Explanation Example
type

17-09-
Date displays date formats 2016, 17th-
Sep-2016
1.30PM,
Time displays time formats
13.30
Date & 01.01.2017,
displays date and time formats
Time 0:12:34

Duration displays duration time 24:01:00

Automatic default cell format of Cell

displays cell as normal text. Letters

of the alphabet, numbers, symbols a, b, c, 55,
Plain Text
such as % and $, and spaces are all %, $
text type.

Practice
What are your favourite hobbies? Explain them. Make a table
in Google Sheets and ﬁ ll with the following contents:

1. name of hobbies;
2. category of the hobbies. For example: education, sport,
entertainment, technology, etc;
3. how often you practice these hobbies;
4. advantages of these hobbies for you.

Write at least 5 hobbies. Apply formatting tools to make your

table more attractive.

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Fact
It is believed that each colour represents a human emotion.

BLACK

sophistication
power
mystery
formality
evil
death

WHITE

freshness
hope
goodness
light
purity
cleanliness
simplicity
coolness

GREEN

life
growth
environment
healing
money
safety
relaxation
freshness

GRAY

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stability
security
strength of character
autority
maturity

BLUE

peace
stability
calmness
conﬁdence
tranquility
sincerity
aﬀection
integrity

RED

danger
passion
daring romance
style
excitement
urgency
energetic

Keep in mind
Press Ctrl+B to make text bold.
Press Ctrl+I to make text Italic.
Press Ctrl+U to make text underlined.
You can combine these commands together.

Terminology

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to modify - түрлендіру - модифицировать

design - дизайн - дизайн
tool - құрал - инструмент
step-by-step - кезең-кезеңмен - поэтапно, шаг за
шагом
font - қаріп - шрифт
separate - жеке - отдельный
header - тақырып - заголовок
bold - жуан - жирный
boundary - шекара - граница
background - фон - фон
icon - белгіше - значок, иконка
round - дөңгелек - круглый
italic - курсив - курсив
to underline - астын сызу - подчеркивать
emotion - эмоция - эмоция
category - санат - категория

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2.4 FORMULAS
You will:
learn how to use formulas;
use relative and absolute values.

Formulas

In a spreadsheet program people mostly work with numbers.

We can use formulas to do some calculations. We can add,
subtract, multiply, divide and calculate the power operation.
Formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell.

Enter a Formula

To enter a formula, do the following steps:

1. type ‘7’ in cell A1 and ‘3’ in cell A2;

2. select a cell A3;
3. type an equal sign (=) to start a formula;
4. then, type ‘A1 + A2’.

The cell ‘A3’ contains a formula which adds the value of cell A1
to the value of cell A2.
Tip: instead of typing ‘A1’ and ‘A2’ separately, just click on cell
‘A1’ and cell ‘A2’

Copy/Paste a Formula
When you copy a formula from one cell to another, Google
Sheets automatically set your formula to other cells. To
understand this, do the following steps:

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1. Enter the formula ‘=A1 * (A2 + A3) into cell A4.

2. Right click on the cell A4, and then select Copy (or press
CTRL + C).
3. Right click on the cell A4, and then select ‘Paste’ (or press
CTRL + V).
4. Result: cell B4 shows the result using values from column
B.

Relative and Absolute Values

Cells can have relative or absolute values. By default, all cell
references are relative references.

For example, if you copy the formula =A1+B1 from row 1 to

row 2, the formula will become =A2+B2. An absolute
reference never changes. It is marked in a formula by the
addition of a dollar sign ($).

The column and row change when copied to another

A2
cell
The column and the row do not change when copied
$A$2
to another cell

A$2 The row does not change when copied to another cell

$A2 olumn does not change when copied to another cell

Practice 1
Let us create a formula that calculates the area and perimeter
of a rectangle. Our inputs are length and height of the
rectangle.

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Practice 2
Data measurement

There is 15 TB of information. You should convert it to

gigabytes, megabytes, kilobytes and bytes. Use constant
1024.

*Hint: to ﬁ nd GB you should multiply constant (B1) to TB

(B2). Make constant as absolute and other as relevant value,
copy that formula to other cells to ﬁ nd the answer.

Keep in mind

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Cell address name

Columns and rows have own address names. Columns are

represented in letters (A,B,C,D…) and Rows in numbers
(1,2,3,4…). Each cell is represented by letters (column) and
numbers (row). For example: a cell in column ‘A’ and row ‘1’
has a name address of ‘A1’ and so on.

Errors

Sometimes there could be errors when Google Sheets deﬁnes

the data of a cell. For example, division by zero is
mathematically undeﬁned, and Google Sheets cannot resolve
this error. It will show the ‘#DIV/0!’ result in this case.

Activity
The following machine takes 4 numbers in the ﬁ rst row as
input. At each row, it computes diﬀerences. Here is an
example:

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Which of the following input numbers will give zero as a result

in the last row?

1. 13 9 7 6
2. 16 9 4 1
3. 13 8 4 2
4. 5 5 5 1

Now try to solve this problem using Google Sheets.

Literacy
1. Why is it important to use formulas?

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Terminology
relation - қатынас - отношение
expression - өрнек - выражение
to enter - енгізу - вводить
type - түрі - тип
instead - орнына - вместо
to input - енгізу - вводить
undeﬁ ned - анықталмаған - неопределенный
to resolve - шешу - решать

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2.5 FUNCTIONS
You will:
identify Google Sheets functions;
apply functions.

Functions

Functions are predeﬁned formulas of Google Sheets. Here are some examples of functions in
Google Sheets:

Function

SUM

AVERAGE

COUNT Cou

MAX

MIN

More... You can use

Range is a selection of cells, rows or columns.

In the beginning create a table. All incomes and expenses can be recorded and calculated in
the table. The following table format can be used to make your own:

When ﬁnish the ‘MY WALLET’ table, create another one in the same spreadsheet and name it
as “My account”.

In ‘My account’, we are going to write functions to calculate all incomes and expenses.

1. To calculate ‘Money Available’, type “=SUM(C3:C13)” in the merged cell on the right.
2. To calculate a number of incomes and expenses, type “=COUNT(C3:C13)”. COUNT
function calculates number of non-empty cells within a range

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3. To calculate average income and expenses, use “=AVERAGE(C3:C13)” function.

AVERAGE function calculates average values within a range.
4. To calculate the highest income, use “=MAX(C3:C13)” MAX function fi nds maximum
value within a range of cells
5. To calculate the highest expense fi nd the smallest value in the table. Use “=MIN(C3:C13)”
function. MIN function fi nds minimum value within a range
6. To calculate total incomes and expenses of a specifi c thing (Snickers), type
‘=SUMIF(B3:B13, G8, C3:C13)’ in cell ‘I8’.
7. To calculate how many times you paid for a specifi c thing, type ‘=COUNTIF(B3:B13,G8)’
in cell ‘I9’.

‘SUMIF’ calculates sum of speciﬁ c values in a range. Such values must meet rules that you
specify.

For example: (B3:B13) is a range of incomes or expenses. We search for a speciﬁ c thing that
we set in G8 (Snickers). (C3:C13) is a range of values which we use to calculate the sum of
‘Snickers’

‘COUNTIF’ counts a number of speciﬁ c values in a range.

For example: (B3:B13) is the range of incomes and expenses where we search for our
speciﬁc thing. In G8 we set a speciﬁ c thing (Snickers).

Keep in mind
You can use several ranges by separating them with commas.

For example, the function “=SUM(A1:A3, C1:C2, E1)” adds values of three separate ranges -
(A1:A3), (C1:C2) and E1.

Practice
Everyone loves watching movies. In this practice you should work in pairs. Each pair should
make a list of 5 favourite movies.

You should include:

1. name;
2. genre;
3. duration (in minutes);
4. country;
5. release date;
6. box oﬃ ce;
7. rating ([Link]);
8. rating ([Link]).

*Make sure your data are correct.

Then, do the following tasks:

1. ﬁnd the shortest movie;

2. ﬁnd the most successful movie;
3. add one more column and name it “Average”. Calculate average rating based on
‘[Link]’ and ‘[Link]’ websites;

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4. count the movies of the USA production;

5. calculate total time that you need to watch all the movies (in minutes).

Literacy
1. How functions in Google spreadsheet are applied?
2. What is the diﬀerence between function and formula?

Terminology
predefined - алдын ала анықталған - предопределенный
comma - үтір - запятая
to recognize - тану - узнавать
non-empty - бос емес - не пустой
record - жазу - запись
specific - нақтылы - конкретный
income - табыс, кіріс - доход
genre - жанр - жанр
expense - шығын - расход
release - шығарылым - выпуск
box office - кассалық табыс - кассовые сборы
everal - бірнеше - несколько

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2.6 CHARTS/IF STATEMENT

You will:
apply charts and diagrams;
use If statement.

What is graphical representation of data?

A chart, also called a graph, is a graphical representation of

data. Charts have diﬀerent formats such as bar chart, line
chart and a pie chart.

Bar chart.

Bar charts are good to compare things (e.g. prices of diﬀerent

smartphones).

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Line chart.

Line charts are good to show rate of change (e.g. change of

temperature during the week).

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Pie chart.

Pie charts are good to visualize a part to whole relationship in

percentages (e.g. time spent for diﬀerent activities).

Create a Chart

To create a line chart, do the following steps:

1. create a table on the range A1:E6;

2. select the range A2:E6;
3. click on Insert > Chart and choose Diagram.

Practice 1
As you know, there are 14 regions in Kazakhstan. Find
information about areas of each region. Make a table using
the following information:

1. name of a region;
2. area size in km2.

Make a pie chart to see percentage of each region’s area.

Example of a pie chart is below:

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If statement

If statement shows a result if a logical expression is `TRUE`

and another if it is `FALSE`.

For example: =IF(A1 > A2; ”A1 is greater”;”A2 is greater”) If the

value in a cell ‘A1’ is greater than value in cell ‘A2’, then show
‘A1 is greater’, else show ‘A2 is greater’.

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Practice 2
You have 2 diﬀerent numbers: A and B. Find which number is
greater. You must use IF function.

For example:

Practice 3
1. Create a table of the latest 4 exams of your class.

2. Calculate average of all 4 exams for each student

3. Write the formula inside the cell G3:

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if the value of F3 is greater than 60, it shows “Pass”, if not, it

shows “Fail”.

Copy formula from G3 to other students results in column G.

Literacy
1. You have got several exams and now you want to analyse
them all. Which chart is the best for doing this task?
2. Asset rides a bicycle only when he is in a hurry to school.
Even when it rains outside, he usually walks (he hates
riding a bicycle in the rain). Today it is raining and Asset is
very late for the exam. What should Asset do?

Terminology
chart - диаграмма - диаграмма
statement - бекіту - утверждение
to analyze - талдау - анализировать
to compare - салыстыру - сравнить
graphical - графикалық - графический
region - аймақ - регион
slice - тілім - часть, доля
score - есеп - счет

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to execute - орындау - выполнять

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2.7 PROBLEM SOLVING:

FUNCTIONS AND FORMULAS
You will:
use functions and formulas to solve problems.

Practice 1
According to the table, write the necessary formulas to
calculate:

1. average salary of all employees;

2. maximum salary;
3. minimum salary;
4. total salary.

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Practice 2
Everyday people exchange money of diﬀerent currencies.
Staﬀ in exchange boxes are afraid of making mistakes.
Therefore, they decided to make an exchange program.

The ﬁrst part of the program (A2:B9) has a table of exchange.

Here we show all currencies through a base one. (For us, the
base currency is Tenge).

In the next part (A12: B13), we want to exchange currencies

from one to another.

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Practice 3
Make a spreadsheet where you can automatically convert 8
digit binary numbers into decimals.

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Practice 4
Your teacher wants to monitor class attendance in Google
sheets. A table should contain names, dates and number of
absences.

Now teacher wants to ﬁnd total absent days and hours for
each student. Help him to solve this problem.

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Practice 5
Your country hosted 27th International Olympiad in
Informatics (IOI). The Jury Committee prepared a table where
they need to write some formula:

Each participant’s total score in column J;

Percentage of the score (maximum score is 600) in
column K.

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Practice 6
Ismail and Aidyn like playing basketball. Their teams had a
match last weekend. There are 4 periods in a basketball
match. There is a table with information about match.

Calculate the ﬁnal scores. Then ﬁnd which of the following

statements are true.

1. Ismail`s team won;

2. Aidyn`s team won;
3. It is a draw.

Practice 7
Ayaz Ata wants to deliver gifts to children who live in a block
of ﬂats with 5 ﬂ oors and 5 entrances. He knows that there are

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3 flats on each floor. Ayaz Ata wants to calculate the floor and
the entrance of each flat in the block.

Write the formula that will take a ﬂat number from the cell A2
, then calculate the entrance number in B2 and the ﬂoor
number in C2.

*Hint: use ceiling and ﬂoor functions

Terminology
to interpret - аудару - интерпретировать
entrance - кіреберіс - подъезд
necessary - қажет - необходимый
exchange - айырбастау - обмен
to deliver - жеткізу - доставлять
exchange box - ақша айырбастау - пункт обмен валюты
ﬂoor - қабат - этаж
attendance - қатысу - посещаемость
through - арқылы - через
participant - қатысушы - участник
jury - әділ қазылар алқасы - жюри

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CHECK YOURSELF
1. What kind of program is Google Sheets?

A) Word processing
B) Spreadsheet
C) Database
D) Graphics

2. Match the following information according to the picture

below:

A) Font style
B) Cell background
C) Alignment
D) Font size
E) Table borders
F) Font family

3. Match the following shortcut keys:

CTRL + B Italic
CTRL + I Underlined
CTRL + U Bold

4. Find the result in A5 cell with the given formulas below:

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A) = SUM (A1:A4)
B) = MIN (A1:A4)
C) = AVERAGE (A1:A4)
D) = COUNT (A1:A4)

5. Match the following function with deﬁnitions:

6. Use the following words instead of the blanks: smaller,

larger. We use bar chart for ________ changes and line chart
for _________ changes.

7. Which chart is better to show the ingredients of

chocolate?

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8. You are playing a game. And your ﬁnal score is 97. The
program tells you that previous high score was 96. You have
to show if your score is a new high score. Which function do
you have to enter into the active cell?

9. If you drag the mouse to the right side and drop, which
value will appear in cell D1?

10. Which of the followings is used to write multiple lines in

a cell?

A) Shrink to ﬁt
B) Wrap text
C) Merge cells
D) Orientation

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CHAPTER 3
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENT
ALS

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3.1 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING

You will:
identify types of software;
understand the programming languages;
understand the meaning of programming.

Software is a program or a set of programs used to

control a computer

⇓ ⇓ ⇓

System software is Application Software

a set of programs software used development
that manage the for speciﬁ c tool (compiler,
components of a tasks (word code editor,
computer system, processing, debuggers,
such as a processor, web browsers, standard
RAM, Input / graphic editor. libraries) used
Output devices. games, etc.). for creating
E.g., operating Application computer
systems, software does programs. E.g.,
diagnostics, not work Python, С/С++,
antiviruses, without system Delphi,
archivation, etc. software. Lazarus, etc.

Programming and algorithm

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Programming is instructing the computer to do something. It

uses algorithm (a step-by-step solution) to solve a task.

Computer program

There are three parts in a computer program (software):

Process is Output is a
Input is a data to
activities to get result of a
solve a problem
» a result » problem

Input Process Output

IPO (Input Process Output) example of cooking “Besbarmak”

Why do we learn computer programming?

Programming stimulates creativity and logic. Programmers

get the opportunity to create something from nothing and

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use logic to translate everything to a form that a computer

can understand.

Programming language

Programming language is a translator between us and a

computer. Computers understand only binary numbers (0 and
1).Programmers write a code and the programming language
translates code into binary. This process is called Compiling.
We will use Python programming language in this book.

Activity
Choose one of the images below to write a program for your
friend. Do not let them see which one you choose!

Write the program on a piece of paper using arrows. Can they

draw your picture?

Use these symbols to write a program that would draw each

image.

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Terminology
software - бағдарламалық қамтамасыз ету -
программное обеспечение
programming language - бағдарламалау тілі - язык
программирования
programming - бағдарламалау - программирование
compiling - құрастыру, компиляция - компилирование
input - енгізу - ввод
to stimulate - ынталандыру - стимулировать
output - шығару - вывод
opportunity - мүмкіндік - возможность
set - множество - топтама

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to manage - басқару - управлять

speciﬁc - конкретный - нақты

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3.2 YOUR FIRST PROGRAM

You will:
identify components of IDE;
learn how to write a code in Python.

What is IDE?

IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software that

contains basic developer tools needed to write and test
software. Mostly they contain a code editor, a debugger and a
compiler. Code editor is used to write, edit and modify source
code. Debugger is used to check source code and ﬁ nd
errors/mistakes to ﬁx them. Compiler is used to translate
source code to machine code (0, 1).

Why Python?

Python is a programming language which is much easier to

learn than other programming languages. It has a compiler
where we can write a program code and see how it compiles
and executes written code.

Python can:

Installing Python

To install Python on your computer, follow the steps below:

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1. go to [Link]
2. click on Downloads and select your Operating System;
3. select latest Python 3 release, download and install it.

Getting started

1. Click on Start and type Python;

2. Select IDLE (Python GUI) to work with Python.
3. Open new ﬁ le to write your ﬁrst program code.

Printing text

How does a program print something on the screen? It has a

very simple way. One line will be enough for doing that:

print("Hello World")

This code segment prints “Hello World” on the screen. Now

type this into Python IDLE and see how it works.

You can write diﬀerent words or phrases instead of “Hello

World”. The computer will print anything you want. When you
ﬁ nish writing the code, press ‘F5’ button or click ‘Run -> Run
Module’.

print (”Hello I am happy to learn Python”)

=================== RESTART: /Users

Hello I am happy to learn Python

>>>

Remember, an output command in Python is very easy.

Typing ‘print()’ is enough. Python prints any text inside the

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brackets. Also the text has to be in double quotes around.

Otherwise, the program will give you an error.

Code: print(“2 + 3”)

Output: 2 + 3.

The next code segment does not have quotes around.

Therefore, Python understands it as a mathematical
statement. It will print ‘5’ now

Code: print(2 + 3)
Output: 5

The code segment on the right is an example of error cases.

The computer tries to understand “Hello World” as a
mathematical statement, and this does not work:

Code: print(Hello world)

Output: SyntaxError

Syntax means correctness of computer speech. The code

above will print ‘SyntaxError’ which means that there is invalid
syntax. In our case Python does not know what “Hello” and
“World” mean.

A print statement can output several words or numbers at

once. We can separate each item by a comma:

Code: print(“Your new score is”, 1030 + 10)

Output: Your new score is 1040

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Python sees everything inside the quotes as text. Anything

outside the quotes is a mathematical statement or a
computer code:

Code: print(“Your new score is ”,“1030 + 10”)

Output: Your new score is 1030 + 10

The numbers are not summed because they are inside the
quotes.

The next code example does not work. This is because there
is no separating comma between the text in quotes and
numbers (1030+10):

Code: print(“Your new score is ” 1030 + 10)

Output: Error

Next code example works because there is a separating

comma:

Code: print(“Your new score is,”, 1030 + 10)

Output: Your new score is, 1040

The separating comma must be outside the quotes.

Saving Python program

To save the program click on ‘File -> Save’ or press ‘CTRL + S’.
Then type a name of your program. Example:

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Practice
1. Write at least 5 commands that will show information about
yourself. Example:

print(“Hi! My name’s Bolat”)

print(“I’m 14 years old”)

2. Try to write code that represents the picture by using ‘print’

function.

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3. Try this code, change expressions print(“23 + 54=”, 23+54)

Activity
Can you ﬁ nd what is missing from the following lines of
code? Try to correct the errors:

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1. print(helloworld)
2. (print”how tall are you?”)
3. (‘Game Over’)
4. print(‘Game Over”)
5. print(‘Bob’s car has 4 wheels’)

Terminology
compiler - компилятор - компилятор
syntax - синтаксис - синтаксис
phrase - сөз тіркесі - фраза
item - зат - предмет
double quotes - қос тырнақша - двойные кавычки
separating - бөлетін - разделяющий
mathematical statement - математикалық мәлімдемеде -
математическое утверждение
to modify - өзгерту - изменить
source - бастапқы - исходный

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3.3 VARIABLES
You will:
learn purposes of variables;
learn how to input data;
solve problems in Python.

How to store and process data in programming

language?

Variables

Imagine a box that stores an object inside. It becomes a

container for any object of relevant size. Thus, such boxes are
called variables in computing.

A variable is something like a container that can store a

number, text, character or value. It can refer to it and can
make changes to it, if you ask it to.

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In a game, variables are usually the things that can change.

Example: a score, a timer or lives of a player.

Example 1:

Code: name = “Dias”

print(“My name is ”, name)
Output: My name is Dias

Example 2:

Code: lives = 3
print(“Number of lives: ”, lives)
lives = lives + 1
print(“Number of lives: ”, lives)
Output: Number of lives: 3
Number of lives: 4

Keep in mind
Variable’s name can be a lowercase or uppercase letter or a
word. Nevertheless, uppercase letters should not be used
normally. Variable’s name is case sensitive. This can be
confusing if a programmer is not expecting it. In the code
below, the output will be 6 (not 5) because there are two
diﬀerent variables:

x and X
x=6
X = 5 print(x)

Printing on new line

Code: print(“Hello world”)

print(“I am happy to study Python”)

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Result: Hello world

I am happy to study Python

Printing in one line

Code: print(“Hello world”, end = “”)

print(“ I am happy to study Python”, end = “”)
Result: Hello world I am happy to study Python

Practice 1
1. Following codes have errors. Find and ﬁ x them.

a) bandName = “MuzArt”
print(bandName,songs are very popular)

b) bandName = “MuzArt”
print(“bandName,is the most popular music band in
Kazakhstan)

2. Complete the following code:

name =
surname =
print(“My name is ”, ___________)
print( ___________ , ___________)

Operators

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A symbol for a number we do not know yet. It is usually a

letter like x or y.

Example: in x + 2 = 6, x is the variable.

Operators are special symbols that perform speciﬁc

operations on two or more variables, and then give a result.

Here are some common operators:

Example Example
Operator Operation Result
equation code

+ Addition 3+2 a=3+2 a=5

- Subtraction 3-2 a=3-2 a=1

* Multiplication 32 a=32 a=6

/ Division 10 / 2 a = 10 / 2 a=5

Floor
// N/A a = 10 // 3 a=3
division

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Example Example
Operator Operation Result
equation code

** Power 23 a = 2 ** 3 a=8

% Modulus N/A a=8%3 a=2

Keep in mind
'Floor division' always rounds an output down to the nearest
value. For example:

11//2 is equal to 5, not 5.5.

99//100 is equal to 0

Modulus (%) is the remainder after division. For example:

8%3=2
9%2=1

Practice 2
1. Let us make simple calculations using Python:
45 * 263 =
85 / 23 =
123 + 4568 =
7894 - 456 =
123.35 * 23.45 =
2. Practice using following expressions in Python:
a+b
a-b
a*b
a/b
a // b
a%b

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a ** 2
a ** b
3. Calculate the following problems using Python:
Dias has 500 KZT and Adilkhan has 1000 KZT. Print
their total amount of money.
Dias and Adilkhan want to buy an ice cream bucket
which costs 1200 KZT. How much money will be left if
they buy that bucket?
Dias and Adilkhan ﬁ nished eating the ice cream
bucket, but still want to eat more. They found ice
cream which costs 50 KZT. How many ice creams can
they buy now?

Terminology
object - нысан - объект
nevertheless - соған қарамастан - тем не менее
container - контейнер - контейнер
to confuse - шатастыру - запутывать
relevant - орынды - cоответствующий
bucket - шелек - ведро
to refer - жүгіну - обращаться

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3.4 INPUT. COMMENTS

You will:
apply input commands to enter data;
solve mathematical problems.

Input data

There are three parts in a computer program (software):

Input, Process and Output.

Input is everything that goes into the computer. A user can

use ‘input()’ function in Python.

x = input(‘Enter the data’) #gets data as string(text)

The variable(x) is a string that means that input data is a text.

a = int(input(‘Enter the data’)) #gets data as

int(number)

If you want to input numbers you should write int (for whole
numbers) or ﬂoat (for fractional numbers)

Keep in mind
Python supports four diﬀerent numerical types:

int (signed integers);

long (long integers, they can also be represented in octal
and hexadecimal);
ﬂoat (ﬂoating point real values);

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complex (complex numbers).

Comments

Sometimes we need to explain what exactly we have written

with a programming code.

To do this, we add “comments” to the code. The comments

are used mostly for programmers to read and understand the
code.

There are two ways to create a comment:

1. The ﬁrst is to use the ‘#’ symbol. The computer will

ignore any text that is written after the ‘#’ symbol in that row.

Code: #This is a comment, it begins with a ‘#’

sing
#and the computer will ignore it
print(“This is not a comment, the
computer will”)
print(“run this and print it.”)
Output: This is not a comment, the computer will
run this and print it.

2. Multiple line comments are slightly diﬀerent. Use 3

single quotes (‘‘‘) before and after the part you want to
comment.

Code: '''
print(“We are in a comment”)
print (“We are still in a comment”)
'''
print(“We are out of the comment”)
Output: We are out of the comment

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Example
Try this:

1. a = int(input(“Enter number:”))
print(a)
2. a = int(input(“Enter number:”))
b = int(input(“Enter number:”))
print(“Sum of your numbers is”,a + b)

How to solve problems

Apples

You have N apples in a basket. And K students want to divide

these apples equally. You cannot divide an apple into several
parts. So it remains in the basket.

1. Calculate how many apples each student will have.

2. Calculate how many apples will remain in the basket.

Input data:

You will have two inputs. First input is number of

students (K).
Second input is number of apples (N).

Output data:

You will have two outputs. The ﬁ rst output is number of

apples given to each student.
The second is number of apples that remain in the
basket.

Sample tests:

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№ Input Output

1 56 11

2 3 17 52

Keep in mind
How to input 2 or more integers in one line in Python?

Code:
a, b = map(int,input(“enter 2 variables:”).split())
print (a, b)
Result:
enter 2 variables:
37
37
>>>

Code:
a, b, c = map(int,input(“enter 3 variables:”).split())
print (a, b, c)
Result:
enter 3 variables:
379
379
>>>

Editorial

Now let us talk about how to solve problems. Read the

problem carefully. Pay attention on what you should ﬁnd.

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In this problem we must ﬁ nd number of apples given to each

student and number of apples that remain in basket:

To ﬁnd number of apples given to each student we just

divide N by K.

answer1 = n / k

To ﬁnd number of apples that remain in the basket we use

modulus sign (%) to calculate remainder of division of N by K

answer2 =n % k

Entire code will look like this:

k, n = map(int,input().split())
print ( n / k , ” “ , n % k )

Practice
Write a program that will ask personal questions like:

What is your name?

How old are you?
What is your hobby? etc.

Write at least 5 questions. Then, collect all data and print as

one text.

Example:

My name is Alikhan. I am 14 years old. I like playing piano,

watching football and listening to folk music.

Terminology

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whole numbers - бүтін сандар - целые числа

several - бірнеше - несколько
fractional numbers - бөлшек сандар - дробные числа
to remain - қалу - оставаться
editorial - редакциялық - редакционный

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3.5 TRACING AN ALGORITHM

You will:
apply tracing an algorithm;
solve the problems.

Tracing an algorithm

Many people make mistakes and try to correct them.

Programmers write programs on the computer and can also
make mistakes while programming. Therefore, it is important
to understand how to find and correct errors. An error in a
computer program is called a bug. The process of finding and
fixing bugs is called tracing an algorithm or debugging.
Example below shows how to do tracing of an algorithm:

Your initial input is number of minutes (n). Convert minutes

into default time format (e.g. 12:00) and show it in the output.

The program must calculate 2 integers:

1. hours (0 - 23);
2. minutes(0 - 59).

Input Output

1 250 4 10

2 625 10 25
Code:
n = int(input()) # gets input
hours = n // 60 # calculating hours

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hours = hours % 24 # hours according to 24 hours

format
minutes = n % 60 # calculating minutes
print (hours,minutes) # printing answers

Table of tracing an algorithm

Numbers of
n Hours Minutes Lines of code
steps

1 1525 n = int(input())

2 1525 25 hours = n // 60

3 1525 1 hours = hours % 24

4 1525 1 25 minutes = n % 60

print(hours,
5 1525 1 25
minutes)

Activity 1
Alexander’s calculator has two displays (A and B) and 6
buttons. Buttons can add and subtract numbers on displays,
then save result in one of the displays.

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Which commands do you have to use to swap (change

positions) numbers?

Practice 1
Previous and next number

Aygerim is 3 years old. She learns how to count. Now she can
count till 10. Help Aygerim learn how to count greater
numbers. Aygerim says one number and then asks you to ﬁnd
its previous and next number. You can easily ﬁnd how to help
her using your knowledge about programming language.

Example:

Input Output

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Input Output

Previous number: 25
1 26
Next number: 27

Practice 2
Binary to Decimal

Aidar likes computer programming. He studied binary data in

the ﬁ rst chapter with you. Now he wants to write a program
that converts a binary number to a decimal. But he got some
problems in the code and needs your help.

You have an input of 8 bits (0 and 1) on each line. Solve this

problem to help Aidar.

Example:

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Explanation:

In example, you have a binary number 100110112. Image above

shows you how to solve it.

Input Output

1
0
0
1
1 155
1
0
1
1

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Input Output

1
0
1
0
2 168
1
0
0
0

Activity 2
Three types of buttons control the R2D2:

The R2D2 starts at blue star facing to east. Zhanibek presses

7 buttons (as shown on the picture) to move the R2D2 to the
red diamond on the map. Unfortunately, he has pressed two
buttons by mistake.

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Which two buttons were a mistake?

Terminology
to add - қосу -прибавлять
angry - ашулы - злой
to subtract - шегеру - вычитать
initial - бастапқы - начальный
to swap - ауысу - замена
to convert - түрлендіру - преобразовать
unfortunately - өкінішке орай - к сожалению
quotient - бүтін сан - целое число
bug - қате - ошибка в коде

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remainder - қалдық - остаток

debugging - түзету - исправление, улучшение

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3.6 CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS (IF/ELSE)
You will:
apply if statement;
identify comparison operators;
apply if/else statements.

Conditional statements

People make decisions everyday. For example, a boy in the

picture on the left must decide whether to give a seat to
other passenger or not. Now let us solve a problem where we
must make a decision:

To drink a cup of tea, ﬁ rstly, we must boil water in a kettle.

Temperature of boiling is 100 Celsius. Let us understand if
water is boiled or not.

We can simply write the following code:

temp = int (input (“What’s temperature of water? ”)

if temp == 100:
print (“It is boiled. Have a nice tea time!”)

In this code we make decisions by using ‘if’ function. So, if

temperature of water becomes equal to 100 degrees
Centigrade it will boil and we can have a cup of tea.

Keep in mind

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Each line under the ‘if’ statement has an empty space. It is

called ‘indentation’:

if a == 1:
print("If a is equal to 1, this will print.")
print("So will this.")
print("And this.")
print("This will always print because it is not indented.")

Next code does not work because indentation must be the

same:

if a == 1:
print("Indented two spaces.")
print("Indented four. This will generate an
error.")
print("The computer will want you to
make up your mind.")

Keep in mind
Type comparison signs correctly! You cannot write ‘<=’ or ‘>=’
signs in diﬀerent way! Also there must not be any space
between them.

For example, neither ‘=<’, nor ‘=>’ sign will work.

Comparison operators

Comparison operators allow you to compare two values. It

means checking if some value is bigger or less than another
or equal or not equal to each other

5> We check that if 5 is

3 greater than 3

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5< If 5 is less than 3

3
5
If 5 is greater or equal
>=
to 3
3
5
<= If 5 is less or equal to 3
3
5
== If 5 is equal to 3
3
5 !=
If 5 is not equal to 3
3

Do not make mistakes when using equal signs. The double

equal sign ‘==’ is used to make comparisons between
variables.

Example 1:

if(5 == 5): #Here we compare two numbers

print(“They’re equal”)

The single equal sign ‘=’ is used to set a value to a variable.

E.g (a = 5)

Example 2:

a=5
b=6
a = b #Here we assign b to a. Now both a and b are
equal to 6

If / else statement

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If / else statement is a decision between two things. For

example, if it is a weekday it is time to go to school.
Otherwise, you can stay home.

We use ‘if’ statement for making only one decision. What can
we do if there are two or more decisions?

For example, let us ‘program’ the following situation:

As you know, if temperature outside reaches -30 degrees,

school will cancel the lessons. So let us write a code that will
check if it is possible to stay home or not.

Code:

int temp = int(input(“What’s temperature today?”))

if temp <= -30:
print(“Tadaaa, stay home and have sweet dreams!”)
else:
print(“Hey, get up! You have lessons today!”)

Statements like ‘if’ or ‘if / else’ are called ‘conditional

statements’ in computer programming.

Practice
1. Write a program that deﬁ nes if an input number is
positive or negative.
2. Write a program that deﬁ nes whether a student has
passed the exam or not. Percentage to pass is 50%.
3. Find three errors in the following code:

x = input("Enter a number:")
if x = 3
print("You entered 3")

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Terminology
to boil - қайнату - кипятить
conditional - шартты - условный
condition - шарт - условие
indentation - шегініс - отступ
comparison - салыстыру - сравнение
value - мән - значение
variable - айнымалы - переменная

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3.7 CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS (IF/ELIF/ELSE)
You will:
apply if/elif/else statements;
solve problems.

If/Elif/Else

Now we are going to work with multiple decisions. For

example: Let us write a program ‘Exam Grader’. It gets an
input as percentage score and shows the output mark
according to that score.

Code:

grade = int (input(“How many percentages?\n”))

if grade > 79: #If more than 79 it shows 5
print(“You get 5”)
elif grade > 59: If more than 59 it shows 4
print(“You get 4”)
elif grade > 39: #If more than 39 it shows 3
print(“You get 3”)
else: #Otherwise it shows 2
print(“You get 2”)

‘Elif’ means ‘else if’. It is used when you want to add another
statement that denies previous ‘if’ statements.

Activity 1

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Solve the following activities in pairs.

1. Compare next two program codes. What is the diﬀerence

between them? Which one will work properly?

grade =
int(input(“How grade =
many int(input(“How
percentages? many
\n”)) percentages?
if grade >= 80: \n”))
print(“You if grade >= 80:
get 5”) print(“You
elif grade >= get 5”)
60: if grade >= 60:
print(“You print(“You
get 4”) get 4”)
elif grade >= if grade >= 40:
40: print(“You
print(“You get 3”)
get 3”) else:
else: print(“You
print(“You get 2”)
get 2”)

Practice 1
1. Write a code that gets an input number from the user and
deﬁnes if it is positive, negative, or zero.

Use if/ elif/ else operators. Using three ‘if’ statements is

not acceptable for this task.

2. Write a code for the following task:

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Input a day within a week (e.g. Monday).

Output: weekday or weekend (e.g. Monday is weekday)

Practice 2
Compare two numbers In this problem, you need to compare
two numbers: A and [Link]

Input: an integer

Output:

print "<" if A is less than B;

print ">" if A is greater than B;

print "=", if A and B are equal.

Example:

Input Output

5
1 <
7
7
2 >
-12
13
3 =
13

Practice 3
Basketball match

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Ismail and Aidyn like playing basketball. Last weekend their

teams had a match. As you know, there are 4 preiods in a
basketball match.

Here are the scores of each period of match. You must

calculate the ﬁ nal score and decide whose team won. For
example:

Ismail`s team won

Aidyn`s team won
It is a draw

Example:

Input Output

26 17
13 15 72 59
1
19 11 Ismail's team won
14 16
14 15
17 18 66 70
2
20 20 Aidyn's team won
15 17
15 16
18 17 57 57
3
10 12 It is a draw
14 12

In computer science, there could be diﬀerent ways of

solutions for one speciﬁ c problem. You may even use
diﬀerent programs to solve the same task. For example, to
solve a ‘Basketball match’ problem we used Google Sheets
previously.

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Now try to solve it by using Python.

Practice 4
Divisible by 5

As you know, a number is divisible by 5 if its remainder is 0

or 5. Write a code that calculates if the number is divisible by
5 or not.

Input: an integer
Output: remainder
YES if it is divisible by 5
NO if it is not divisible by 5

Input Output

3
1 153
NO
0
2 320
YES

Practice 5
Friendship

Baurzhan is a very friendly and generous boy. He has got

some chocolate and wants to share it with (K) number of
friends. Size of the chocolate is (N x M) pieces. So, Baurzhan
needs to divide the chocolate into equal parts. Help
Baurzhan to calculate and understand if everyone can have
equal pieces of chocolate.

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Input: K, N, M
Output: “YES“ if they canhave equal peices and “NO“
othervise

Input Output

3
1 2 NO
4
6
2 5 YES
12

Activity 2
Aldar Kose always tells the truth on Mondays, Wednesdays
and Fridays. The rest of the week he usually lies. Today he
said: "Tomorrow I will tell the truth."

What day is it today?

Terminology
to compare - салыстыру - сравнивать
generous - үлкен - большой
acceptable - жарамды - приемлемый
to share - бөлісу - делиться
speciﬁc - спецификалық - специфический
to deny - мойындамау - отрицать
remainder - қалдық - остаток

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3.8 LOGICAL OPERATORS (AND, OR, NOT)

You will:
learn and apply Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT).

Logical Operators

Sometimes when we want to make a choice, we can have several options or conditions.

'AND' operator

Let us look at the following example:

Everyday your parents must bring you to school by car. Also if the temperature outside is
-30 degrees, then lessons will be canceled. Let us try to write a logical expression:

If: Parents can take me to school AND temperature is higher than -30 degrees
Centigrade: Yahooo!, I will go to school and study hard!

Else: Oh no! I am staying home and watching cartoons.

In ‘AND’ operator ﬁnal result is True if only all statements are True.

Another example on ‘AND’ operator:

We want to guess a ‘happy number’. The number must be divisible by 4 and 7. Let us check
if an input number is ‘happy number’ or not.

Code:

number = int ( input ( “Input number to check it” ) )

if number % 4 == 0 AND number % 7 == 0: # Here we check if our number is divisible
by 4 and 7
print ( “Great!!! This’s your happy number” )

'OR' operator

Imagine that your family are expecting guests today. Your mother wants to cook something
tasty for everyone. Your favourite meals are Besparmak and Kuyrdak.

Will you feel happy today?

Code:

if meal == “Besparmak” OR meal == “Kuyrdak” :

print ( “I am very happy” )

In ‘OR’ operator, the ﬁ nal result is True if at least one of the statements is True. Let us talk
about the happy number again. This time your happy number must be divisible by 4 or 7:

Code:

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number = int(input(“Input number”))

if number % 4 == 0 OR number % 7 == 0:
print(“This is your happy number”)

'NOT' operator

Look at the following code:

Code:

If NOT rainy:
print( “I can walk outside today” )

So if it is rainy today you cannot walk outside. But if it is NOT rainy, you can go out for a
walk. ‘NOT’ operator is an opposite of a statement. E.g. NOT rainy.

Continue with the ‘happy number’:

The ‘happy number’ can be any number except those that are divisible by 4 and 7.

Code:

number = int(input(“Input a number and check it”))

if NOT ( number % 4 == 0 AND number % 7 == 0 ):
print ( “This is your happy number” )

Practice
a) There are three numbers as an input. Find the greatest number among them:

Input Output

1 574 7

b) 7 is an incredible number!

Input: two integers.

Output: print “True” if one of the numbers is 7 or their diﬀerence or sum is equal to 7.
Otherwise print “False”.

Input Output

1 37 True

2 15 8 True

3 12 False

c) Input number is an integer. If number is not equal to 7, print “not seven”. Otherwise print
“it is seven”.

Input Output

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Input Output

1 6 not seven

2 7 it is seven

Activity
Compare the next codes. Analyse what output of the following codes will be.

number = int ( input ( “Input number “ ))

if number % 4 == 0 AND number % 7 == 0:
print ( “that’s your happy number” )

number = int ( input ( “Input number and check it” ))

if number % 4 == 0 OR number % 7 == 0:
print ( “that’s your happy number” )

number = int ( input ( “Input a number and check it” ))

if NOT ( number % 4 == 0 AND number % 7 == 0 ) :
print ( “That’s your happy number” )

Terminology
to guess - табу - отгадать
at least - кем дегенде - по крайней мере
except - басқа - кроме
incredible - ақылға сыймайтын - невероятный

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3.9 PROBLEM SOLVING: CONDITIONAL

STATEMENTS AND LOGICAL OPERATORS
You will:
apply Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT).

Practice 1
Salary

There are 3 epmloyees in a company. Their job salaries diﬀer and the company’s CEO wants
to make them equal. Let us write a code that calculates diﬀerence between the highest and
lowest salaries.

Input: 3 integers (salaries of three diﬀerent workers)

Output: diﬀerence between the highest and lowest salaries.

Input Output

1 100 500 1000 900

2 36 11 20 25

Practice 2
Chess Master - Rook

Zhansaya is a multiple winner of many chess competitions worldwide. Nevertheless, she did
not become a chess player immediately. She was also studying hard how to play this game.
Zhansaya was not afraid of making mistakes because she knew that practising makes her
better. Now we want to know how she was learning to play with a rook. As you know, the
rook moves horizontally or vertically on the chessboard. The initial position of the rook
(letter, number) is shown on the picture. The rook has to reach the destination point (letter,
number) in one move.

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Input: string variable (Letter) int variable (Number) of initial position. string variable
(Letter) int variable (Number) of destination position.
Output: ‘YES’ if the rook can reach the destination, ‘NO’ if cannot.

Input Output

A
1
1 NO
B
2
A
1
2 YES
E
1

Activity
Do the following activity in pairs.

Kuanysh decided to install an electronic lock for home protection. To open the door Kuanysh
must type a lock code by using buttons. The mechanism uses three lock operators, which
convert the input signals from pressed buttons into a single output:

1. ‘NOT’ operator outputs an opposite signal ‘ON’ becomes ‘OFF’.

2. ‘AND’ operator outputs ‘ON’ signal if all inputs are ‘ON’.
3. ‘OR’ operator outputs ‘ON’ signal if at least one of the inputs is ‘ON’.

For example, in the following picture the lock works if you press “A” and ‘B’ buttons:

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Which combination of operators will open the lock on the picture below?

Practice 3
Hypotenuse rule

Write a code that checks if the given hypotenuse is correct or not.

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Hypotenuse rule: (Longest sides)2 = (Side one)2 + (Side two)2.

Input: Input is three values: side 1, side 2 and hypotenuse itself.

Output: We must check if the given hypotenuse is correct or not. print ‘YES’ if it is
correct or ‘NOT’ if not.

Input Output

5
1 13 NO
11
3
2 4 YES
5

Practice 4
Even or Odd

We have an input of three integers (A, B and C). Check if there is at least one even and one
odd number at the same time. If it is true, print “YES”, if not print “NO”.

Input: three integers (A, B and C)

Output: ‘YES’ or ‘NO’

Look at the example here:

Input Output

1 345 YES

2 777 NO

Practice 5
Ascending Order.

Input is three integers (A, B and C). Arrange them in ascending order from A to C. Output
must contain three integers.

Input Output

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Input Output

1 212 122

Terminology
salary - жалақы - зарплата
destination - тағайындалған орын - место назначения
to diﬀer - басқаша - отличаться
to arrange - ұйымдастыру - организовать
rook - ладья - ладья
ascending - өсу бойынша - по возрастанию

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CHECK YOURSELF
1. Fix the following code:

userName = input(“Enter your name:)”

2. Why does this code not calculate the average value?

print(3 + 4 + 5 / 3)

3. Explain mistake in the following code:

x=4
y=5
a = 3(x + y)
print(a)

4. Write a Python program that gets an input number and

print if it is positive, negative or zero. Use ‘if/ elif/ else’
operators.

5. Write a Python program that gets an input number and

prints out ‘Success’ if it is greater than -10 and less than 10
inclusively.

6. This code compiles successfully, but there is something

wrong. What is that?

userInput = input(“A cherry is a:“)

print(“A. Dessert topping”)
print(“B. Desert topping”)
if user_input.upper() == “A”:
print(“Correct!”)
else:
print(“Incorrect.”)

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7. There are two errors in the following code. The code

tests if x is a positive value or not. One error prevents the
code to run, and the other is logical. Make sure that if
statement works no matter what x is set to. Try to ﬁ x both
mistakes.

x == 4
if x >= 0:
print(“x is positive.”)
else:
print(“x is not positive.”)

8. What are four errors in the following code?

x = input(“Enter a number: “)
if x = 3
print(“You entered 3”)

9. There are four errors in the following code. Find and ﬁx

all of them.

answer = input(“What is the name of Dr. Bunsen

Honeydew’s assistant? “)
if a = “Beaker”:
print(“Correct!”)
else
print(“Incorrect! It is Beaker.”)

10. Look at the following code below. Guess what it prints.

Then, run the code and see the result.

x=5
y = 10
z = 10
print(x < y)
print(y < z)
print(x == 5)

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print(not x == 5)
print(x != 5)
print(not x != 5)
print(x == “5”)
print(5 == x + 0.00000000001)
print(x == 5 and y == 10)
print(x == 5 and y == 5)
print(x == 5 or y == 5)

11. Match the following software parts:

12. ____________ is instructing computer to do something.

13. ____________ is a step-by-step solution to solve a task.

14. ____________ is a translator between us and a

computer.

15. Convert your birth day, month and year to binary

numbers.

16. Programmers write a code and the programming

language translates code into binary. What is the name of this
process?

17. What would happen with this code?

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print (I love programming!)

18. Which of the following python code gives “One plus one
is equal to 2” output (select four answers)

a. print(“One plus one is equal to ”, 1 + 1)

b. print(One plus one is equal to 2)
c. print(“One plus one is equal to 2”)
d. print(One plus one is equal to 2, 1 + 1)
e. print(“One plus one is equal to”, 2 + 3 % 2)
f. print(“One plus one is equal to”2)
g. print(“One plus one is equal to 2”, “1 + 1”)
h. print(“One plus one is equal to”, 15 % 4 - 7 % 3)

19. ____________ is something like a container that can

store a number or value.

20. What is the output of following code?

name = “Akbota”
print (“Hello, ”, name, “!”)
print (“Nice to meet you!”)

a. Hello, Akbota! Nice to meet you!

b. Hello Akbota! Nice to meet you!
c. Hello Akbota!
Nice to meet you!
d. Hello, Akbota!
Nice to meet you!
e. hello, akbota!
nice to meet you!

21. What will be displayed by the following code?

print(“A”, end = ‘ ‘)
print(“B”, end = ‘ ‘)

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print(“C”, end = ‘ ‘)
print(“D”, end = ‘ ‘)

a. ABCD
b. A, B, C, D
c. A B C D
d. A
B
C
D
e. “A”,”B”,”C”,”D”

22) What is the output of following code?

a=5
b=3
c=7
a=b+c
b=a+c
c=a+b
print (“a = ”, a)
print (“b = ”, b)
print (“c = ”, c - 25)

a. a=5
b=3
c=7
b. a = 10
b = 17
c = 27
c. a = 10
b = 17
c=2
d. a = 10
b = 16
c = 28
e. a = 10

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b = 27
c = 12

23. Fix the code to get “I am happy to learn Python. It is

wonderful!” output.

print(“I am happy to learn Python.” end =’ ’)

print(“It is wonderful!”, end = ‘ ‘)

24. What is the output of the following code?

a = 11
b=3
print (a // 2 % b + 10 / 2 + 2 ** 2)

a. 9
b. 10
c. 11
d. 12
e. 13

25. Fix the code to get the correct result.

name = input(‘Enter your name: ’)

birthYear = input(‘Enter your birth year: ’)
currentYear = input(‘Which year is this? ’)
age = currentYear - birthYear
print(“Hello, “, name ,”!”)
print(“You are “, age, “years old.”)

26. Select the right commented two lines.

a. // This is comment
b. ‘’’ This is comment ‘’’
c. ! This is comment
d. * This is comment

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e. # This is comment
f. “” This is comment “”

27. An error in a computer program is called a ________.

The process of ﬁ nding and ﬁxing problem is called
___________.

28. # print (“** ”)

# print (“* ”)
# print (“*** ”)
# print (“** ”)
# print (“*** ”)
# print (“*** ”)
# print (“**** ”)
# print (“* ”)
# print (“**** ”)
# print (“***** ”)

Uncomment some parts of code to get the following

output:

*
**
***
****
*****

29. What is the output of the following code?

x=0
if x < 4:
x=x+1
print(“x is”, x)

a. x is 0
b. x is 1
c. x is 2

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d. x is 3
e. x is 4

30. Suppose that x = 1, y = -1, and z = 1. What will be displayed

by the following statement?

if x > 0:
if y > 0:
print(“x > 0 and y > 0”)
elif z > 0:
print(“x < 0 and z > 0”)

a. x > 0 and y > 0

b. x < 0 and z > 0
c. x < 0 and z < 0
d. nothing displayed

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CHAPTER 4
PROGRAMMING

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4.1 LOOPS
You will:
understand Loops;
apply ‘FOR’ loop to solve the problem.

What is a ‘Loop’?

In computer programming, a loop is an order of instructions

that repeats for many times. Each repetition is called an
iteration of the loop.
For example: The teacher asked the boy to write ‘I will not
throw paper airplanes in class’ for 500 times. It is clear that
doing the same thing again and again is very hard and boring.
Nevertheless, computer programmers have an opportunity to
write some code and make it repeat for several times. This
trick is called ‘FOR’ loop.

For example:

Let us write a program that will print ‘Atannyn balasy bolma,

adamnyn balasy bol!’ for 100 times.

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Code:

for i in range(100):
print ( "Atannyn balasy bolma, adamnyn balasy bol!" )

LOOPS REPEAT ACTION... SO YOU DON'T HAVE TO

Practice 1
1. Use “FOR” loop to print your name for 10 times, and then
print a word “Done” at the end.
2. Write a code that prints ‘Study, study and STUDY AGAIN!’
for 100 times on each separate line.

Let us write a program that will display all numbers between

10 and 20 inclusively.

Code:

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for i in range(10, 21, 1):

print(i)

For example, let us calculate sum of all even numbers

between 10 and 20 inclusively.

Code:

sum = 0
for i in range(10, 21, 2):
sum = sum + i
print( sum )

Practice 2
1. There are 3 errors in the code. Find and ﬁ x them.

print (“This program takes three numbers and returns the

sum.”)
total = 0
for i in range(3):
x = input (“Enter a number:”)
total = total + i
print(“The total is:”, x)

2. Write a code that prints all even numbers from 2 to 100

inclusively. You must use ‘FOR’ loop. Example: 2 4 6 8 … 100

3. Write a code that prints all odd numbers from 1 to 100.

Example: 1 3 5 7 … 99

4. Write a code that prints all numbers, divisible by 5, starting

from 1 to 1000. Example: 1 5 10 15 20 … 1000

5. Write a code that will print sum of all numbers from 1 to 60

inclusively.

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Activity
Compare the following codes:

for i in range(5):
print(“I am using Python“)
print(“It’s really cool“)

Discuss any diﬀerence between them.

Literacy
1. What does this program print? Why?

for i in range(3):
print(“a“)
for j in range(3):
print(“b“)

2. What does this print? Why?

for i in range(3):
print(“a“)
for j in range(3):
print(“b“)
print(“Done“)

Terminology
loop - тізбек - цикл
even - жұп - четные
iteration - итерация - итерация

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inclusively - қоса алғанда - включительно

trick - қулық - хитрость
to ﬁx - түзету - исправлять
sum - сома - сумма
divisible - бөлінетін - делимый

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4.2 PROBLEM SOLVING: FOR

LOOP
You will:
apply ‘FOR’ Loop.

Practice 1
100 tenge

There are (N) number of coins on table. Some of them are

tails, and some are heads. How many coins do we need to
turn around so that all coins be of the same side?

We have total number of coins (N). Next N rows contain the

numbers 1 (if a coin is up tail) or 0 (if a coin is up head). Find
the minimum number of coins that you must turn.

Input: The ﬁrst line is a total number of coins, next

lines are values of tails or head.
tails = 1, head = 0
Output: Minimum number of coins that we must turn

Input Output

4
1
1 0 1
1
1

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Practice 2
Exercises

Bakhtiyar likes to do morning exercises. He knows that it

makes him feel better and healthier. Also he wants to count
time that he spends for exercises everyday. Can you help
him?

Input: ﬁrst line is a total number of exercises (n) next

(n) lines are minutes for each exercise
Output: total number of minutes that he spends to do
exercises.

№ Input Output

4
2
1 2 8
1
3
5
2
1
2 7
2
1
1

Activity
Solve the following activity in pairs.

Eldar uses a controller with a circuit to light 16 LED lamps

which are labeled from 1 to 16. When the controller a gives

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signal to a LED lamp, it changes its state (ON or OFF).

In the beginning, all the LEDs are switched OFF. Eldar has
found a sequence of lightning:

On the 1st second controller lights ON all LED lamps.

(1….2….3….)
On the 2nd it lights ON the LEDs that are even in the
circuit.
(2...4...6….)
On 3rd second it lights every third LED in the circuit.
(3...6...9…)
And so it continues in similar way...

Which LEDs must be switched ON after the 16th second?

Practice 3
Positive numbers

Print all positive divisors of X from 1 to itself in ascending

order.

Input: natural number X

Output: all positive divisors.

№ Input Output

1 10 1 2 5 10

2 21 1 3 7 21

Practice 4

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Positive, negative or zero?

You have N amount of numbers. Deﬁ ne which of the N

numbers are zero, positive or negative numbers. Print total
count of zeros, then positive numbers and ﬁnally negative
numbers.

Input: in the ﬁrst line we have total amount of

numbers after the ﬁrst line we get each number particularly.
Output: print total count of zero, positive and negative
numbers.

Input Output

5
2
16
1 221
0
-8
0

Terminology
divisor - бөлгіш - делитель
controller - тексеруші - контролер
head - тиынның сыртқы беті - орел
circuit - тізбек - цепь
independence - тәуелсіздік - независимость
ascending - өсу - восходящий
ancestor - арғы ата - предок
particularly - атап айтқанда - в частности
LED - жарық диодты индикатор - светодиод
independent - тәуелсіз - независимый

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4.3 WHILE LOOP

You will:
improve understanding of Loops;
apply ‘While’ loop.

Let us discuss the following situation:

You are throwing a bucket into the well to get water. You will
throw it several times until the bucket comes up being full of
water.

This is how loop works:

loop is repeating until some condition happens (throwing

the bucket);
condition has happened and shows the ﬁ nal result
(bucket is full of water and we can pull it up).

While loop

A ‘FOR’ loop is usually used when we repeat something for

deﬁnite number of times.

A ‘WHILE’ loop is used when a program needs to loop until a

particular condition happens.

For example, while wheels of the train rotate, the train keeps
moving. If they stop the train also will stop.

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The WHILE loop repeats a block of tasks (or instructions)

while some condition is True.

Example:

A program that prints numbers from 1 to 5

Code:

number = 1
while number <= 5:
print ( number )
number = number + 1

Try to write this code by using “for“ loop

Practice 1
1. What is the output of the following code?

i=1
while i < 2 ** 3:
print(i)
i *= 2

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2. A programmer wants to count down from 10 to 0. What is

wrong in the code? Can you ﬁx it?

i = 10
while i == 0:
print(i)
i -= 1

3. There is a mistake in the following loop that is trying to

count up from 1 to 10. Can you identify the problem and then
ﬁx it?

i=1
while i < 10:
print(i)

'WHILE' loop structure

1st step: Initialization.

Setting up a variable and giving initial value to it.

variable = initial value

2nd step: Condition.

The ‘WHILE’ loop repeats instructions while the condition is

True and unless it becomes False.

while variable < maximum value:

3rd step: Increment.

A counter that leads condition to be False and end the loop.

while variable < maximum value:

variable = variable + 1

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For the condition above, each loop repetition increments the

variable unless it reaches the maximum value.

Increment operators

It is also possible to shorten the code:

variable = variable + 1 to variable += 1

In ‘WHILE’ loop it looks like this:

i=0
while i < 10:
print(i)
i += 1

This can be done with subtraction and multiplication as well.

For example:

i *= 2 is similar to: i = i * 2

Practice 2
1. Find the multiplication product of all numbers divisible by
3 starting from 3 to 100. You can use a ‘WHILE’ loop.
2. Write a program using a ‘WHILE’ loop to count from 10 to
0 inclusively. In the end print ‘Let’s Go!’
3. Write a program that does the following things:
Asks 7 numbers from a user
Prints total sum of user’s numbers
Counts total amounts of positive and negative inputs,
and inputs equalled to zero. Use ‘if’, ‘elif’ and ‘else’
decision operators for this task.

Literacy

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1. Which loop should be used to write the same message

100 times?
2. What is the diﬀerence between ‘FOR’ and ‘WHILE’ loops?

Terminology
bucket - шелек - ведро
increment - өсу - инкремент, приращение
well - құдық - колодец
condition - шарт - условие
particular - нақты - конкретный
crossroad - жол қиылысы - перекресток
initialization - жүктеу - присвоение
to identify - анықтау - определять

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4.4 PROBLEM SOLVING:

WHILE LOOP
You will:
identify Loops;
apply ‘For and While’ loops.

// programmer’s quote
always:
try{
your best and;
do{
what you need to do;
}while (you still have the time);
for(opportunity; comes; only once){so grab the chance;
}
if(you fail)
throw “all your worries“;
}catch(yourself){
everytime you fall;
and you know to Whom you should go to always;
}

Practice 1
Power of 2

Computers store all data in bits. Bits are stored in binary

numbers (as 0 and 1). They can be converted into decimal
numbers through summing up powers of two.

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For example, 1 x 20 + 1 x 22 + 1 x 23 +.....+ 1 x 2n .

That means that all data storage devices such as USB cards,
CPU, RAM and memory hard disks consist of ‘power of two’
numbers. So now let us solve next problem related to this
paragraph:

Under the number N print all integer powers of two, does not
exceed N, in ascending order.

Do not use exponentiation operation!

Input: an integer (N)

Output: print all ‘power of two’ integers that do not
exceed the given number (N) in ascending order.

Input Output

1 60 1 2 4 8 16 32

Practice 2
Sum of digits

Write a program that gets a number and then calculates sum

of its digits.

Input: three-digits number

Output: ﬁrst line is a sum of digits

Input Output

1 317 11

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Input Output

1 123 6

Practice 3
Divisible by 3

As you know a number is divisible by 3 if sum of its digits are

divisible by 3. So write a program that calculates sum of all
digits of a number and deﬁnes if it is divisible by 3 or not.

Input: three-digits number

Output: ﬁrst line is sum of digits second line is ‘YES’ if it
is divisible and ‘NO’ if not

Input Output

1 317 11/NO

1 123 6/YES

Practice 4
Fibonacci numbers

Fibonacci numbers are integers that increase in some

sequence. Every third number in the sequence is the sum of
two previous numbers.

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144…

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Look at the picture on the right and try to understand the

sequence:

You have a number N. Find the N-th Fibonacci number.

Activity
Everything works automatically in the chocolate factory.
Sweets are sliding on the conveyer and the robot draws
diﬀerent shapes on them.

Robot can perform these commands:

1. Leaf – draws:

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2. Circle – draws:

3. Rotate k – rotates sweet clockwise by k degrees.

4. Repeat n

[ ...

] – repeats commands inside brackets n times.

For example, to perform

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Repeat 4

[ Circle

Rotate 90]

Robot will draw picture of ﬂower as following:

Which of the following sequences are not suitable for drawing

the ﬁgure of Flower below?

A. B. C. D.
Repeat 6 Repeat 6 Repeat 6 Repeat 6
[Rotate 30 [Leaf [Leaf [Rotate 120
Circle Rotate Rotate Repeat 2
Rotate 60] 60] [Leaf
30 Rotate 330 Repeat 6 Rotate
Leaf] Repeat 6 [Circle 20
[Circle Rotate Circle
Rotate 60] Rotate
300] 150]

Fact
The golden ratio is a speciﬁc number approximately equal to
1,618.

Here is the relationship between Fibonacci numbers and

Golden Ratio:

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144 / 89 = 1,6179
89 / 55 = 1,6181
55 / 34 = 1,6176
34 / 21 = 1,6190

Golden Ratio often appears in nature, art, architecture,

geometry and other areas.

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4.5 PROJECT WORK 1: GUESS

THE NUMBER
You will:
make a project.

Need to know

Variables
Integers
Input / Output
Print
While loop
If / Else statements
Random numbers (provided in this chapter)

Guess the number

Let us play a game.

A program thinks out a number that remains unknown to us.

Our task is to ﬁ nd that number. If our input is incorrect, the
program must indicate what is exactly wrong with the guess
(e.g. ‘your number is too high or too low’). If the guess is
correct, the program must give a message ‘You are right,
man!’.

Random Numbers (and Modules)

Random number is a number that is picked without any order

or rule. In programming, it is very diﬃcult to think out and

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write an algorithm that can randomly pick numbers. In

Python, such diﬃcult calculations like ‘random’ are stored in
form of packages and are called ‘modules’. In this exercise we
need to use a module that generates random numbers. This
module is called ‘random’.

To use a module, type the following at the top of your ﬁle:

import random

This means that you allow to use a module called ‘random’ in

your code. To generate a random integer type:

a = [Link](2, 6)

Once you run this code, the variable a becomes equal to a

random integer between 2 and 6 inclusively.

Terminology
random - кездейсоқ - случайный
to locate - орналастыру - разместить
package - жинақ - набор, пакет
search - іздеу - поиск
to generate - түрлендіру - генерировать

Activity
Archer Arnur would like to hit a target with his arrow. The
target is in a range between 0 m and 10 m. After each shoot,
his friend Maxat tells Arnur where an arrow has dropped –
before or after the target.

The target has a width of 50 cm. What is the minimal number

of arrows that we need to hit the target, no matter where it is
located?

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Explanation:

Correct answer is 5. The best strategy is to use binary search.

The ﬁrst shot is done at 5 m (halfway), which divides the

shooting area into two 5-meters areas. Either the target has
been hit, or it is still in one of the two areas.

The second shot is done at either 2.5m or 7.5m. After that

shooting area divides into two 2.5-meter wide areas. The
target may still be missed.

The third shot will decrease the shooting area to 1.25-meter

areas.

The fourth shot to 0.625-meter areas.

The ﬁfth shot decreases the shooting area to 0.3125-meter,

that is less than 50 cm. In that case we will hit the target!

Source code of project

import random
guesses_made = 0
name = input(“Hello! What is your name?”)
number = [Link](1, 100)
print (“Well, {0}, I am thinking of a number between 1 and
100.”.format(name))
while guesses_made < 7:
guess = int(input('Take a guess: '))
guesses_made + = 1
if guess < number:
print (“Your guess is too low.”)
if guess > number:
print (“Your guess is too high.”)
if guess == number:
break

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if guess == number:
print (“Good job, {0}! You guessed my number in {1}
guesses!”.
format(name, guesses_made))
else:
print (“Nope. The number I was thinking of was
{0}”.format(number))

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4.6 PROJECT WORK 2: A

QUIZ GAME
You will:
simulate solution for solving problem;
make a project.

Need to know

Variables
Input and output
While loop
If statement
Date and time library

A quiz game

In this project we will create a quiz game. A user must solve

logical problems to win. He has 10 lives initially. Each wrong
answer decreases total lives by one.

Date and time

Sometimes we need to count time while something is

happening. In Python we can do it by using ‘datetime’
module.

Let us look at the example below:

from datetime import datetime

now = [Link]()
print (now)

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Printing variable inside the text

Sometimes we need to print variables inside the text. We can

use ‘.format()’ structure as follows:

name = input(“Enter your name: ”)

surname = input(“Enter your surname: ”)
print (“Hello, {0} {1}! Welcome to my
game!”.format(name, surname))

Instead of {0} and {1} python will place ‘name’ and ‘surname’
input variables.

Step 1 - Entering a Name

Write a code to get the following output:

>>>

Enter your name: Arman

Hello, Arman! You are here to solve the quiz. Your goal is to
spend less time and save your all 5 lives! Each wrong answer
will reduce your live.

To start the game type GO. GOOD LUCK!!!

>>>

Step 2 - Starting the Game

Check if user has typed “GO” and started the game:

>>>
Enter your name: Arman
Hello, Arman! You are here to solve the quiz. Your goal is to
spend less time and save your live. Each wrong answer will

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reduce your live.

To start the game type GO. GOOD LUCK!!!
GO
informatics: What is the brain of computer? cpu

Step 3 - Checking Answers

Check user’s answer. If the answer is correct go to next

question, else reduce one live.

If answer is true print:

If answer is false print:

>>>
Enter your name: Arman
Hello, Arman! You are here to solve the quiz. Your goal is to
spend less time and save your all 5 lives!
Each wrong answer will reducee your live.
To start the game type GO. GOOD LUCK!!!
GO
Informatics: What is the brain of computer? cpu
Right. Keep going!
Math: 2x + 18 = 84 x = 32
Wrong. Be careful you have only 4 lives. 23
Wrong. Be careful you have only 3 lives.

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If user has lost all his lives print:

To calculate time use datetime library:

st = [Link]() #after user started the game (st - started

time)

t = st - [Link]() #before exiting the program (t - time

spend)

To exit the program type “exit()” function:

if lives <= 1:
now = [Link]() - st
print("You lose!")
print("Time {0}".format(now))
exit()

Step 4 - Winning the Game

In this step we check if the user responds to all questions

correctly and then wins the game. Also he must save all his

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lives and the program must show total time spent at the end.

>>>
Enter your name: Arman
Hello, Arman! You are here to solve the quiz. Your goal is to
spend less time and save your all 5 lives!
Each wrong answer will reduce your live.
To start the game type GO. GOOD LUCK!!!
GO
Informatics: What is the brain of computer? cpu
Right. Keep going!
Math: 2x + 18 = 84 x = 32
Wrong. Be careful you have only 4 lives. 23
Wrong. Be careful you have only 3 lives. 33
Right. Keep going!
physics: Who explored the Gravitation Law? Newton
You won! Great job!!! Your time is 0:00:22.121225 and you
still have 3 lives.
>>>

Additional tasks for the project

1. Add scoring system. For example: each correct answer

gives 10 points and each wrong answer subtracts 5
points. You can add points according to diﬃ culty of
questions.
2. A player can earn extra lives if he has 3 correct answers in
a row.

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4.7 PROJECT WORK 3:

"ROCK, SCISSORS AND
PAPER" GAME
You will:
make a project.

Need to know

Input and output

Random
While loop
If / else statement
Variables

Code:

Here is a code for 3 questions. Now your task is to write 10

questions and complete the game.

Note: If you are using python 2.7 or earlier versions use

raw_input() instead of input().

from datetime import datetime

lives = 5
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, {0}! You are here to solve the quest. Your goal is
to spend less time and save your all 5 lives!
Each wrong answer will reduce your live.\n
To start the game type GO. GOOD LUCK!!!".format(name))

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s = input()
if s == "GO":
print("Time is started!")
st = [Link]()
ans = input("informatics: What is the brain of
computer?")
while [Link]() != "CPU" and lives > 1:
lives -= 1
ans = input("Wrong. Be careful you have only
{0} lives.".format(lives))
if lives <= 1:
now = [Link]() - st
print("You lose!")
print("Time {0}".format(now))
exit()
print("Right. Keep going!")
ans = int(input("math: 2x + 18 = 84 x = "))
while ans != 33 and lives > 1:
lives -= 1
ans = int(input("Wrong. Be careful you have only
{0} lives.".format(lives)))
if lives <= 1:
now = [Link]() - st
print("You lose!")
print("Time {0}".format(now))
exit()
print("Right. Keep going!")
ans = input("physics: Who explored the Gravitation
Law?")
while [Link]() != "NEWTON" and lives > 1:
lives -= 1
ans = input("Wrong. Be careful you have only
{0} lives.".format(lives))
if lives <= 1:
now = [Link]() - st
print("You lose!")

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print("Time {0}".format(now))
else:
now = [Link]() - st
print("You win! Great job!!! Your time is {0} and
you still have {1} lives".format(now, lives))

“Rock, Scissors and Paper” game

Sometimes to determine a turn order we use “Rock, Scissors

and Paper” game. Each player randomly forms one of three
shapes with a hand. These shapes are "rock", "paper", and
"scissors". Paper beats rock, scissors beats paper and rock
beats scissors. If the shapes are same, the result will be a
draw.

Now, try to code it in Python. Player must play with computer.

Computer generates one of the hand positions randomly.

Code:

import random
print("This is ‘Rock, Scissors and Paper’ game! You will play
with computer. Computer generates randomly what to
choose. Game continue until one of you get 3 wins!")
computer_score = 0
player_score = 0
while computer_score < 3 and player_score < 3:
a = int(input("choose: 1)paper 2) rock 3) scissors "))
b = [Link](1, 3)
print ("computer chose {0}".format(b))
if a == b:
print ("draw")
elif ((a == 1 and b == 2) or (a == 2 and b == 3) or (a == 3
and b == 1):
print ("you won")
player_score += 1

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elif (b == 1 and a == 2) or (b == 2 and a == 3) or (b == 3

and a == 1):
print ("computer won")
computer_score += 1
if player_score > computer_score:
print ("CONGRATULATIONS, YOU WON THE GAME!")
else:
print ("Sorry, computer won the game!")

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CHECK YOURSELF
1. Write a Python program that will use a ‘FOR’ loop to
print your name 10 times, and then the word ‘Done’ at the
end.

2. Write a Python program that uses a ‘FOR’ loop to print

‘Red’ and then ‘Gold’ 20 times all on separate lines.

Red
Gold
Red
Gold
Red
Gold
Red
Gold
...

3. Write a Python program that uses a ‘FOR’ loop to print

even numbers from 2 to 100, inclusively.

4. Write a Python program that uses a ‘WHILE’ loop to

count from 10 down to 0 inclusively. Then print the words
‘Blast oﬀ!’ Use a ‘WHILE’ loop instead of ‘FOR’ loop.

...
2
1
0
Blast oﬀ!

5. There are three errors in this code. Find and ﬁx them.

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print("This program takes three numbers and returns the

sum.")
total = 0
for i in range(3):
x = input("Enter a number: ")
total = total + i
print("The total is:", x)

6. Fix the following code:

x = 10
while x < 0:
print(x)
x-1
print("Blast-oﬀ ")

7. What is the output of the following code?

for i in range(10):
j = 10
while (j > 0):
print(i,”*”,j,”=”,i*j)
j -= 1

8. Explain the diﬀerence of printed x values:

# Sample 1

x=0
for i in range(10):
x += 1
for j in range(10):
x += 1
print(x)

# Sample 2

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x=0
for i in range(10):
x += 1
for j in range(10):
x += 1
print(x)

9. What is the output of the following code?

x=5
while x >= 0:
print(x)
if x == "1":
print("Blast oﬀ !")
x=x-1

10. What is the output of the following code?

x=0
while x < 10:
print(x)
x=x+2

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GLOSSARY
4G – fourth-generation: pertaining to or being a mobile
device or communications technology that supports much
faster data-transfer speeds than the previous version.

Absolute Cell Reference – an absolute cell reference is one

that does not change when it is copied.

Algorithm – a set of rules for solving a problem in a ﬁnite

number of steps.

ASCII – a standard code, consisting of 128 7-bit combinations,

for characters stored in a computer or to be transmitted
between computers.

Bandwidth – the transmission capacity of an electronic

communications device or system; the speed of data transfer.

Binary number – number, expressed as 0 or 1.

BIt – also called binary digit. a single, basic unit of

information, used inconnection with computers and
information theory.

Bold – text that is darkened to help emphasize.

Bug – coding error in a computer program.

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Byte – a group of bits, usually eight, processed as a single

unit of data.

Cache – a temporary storage space or memory that allows

fast access to data.

Cell – a cell is a rectangular area formed by the intersection

of a column and a row.

Chart – a graphic representation, as by curves, of a

dependent variable, as temperature, price, etc.; graph.

Column – columns run vertically on the spreadsheet screen.

Compile – to translate (a computer program) from a high-

level language into another language, usually machine
language.

Computer virus – an unauthorized program that inserts itself

into acomputer system and then propagates itself to other
computers vianetworks or disks.

Core – one of several processing units working in parallel in a

computer.

CPU – central processing unit: the key component of a

computer system, which contains the circuitry necessary to
interpret and execute program instructions.

Customize – to modify or build according to individual or

personal speciﬁ cations or preference.

Cybersecurity – is the security of computers and users

information.

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Data – individual facts, statistics, or items of information.

DDoS – a method of attacking a computer systemby ﬂ

ooding it with so many messages that it is obliged to shut
down.

Debugging – to detect and remove defects or errors from.

Decimal – any number used in the decimal system.

Delay – the interval between one event and another.

Digital – using data in the form of numerical digits.

DNS Server – networking system in place that allows us to

resolve human-friendly names to unique addresses.

Download – to copy or transfer (data or a program) into the

memory of one computer system from a larger one.

Electronic devices – a device that accomplishes its purpose

electronically.

Encode – to convert (a message, information, etc.) into code.

Feature – something oﬀered as a special attraction.

Fiber-optic cable – a glass or plastic ﬁ ber that has the ability

to guide light along its axis.

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Field – any number of columns regularly used forrecording

the information.

Formatting – the arrangement of text on printed output or a

display screen, or acoded description of such an
arrangement.

Formula – a formula is a spreadsheet data type that will

calculate a result and display it in the active cell.

Freezing Columns and/or Rows – freezing is a technique that

can be used in larger spreadsheets to assist in viewing the
information on the screen. If a spreadsheet contains many
rows, you can freeze the rows containing your heading labels
so that as you scroll down in the sheet the headings stay at
the top and line up with the appropriate data.

Function – functions are built-in formulas that are used to

enter either commonly used or very complex formulas.

Information – important or useful facts obtained as output

from a computer by means of processing input data with a
program.

Input – data to be entered into a computer for processing.

Internet – a vast computer network linking smaller computer

networks worldwide.

IP address – a code that identiﬁ es a computer network or a

particular computer or other device on a network, consisting
of four numbers separated by periods.

Italic – style of printing types in which the letters usually

slope to the right.

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Laptop – a portable computer, usually battery-powered,

small enough to rest on the user’s lap and having a screen
that closes over the keyboard like a lid.

Latency – the time required online or in a network for the

one-way or round-trip transfer of data between two nodes.

Loop – a series of instructions in a program,

performedrepeatedly until some speciﬁ ed condition is
satisﬁed.

Modem – an electronic device that makes possible the

transmission of data to or from a computer via telephone or
other communication lines.

Mp3 – the ﬁ le extension for MPEG Audio Layer-3, a set of

standards forcompressing and downloading audio ﬁ les from
the Internet.

Network – a system of computers and peripherals, such as

printers, that are linkedtogether.

Online – connected by computer to one or more other

computers or networks, as through a commercial electronic
information service or the Internet.

Operating system – the collection of software that directs a

computer’s operations,controlling and scheduling the

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execution of other programs, andmanaging storage,

input/output, and communication resources.

Operator – a symbol for expressing a mathematical

operation.

Output – the information produced by a computer.

Personal Computer – a compact computer that uses a

microprocessor and is designed for individual use, as by a
person in an oﬃce or at home or school, for such
applications as word processing, data management, ﬁ nancial
analysis, or computer games.

Phishing – to send ruse e-mail with a link to a replica of an

existing web page, designed to fool users into submitting
personal, ﬁnancial, or password information.

Pixel – the smallest element of an image that can be

individually processed in a video display system

Processor – another name for central processing unit.

Processor – a method of doing or producing something.

Programming – the act or process of planning or writing a

program.

Programming language – a high-level language used to write

computer programs.

Range – a range is a group of cells in a spreadsheet that have

been selected.

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Relative Reference – a relative cell reference is one that

changes when it is copied.

Row – rows run horizontally on the spreadsheet screen.

Satellite – a device designed to be launched into orbit around

the earth, anotherplanet, the sun, etc.

Server – a computer that makes services, as access to data ﬁ

les, programs, and peripheral devices, available to
workstations on a network.

Smartphone – category of mobile devices with computerlike

functionality.

Socket – a hollow part or piece for receiving and holding

some part or thing.

Software – the programs used to direct the operation of a

computer, as well as documentation giving instructions on
how to use them.

Spreadsheet – table of data arranged in columns and rows

often used in business and ﬁnancial applications. spreadsheet
software programs are widely usedcomputer applications
that allow the user to organize large amounts of data.

Transistor – an electronic device that controls the ﬂow of an

electric current, most oftenused as an ampliﬁer or switch.

Transmission – the act or process of sending a message,

picture, or other informationfrom one location to one or

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more other locations by means of radiowaves, electrical

signals, light signals, etc.

Transmit – to send or forward, as to a recipient or destination.

Update – to incorporate new or more accurate information in

(a database, program, procedure, etc.).

Upload – to copy or transfer (data or a program) from one’s

own computer into the memory of another computer.

User – a person who uses a computer.

Vacuum tube – also called, especially British, vacuum valve.

an electron tube fromwhich almost all air or gas has been
evacuated: formerly usedextensively in radio and electronics.

Variable – a quantity or function that may assume any given

value or set of values.

Web page – a single, usually hypertext document on the

World Wide Web that canincorporate text, graphics, sounds,
etc.

Website – a connected group of pages on the World Wide

Web regarded as a single entity, usually maintained by one
person or organization and devoted to a single topic or
several closely related topics.

Wireless – communicating without connecting wires or other

material contacts.

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Worksheet – a worksheet is the grid of columns and rows

that information is inputted into.

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REFERENCES
1. MEŞECAN, İ. (2010). Microsoft Excel 2010. 1st ed.
Zambak.
2. Ay, O., Öksuz, M. and Bozdag, O. (2003). Introduction to
computers. 1st ed. Zambak.
3. AY, O. and HORASANLI, M. (2006). Programming with
C++. 1st ed. Zambak.
4. Gesen, I., Kulkeev, T., Shaniyev, Y., Yerzhanov, E. and
Alibekova, G. (2016). Informatics 8. 1st ed. Astana: Астана
кітап.
5. [Link]. (2017). [Link]: Anybody can Learn. [online]
Available at: [Link] [Accessed 23 March. 2017].
6. [Link]. (n.d.). АРХИВ ЗАДАЧ. [online] Available at:
[Link] [Accessed 24 Mar. 2017].
7. [Link]. (n.d.). Дистанционная
подготовка. [online] Available at:
[Link] [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017].
8. Briggs, J. (2012). Python for kids. San Francisco,
California.
9. [Link]. Google Sheets: Creating Simple
Formulas - Full Page. [online] Available at:
[Link]
[Link]/googlespreadsheets/creating-simple-
formulas [Accessed 17 Mar. 2017].
10. [Link]. (n.d.). Google Sheets 101: The Beginner’s
Guide to Online Spreadsheets - The Ultimate Guide to
Google Sheets - Zapier. [online] Available at:
[Link]
tutorial/ [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017].

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согласно Приказа Министра образования и науки Республики Казахстан от 17 мая 2019 года № 217